Niger - Knowledge

2217: 3133: 2562: 4655: 1911: 4772: 5005: 172: 3635: 3325:", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. The High Court of Justice (HCJ) deals with cases involving senior government officials. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. The military court provides the same rights as civil criminal courts; however, customary courts do not. The military court cannot try civilians. 3920: 2534:, which was opposed by other political parties, and went against the decision of the Constitutional Court which had ruled that the referendum would be unconstitutional. Mamadou then modified and adopted a new constitution by referendum, which was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court, prompting Mamadou to dissolve the Court and assume emergency powers. The opposition boycotted the referendum and the constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. The adoption of the constitution created a Sixth Republic, with a 11164: 3269: 3828: 1559: 3442: 3928: 2907: 2881: 2489:, and the government was able to restore order within days. On 24 July 2004, municipal elections were held to elect local representatives, previously appointed by the government. These elections were followed by presidential elections, in which Mamadou was re-elected for a second term, thus becoming the first president of the republic to win consecutive elections without being deposed by military coups. The legislative and executive configuration remained somewhat similar to that of the first term of the president: 4911: 1855: 4860: 91: 3898:, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$ 86 million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. Nearly half of the government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Future growth may be sustained by the exploitation of oil, gold, coal, and other mineral resources. Uranium prices have recovered somewhat in the last few years. A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5 million Nigeriens. 3625: 1713: 1589:. Formerly a trading post inhabited by a mixture of Hausa and Tuaregs, it grew as a strategic position on the Trans-Saharan trade routes. In 1515, Aïr was conquered by Songhai, remaining a part of that empire until its collapse in 1591. In the following centuries, it "seems that the sultanate entered a decline" marked by internecine wars and clan conflicts. When Europeans began exploring the region in the 19th century, most of Agadez lay in ruins and was taken over by the French ( 1242: 10464: 3598: 758: 3588: 13558: 12914: 11379: 2285: 11391: 5124: 1489: 77: 2352: 3026: 10290: 4986: 2344:. On 9 February 1990, a violently repressed student march in Niamey led to the death of three students, which led to increased national and international pressure for further democratic reform. The Saibou regime acquiesced to these demands by the end of 1990. Meanwhile, trouble re-emerged in Agadez Region when a group of armed Tuaregs attacked the town of Tchintabaraden (seen by some as the start of the first 783: 735: 716: 683: 664: 1754:. The Hausa are thought to be a mixture of autochthonous peoples and migrant peoples from the north and east, emerging as a distinct people sometime in the 900s–1400s when the kingdoms were founded. They gradually adopted Islam from the 14th century, and sometimes this existed alongside other religions, developing into syncretic forms; some Hausa groups such as the Azna resisted Islam altogether (the area of 2281:, with Kountché going on to rule the country until his death in 1987. The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis. Whilst political prisoners of the Diori regime were released after the coup, political and individual freedoms in general deteriorated during this period. There were attempted coups (in 1975, 1976 and 1984) which were thwarted, their instigators being punished. 5155:. It is an annual traditional courtship ritual practiced by the Wodaabe (Fula) people of Niger. During this ceremony, young men dressed in elaborate ornamentation and made up in traditional face painting gather in lines to dance and sing, vying for the attention of marriageable young women. The Guérewol festival is an international attraction and was featured in films and magazines as prominent as the 2138:; the revolt was violently suppressed and Kaocen fled to Fezzan where he was later killed. A puppet sultan was set up by the French and the "decline and marginalisation" of the north of the colony continued, exacerbated by a series of droughts. While it remained "something of a backwater", some limited economic development took place in Niger during the colonial years, such as the introduction of 2743: 2373:; this was then installed in November 1991 to manage the affairs of state until the institutions of the Third Republic were put into place in April 1993. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. The new constitution was adopted by a 3471:. The 36 Departments are currently broken down into Communes of varying types. As of 2006 there were 265 communes, including communes urbaines (Urban Communes: as subdivisions of major cities), communes rurales (Rural Communes), in sparsely populated areas and postes administratifs (Administrative Posts) for largely uninhabited desert areas or military zones. 2199:. On 18 December 1958, an autonomous Republic of Niger was officially created under the leadership of Hamani Diori. MSA was banned in 1959 for its perceived excessive anti-French stance. On 11 July 1960, Niger decided to leave the French Community and acquired full independence at midnight, local time, on 3 August 1960; Diori thus became the first 2720:

well as hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign assistance programs. In April 2024, Russian military trainers and equipment began to arrive in Niger under a new military agreement, and the US agreed to withdraw troops from Niger following the termination of a Niger–US agreement that had allowed US personnel to be stationed in the country.

1866:(also called Peul, Fulbe etc.), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s. During the later 18th century some Fulani were unhappy with the syncretic form of Islam practised there; exploiting also the populace's disdain with corruption amongst the Hausa elite, the Fulani scholar 5077:, brought their own cultural traditions to the new state of Niger. While successive post-independence governments have tried to forge a shared national culture, this has been slow forming, in part because the major Nigerien communities have their own cultural histories, and in part because Nigerien ethnic groups such as the 2433:-approved privatisation programme which enriched some of his supporters and were opposed by the trade unions. Following fraudulent local elections in 1999 the opposition ceased any cooperation with the Maïnassara regime. In unknown circumstances (possibly attempting to flee the country), Maïnassara was assassinated at 5516: 4940:, a city northwest of the country's capital of Niamey and near to the Burkina Faso border, have access to a working public water infrastructure. Société de Patrimoine des Eaux du Niger (SPEN), Niger's water authority, opened ten boreholes and built a water treatment plant in 2018 to provide potable water to 4845:, protected by law. Interfaith relations are deemed very good, and the forms of Islam traditionally practiced in most of the country are marked by tolerance of other faiths and lack of restrictions on personal freedom. Alcohol, such as the locally produced Bière Niger, is sold openly in most of the country. 3300:. Niger's armed forces have a long history of military cooperation with France and the United States. From 2013, Niamey was home to a U.S. drone base. On 16 March 2024, Niger's government announced that it was breaking off "with immediate effect" its military cooperation agreement with the United States. 2698:

threatened to use military intervention to reinstate the government of Bazoum if the coup leaders did not by 6 August. The deadline passed without military intervention, though ECOWAS imposed sanctions, including cuts of Nigerian energy exports to Niger which had previously provided 70–90% of Niger's

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in the empire, and it "appears that most ordinary citizens continued to maintain their traditional animist beliefs instead of or alongside the new religion". The empire began "declining" in the 15th century due to a combination of internecine strife over the royal succession, weak kings, the shift of

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networks in the major towns. There is also a network of over 80 community radio stations spread across all seven regions of the country, governed by the Comité de Pilotage de Radios de Proximité (CPRP), a civil society organisation. The independent-sector radio networks are collectively estimated by

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Government finance is derived from revenue exports (mining, oil and agricultural exports) as well as various forms of taxes collected by the government. In the past, foreign aid has contributed to large percentages of the budget. In 2013, Niger's government has adopted a zero-deficit budget of 1.279

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Environmental issues include destructive farming practices as a result of population pressure, illegal hunting, bush fires in some areas and human encroachment upon the flood plains of the Niger River for paddy cultivation. Dams constructed on the Niger River in the neighboring countries of Mali and

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was also expelled in October after the junta alleged "underhanded maneuvers" by U.N secretary-general António Guterres to prevent the country's participation in the UN General Assembly. In October the U.S. officially designated the takeover as a coup, suspending most Niger–US military cooperation as

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with Britain's colony of Nigeria to the south was finalised in 1910, a rough delimitation having already been agreed by the two powers via treaties during the period 1898–1906. The capital of the territory was moved to Zinder in 1912 when the Niger Military Territory was split off from Upper Senegal

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tribes from the north, camels were used as a means of transportation through what is later a desert. This mobility which would continue in waves for centuries was accompanied with further migration to the south and intermixing between sub-Saharan African and North African populations, and the spread

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The numbers of Animist practitioners are a point of contention. As recently as the late 19th century, much of the south center of the nation was unreached by Islam, and the conversion of some rural areas has been only partial. There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such

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peoples claiming that, like the Tuareg, the Nigerien government had neglected their region, broke out in the east of the country. In April 1995 a peace deal with a Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance,

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companies were created, infrastructure (building and new roads, schools, health centres) constructed, and there was corruption in government agencies, which Kountché did not hesitate to punish. In the 1980s, Kountché began cautiously loosening the grip of the military, with some relaxation of state

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dispute. Niger remained a one-party state throughout this period, with Diori surviving a planned coup in 1963 and an assassination attempt in 1965; most of this activity was masterminded by Djibo Bakary's MSA-Sawaba group which had launched an abortive rebellion in 1964. In the 1970s, a combination

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of Niger is among the lowest in the world; in 2005 it was estimated to be only 28.7% (42.9% male and 15.1% female). Primary education in Niger is compulsory for six years. The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls. In 1997, the gross primary enrollment rate

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The European Investment Bank and the Niger Water Authority are looking at two options for dealing with Téra's water shortages. The first choice is to repair the water tank on the outskirts of town. Another choice is to treat and transport water from the Niger River, which is located more than 100

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For its first 14 years as an independent state, Niger was run by a single-party civilian regime under the presidency of Hamani Diori. The 1960s saw an expansion of the education system and some limited economic development and industrialisation. Links with France remained, with Diori allowing the

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Rural communes may contain official villages and settlements, while Urban Communes are divided into quarters. Niger subvisions were renamed in 2002, in the implementation of a decentralisation project, first begun in 1998. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and

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The 2014 budget was 1.867 trillion CFA which is distributed as follows according to: public debt (76,703,692,000 CFA), personnel expenditures (210,979,633,960 CFA), operating expenditures (128,988,777,711 CFA); subsidies and transfers (308,379,641,366 CFA) and investment (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).

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On 26 May 2009, President Tandja dissolved parliament after the country's constitutional court ruled against plans to hold a referendum on whether to allow him a third term in office. According to the constitution, a new parliament was elected within three months. This began a political struggle

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The French generally adopted a form of indirect rule, allowing existing native structures to continue to exist within the colonial framework of governance providing that they acknowledged French supremacy. The Zarma of the Dosso Kingdom in particular proved amenable to French rule, using them as

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remains an animist stronghold). The Hausa kingdoms were not a compact entity but several federations of kingdoms more or less independent of one other. Their organisation was hierarchical and somewhat democratic: the Hausa kings were elected by the notables of the country and could be removed by

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in 2016. The constitution restored the semi-presidential system which had been abolished a year earlier. An attempted coup against him in 2011 was thwarted and its ringleaders arrested. Issoufou's time in office was marked by threats to the country's security, stemming from the fallout from the

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was sworn into office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. Mamadou brought about administrative and economic reforms that had been halted due to the military coups since the Third Republic, and helped peacefully resolve a decades-long boundary dispute with Benin. In

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following a successful vote of no confidence at the Assembly. President Tandja Mamadou sought to extend his presidency by modifying the constitution which limited presidential terms. Proponents of the extended presidency, who rallied behind the 'Tazartche' (Hausa for 'overstay') movement, were

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religious movements. While "largely successful" in subduing the "sedentary" populations of the south, the French faced "considerably more difficulty" with the Tuareg in the north (centered on the Sultanate of Aïr in Agadez), and France was unable to occupy Agadez until 1906. Tuareg resistance

3887:(PRGF). Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction. 3276:

The Niger Armed Forces (Forces armées nigériennes) are the military and paramilitary forces of Niger, under the president as supreme commander. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the

2161:. The French Union, which lasted from 1946 to 1958, conferred a limited form of French citizenship on the inhabitants of the colonies, with some decentralisation of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies. It was during this period that the 3944:

This growth rate is one of the highest in the world and is a source of concern for the government and international agencies. The population is predominantly young, with 49.2% under 15 years old and 2.7% over 65 years, and predominantly rural with only 21% living in urban areas.

2711:, though Wagner mercenaries were not known to have entered the country as a result. In October the junta expelled French troops from the country, presenting the move as a step towards sovereignty from the former colonial power, and in December it suspended cooperation with the 2364:

The National Sovereign Conference of 1991 brought about multi-party democracy. From 29 July to 3 November, a national conference gathered together all elements of society to make recommendations for the future direction of the country. The conference was presided over by Prof.

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Dibble, Harold L.; Aldeias, Vera; Jacobs, Zenobia; Olszewski, Deborah I.; Rezek, Zeljko; Lin, Sam C.; Alvarez-Fernández, Esteban; Barshay-Szmidt, Carolyn C.; Hallett-Desguez, Emily (1 March 2013). "On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb".

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The military kept their promise to return the country to democratic civilian rule. A constitutional referendum and national elections were held. A presidential election was held on 31 January 2011, but as no clear winner emerged, run-off elections were held on 12 March 2011.

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The current Judiciary of Niger was established with the creation of the Fourth Republic in 1999. The constitution of December 1992 was revised by national referendum on 12 May 1996 and, again, by referendum, revised to the current version on 18 July 1999. It is based on the

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in the south of what later became Niger. Some of these surviving states harassed the Caliphate and a period of wars and skirmishes commenced, with some states (such as Katsina and Gobir) maintaining independence whereas elsewhere newer ones were formed (such as the

1680:(r. circa 1575–1610) and re-conquered most of the "traditional lands" of Kanem, hence the designation 'Kanem–Bornu' for the empire. By the 17th century and into the 18th the Bornu kingdom had entered a "period of decline", shrinking back to its Lake Chad heartland. 2998:

Guinea and within Niger are cited as a reason for a reduction of water flow in the Niger River—which has a direct effect upon the environment. A "lack of adequate staff" to guard wildlife in the parks and reserves is another factor cited for loss of wildlife.

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The importance of external support for Niger's development is demonstrated by the fact that about 45% of the government's FY 2002 budget, including 80% of its capital budget, derives from donor resources. The most important donors in Niger are France, the

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The violence in Agadez Region continued during this period, prompting the Nigerien government to sign a truce with Tuareg rebels in 1992 which was ineffective owing to internal dissension within the Tuareg ranks. Another rebellion, led by dissatisfied

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Duncan E. Miller and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Early Metal Working in Sub Saharan Africa' Journal of African History 35 (1994) 1–36; Minze Stuiver and N.J. Van Der Merwe, 'Radiocarbon Chronology of the Iron Age in Sub-Saharan Africa' Current Anthropology

5204:, are government operated, while many are critical of the government. Radio is the most important medium, as television sets are beyond the buying power of many of the rural poor, and illiteracy prevents print media from becoming a mass medium. 4933:. Roughly 92% of the population lives in rural areas in the Tillabéri region along the western frontier, and there is a chronic scarcity of clean water, particularly during the hot season, when temperatures regularly exceed 40 degrees Celsius. 4898:

The child mortality rate in Niger (deaths among children between the ages of 1 and 4) is high (248 per 1,000) due to generally poor health conditions and inadequate nutrition for most of the country's children. According to the organization

2051:. The Voulet-Chanoine Mission was "marred by atrocities", and "became notorious" for pillaging, looting, raping and killing local civilians on its passage throughout southern Niger. On 8 May 1899, in retaliation for the resistance of queen 1526:) had become the empire's capital. From 1000 to 1325, the Songhai Empire managed to maintain peace with the Mali Empire, its neighbour to the west. In 1325 Songhai was conquered by Mali until regaining its independence in 1375. Under king 1444:

in 1235 and then Ghana in 1240. From its heartland around the later Guinea-Mali border region, the empire expanded under successive kings and came to dominate the Trans-Saharan trade routes, reaching its greatest extent during the rule of

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does not have an office in Niger, the United States is a major donor, contributing nearly $ 10 million each year to Niger's development. The U.S. also is a major partner in policy coordination in such areas as food security and HIV/AIDS.

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in the 7th century, the result of three Arab invasions, which resulted in population movements to the south. Empires and kingdoms existed in the Sahel during this era. The following adopts a roughly chronological account of some empires.

956:. It covers a land area of almost 1,270,000 km (490,000 sq mi), making it the largest landlocked country in West Africa and the second largest landlocked nation in Africa behind Chad. Over 80% of its land area lies in the 3839:

deposits. In 2021, Niger was the main supplier of uranium to the EU, followed by Kazakhstan and Russia. Drought cycles, desertification, a 2.9% population growth rate, and the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy.

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in opposition to potential military intervention. On 24 February 2024 several ECOWAS sanctions against Niger were dropped, reportedly for humanitarian and diplomatic reasons, and Nigeria agreed to resume electricity exports to Niger.

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About 60 percent of children who finish primary schools are boys, as the majority of girls rarely attend school for more than a few years. Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or

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allies against the encroachments of Hausa and other nearby states; over time the Zarma thus became one of the "more educated and westernised" groups in Niger. Perceived threats to French rule, such as the Kobkitanda rebellion in

4651:, 'reflecting how pressure is increasing on Christians in this nation.' Relations between Muslims and Christians have generally been cordial, according to the respective representatives of Christian and Muslim groups in Niger. 5238:

say they are often pressured by local authorities. The state ORTN network depends financially on the government, partly through a surcharge on electricity bills, and partly through direct subsidy. The sector is governed by the

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Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with the West and the Islamic world as well as non-aligned countries. It belongs to the UN and its main specialized agencies and in 1980–81 served on the

4523:. Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated. Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages. 159: 5100:, have often looked culturally more to Hausaland in Nigeria than Niamey. Between 1996 and 2003, primary school attendance was around 30%, including 36% of males and only 25% of females. Additional education occurs through 2324:

Saibou curtailed the most repressive aspects of the Kountché era (such as the secret police and media censorship), and set about introducing a process of political reform under the overall direction of a single party (the

4628:, widespread in the region since the 10th century, has greatly shaped the culture and mores of the people of Niger. Islam is the most dominant religion, practiced by 99.3% of the population according to the 2012 census. 3161:

between Tandja, trying to extend his term-limited authority beyond 2009 through the establishment of a Sixth Republic, and his opponents who demanded that he step down at the end of his second term in December 2009. See

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Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. Prior to the Third Republic, Nigeriens only had access to tightly controlled state media. Now Niamey contains scores of newspapers and magazines; some, like

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in 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (25 February 2009) As a publication of the United States Federal Government, this report is in the

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Niger's new constitution was approved on 31 October 2010. It restored the semi-presidential system of government of the 1999 constitution (Fifth Republic) in which the president of the republic, elected by

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Some European countries already possessed coastal colonies in Africa, and in the latter half of the century they began to turn their eyes towards the interior of the continent. This process, known as the

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in what is regarded as "one of the worst massacres in French colonial history". The "brutal" methods of Voulet and Chanoine caused a "scandal" and Paris was forced to intervene; when Lieutenant-Colonel

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until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of expansion. The sultanate managed to resist the advance of the Sokoto Caliphate

7081:, Vol. VIII: Africa Since 1935. Ali A. Mazrui, Christophe Wondji, Unesco International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, eds. University of California Press, (1999) 3941:

As of 2021, the population of Niger was 25,252,722. Niger's population has rapidly increased from its population of 3.4 million in 1960 and has a current growth rate of 3.3% (7.1 children per mother).

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According to the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) report of 2023, Niger is one of the poorest countries in the world. Some non-desert portions of the country undergo periodic drought and

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religion. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the southwest. Over the past decade, syncretic practices have become less common among Muslim Nigerien communities.

2093:. The borders of Niger were drawn up in stages and had been fixed at their later position by the 1930s. Territorial adjustments took place in this period: the areas west of the Niger river were 157: 12245: 5756: 3475:

Communes. These subdivisions were administered by officials appointed by the national government. These offices will be replaced in the future by democratically elected councils at each level.

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on 8 July 1996, the elections were viewed nationally and internationally by some as irregular, as the electoral commission was replaced during the campaign. Meanwhile, Maïnassara instigated an

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at the court of Sultan Amadou Kouran Daga. He was later killed, as Daga feared he would ally with the Chad-based warlord Rabih az-Zubayr. In 1899–1900, France coordinated three expeditions—the

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H. J. Fisher. The Sahara and Central Sudan. in The Cambridge History of Africa: From C 1600 to C 179. Richard Gray, J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, eds. Cambridge University Press, (1975)

1661:, was under Kanem's control in this period. Islam had been introduced to the kingdom by Arab traders from the 11th century, gaining more converts over the following centuries. Attacks by the 9759: 1375:; the art spans the period from 10,000 BC to 100 AD and depicts a range of subjects, from the varied fauna of the landscape to depictions of spear-carrying figures dubbed 'Libyan warriors'. 9548: 5404: 4922:

in the world (6.49 births per woman according to 2017 estimates); this has resulted in nearly half (49.7%) of the Nigerien population being under age 15 in 2020. Niger has the 11th highest

8625: 7862: 2113:(1905–1906), led by the blind cleric Alfa Saibou, and the Karma revolt in the Niger valley (December 1905 – March 1906) led by Oumarou Karma were suppressed with force, as were the latter 12238: 12233: 6592: 9229: 8733:

Bureau of African Affairs, United States State Department. Retrieved 26 February 2009. Portions of the "Economy" section are here used verbatim, as this document is in the public domain.

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was wetter and more fertile, a phenomenon archaeologists refer to as the "Green Sahara", which provided "favourable" conditions for hunting and later agriculture and livestock herding.

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came closest with 39.33%. Per the constitution, a run-off election was held on 20 February 2021, with Bazoum taking 55.75% of the vote and opposition candidate (and former president)

2518:(MNJ). With a number of kidnappings the rebellion had "largely fizzled out inconclusively" by 2009. The "poor" security situation in the region is thought to have allowed elements of 7923: 13660: 9669: 7234: 10258: 8906: 8546: 158: 11429: 8079: 5279:

République du Niger, "Loi n° 2001-037 du 31 décembre 2001 fixant les modalités de promotion et de développement des langues nationales." L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde

2418:(National Salvation Council) composed of military officials which carried out a six-month transition period, during which a constitution was drafted and adopted on 12 May 1996. 12183: 8112: 5614: 2097:

to Niger in 1926–1927, and during the dissolution of Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso) in 1932–1947 most of the east of that territory was added to Niger; and in the east the

8175: 12188: 12168: 12158: 11622: 7715: 2809:. Its area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) is water. This makes it less than twice the size of 9326: 8049: 4620:

is guaranteed by Articles 3 and 175 of the 2010 Constitution, which dictate that future amendments or revisions may not modify the secular nature of the republic of Niger.

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in October and November of the same year. The elections were generally found to be free and fair by international observers. Wanké then withdrew from governmental affairs.

1534:(r. 1493–1528); at this point the empire had expanded from its Niger-bend heartland, including to the east where most of later western Niger fell under its rule, including 12438: 12193: 12178: 12173: 12163: 12153: 11643: 10867: 7476: 6111: 3873: 3228: 8951: 7806: 7181: 5568: 3285:. Both paramilitary forces are trained in military fashion and have some military responsibilities in wartime. In peace time their duties are mostly policing duties. 2231:

greet crowds on a state visit to Niamey, 1969. Diori's single party rule was characterised by "good" relations with the West and a preoccupation with foreign affairs.

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also rebroadcasts in French through some of the commercial stations, via satellite. Tenere FM also runs a national independent television station of the same name.

4639:), practiced by 0.2% of the population. Christianity was established earlier in the country by missionaries during the French colonial years. Other urban Christian 11657: 5697: 5665: 2538:, the suspension of the 1999 Constitution, and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. The events generated political and social unrest. 8777: 7655: 2076:

eventually took over the mission following a mutiny in which Voulet and Chanoine were killed. The Military Territory of Niger was subsequently created within the

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formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the

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period, which flourished in northern Africa circa 90,000 BC–20,000 BC. It is thought that these humans lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the prehistoric

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By 2007, the relationship between President Tandja Mamadou and his prime minister had "deteriorated", leading to the replacement of the latter in June 2007 by

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has flared in recent years in Niger; Christian charity Open Doors now lists Niger as the 37th most difficult country in which to be a Christian on their

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Clean drinking water is scarce by global standards, with significant differences between urban and rural areas. Niger is located at the bottom of the

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trillion CFA francs ($ 2.53 billion) which is claimed to balance revenues and expenditures by an 11% reduction in the budget from the previous year.

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where a burial replete with iron and ceramic statuettes were discovered. The Neolithic era saw the flourishing of Saharan rock art, including in the

10324: 8567: 3296:, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. The armed forces of Niger have been involved in several military coups over the years with the 12371: 9751: 7884: 7522: 2949: 2550: 621: 13466: 7858: 5394: 12732: 8617: 5244: 10192: 9236: 6568: 5996: 12959: 11415: 8137: 7948: 7211: 5281: 5227:'s Hausa service is listened to on FM repeaters across wide parts of the country, particularly in the south, close to the border with Nigeria. 4469: 2716: 8927: 2651:

was due to be sworn into office. The Presidential Guard arrested some people during the incident. On 2 April 2021, Bazoum was sworn in as the

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Presidential campaigns were organised in the months that followed. Maïnassara entered the campaign as an independent candidate and won the

794: 10301: 9661: 9425: 8471: 8297:

Ramo, Ruben; Roteta, Ekhi; Bistinas, Ioannis; Wees, Dave van; Bastarrika, Aitor; Chuvieco, Emilio; Werf, Guido R. van der (2 March 2021).

7055: 7022: 6989: 5454:

Gen. Salifou Modi, Bazoum's former army chief of staff and the ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, is now vice president of the junta.

2444:

then took over, establishing a transitional National Reconciliation Council to oversee the drafting of a constitution with a French-style

1653:(r. 1210–1259), and grew "richer" from its control of some Trans-Saharan trade routes; most of eastern and south-eastern Niger, including 13655: 13507: 12837: 12563: 12484: 12479: 9353: 9271: 7627: 7498:

The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and 'effectivités' under the uti possidetis juris principle,

7231: 2348:), prompting a military crackdown which led to deaths (the precise numbers are disputed, with estimates ranging from 70 to up to 1,000). 1665:

people in the 14th century forced Kanem to shift westwards of Lake Chad where it became known as the Bornu Empire ruled from its capital

9913: 5844: 5810: 12593: 12198: 12113: 10183: 9879: 9814: 9639: 8903: 8543: 6409: 3174: 1250: 590: 9977:. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL Public Statement. AI Index: AFR 43/001/2007 (Public Document) Press Service Number: 181/07. 21 September 2007. 9263: 8071: 13685: 12950: 12517: 10217: 10144: 9390: 9345: 8657: 8275: 6317: 6199: 3355:

is primarily responsible for law enforcement in urban areas. Outside big cities and in rural areas, this responsibility falls on the

3216: 687: 10237: 9902: 9792: 9609: 8104: 7503: 5611: 3196:. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors. 2385:

became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993. Ousmane's presidency saw four government changes and legislative

1811:. An extension of the legend states that Bawo had a further seven sons with a concubine, who went on to found the so-called 'Banza ( 9303: 8299:"African burned area and fire carbon emissions are strongly impacted by small fires undetected by coarse resolution satellite data" 8167: 6045: 5368: 2892:

areas causes more frequent fires in some regions. In the south, there is a tropical climate on the edges of the Niger River basin.

171: 2142:

cultivation. Measures to improve food security following a series of devastating famines in 1913, 1920, and 1931 were introduced.

1355:

Societies continued to grow with regional differentiation in agricultural and funerary practices. A culture of this period is the

13471: 12780: 12588: 12299: 11173: 9319: 8041: 7707: 5208: 4686:

pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. These include the Hausa-speaking

4378:

As in most West African countries, Niger has a wide variety of ethnic groups. The ethnic makeup of Niger in 2001 was as follows:

2374: 2330: 2157:

issued the Brazzaville Declaration, declaring that the French colonial empire would be replaced post-war with a less centralised

9840:

SEMINAIRE-ATELIER DE FORMATION ET DE SENSIBILISATION "Mission de service public dans les entreprises de presse d’Etat et privée"

9369: 7470: 6130: 2640: 2309:

censorship and attempts made to 'civilianise' the regime. The economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and

13680: 12727: 12433: 10355: 7136: 5240: 10275: 10162: 9886:. Summary document written for the African Media Partners Network. Guy-Michel Boluvi, Les Echos du Sahel Niamey, January 2001. 9522: 8948: 8726: 7798: 6108: 4944:

and the surrounding areas. The water supply ran out about a year later, and the water treatment facility was forced to close.

2171: 1720:

and the Sultan's Palace from the French fort (1906). The arrival of the French spelled an end for precolonial states like the

12550: 12532: 12396: 12359: 11438: 11223: 9932: 9722:"Development Projects : Niger Basin Water Resources Development and Sustainable Ecosystems Management Project – P093806" 9437: 9107: 9082: 8442: 7162: 6586: 5871: 5540: 3884: 2668: 2621: 2340:

President Saibou's efforts to control political reforms failed in the face of trade union and student demands to institute a

17: 9859: 9570: 9301:"The Development of the Izala Movement in Nigeria: Its Split, Relationship to Sufis and Perception of Sharia Implementation" 9049: 8747: 8522: 8223: 7836: 7745: 6791: 5557: 12762: 12751: 12512: 9849:. Historical introduction to Press Laws, in conference proceedings, Organised by FIJ/SAINFO/LO-TCO CCOG. NIAMEY, June 2002. 7583: 7564: 6289: 5564: 2934: 2422: 2386: 2378: 2180: 1304:(as evidenced at Tagalagal, Temet and Tin Ouffadene), the spread of cattle husbandry, and the burying of the dead in stone 8648:. NIGER Situation institutionnelle. Sory Baldé, CEAN, IEP-Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV (2007) Accessed 13 April 2009 7676: 7453: 7442: 7277:

Walter S. Clarke, "The National Conference Phenomenon and the Management of Political Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa," in

6738: 1874:

in 1804. After conquering most of Hausaland (though not the Bornu Kingdom, which remained independent), he proclaimed the

12847: 12842: 12573: 12568: 12401: 11631: 8638: 7978: 4971:

will also have access to sewage. The European Investment Bank will also look at renewable energy as a way to save costs.

3865: 3224: 3162: 3001: 4926:

rate in the world at 820 deaths/100,000 live births. There were 3 physicians and 22 nurses per 100,000 persons in 2006.

3132: 2816:

Niger borders seven countries and has a total perimeter of 5,697 kilometres (3,540 mi). The longest border is with

13650: 12406: 10592: 8769: 7649: 6647: 6618: 2930: 720: 9842: 9492: 9175: 7767: 7520:"RAPPORT DE LA MISSION D’OBSERVATION DES ELECTIONS PRESIDENTIELLES ET LEGISLATIVES DES 16 NOVEMBRE ET 4 DECEMBRE 2004" 7410: 12057: 10851: 10131: 10040: 9216: 8844: 7308: 7286: 7266: 7175: 7086: 6947: 6890: 6534: 6393: 3109: 8700: 8591: 6712: 5642: 5336: 3090: 1383:

By at least the 5th century BC the territory of what is now Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. Led by

13057: 12742: 12675: 12665: 12601: 12461: 11184: 10942: 10638: 10628: 10602: 10424: 10419: 10414: 9967: 9699: 7591: 6917: 4617: 3822: 2345: 9126: 5691:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 3062: 2317:

was suppressed. Kountché died in November 1987 from a brain tumour, and was succeeded by his chief of staff, Col.

13630: 12817: 10597: 10509: 10436: 6076: 3880: 2519: 2497:, the head of the CDS party, was re-elected as the president of the National Assembly (parliament) by his peers. 2127: 1089:

which flows through the west of the country. The origin of the river's name is uncertain. Alexandrian geographer

465: 10446: 5081:, Tuareg and Kanuri are but part of larger ethnic communities which cross borders introduced under colonialism. 3297: 2664: 2542: 2411: 2262: 1008: 562: 196: 13522: 13497: 12670: 12388: 12037: 9721: 9042:"Niger: Regions, Cities & Urban Centers – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information" 8992: 5156: 3418: 3251: 3047: 2582: 2574: 2561: 2449: 2334: 1910: 1393: 1312:, forcing a change in settlement patterns to the south and east. Agriculture spread, including the planting of 668: 7111:

Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944–1960). Autrepart no 27 (2003), pp. 41–60.

5720: 5092:

of the surrounding region. At the same time the plurality of the population, in the Hausa borderlands between

2647:. Gunfire was heard in the presidential palace. The attack took place two days before newly elected president 2553:, headed by Djibo, carried out a one-year transition plan, drafted a constitution and held elections in 2011. 2505:

countered by opponents ('anti-Tazartche') composed of opposition party militants and civil society activists.

2329:, or MNSD). A Second Republic was declared and a new constitution was drawn up, which was adopted following a 13645: 12943: 12894: 12722: 12710: 12453: 12365: 9012: 6762: 6339: 5298: 3879:

In December 2000, Niger qualified for enhanced debt relief under the International Monetary Fund program for

3356: 3340: 3289: 3278: 3069: 2313:-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by some Nigeriens. In 1985, a Tuareg revolt in 2094: 1991:

in which the colonial powers outlined the division of Africa into spheres of influence. As a result of this,

1939:

In the 19th century, some European explorers travelled in the area that would become known as Niger, such as

1891:, it finally fell to the British in 1903, with its lands later being partitioned between Britain and France. 869: 13202: 11559: 11088: 8803: 8493: 7380: 5595: 2003:

and Niger). France then set about making a reality of their rule on the ground. In 1897, the French officer

13690: 12809: 12772: 12747: 12558: 12411: 12316: 10844: 4636: 3236: 2625: 2595: 2407: 1062: 1003:

in 1922. Since obtaining independence in 1960, Niger has experienced five coups d'état and four periods of

901: 835: 382: 9462: 5181:

traditionally to celebrate the end of the rainy season. For three days, the festival features a parade of

4468:. It is taught in school as a second language and serves as the administrative language. Niger joined the 3235:). The westernmost regions of Niger are joined with contiguous regions of Mali and Burkina Faso under the 2963:, belongs to "one of the most important areas" for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W– 2024: 964:

population of about 25 million lives mostly in clusters in the south and west of the country. The capital

13253: 12785: 12522: 12421: 12292: 10774: 10643: 10321: 10231: 5512: 5476: 5228: 4654: 3869: 3634: 3394: 3204: 2426: 2310: 2200: 2032: 1960: 7519: 6384:

Lewicki, T. (1994). "The Role of the Sahara and Saharians in Relationships between North and South". In

5864:

Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents

13625: 12832: 12637: 12344: 10724: 10555: 10441: 10348: 3212: 3186: 3076: 2514: 845: 821: 5211:, there are four privately owned radio networks which total more than 100 stations. Three of them—the 4771: 4740:. Islam was spread into what is now Niger beginning in the 15th century, by both the expansion of the 3165:. The military took over the country and President Tandja was put in prison, charged with corruption. 90: 12790: 10587: 10484: 8009:"A newly formed alliance between coup-hit countries in Africa's Sahel is seen as tool for legitimacy" 5993: 5024: 4435: 4387: 2976: 2926: 2610:

into south-eastern Niger, and the use of Niger as a transit country for migrants (often organised by

2566: 2089:

and Niger, before being moved back to Niamey in 1922 when Niger became a fully fledged colony within

1887:). The Caliphate managed to survive until, "fatally weakened" by the invasions of Chad-based warlord 141: 8878: 8105:"French troops are starting to withdraw from Niger and junta leaders give UN head 72 hours to leave" 7330: 7208: 5278: 975:

Following the spread of Islam to the region, Niger was on the fringes of some states, including the

13042: 12936: 12827: 12471: 12329: 12108: 12002: 11464: 10927: 10764: 10577: 9441: 8923: 8674: 6024: 5399: 4952: 3334: 2700: 2445: 2004: 1968: 1530:(r. 1464–1492) Songhai adopted an expansionist policy which reached its apogee during the reign of 1360: 953: 925: 9142: 8972: 8826: 7979:"Power cuts in Niger threaten to spoil millions of vaccines as sanctions take their toll, UN says" 7603: 7542: 3058: 2852: 1320:, and pottery production. Iron and copper items appear in this era, with finds including those at 13581: 13502: 12928: 12899: 12889: 12627: 10504: 10489: 10429: 6162: 5016: 5004: 4930: 3902: 3569: 3536: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3293: 3282: 3036: 2918: 2688: 2509: 2370: 2077: 1926: 1046: 772: 645: 495: 480: 8168:"The US declares the ousting of Niger's president a coup and suspends military aid and training" 8072:"Niger's junta asks for help from Russian group Wagner as it faces military intervention threat" 13492: 13325: 12917: 12884: 12795: 12504: 12349: 12285: 11997: 10709: 10633: 10396: 10298: 10293: 9422: 8455: 7949:"West Africa bloc lifts coup sanctions on Niger in a new push for dialogue to resolve tensions" 7623: 7046: 7013: 6980: 6223:"Lakeside Cemeteries in the Sahara: 5000 Years of Holocene Population and Environmental Change" 4989: 4955:

is collaborating with the Niger water authority to find solutions to Niger's water issues. The

3854: 3043: 2968: 2591: 2008: 1721: 1688: 1612: 1606: 1602: 976: 909: 805: 695: 639: 39: 11407: 11344: 6524: 3835:

The economy of Niger centers on subsistence crops, livestock, and some of the world's largest

2061: 1878:

in 1809. Some of the Hausa states survived by fleeing south, such as the Katsina who moved to

13062: 12650: 12622: 10947: 10759: 10699: 10689: 10560: 10545: 10463: 10341: 10309: 9948: 9910: 6578: 5782: 5220:

CPRP officials to cover some 7.6 million people, or about 73% of the population (2005).

4904: 4644: 3914: 3848: 3424:

Other principal donors include the United States, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Canada, and

3208: 2922: 2676: 2672: 2607: 2530:

In 2009, President Tandja Mamadou decided to organize a constitutional referendum seeking to

2341: 2192: 1976: 1940: 1884: 1004: 945: 917: 608: 471: 408: 96: 11600: 10180: 9876: 9818: 9631: 6406: 2441: 2333:

in 1989. General Saibou became the first president of the Second Republic after winning the

2048: 13299: 12617: 12119: 12072: 11949: 10734: 10565: 10499: 10451: 9260: 8959: 8310: 6234: 6189: 5959: 3919: 3468: 3454: 3321: 3220: 3005: 2991: 2945: 2695: 2355:

Ali Saibou, President 1987–93, helped oversee the transition from military to civilian rule

2085: 1922: 1751: 1670: 1627:, north-east of the lake. The kingdom gradually expanded, including during the rule of the 1286: 10214: 10141: 9386: 9342: 8267: 6311: 6221:

Sereno PC, Garcea EAA, Jousse H, Stojanowski CM, Saliège J-F, Maga A, et al. (2008).

5173:"La Cure salée" (English: Salt Cure) is a yearly festival of Tuareg and Wodaabe nomads in 4830:

movement within Sunni Islam have appeared in the last thirty years, in the capital and in

3272:

Soldiers from the 322nd Parachute Regiment practice field tactics with the U.S. Army, 2007

1538:

which was conquered in 1496. The empire was unable to withstand repeated attacks from the

8: 13538: 13355: 11647: 11205: 11188: 10391: 10154: 9899: 9784: 9601: 7497: 5466: 4760:

expansion from the north, culminating in their seizure of the far eastern oases from the

4745: 3193: 3127: 2798: 2794: 2535: 2300:

Kountché sought to create a 'development society', funded mostly by the uranium mines in

1984: 1844: 1057:. It faces challenges to development due to its landlocked position, desert terrain, low 992: 984: 9300: 8314: 6238: 6042: 5963: 5372: 3511: 2707:

In the buildup to the August ECOWAS deadline, the junta requested help from the Russian

2699:

power. In November the coup-led governments of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger formed the

2406:

The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col.

1582: 1569: 1518:. Songhai began settling this region from the 7th to 9th centuries; by the 11th century 1450: 13670: 13543: 13340: 12868: 12821: 11874: 10729: 10704: 10653: 10582: 10550: 10472: 10406: 10226: 10137: 9785:"Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions" 9602:"Fresh water in Niger undercuts violence, as well as offering better living conditions" 8866: 8408: 8373: 8349: 8298: 7318: 6257: 6222: 6194: 5471: 4960: 4923: 4854: 4737: 4459: 3414: 3309: 3263: 3242:

The border dispute with Benin, inherited from colonial times and concerning inter alia

3170: 3150: 3137: 2964: 2940:

The north is covered by deserts and semi-deserts. The typical mammal fauna consists of

2806: 2759: 2729: 2652: 2578: 2549:

was established in response to Tandja's attempted extension of his political term. The

2261:

and accusations of rampant corruption and mismanagement of food supplies resulted in a

2253: 2090: 1930: 1914: 1282: 996: 937: 577: 10836: 8042:"Nigeria restores electricity supply to Niger as ECOWAS lifts sanctions – Daily Trust" 4838:, Nigeria, came to public prominence in the 1990s during a series of religious riots. 3597: 3339:

Law enforcement in Niger is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense through the

3268: 76: 13345: 13082: 12655: 12354: 11390: 10963: 10769: 10754: 10739: 10533: 10519: 10494: 10127: 9366: 9212: 8840: 8463: 8438: 8413: 8395: 8354: 8336: 7304: 7282: 7262: 7171: 7082: 6943: 6702: 6582: 6530: 6389: 6262: 6127: 5975: 5867: 5834: 5802: 4900: 4621: 4532: 4508: 4476: 4465: 3624: 3587: 3458: 3123: 3009: 2972: 2901: 2460: 2448:. This was adopted on 9 August 1999 and was followed by presidential and legislative 2154: 2102: 2098: 1988: 1788: 1547: 1074: 1031: 983:

before more significant parts of its territory became included in states such as the

440: 293: 238: 9839: 7130: 6673:

Boubou Hama and M Guilhem, "L’histoire du Niger, de l’Afrique et du Monde"; Edicef,

5000:. The Sultanate continues to operate in a ceremonial function into the 21st century. 4472:

in 1970, though it suspended cooperation with the group months after the 2023 coup.

2289: 2274: 2248:. Relations with other African states were mostly "positive", with the exception of 2228: 1646:. The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, partly due to the effort of 1558: 1300:

era, beginning circa 10,000 BC, saw a number of changes such as the introduction of

1030:

is the country's official language, and ten indigenous languages have the status of

12334: 10803: 10779: 10694: 10667: 10648: 10616: 10570: 10514: 10373: 10272: 10158: 9999: 9514: 8832: 8723: 8403: 8385: 8344: 8328: 8318: 7098:

Joseph R. De Benoist, "The Brazzaville Conference, or Involuntary Decolonization."

6858: 6574: 6252: 6242: 5967: 5794: 5537: 5437: 5256: 5185:

camel riders followed with camel and horse races, songs, dances, and storytelling.

5093: 5036: 5015:

Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which

4980: 4948: 4798: 4765: 4648: 4516: 4512: 4117: 3949: 3816: 3739: 3574: 3464: 3450: 3243: 3083: 2684: 2633: 2611: 2587: 2494: 2382: 2225: 2196: 2146: 2056: 2039:—with the aim of linking France's African possessions. The three eventually met at 1972: 1875: 1848: 1650: 1531: 1441: 1428: 1341: 1231: 1199: 1173: 1042: 827: 747: 522: 501: 303: 298: 10679: 9929: 9104: 9074: 5139:

The Guérewol festival is a traditional Wodaabe cultural event that takes place in

5064: 3927: 2906: 2856: 2366: 1724:

which carried on only as ceremonial "chiefs" appointed by the colonial government.

1364: 1155:. There is broad consensus among linguists that it does not derive from the Latin 13487: 13137: 12007: 11383: 11292: 10879: 10719: 10684: 10328: 10305: 10279: 10253: 10221: 10187: 10148: 10094: 10063: 10058: 9974: 9955: 9939:. Ousseini Issa. Médi@ctions n°37, Institut PANOS Afrique de l'Ouest. March 2004. 9936: 9917: 9906: 9883: 9863: 9574: 9429: 9373: 9349: 9330: 9307: 9267: 9130: 9111: 8999: 8979: 8955: 8910: 8730: 8707: 8681: 8645: 8574: 8550: 8526: 8519: 8245: 8219: 8197: 7828: 7737: 7610: 7587: 7568: 7549: 7526: 7507: 7457: 7446: 7350: 7238: 7215: 6787: 6766: 6413: 6281: 6247: 6134: 6115: 6049: 6000: 5971: 5646: 5618: 5599: 5544: 5428:"Niger junta appoints civilians to Cabinet, member of military as vice president" 5285: 5216: 5207:

In addition to the national and regional radio services of the state broadcaster

4910: 4893: 4872:

was 29.3 percent, and in 1996, the net primary enrollment rate was 24.5 percent.

4699: 4671: 4613: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4399: 3441: 3288:

The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700

3154: 2956: 2911: 2414:

that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic. Maïnassara headed a

2139: 2080:

colony (later Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger) in December 1904 with its capital at

1952: 1934: 1888: 1867: 1779:. The seven original Hausa states (also referred to as the 'Hausa bakwai') were: 1628: 1412: 1372: 1337: 1309: 1136: 1038: 1027: 1026:

are the country's largest ethnic group, making up more than half the population.

1000: 279: 251: 246: 231: 120: 62: 7580: 7561: 2880: 2016: 1854: 1464:

European trade routes to the coast, and rebellions in the empire's periphery by

13620: 13335: 12339: 12324: 12077: 11329: 11313: 10812: 10784: 10749: 10744: 10381: 10102: 10079: 7450: 7439: 6734: 5432: 5194: 4919: 4859: 4741: 4719: 4520: 4504: 4496: 4492: 3827: 3398: 3386: 2983: 2802: 2648: 2629: 2473: 2434: 2314: 2073: 1956: 1836: 1743: 1729: 1620: 1523: 1507: 1503: 1497: 1477: 1416: 1308:. As the climate changed in the period 4000–2800 BC the Sahara gradually began 1066: 988: 961: 452: 402: 308: 288: 274: 265: 9930:

Niger : Conseil de presse. Les journalistes refusent la mise sous tutelle

7156: 6407:

Trans-Saharan Trade and the West African Discovery of the Mediterranean World.

5243:, established as an independent body in the early 1990s, since 2007 headed by 5070:

Each of these communities, along with smaller ethnic groups like the pastoral

2832:

at 821 km (510 mi). Niger has borders in its further southwest with

1018:

Its society reflects a diversity drawn from the independent histories of some

13614: 13596: 13583: 13258: 13107: 12308: 12062: 11757: 11509: 11395: 11003: 10714: 10401: 10248: 10071: 9447: 9277: 8743: 8662: 8467: 8399: 8340: 6016: 5839: 5806: 5751: 5178: 5152: 5144: 5060: 5048: 5008: 4868: 4842: 4831: 4757: 4687: 4663: 4488: 4443: 4415: 4407: 4391: 4361: 4353: 4191: 4128: 4107: 4086: 4065: 4044: 4023: 4012: 3890:

In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral

3798: 3744: 3726: 3708: 3690: 3672: 3654: 3649: 3602: 3516: 3506: 3501: 3486: 3316: 3200: 2875: 2603: 2501: 2465: 2301: 2293: 2123: 2069: 1964: 1944: 1895: 1879: 1832: 1820: 1780: 1737: 1733: 1684: 1562: 1539: 1333: 1270: 1132: 1128: 1070: 1058: 898: 862: 445: 370: 358: 346: 260: 211: 198: 82: 10823: 9041: 8390: 8323: 6643: 6614: 2321:

who was confirmed as Chief of the Supreme Military Council four days later.

2055:, captain Voulet and his men murdered all the inhabitants of the village of 1902:

polity founded in 1750, which resisted the rule of Hausa and Sokoto states.

1712: 1707: 1170:

as was first erroneously believed. The standard pronunciation in English is

13012: 11934: 11894: 11884: 11707: 11569: 11454: 11113: 11103: 10907: 10386: 10263: 9662:"Delivering water and sanitation services in Niger: challenges and results" 8417: 8358: 6845:

General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century

6830:

General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century

6815:

General History of Africa: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century

6266: 6149:

Adrar Bous: archaeology of a central Saharan granitic ring complex in Niger

5979: 5859: 5369:"Nigerien – definition of Nigerien in English from the Oxford Dictionaries" 5089: 5078: 5056: 5020: 4993: 4801:(in today's Nigeria). Modern Muslim practice in Niger is often tied to the 4787: 4783: 4761: 4632: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4349: 4345: 4170: 4149: 4138: 3948:

A 2005 study stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8% of the population)

3780: 3762: 3757: 3496: 3491: 3425: 3177:

was elected president. A parliamentary election was held at the same time.

2833: 2771: 2712: 2708: 2245: 2221: 2184: 2176: 2158: 2150: 2110: 2020: 1948: 1899: 1871: 1824: 1755: 1696: 1677: 1469: 1465: 1437: 1433: 1356: 1241: 1050: 1023: 1019: 933: 486: 364: 340: 336: 330: 318: 7885:"Officiel : voici la liste des membres du gouvernement de Transition" 6886: 5798: 4884:

children in the north of the country often do not have access to schools.

2617:). French and American forces assisted Niger in countering these threats. 1763:

legend, by the six sons of Bawo. Bawo was the only son of the Hausa queen

13415: 13217: 13197: 13117: 12067: 11782: 11672: 11514: 11287: 11118: 11008: 9898:

U.S. Department of State. Report on Human Rights Practices – Niger.

9235:. Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Archived from 8268:"Africa :: Niger — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 6706: 5639: 5097: 5074: 5028: 4968: 4791: 4695: 4423: 4419: 4395: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4159: 3935: 3891: 3775: 3247: 2848: 2546: 2490: 1996: 1759:

them. The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded, according to the

1511: 1406: 1123:

to the south, possibly referring to the Niger River. The modern spelling

1086: 1054: 1049:, with some export agriculture in the less arid south, and the export of 980: 969: 894: 376: 352: 35: 9691: 8836: 7859:"Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup" 5848:. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 676. 5395:"Niger general Tchiani named head of transitional government after coup" 5128: 5118: 3153:

for a five-year term, and a prime minister named by the president share

2581:

was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then

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rebel fighter in northern Niger during the Second Tuareg Rebellion, 2008

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Note: This article contains material from the State Department website.

9846: 9463:"U.S. has second worst newborn death rate in modern world, report says" 9123: 8332: 5235: 5168: 5084:

Until the 1990s, government and politics was inordinately dominated by

5040: 4956: 4812: 4640: 3390: 3141: 3050: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2994:

is found in the further north where it has its last relict population.

2751: 2430: 2318: 2305: 2114: 2052: 1666: 1446: 1345: 1278: 1258: 1257:

Stone tools, some dating as far back as 280,000 BC, have been found in

420: 11271: 9958:. Committee to Protect Journalists (2007). Retrieved 23 February 2009. 8374:"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm" 2851:, with an elevation of 200 metres (656 ft). The highest point is 2284: 13375: 13370: 13315: 13157: 11767: 11053: 7281:, ed. Harvey Glickman. Atlanta: African Studies Assoc. Press, (1995) 5622: 5592: 5212: 5123: 5032: 4733: 4675: 3861: 2863: 2359: 2351: 1840: 1772: 1768: 1760: 1747: 1616: 1527: 1488: 1368: 1297: 3025: 3004:

is practiced since 1983 to increase food and timber production, and

2866:, with flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north. 2715:

alleging its promotion of French interests. UN resident coordinator

1367:, Termit Massif, Djado Plateau, Iwelene, Arakao, Tamakon, Tzerzait, 1352:

where skeletons have been uncovered, flourished during this period.

13517: 13441: 13410: 13405: 13072: 13067: 13027: 13022: 13007: 12017: 11909: 11862: 11822: 11817: 11732: 11717: 11479: 11153: 11128: 10978: 10973: 10952: 10917: 10902: 10283: 7916:"Niger coup: Divisions as ECOWAS military threat fails to play out" 6522: 5334: 4820: 4816: 4802: 4776: 4729: 4707: 4447: 4180: 3793: 2599: 2065: 2044: 2036: 1329: 857: 809: 448: 12958: 7015:

International Boundary Study No. 146 – Burkina Faso-Niger Boundary

5299:"Africa: Niger – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 2169:, or PPN, originally a branch of the African Democratic Rally, or 13425: 13420: 13395: 13350: 13330: 13320: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13207: 13187: 13172: 13162: 13127: 13052: 13017: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 11924: 11899: 11889: 11852: 11837: 11807: 11727: 11692: 11682: 11677: 11589: 11574: 11564: 11554: 11544: 11524: 11489: 11474: 11360: 11339: 11308: 11266: 11138: 11108: 11093: 11078: 11068: 11058: 11023: 11018: 10968: 10937: 10912: 10887: 10333: 9968:

Niger: Emergency legislation infringes non-derogable human rights

9446:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

9276:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

8799: 8685: 7738:"Niger election: Mohamed Bazoum wins landmark vote amid protests" 6759: 6220: 5661: 5636:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Ed.

5174: 5148: 5101: 5071: 4877: 4808: 4749: 4683: 3931: 3836: 2825: 2820:

to the south (1,497 km or 930 mi). This is followed by

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overthrew Bazoum, putting an end to the Seventh Republic and the

2624:

after Issoufou announced he would step down, paving the way to a

2486: 2258: 2249: 2237: 2131: 2028: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1784: 1776: 1764: 1543: 1480:

peoples. A rump Mali kingdom continued to exist until the 1600s.

1325: 1321: 1317: 1301: 1274: 1105: 1090: 949: 921: 430: 414: 31: 30:

This article is about the country. For the adjacent country, see

12277: 8770:"Niger coup sparks concerns about French, EU uranium dependency" 8618:"Niger revokes military accord with US, junta spokesperson says" 8138:"Niger suspends cooperation with international Francophone body" 5505:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Niger)" 4985: 4963:. The EU bank has a history of investing in regions like these. 4941: 4937: 2401: 2195:

on 4 December 1958, Niger became an autonomous state within the

13400: 13380: 13365: 13360: 13294: 13289: 13263: 13192: 13167: 13102: 13097: 13087: 13032: 12012: 11939: 11929: 11797: 11787: 11762: 11752: 11712: 11504: 11437: 11163: 11148: 11143: 11083: 11038: 10998: 10892: 10871: 10267: 9322:

Nigeria, The Islamist Challenge, the Nigerian 'Shiite' Movement

5182: 5140: 5085: 5052: 5044: 4997: 4827: 4805: 4703: 4679: 4075: 4054: 4033: 4002: 3991: 3703: 3685: 3667: 3639: 3629: 3615: 3610: 3592: 3521: 3467:

and one capital district. These Regions are subdivided into 36

3406: 2889: 2810: 2755: 2644: 2478: 2394: 2135: 2081: 2012: 1992: 1863: 1796: 1717: 1692: 1662: 1658: 1643: 1586: 1535: 1473: 1384: 1349: 1313: 1305: 1290: 965: 957: 528: 190: 10032: 10014: 10011: 10005: 9860:"Media in Niger: the African Development Information Database" 6077:"Azelik Takedda et le cuivre médiéval dans la région d'Agadez" 6021:

The African Experience: From Olduvai Gorge to the 21st Century

5039:, and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the 4678:

Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some

1550:

in 1591; it then collapsed into a number of smaller kingdoms.

1214: 1188: 1185: 1179: 13284: 13182: 13112: 13092: 13077: 13002: 12680: 11970: 11954: 11904: 11879: 11812: 11742: 11737: 11702: 11630: 11579: 11529: 11519: 11499: 11484: 11449: 11334: 11123: 11028: 11013: 10993: 10983: 10957: 10897: 9752:"Niger: EIB finances drinking water supply project (EUR 21m)" 9211:. Scarecrow Press, Metuchen, New Jersey – London, 1979. 8198:"Russian troops arrive in Niger as military agreement begins" 7164:

Rethinking Resistance: revolt and violence in African history

4881: 4753: 4725: 4659: 4625: 4096: 3721: 3429: 3232: 2960: 2941: 2917:

The territory of Niger contains five terrestrial ecoregions:

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Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

7799:"Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as Niger's president amid tensions" 7651:

UNHCR: Attacks in NW Nigeria Send Thousands Fleeing to Niger

6982:

International Boundary Study No. 93 – Niger-Nigeria Boundary

6163:"Stone Age Graveyard Reveals Lifestyles Of A 'Green Sahara'" 5948: 5833: 4790:

areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century

4706:, both of whom practice variations of the pre-Islamic Hausa 3874:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

3229:

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

2952:

was founded in the northern parts to protect these species.

2742: 1449:(r. 1312–1337). At this point parts of what are now Niger's 13222: 13147: 13122: 13047: 11919: 11857: 11827: 11777: 11772: 11722: 11584: 11534: 11469: 11133: 11043: 10932: 10207: 10026: 6857: 5337:"Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2012" 4794: 3482:

departments (renamed as regions) and capital district are:

3402: 2829: 2821: 2787: 2775: 2754:

nation in West Africa located along the border between the

2614: 2000: 1792: 1515: 1455: 1453:

fell under Malian rule. A Muslim, Mansa Musa performed the

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and regions and their period living in a single state. The

941: 913: 10029: 8520:"West Africa: Ecowas, EU Say Niger Elections Satisfactory" 7768:"Niger: Attack on presidential palace an 'attempted coup'" 7157:

Jon Abbink; Mirjam de Bruijn, Klaas van Walraven (2003). "

6567:

Sirio Canós-Donnay (February 2019). "The Empire of Mali".

4643:

communities from Europe and West Africa are also present.

2955:

The southern parts are naturally dominated savannahs. The

1492:

Map of the Songhai Empire, overlaid over modern boundaries

1211: 968:

is located in Niger's southwest corner along the namesake

8568:"Niger Politicians Forge Alliances Before March Election" 8371: 7708:"Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou set to exit power" 7048:

International Boundary Study No. 73 – Chad-Niger Boundary

5234:

Despite relative freedom at the national level, Nigerien

5224: 4835: 3895: 3410: 2987: 2828:

to the north-northwest (956 km or 594 mi), and

2734: 2175:– RDA) was formed under the leadership of former teacher 1708:

The Hausa states and other smaller kingdoms (1400s–1800s)

1519: 874: 13661:

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

7604:"Boycott helps Niger President Issoufou win re-election" 5698:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

5666:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

5215:, Sarounia and Tenere—are urban-based commercial-format 3843:

Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Niger:

2840:

at 266 km (165 mi) and to the north-northeast

1687:

settlers led by Mallam Yunus left Kanem and founded the

10866: 9176:"2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Niger" 8949:

Niger: Population explosion threatens development gains

4438:

dominate the Dosso, Tillabéri, and Niamey regions, the

2658: 2472:

After winning the election in November 1999, President

10193:

Unesco manuscript on child work and schooling in Niger

8296: 4967:

kilometres to the east. Villages between Téra and the

2683:

head of state of the country. Former finance minister

2639:

On 31 March 2021, Niger's security forces thwarted an

2636:

taking 44.25%, according to the electoral commission.

2477:

August 2002, unrest within military camps occurred in

10041: 10023: 10002: 8544:"Niger’s Presidential Election Heads to March Runoff" 6523:

Decalo, Sameul; Idrissa, Abdourahmane (1 June 2012).

6146: 5335:

Institut national de la statistique (November 2015).

5274: 5272: 5035:, made mostly of those states which had resisted the 4959:

identified Niger as one of the 18 fragile regions of

4624:

is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution.

2959:, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and 2948:, gazelles, and in the mountains, Barbary sheep. The 2628:. No candidate won an absolute majority in the vote: 2573:

Following the adoption of a constitution in 2010 and

2526:

Sixth republic and fourth military regime (2009–2010)

1746:, encompassing the cultural-linguistic area known as 1205: 1176: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8365: 7581:"Military coup ousts Niger president Mamadou Tandja" 7245:, 10 novembre 2007 (republished on 6 November 2017). 6137:. By Randolph E. Schmid. Associated Press /ABC News. 5602:

Brian Lucas. August 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2009.

5425: 4635:, practiced by 0.3% of the population, and Animism ( 3883:(HIPC) and concluded an agreement with the Fund for 3831:

A proportional representation of Niger exports, 2019

2268: 2149:, during which time mainland France was occupied by 10134:) – a comprehensive collection of Niger topics 10020: 10008: 9833: 8701:

Niger : le budget 2014 porté à 1.867 milliards

8592:"Soldiers announce coup in Niger – DW – 07/28/2023" 7677:"France ready to strike extremists on Libya border" 6711:. Washington, DC: GPO for the Library of Congress. 6147:Clark, J. Desmond; Gifford-Gonzalez, Diane (2008). 6035: 6033: 5031:valley in the southwest; the northern periphery of 4811:, although there are small minority groups tied to 4464:French, inherited from the colonial period, is the 2862:Niger's terrain is predominantly desert plains and 2327:

Mouvement National pour la Société du Développement

1843:. A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was 1202: 1182: 9343:International Religious Freedom Report 2001: Niger 9261:International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Niger 8942: 8675:Niger government adopts $ 2.53 bln budget for 2013 8246:"Niger's junta revokes military agreement with US" 7472:UN World Court decides Niger, Benin border dispute 6566: 5269: 4834:. These small groups, linked to similar groups in 2398:help others return to a productive civilian life. 2377:on 26 December 1992. Following this, presidential 2360:National Conference and Third Republic (1991–1996) 1695:. The sultanate remained nominally subject to the 1596: 516:National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland 12697:Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 12126:OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 8885: 8494:"Africa – Niger leader dissolves parliament" 7344:Niger's Elected President Ousted in Military Coup 7257:Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) 6912: 6910: 6908: 4442:dominate the Zinder, Maradi, and Tahoua regions, 1894:Other smaller kingdoms of the period include the 1704:), and was later captured by the French in 1899. 589:1,267,000 km (489,000 sq mi) ( 13612: 8533:(republished at AllAfrica.com), 3 February 2011. 7543:Niger president rules by decree after court snub 6884: 6785: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6030: 5721:2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) 5696:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 5638:2003. Houghton Mifflin Company 22 February 2013 5107: 2551:Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy 2292:during the state visit of West German President 1999:(roughly equivalent to the present territory of 1553: 1426:and existed until the 1600s. As detailed in the 1273:. Some of these finds have been linked with the 1249:, and other animals in the southern Sahara near 12738:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 9434:2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor 8616:Balima, Boureima; Felix, Bate (16 March 2024). 8303:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7209:Renversement du président Hamani Diori au Niger 6697: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6570:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History 6440: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6422: 6140: 6128:Ancient cemetery found in 'green' Sahara Desert 4841:Despite this, Niger maintains a tradition as a 2694:The coup was condemned by ECOWAS, which in the 2556: 2191:) of 23 July 1956 and the establishment of the 2047:) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the 1858:Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913 1775:according to certain historians) who came from 12960:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 8913:(Niger's National Statistics Institute Report) 8800:"OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa" 6905: 6669: 6667: 6665: 5685: 5683: 4470:Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie 4450:dominate the Agadez region in Northern Niger. 2982:Other wildlife includes elephants, buffaloes, 2068:to relieve them of command he was killed. Lt. 1483: 1140: 13467:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 12944: 12293: 11616: 11423: 10852: 10828: 10349: 8429: 8427: 7943: 7941: 7829:"Niger soldiers announce coup on national TV" 7536: 7411:"1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'" 7279:Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa 5291: 3343:and the Ministry of the Interior through the 2824:to the east, at 1,175 km (730 mi), 2455: 2402:Second and third military regimes (1996–1999) 12733:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 12146: 11238:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 9894: 9892: 9203: 9201: 9143:"Niger is number 33 on the World Watch List" 8831:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 7120:Keesing's Contemporary Archives, page 17569. 6964:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. 6680: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6419: 4764:in the 17th centuries, spread distinctively 3279:National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) 1440:. Thereafter Mali defeated the Sosso at the 1432:, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the 1400: 139: 112: 54: 13508:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 12101: 11439:Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD) 9354:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 9272:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor 8665:. Portions of it may be used here verbatim. 8615: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6662: 6638: 6636: 6386:UNESCO General History of Africa: Volume 3. 6365: 6151:. Royal Museum of Central Africa, Tervuren. 6023:(Series: History of Civilization), London: 5776: 5774: 5680: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5055:pastoralists who had once been part of the 4694:, the Hausa word for "pagan") community in 3530: 3436: 2277:and a military group under the name of the 1156: 13676:States and territories established in 1960 13462:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 12951: 12937: 12541:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 12300: 12286: 12114:Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam 11623: 11609: 11430: 11416: 10859: 10845: 10356: 10342: 9230:"The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" 8828:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 8792: 8651: 8453: 8424: 7938: 7705: 7616: 6936: 6337: 5781:Jeffreys, Mervyn David Waldegrave (1964). 4947:With the help of a donation fund from the 4631:The other two main religions of Niger are 3175:Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism 3015: 2545:in February 2010, a military junta led by 2522:(AQIM) to gain a foothold in the country. 2211: 1995:gained control of the upper valley of the 1742:Between the Niger River and Lake Chad lay 1379:Empires and kingdoms in pre-colonial Niger 1344:(circa 5000–2500 BC) cultures, centred on 170: 13641:French-speaking countries and territories 13636:Economic Community of West African States 9889: 9367:"Islam is thriving in impoverished Niger" 9198: 9069: 9067: 9036: 9034: 8900:Annuaires Statistiques du Niger 2007–2011 8717: 8437:. Bradt UK/Globe Pequot Press USA, 2006. 8407: 8389: 8348: 8322: 7796: 7300:Niger Foreign Policy and Government Guide 6975: 6973: 6971: 6555: 6256: 6246: 6190:"Graves Found From Sahara's Green Period" 6074: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5656: 5654: 3868:(BCEAO), with seven other members of the 3217:Economic Community of West African States 3110:Learn how and when to remove this message 2565:Semi-arid Niger is threatened by further 1585:was founded by Sultan Ilisawan, based in 1506:was named for its main ethnic group, the 1245:Rock engraving showing herds of giraffe, 757: 10257:) is being considered for deletion. See 9942: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9013:"BBC World Service | Slavery Today" 8724:Background Notes for Niger: January 2009 7253: 7251: 6953: 6869: 6843:Ryder, A.F.C. (1981). D.T. Niane (ed.). 6828:Ryder, A.F.C. (1981). D.T. Niane (ed.). 6813:Ryder, A.F.C. (1981). D.T. Niane (ed.). 6772: 6633: 6375:. St. Martin's Press, New York. Page 32. 6155: 5901: 5899: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5780: 5771: 5593:Which side of the road do they drive on? 5490: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5223:Aside from Nigerien radio stations, the 5122: 5003: 4984: 4909: 4858: 4770: 4653: 4637:traditional indigenous religious beliefs 3926: 3918: 3826: 3440: 3267: 3131: 2905: 2879: 2813:, and the world's 21st largest country. 2741: 2733: 2560: 2459: 2350: 2283: 2215: 2206: 1909: 1853: 1711: 1557: 1487: 1459:in 1324–25 and encouraged the spread of 1436:which itself had split from the earlier 1240: 991:. It was colonized by France during the 177:Location of Niger (dark green) 13472:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 9923: 9254: 8220:"US agrees to pull troops out of Niger" 7105: 6399: 6187: 6181: 5858: 5739: 5718: 4658:Worshipers leaving the grand mosque of 3923:Population age pyramid of Niger in 2020 2975:and one of the last populations of the 2515:Mouvement des Nigériens pour la justice 2273:The coup had been masterminded by Col. 1905: 1673:. Bornu "prospered" during the rule of 1581:in the north of what is now Niger, the 1073:not being used and the resulting rapid 14: 13613: 9779: 9777: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9186:from the original on 21 September 2022 9170: 9168: 9122:Présidence de la République du Niger. 9085:from the original on 22 September 2019 9064: 9031: 8372:Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). 8132: 8130: 8099: 8097: 7232:Kountché: 30 ans après son coup d'état 7006: 6968: 6959: 6924:from the original on 15 September 2018 6579:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.266 6188:Wilford, John Noble (14 August 2008). 6109:Iron in Africa: Revisiting the History 5825: 5651: 5426:Sidonie Aurore Bonny (3 August 2023). 5162: 4936:Just 40% of the 30,000 inhabitants in 4744:in the west, and the influence of the 2971:) Complex. It has a population of the 2950:Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve 2493:was reappointed as prime minister and 1750:which straddles what later became the 12932: 12690:Specialised agencies and institutions 12281: 11604: 11411: 10840: 10827: 10337: 10057: 9460: 9438:Bureau of International Labor Affairs 9405: 9019:from the original on 13 November 2010 8632: 8474:from the original on 26 November 2021 8454:Hertsgaard, Mark (19 November 2009). 8036: 8034: 7895:from the original on 7 September 2023 7748:from the original on 23 February 2021 7303:. Int'l Business Publications. 2007. 7248: 7159:Sawaba's Rebellion in Niger (1964-64) 7139:from the original on 3 September 2019 7132:Encyclopedia Britannica – Hamni Diori 7039: 6893:from the original on 26 December 2019 6842: 6827: 6812: 6769:African kingdoms – The Songhai Empire 6354:from the original on 12 December 2018 6292:from the original on 10 December 2019 5880: 5550: 5321: 4724:The majority of Muslims in Niger are 3885:Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility 3366: 2187:. Following the Overseas Reform Act ( 1510:, and was centred on the bend of the 12439:Permanent Representatives' Committee 10165:from the original on 22 January 2017 9525:from the original on 19 October 2021 9469:from the original on 9 February 2019 9222: 8853:from the original on 22 October 2023 8824: 8500:from the original on 7 February 2011 8082:from the original on 11 October 2023 7718:from the original on 4 February 2021 7658:from the original on 8 November 2019 7630:from the original on 25 October 2012 7479:from the original on 8 November 2019 7356: 7259:Elections in Africa: A data handbook 6865:. Ohio University Press. p. 81. 6715:from the original on 3 November 2016 6701: 6202:from the original on 23 January 2012 6121: 5866:. Leiden: Brill. p. 275 Fn 22. 5831: 5565:United Nations Development Programme 5519:from the original on 19 October 2023 5112: 4209:Ethnic Groups in Niger (2001 Census) 3955: 3860:Niger shares a common currency, the 3180: 3048:adding citations to reliable sources 3019: 2935:West Saharan montane xeric woodlands 2888:The hotter and drier climate within 2884:Map of Köppen climate classification 2659:Fifth military regime (2023–present) 2181:Mouvement Socialiste Africain-Sawaba 1623:around the 8th century and based in 1619:for a period. It was founded by the 1011:, the country is once again under a 13666:Member states of the United Nations 12848:Single African Air Transport Market 12843:African Continental Free Trade Area 11632:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 10322:2012 Niger Trade Summary Statistics 10299:Key Development Forecasts for Niger 10067: 9774: 9589: 9165: 8930:from the original on 14 August 2019 8628:from the original on 26 March 2024. 8496:. Al Jazeera English. 26 May 2009. 8127: 8094: 7809:from the original on 11 August 2021 7797:Zandonini, Giacomo (2 April 2021). 7500:Leiden Journal of International Law 7364:"Obituary: Ibrahim Bare Mainassara" 7061:from the original on 1 October 2019 7028:from the original on 1 October 2019 6995:from the original on 1 October 2019 6962:Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria 6169:from the original on 16 August 2008 5813:from the original on 11 August 2023 5444:from the original on 10 August 2023 5241:Conseil Supérieur de Communications 3866:Central Bank of West African States 3225:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation 3163:2009 Nigerien constitutional crisis 3002:Farmer-managed natural regeneration 2643:by a military unit in the capital, 2172:Rassemblement Démocratique Africain 1546:and was decisively defeated at the 1135:in 1550, possibly derived from the 24: 13656:Member states of the African Union 10363: 10126:, 3rd ed. (Scarecrow Press, 1997, 9393:from the original on 30 March 2021 9052:from the original on 21 March 2020 8806:from the original on 26 March 2009 8780:from the original on 2 August 2023 8278:from the original on 30 March 2021 8226:from the original on 21 April 2024 8178:from the original on 21 April 2024 8148:from the original on 21 April 2024 8031: 7959:from the original on 12 March 2024 7926:from the original on 7 August 2023 7778:from the original on 31 March 2021 7683:. 6 January 2015. 6 January 2015. 7624:"Freedom in the World 2012: Niger" 7421:from the original on 15 April 2015 7391:from the original on 30 March 2012 7187:from the original on 5 August 2020 6786:Cartwright, Mark (23 April 2019). 6279: 5783:"Niger : Origins of the Word" 5574:from the original on 13 March 2024 5558:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 5309:from the original on 30 March 2021 5067:and the Sahara in the vast north. 3328: 3303: 2931:South Saharan steppe and woodlands 2072:, Klobb's former officer, and Lt. 2007:was sent to Niger. He reached the 1359:(circa 200–1300 AD) named for the 25: 13702: 12307: 12058:Economic Cooperation Organization 10261:to help reach a consensus. › 10199: 9612:from the original on 30 July 2023 9290:Decalo (1997) p. 261–2, 158, 230. 9180:United States Department of State 8750:from the original on 6 April 2019 8052:from the original on 5 April 2024 8019:from the original on 8 March 2024 7989:from the original on 5 April 2024 7913: 7865:from the original on 28 July 2023 7839:from the original on 27 July 2023 7687:from the original on 4 March 2016 7562:Emergency powers for Niger leader 6847:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 258–65. 6832:. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 251–52. 6741:from the original on 29 July 2019 6650:from the original on 29 July 2019 6621:from the original on 29 July 2019 6617:. Ancient Origins. 1 March 2019. 6595:from the original on 30 July 2019 6573:. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. 6543:from the original on 25 July 2018 6373:History of Africa, Second Edition 6371:Shillington, Kevin (1989, 1995). 6165:. Science Daily. 15 August 2008. 6091:from the original on 24 July 2018 5994:"Lost Tribes of the Green Sahara" 5759:from the original on 29 July 2015 5727:from the original on 13 July 2023 5662:"World Population Prospects 2022" 5407:from the original on 28 July 2023 5349:from the original on 13 July 2018 4819:Sufi orders in the west, and the 3864:, and a common central bank, the 3445:Administrative divisions of Niger 3199:Niger is a charter member of the 2859:at 2,022 m (6,634 ft). 2847:The lowest point in Niger is the 2836:at 628 km (390 mi) and 2269:First military regime (1974–1991) 2265:that overthrew the Diori regime. 1196:, while in some Anglophone media 27:Landlocked country in West Africa 13686:1960 disestablishments in France 13557: 13556: 13058:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12913: 12912: 12763:African Union–Ethiopia relations 12444:Specialized Technical Committees 11389: 11378: 11377: 11185:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 11162: 10943:Democratic Republic of the Congo 10462: 10288: 9998: 9961: 9949:Attacks on the press: Niger 2006 9870: 9852: 9807: 9795:from the original on 1 July 2021 9762:from the original on 31 May 2021 9744: 9732:from the original on 31 May 2021 9714: 9702:from the original on 2 June 2021 9684: 9672:from the original on 31 May 2021 9654: 9642:from the original on 31 May 2021 9624: 9563: 9537: 9507: 9481: 9454: 9379: 9359: 9336: 9313: 9293: 9284: 9153:from the original on 6 June 2022 9135: 9116: 9097: 9005: 8985: 8973:The Shackles of Slavery in Niger 8965: 8916: 8818: 8762: 8736: 8691: 8668: 8609: 8584: 8560: 8536: 8512: 8486: 8447: 8290: 8260: 8238: 8212: 8190: 8160: 8115:from the original on 12 May 2024 8064: 7592:British Broadcasting Corporation 7079:UNESCO General History of Africa 6388:University of California Press, 6320:from the original on 2 July 2019 5719:Nations, United (11 July 2023). 4903:, Niger has the world's highest 4618:separation of state and religion 4199: 3872:. Niger is also a member of the 3823:Oil and mining industry of Niger 3633: 3623: 3596: 3586: 3553:Largest cities or towns in Niger 3283:National Guard (Garde nationale) 3024: 2508:The north saw the outbreak of a 2389:in 1995, and an economic slump. 2064:caught up with the mission near 1198: 1172: 782: 781: 756: 734: 733: 715: 714: 682: 681: 663: 662: 155: 89: 75: 34:. For the state in Nigeria, see 12268:As the "Turkish Cypriot State". 10088: 9991: 9632:"Water, Sanitation and Hygiene" 8658:2008 Human Rights Report: Niger 8001: 7971: 7907: 7877: 7851: 7821: 7790: 7760: 7730: 7699: 7669: 7642: 7597: 7574: 7555: 7513: 7490: 7463: 7433: 7403: 7373: 7353:New York Times, 28 January 1996 7337: 7291: 7271: 7225: 7199: 7150: 7123: 7114: 7092: 7072: 6885:Cartwright, Mark (9 May 2019). 6851: 6836: 6821: 6806: 6794:from the original on 8 May 2019 6753: 6727: 6607: 6378: 6331: 6304: 6280:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. 6273: 6214: 6102: 6068: 6058: 6010: 5986: 5942: 5852: 5832:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). 5712: 5628: 5605: 5586: 4826:A small center of followers of 4797:brotherhoods, most notably the 4698:in the south-southwest and the 4446:dominate the Diffa region, and 3908: 3881:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries 3035:needs additional citations for 2895: 2620:On 27 December 2020, Nigeriens 2520:Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb 2128:Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen 1597:Kanem–Bornu Empire (700s–1700s) 1340:(circa 8000–6000 BC) and later 13498:International Francophonie Day 12038:Moro National Liberation Front 10161:. State.gov. 3 February 2010. 10124:Historical Dictionary of Niger 9209:Historical Dictionary of Niger 9002:". BBC News. 11 February 2005. 7654:, News 24, 27 September 2019, 7529:, democratie.francophonie.org 6889:. World History Encyclopedia. 6863:The History of Islam in Africa 6790:. World History Encyclopedia. 6737:. World History Encyclopedia. 6646:. World History Encyclopedia. 6526:Historical Dictionary of Niger 5547:, accessed on 21 January 2016. 5531: 5459: 5419: 5387: 5361: 5047:in the far east, populated by 5011:musicians at a formal ceremony 3901:Niger was ranked 131st in the 3419:United Nations Population Fund 3379: 3254:in 2005 to Niger's advantage. 3252:International Court of Justice 2844:at 354 km (220 mi). 2596:an insurgency in western Niger 2122:continued, culminating in the 1394:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb 151:"The Honour of the Fatherland" 114:"Fraternité, Travail, Progrès" 13: 1: 13681:1960 establishments in Africa 12895:United States of Latin Africa 12589:Rural Economy and Agriculture 12366:Organisation of African Unity 10246: 7891:(in French). 10 August 2023. 7706:AfricaNews (7 January 2021). 7440:Niger: A copybook coup d'etat 7170:. Brill Academic Publishers. 6817:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 239. 5612:How Do You Pronounce "Niger"? 5262: 5108:Festivals and cultural events 2793:Niger lies between latitudes 2606:, the spillover of Nigeria's 2342:multi-party democratic system 2244:and supporting France in the 1632: 1575: 1554:Sultanate of Aïr (1400s–1906) 1420: 1236: 12752:United States military bases 12748:United States Africa Command 9320:Summary for Shedrack Best's 6286:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 6282:"Site archéologique de Bura" 6248:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995 5972:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010 5288:(accessed 21 September 2016) 4863:A primary classroom in Niger 4848: 4453: 3557:According to the 2012 Census 3140:and Japanese Prime Minister 2723: 2626:peaceful transition of power 2557:Seventh Republic (2010–2023) 1615:dominated the region around 1080: 127:"Fraternity, Work, Progress" 7: 13254:French Community of Belgium 12579:HR, Sciences and Technology 10232:Central Intelligence Agency 10075: 9877:Medias Status Report: Niger 9461:Green, Jeff (10 May 2006). 9376:, Reuters, 6 December 1997. 8993:Born to be a slave in Niger 7861:. Aljazeera. 28 July 2023. 7552:. Reuters. Fri 26 June 2009 5787:Cahiers d'Études africaines 5640:thefreedictionary.com/Niger 5513:International Monetary Fund 5477:Central Intelligence Agency 5250: 5229:Radio France Internationale 4918:Niger also has the highest 4526: 4411: 4187: 4184: 4176: 4166: 4163: 4155: 4145: 4142: 4134: 4124: 4121: 4113: 4103: 4100: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4071: 4061: 4058: 4050: 4040: 4037: 4029: 4019: 4016: 4008: 3998: 3995: 3987: 3870:West African Monetary Union 3395:International Monetary Fund 3257: 3205:West African Monetary Union 2369:and developed a plan for a 2167:Parti Progressiste Nigérien 1484:Songhai Empire (1000s–1591) 541:• Republic proclaimed 10: 13707: 12833:African Economic Community 12638:Peace and Security Council 12345:African and Malagasy Union 10115: 9333:; conflict-prevention.net. 8904:Structure de la population 6075:Grébénart, Danilo (1993), 5952:Journal of Human Evolution 5937:Bradt Travel Guide – Niger 5192: 5166: 5116: 4978: 4974: 4931:UN Human Development Index 4891: 4852: 4717: 4530: 4457: 4430:(0.4%), other (0.1%). The 4343: 3912: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3622: 3585: 3544: 3534: 3448: 3332: 3307: 3261: 3213:Lake Chad Basin Commission 3187:Foreign relations of Niger 3184: 3121: 2899: 2873: 2869: 2727: 2456:Fifth Republic (1999–2009) 2257:of economic difficulties, 2236:development of French-led 2163:Nigerien Progressive Party 1920: 1727: 1600: 1567: 1563:The Grand Mosque of Agadez 1495: 1404: 1229: 1225: 1093:wrote descriptions of the 1065:, and the world's highest 29: 13651:Least developed countries 13552: 13531: 13480: 13454: 13434: 13308: 13272: 13247:National/regional members 13246: 12975: 12966: 12908: 12877: 12856: 12808: 12771: 12758:United States ambassadors 12718: 12709: 12689: 12636: 12610: 12574:Social Affairs and Health 12569:Infrastructure and Energy 12549: 12531: 12503: 12470: 12452: 12429: 12420: 12387: 12315: 12264: 12211: 12139: 12094: 12046: 12026: 11986: 11979: 11963: 11665: 11656: 11639: 11445: 11373: 11353: 11322: 11301: 11280: 11259: 11248: 11232: 11216: 11203: 11171: 11160: 10878: 10868:Countries and territories 10834: 10829:Links to related articles 10797: 10675: 10666: 10624: 10615: 10541: 10532: 10480: 10471: 10460: 10372: 9954:20 September 2011 at the 9547:. Cia.gov. Archived from 9491:. Cia.gov. Archived from 9310:. Research Summary (n.d.) 8982:". ABC News. 3 June 2005. 7613:, Reuters, 22 March 2016. 7506:29 September 2006 at the 7475:, UN News, 13 July 2019, 7381:"Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara" 6027:, revised edition, pg 39. 4914:Maradi Reference Hospital 4887: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4475:Niger has ten recognized 4335: 4327: 4322: 4314: 4309: 4301: 4296: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4231: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3965: 2977:Northwest African cheetah 2927:Lake Chad flooded savanna 2416:Conseil de Salut National 2279:Conseil Militaire Supreme 1691:, centred on the town of 1683:Circa 1730–40 a group of 1401:Mali Empire (1200s–1400s) 868: 856: 844: 834: 816: 801: 771: 746: 727: 708: 694: 675: 656: 638: 634:12.1/km (31.3/sq mi) 628: 614: 607: 597: 583: 576: 572: 559: 549: 539: 535: 521: 511: 507: 492: 477: 462: 458: 439: 429: 391: 317: 237: 227: 183: 169: 134: 113: 105: 71: 49: 13043:Central African Republic 12533:African Court of Justice 12330:Decolonisation of Africa 12109:Abuja Declaration (1989) 12003:Central African Republic 11465:Central African Republic 10928:Central African Republic 10294:Wikimedia Atlas of Niger 10259:templates for discussion 10186:30 November 2009 at the 9984: 9973:11 February 2009 at the 9789:European Investment Bank 9756:European Investment Bank 9606:European Investment Bank 9442:U.S. Department of Labor 9372:28 December 2016 at the 9306:28 December 2016 at the 9266:16 December 2019 at the 8978:19 February 2009 at the 8825:WIPO (30 October 2023). 8644:26 November 2008 at the 8639:Niger:Système judiciaire 7586:19 February 2010 at the 7567:16 November 2018 at the 7370:(London), 12 April 1999. 6708:Nigeria: A Country Study 6313:African Rock Art – Niger 5999:3 September 2010 at the 5625:, retrieved 4 March 2012 5188: 4953:European Investment Bank 4713: 3531:Largest cities and towns 3463:Niger is divided into 7 3437:Administrative divisions 3335:Law enforcement in Niger 3237:Liptako–Gourma Authority 3207:and also belongs to the 2746:Satellite image of Niger 2701:Alliance of Sahel States 2663:Late on 26 July 2023, a 2446:semi-presidential system 2130:, with backing from the 2005:Marius Gabriel Cazemajou 1969:Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs 1870:(from Gobir) declared a 1716:Overlooking the town of 1361:Bura archaeological site 1104:(in neighbouring modern 1085:The name comes from the 13503:Jeux de la Francophonie 12900:East African Federation 12890:United States of Africa 12628:African Investment Bank 10181:Unicef Niger statistics 9428:5 December 2008 at the 9329:13 January 2009 at the 8680:28 October 2014 at the 8573:7 February 2012 at the 8324:10.1073/pnas.2011160118 7626:. Freedom House. 2012. 7456:2 February 2020 at the 7451:Military controls Niger 7445:2 February 2020 at the 7385:Encyclopædia Britannica 7214:22 October 2014 at the 6114:25 October 2008 at the 5845:Encyclopædia Britannica 5543:9 February 2015 at the 5284:19 October 2018 at the 3934:women with traditional 3903:Global Innovation Index 3537:List of cities in Niger 3016:Governance and politics 2919:Sahelian Acacia savanna 2689:Prime Minister of Niger 2510:Second Tuareg Rebellion 2408:Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara 2371:transitional government 2212:Diori years (1960–1974) 2179:, as was the left-wing 2078:Upper Senegal and Niger 2033:Voulet–Chanoine Mission 2011:in 1898, and stayed in 1927:Upper Senegal and Niger 1522:(capital of the former 1141: 1110: 1099: 1047:subsistence agriculture 1045:is concentrated around 228:Official languages 13631:West African countries 13493:UN French Language Day 13326:Bosnia and Herzegovina 12611:Financial institutions 12602:Cross-Cutting Programs 12505:Pan-African Parliament 11998:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11868:Pakistan-OIC relations 10397:Sultanate of Damagaram 10106: 10098: 10083: 8555:Bloomberg Businessweek 6960:Falola, Toyin (2009). 6412:8 October 2006 at the 6133:11 August 2014 at the 5935:Geels, Jolijn, (2006) 5747:"Population Explosion" 5136: 5012: 5001: 4915: 4864: 4823:in the far northeast. 4779: 4666: 4403: 3938: 3924: 3855:Dakar-Ndjamena Highway 3832: 3446: 3273: 3145: 2914: 2885: 2747: 2739: 2679:was proclaimed as the 2675:. On 28 July, General 2592:Northern Mali conflict 2575:presidential elections 2570: 2469: 2356: 2297: 2232: 2009:Sultanate of Damagaram 1989:1885 Berlin conference 1955:expedition (1822–25), 1918: 1859: 1725: 1722:Sultanate of Damagaram 1689:Sultanate of Damagaram 1607:Sultanate of Damagaram 1565: 1493: 1411:The Mali Empire was a 1392:. It was aided by the 1254: 1157: 1127:was first recorded by 806:West African CFA franc 719:$ 17.073 billion ( 667:$ 42.739 billion ( 142:L'Honneur de la Patrie 140: 55: 40:Niger (disambiguation) 38:. For other uses, see 13203:São Tomé and Príncipe 13063:Republic of the Congo 12651:African Standby Force 12623:African Monetary Fund 11560:São Tomé and Príncipe 11089:São Tomé and Príncipe 10948:Republic of the Congo 10437:2005–2006 food crisis 10310:International Futures 10304:17 April 2021 at the 10242:UCB Libraries GovPubs 10220:30 March 2021 at the 10147:30 March 2021 at the 9916:21 April 2020 at the 9519:populationpyramid.net 9348:4 August 2020 at the 9274:(14 September 2007). 8998:6 August 2017 at the 8706:5 August 2020 at the 8391:10.1093/biosci/bix014 7460:, 10 April 1999, BBC. 7449:, 9 April 1999, BBC. 7349:3 August 2018 at the 6054:Encyclopédie Larousse 5799:10.3406/cea.1964.3019 5700:, Population Division 5668:, Population Division 5617:14 March 2012 at the 5598:14 April 2012 at the 5538:World Bank GINI index 5126: 5007: 4988: 4913: 4905:infant mortality rate 4862: 4774: 4657: 4645:Religious persecution 3950:in Niger are enslaved 3930: 3922: 3915:Demographics of Niger 3849:Algiers-Lagos Highway 3830: 3535:Further information: 3444: 3271: 3262:Further information: 3209:Niger Basin Authority 3135: 2923:West Sudanian savanna 2909: 2900:Further information: 2883: 2874:Further information: 2853:Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès 2745: 2737: 2687:was declared the new 2677:Abdourahamane Tchiani 2673:Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou 2608:Boko Haram insurgency 2564: 2532:extend his presidency 2463: 2354: 2337:on 10 December 1989. 2335:presidential election 2287: 2219: 2207:Post-colonial (1960–) 2193:Fifth French Republic 2126:of 1916–1917, led by 2043:(in the far north of 1987:', culminated in the 1977:Parfait-Louis Monteil 1913: 1885:Sultanate of Tessaoua 1857: 1715: 1669:on what is later the 1561: 1491: 1289:, the climate of the 1281:tool cultures of the 1244: 1063:jihadist insurgencies 891:Republic of the Niger 599:• Water (%) 472:Abdourahamane Tchiani 51:Republic of the Niger 18:Republic of the Niger 13646:Landlocked countries 13300:United Arab Emirates 12618:African Central Bank 12120:OIC Resolution 10/11 12073:Non-Aligned Movement 11950:United Arab Emirates 10327:7 April 2014 at the 9905:16 June 2009 at the 9882:4 March 2009 at the 9866:on 13 December 2009. 9815:"At a glance: Niger" 9668:. 8 September 2016. 9545:"The World Factbook" 9489:"The World Factbook" 9387:"The World Factbook" 9129:27 July 2018 at the 9110:27 July 2018 at the 8954:25 July 2014 at the 8909:26 July 2014 at the 8688:, 22 September 2012. 8549:28 June 2011 at the 8525:29 June 2011 at the 8048:. 25 February 2024. 8015:. 24 November 2023. 7955:. 24 February 2024. 7744:. 23 February 2021. 7609:4 March 2020 at the 7571:. BBC. 26 June 2009. 7548:29 June 2009 at the 7525:22 June 2007 at the 7237:27 July 2018 at the 7102:15 (1990) pp: 39–58. 7021:, 18 November 1974, 6988:, 15 December 1969, 6675:Les royaumes Haoussa 5127:Participants in the 4702:speaking Manga near 3455:Departments of Niger 3357:National Gendarmerie 3341:National Gendarmerie 3322:Inquisitorial system 3250:, was solved by the 3221:Non-Aligned Movement 3044:improve this article 2992:West African giraffe 2946:scimitar-horned oryx 2762:regions. It borders 2696:2023 Nigerien crisis 2665:coup by the military 2252:(Benin), owing to a 2025:Foureau-Lamy Mission 1943:(in 1805–1806), the 1923:Senegambia and Niger 1906:Colonial (1900–1958) 1752:Niger-Nigeria border 1671:Niger-Nigeria border 1287:African humid period 960:. Its predominantly 616:• 2024 estimate 13691:Countries in Africa 13593: / 13539:Francophone economy 12199:Arab–Islamic (2023) 11648:Hissein Brahim Taha 11345:Plazas de soberanía 11249:African territories 11189:unclear sovereignty 11174:States with limited 10392:Sultanate of Agadez 10278:2 June 2019 at the 10155:US State Department 10099:République du Niger 9935:10 May 2011 at the 9845:19 January 2017 at 9821:on 30 November 2009 9666:blogs.worldbank.org 9577:on 23 November 2011 9219:. pp. 156–7, 193–4. 9147:www.opendoorsuk.org 8962:, 11 December 2007. 8837:10.34667/tind.46596 8729:24 May 2019 at the 8714:, 28 November 2013. 8581:, 14 February 2011. 8456:"Regreening Africa" 8315:2021PNAS..11811160R 8174:. 10 October 2023. 8111:. 11 October 2023. 7496:Fabio Spadi (2005) 6861:; Randall Pouwels. 6765:19 May 2019 at the 6529:. Scarecrow Press. 6239:2008PLoSO...3.2995S 6081:Le Saharien (Paris) 6048:2 July 2014 at the 6005:National Geographic 5964:2013JHumE..64..194D 5645:12 May 2013 at the 5515:. 10 October 2023. 5163:Cure Salée festival 5157:National Geographic 4990:Sultan of Damagaram 4748:traveling from the 4746:Trans-Saharan trade 4674:) are practiced by 4237:Zarma & Songhai 3962: 3298:most recent in 2023 3194:UN Security Council 3128:Government of Niger 2910:An elephant in the 2536:presidential system 2512:in 2007 led by the 2062:Jean-François Klobb 1985:Scramble for Africa 993:Scramble for Africa 985:Sultanate of Agadez 481:CNSP Vice President 208: / 56:République du Niger 13544:Senghor University 13341:Dominican Republic 12869:African Border Day 12584:Trade and Industry 12559:Peace and Security 12551:ECOSOCC Committees 12485:Deputy Chairperson 11253:non-African states 10775:Seasonal migration 10644:Telecommunications 10411:Tuareg rebellions 10407:French West Africa 10227:The World Factbook 10138:CIA World Factbook 9495:on 28 October 2009 9356:, 26 October 2001. 9299:Ben Amara, Ramzi. 9242:on 24 October 2012 9079:www.stat-niger.org 8924:"Niger Population" 8557:, 4 February 2011. 7985:. 21 August 2023. 7681:Asian Defense News 7594:, 19 February 2010 6788:"Kingdom of Kanem" 6703:Metz, Helen Chapin 6316:, British Museum, 6195:The New York Times 5755:. 16 August 2014. 5472:The World Factbook 5137: 5057:Kanem–Bornu Empire 5017:French colonialism 5013: 5002: 4961:Sub-Saharan Africa 4924:maternal mortality 4916: 4865: 4855:Education in Niger 4780: 4762:Kanem–Bornu Empire 4738:non-denominational 4667: 4477:national languages 4460:Languages of Niger 3960: 3939: 3925: 3833: 3525:(capital district) 3447: 3415:World Food Program 3367:Government finance 3310:Judiciary of Niger 3274: 3264:Niger Armed Forces 3171:Mahamadou Issoufou 3151:universal suffrage 3146: 3138:Mahamadou Issoufou 2990:and warthogs. The 2915: 2886: 2748: 2740: 2730:Geography of Niger 2671:of Prime Minister 2653:President of Niger 2579:Mahamadou Issoufou 2571: 2470: 2442:Daouda Malam Wanké 2357: 2298: 2233: 2091:French West Africa 2049:Battle of Kousséri 1931:French West Africa 1919: 1915:French West Africa 1860: 1726: 1613:Kanem–Bornu Empire 1603:Kanem–Bornu Empire 1566: 1494: 1419:(r. 1230–1255) in 1415:empire founded by 1283:Middle Paleolithic 1255: 1142:(e)gărăw-n-gărăwăn 997:French West Africa 977:Kanem–Bornu Empire 893:, is a country in 704:2023 estimate 652:2023 estimate 319:Ethnic groups 239:National languages 13626:Saharan countries 13576: 13575: 13570: 13569: 13450: 13449: 13435:Suspended members 13273:Associate members 13083:Equatorial Guinea 12926: 12925: 12804: 12803: 12728:Foreign relations 12705: 12704: 12656:Panel of the Wise 12564:Political Affairs 12434:Executive Council 12377:Secretary General 12355:Sirte Declaration 12275: 12274: 12207: 12206: 12135: 12134: 12090: 12089: 12086: 12085: 11598: 11597: 11405: 11404: 11369: 11368: 11244: 11243: 10964:Equatorial Guinea 10821: 10820: 10793: 10792: 10740:List of Nigeriens 10725:Human trafficking 10662: 10661: 10611: 10610: 10593:Political parties 10588:National Assembly 10556:Foreign relations 10528: 10527: 10442:COVID-19 pandemic 9046:citypopulation.de 8542:Saidou, Djibril. 8518:Ahmad, Romoke W. 8443:978-1-84162-152-4 8222:. 20 April 2024. 8078:. 5 August 2023. 7889:www.actuniger.com 7772:www.aljazeera.com 7220:Perspective monde 7054:, 1 August 1966, 6588:978-0-19-027773-4 6341:Sub-Zone 3: Niger 6007:, September 2008. 5873:978-90-04-11207-0 5567:. 13 March 2024. 5475:(2024 ed.). 5305:. 27 April 2021. 5113:Guérewol festival 4901:Save the Children 4622:Religious freedom 4608: 4607: 4542:Religion in Niger 4533:Religion in Niger 4466:official language 4340: 4339: 4197: 4196: 3956:Urban settlements 3807: 3806: 3459:Communes of Niger 3181:Foreign relations 3124:Politics of Niger 3120: 3119: 3112: 3094: 2973:West African lion 2902:Wildlife of Niger 2801:, and longitudes 2786:to the north and 2622:went to the polls 2437:on 9 April 1999. 2155:Charles de Gaulle 2105:to Chad in 1931. 2099:Tibesti Mountains 1611:To the east, the 1548:Battle of Tondibi 1508:Songhai or Sonrai 1075:population growth 1032:national language 889:, officially the 880: 879: 765:medium inequality 729:• Per capita 677:• Per capita 160: 16:(Redirected from 13698: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13589: 13586: 13560: 13559: 12973: 12972: 12953: 12946: 12939: 12930: 12929: 12916: 12915: 12828:Development Bank 12716: 12715: 12598:Women and Gender 12594:Economic Affairs 12523:Gallagher Estate 12427: 12426: 12335:Casablanca Group 12302: 12295: 12288: 12279: 12278: 12144: 12143: 12099: 12098: 11984: 11983: 11663: 11662: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11602: 11601: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11409: 11408: 11393: 11381: 11380: 11257: 11256: 11214: 11213: 11166: 10960:(partly in Asia) 10880:Sovereign states 10861: 10854: 10847: 10838: 10837: 10825: 10824: 10806: 10673: 10672: 10622: 10621: 10539: 10538: 10478: 10477: 10466: 10447:2023 coup d'état 10358: 10351: 10344: 10335: 10334: 10292: 10291: 10211: 10210: 10208:Official website 10174: 10172: 10170: 10122:Decalo, Samuel. 10109: 10107:Jamhuriyar Nijar 10092: 10086: 10069: 10061: 10056: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10028: 10025: 10022: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10007: 10004: 9995: 9978: 9965: 9959: 9946: 9940: 9927: 9921: 9896: 9887: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9862:. Archived from 9856: 9850: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9817:. Archived from 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9781: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9709: 9707: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9677: 9658: 9652: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9617: 9598: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9573:. Archived from 9567: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556: 9551:on 26 April 2014 9541: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9485: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9458: 9452: 9420: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9383: 9377: 9365:t'Sas, Vincent. 9363: 9357: 9352:. United States 9340: 9334: 9317: 9311: 9297: 9291: 9288: 9282: 9270:. United States 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9226: 9220: 9205: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9182:. 22 June 2022. 9172: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9139: 9133: 9120: 9114: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9071: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9038: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9009: 9003: 8989: 8983: 8969: 8963: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8926:. Worldometers. 8920: 8914: 8898: 8894: 8883: 8882: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8860: 8858: 8822: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8776:. 31 July 2023. 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8740: 8734: 8721: 8715: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8672: 8666: 8655: 8649: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8613: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8588: 8582: 8579:Voice of America 8564: 8558: 8540: 8534: 8516: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8451: 8445: 8431: 8422: 8421: 8411: 8393: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8352: 8326: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8264: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8134: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8101: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8057: 8038: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8024: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7975: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7964: 7945: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7931: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7900: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7835:. 27 July 2023. 7825: 7819: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7764: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7620: 7614: 7601: 7595: 7578: 7572: 7559: 7553: 7540: 7534: 7532: 7517: 7511: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7467: 7461: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7377: 7371: 7360: 7354: 7341: 7335: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7322: 7314: 7295: 7289: 7275: 7269: 7255: 7246: 7229: 7223: 7207: 7203: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7186: 7169: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7127: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7109: 7103: 7100:Africana Journal 7096: 7090: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7043: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7027: 7020: 7010: 7004: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6994: 6987: 6977: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6951: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6914: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6882: 6867: 6866: 6859:Nehemia Levtzion 6855: 6849: 6848: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6783: 6770: 6760:African Kingdoms 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6735:"Songhai Empire" 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6699: 6678: 6671: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6640: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6626: 6611: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6600: 6564: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6520: 6417: 6403: 6397: 6382: 6376: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6346: 6338:Caulson, David, 6335: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6260: 6250: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6152: 6144: 6138: 6125: 6119: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6041: 6037: 6028: 6014: 6008: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5946: 5940: 5933: 5878: 5877: 5860:Hunwick, John O. 5856: 5850: 5849: 5837: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5778: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5695: 5687: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5658: 5649: 5632: 5626: 5609: 5603: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5501: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5449: 5438:Douala, Cameroon 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5403:. 28 July 2023. 5391: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5371:. Archived from 5365: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5332: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5295: 5289: 5276: 5257:Outline of Niger 5037:Sokoto Caliphate 4981:Culture of Niger 4949:Dutch government 4799:Sokoto Caliphate 4775:Small mosque in 4649:World Watch List 4539: 4538: 4206: 4205: 3963: 3961:Cities of Niger 3959: 3817:Economy of Niger 3637: 3627: 3600: 3590: 3554: 3542: 3541: 3526: 3512:Tillabéri Region 3451:Regions of Niger 3115: 3108: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3093: 3052: 3028: 3020: 3010:climate extremes 2685:Ali Lamine Zeine 2634:Mahamane Ousmane 2612:people-smuggling 2588:Libyan Civil War 2495:Mahamane Ousmane 2383:Mahamane Ousmane 2346:Tuareg Rebellion 2296:to Niger in 1983 2226:German President 2203:of the country. 2197:French Community 2147:Second World War 1975:(1869–1874) and 1973:Gustav Nachtigal 1961:James Richardson 1876:Sokoto Caliphate 1783:(state of queen 1651:Dunama Dibbalemi 1637: 1634: 1583:Sultanate of Aïr 1580: 1577: 1570:Sultanate of Aïr 1532:Askia Mohammad I 1451:Tillabéri Region 1442:Battle of Kirina 1429:Epic of Sundiata 1425: 1422: 1269:in the northern 1232:History of Niger 1221: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1102: 825: 792: 791: 785: 784: 778: 767: 766: 760: 759: 753: 737: 736: 718: 717: 701: 685: 684: 666: 665: 649: 620:26,342,784 ( 563:2023 coup d'état 551:• Declared 545:18 December 1958 502:Ali Lamine Zeine 223: 222: 220: 219: 218: 213: 212:13.533°N 2.083°E 209: 206: 205: 204: 201: 186:and largest city 174: 162: 161: 149: 145: 124: 116: 115: 93: 79: 66: 58: 47: 46: 21: 13706: 13705: 13701: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13611: 13610: 13601: 13599: 13595: 13592: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13572: 13571: 13566: 13548: 13527: 13488:French language 13476: 13446: 13430: 13304: 13268: 13242: 13138:North Macedonia 12962: 12957: 12927: 12922: 12904: 12873: 12852: 12800: 12767: 12701: 12685: 12632: 12606: 12545: 12527: 12499: 12466: 12448: 12416: 12383: 12311: 12306: 12276: 12271: 12260: 12203: 12131: 12082: 12051: 12049: 12042: 12031: 12029: 12022: 12008:Northern Cyprus 11991: 11990:and territories 11989: 11975: 11959: 11652: 11635: 11629: 11599: 11594: 11441: 11436: 11406: 11401: 11365: 11349: 11318: 11297: 11293:Pelagie Islands 11276: 11252: 11250: 11240: 11228: 11210: 11207: 11199: 11178: 11175: 11167: 11158: 10874: 10865: 10830: 10822: 10817: 10809: 10802: 10789: 10765:Public holidays 10658: 10607: 10578:Law enforcement 10524: 10467: 10458: 10368: 10362: 10329:Wayback Machine 10306:Wayback Machine 10289: 10280:Wayback Machine 10262: 10222:Wayback Machine 10206: 10205: 10202: 10197: 10188:Wayback Machine 10168: 10166: 10157: 10149:Wayback Machine 10118: 10113: 10112: 10093: 10089: 10059:[niʒɛʁ] 10054: 10047: 10043: 10019: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9981: 9975:Wayback Machine 9966: 9962: 9956:Wayback Machine 9947: 9943: 9937:Wayback Machine 9928: 9924: 9918:Wayback Machine 9907:Wayback Machine 9897: 9890: 9884:Wayback Machine 9875: 9871: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9838: 9834: 9824: 9822: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9783: 9782: 9775: 9765: 9763: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9720: 9719: 9715: 9705: 9703: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9675: 9673: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9645: 9643: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9615: 9613: 9600: 9599: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9564: 9554: 9552: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9528: 9526: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9487: 9486: 9482: 9472: 9470: 9459: 9455: 9430:Wayback Machine 9421: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9385: 9384: 9380: 9374:Wayback Machine 9364: 9360: 9350:Wayback Machine 9341: 9337: 9331:Wayback Machine 9318: 9314: 9308:Wayback Machine 9298: 9294: 9289: 9285: 9268:Wayback Machine 9259: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9207:Decalo, James. 9206: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9174: 9173: 9166: 9156: 9154: 9141: 9140: 9136: 9131:Wayback Machine 9121: 9117: 9112:Wayback Machine 9105:Niger languages 9102: 9098: 9088: 9086: 9073: 9072: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9040: 9039: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9011: 9010: 9006: 9000:Wayback Machine 8990: 8986: 8980:Wayback Machine 8970: 8966: 8956:Wayback Machine 8947: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8922: 8921: 8917: 8911:Wayback Machine 8896: 8895: 8886: 8874: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8856: 8854: 8847: 8823: 8819: 8809: 8807: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8731:Wayback Machine 8722: 8718: 8708:Wayback Machine 8697: 8696: 8692: 8682:Wayback Machine 8673: 8669: 8656: 8652: 8646:Wayback Machine 8637: 8633: 8614: 8610: 8600: 8598: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8575:Wayback Machine 8565: 8561: 8551:Wayback Machine 8541: 8537: 8527:Wayback Machine 8517: 8513: 8503: 8501: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8452: 8448: 8433:Geels, Jolijn. 8432: 8425: 8370: 8366: 8295: 8291: 8281: 8279: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8249: 8248:. 17 March 2024 8244: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8218: 8217: 8213: 8203: 8201: 8200:. 12 April 2024 8196: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8136: 8135: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8103: 8102: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8070: 8069: 8065: 8055: 8053: 8046:dailytrust.com/ 8040: 8039: 8032: 8022: 8020: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7977: 7976: 7972: 7962: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7939: 7929: 7927: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7896: 7883: 7882: 7878: 7868: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7852: 7842: 7840: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7812: 7810: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7751: 7749: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7675: 7674: 7670: 7661: 7659: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7611:Wayback Machine 7602: 7598: 7588:Wayback Machine 7579: 7575: 7569:Wayback Machine 7560: 7556: 7550:Wayback Machine 7541: 7537: 7530: 7527:Wayback Machine 7518: 7514: 7508:Wayback Machine 7495: 7491: 7482: 7480: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7458:Wayback Machine 7447:Wayback Machine 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7394: 7392: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7368:The Independent 7362:Kaye Whiteman, 7361: 7357: 7351:Wayback Machine 7342: 7338: 7326: 7325: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7297: 7296: 7292: 7276: 7272: 7256: 7249: 7239:Wayback Machine 7230: 7226: 7222:, 15 avril 1974 7216:Wayback Machine 7205: 7204: 7200: 7190: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7167: 7155: 7151: 7142: 7140: 7129: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7110: 7106: 7097: 7093: 7077: 7073: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7031: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6969: 6958: 6954: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6916: 6915: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6883: 6870: 6856: 6852: 6841: 6837: 6826: 6822: 6811: 6807: 6797: 6795: 6784: 6773: 6767:Wayback Machine 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6718: 6716: 6700: 6681: 6672: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6642: 6641: 6634: 6624: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6608: 6598: 6596: 6589: 6565: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6537: 6521: 6420: 6414:Wayback Machine 6404: 6400: 6383: 6379: 6370: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6336: 6332: 6323: 6321: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6278: 6274: 6219: 6215: 6205: 6203: 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6145: 6141: 6135:Wayback Machine 6126: 6122: 6118:– Unesco (2002) 6116:Wayback Machine 6107: 6103: 6094: 6092: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6050:Wayback Machine 6039: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6001:Wayback Machine 5991: 5987: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5881: 5874: 5857: 5853: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5793:(15): 443–451. 5779: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5745: 5744: 5740: 5730: 5728: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5681: 5671: 5669: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5647:Wayback Machine 5633: 5629: 5619:Wayback Machine 5610: 5606: 5600:Wayback Machine 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5545:Wayback Machine 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5503: 5502: 5491: 5481: 5479: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5447: 5445: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5378: 5376: 5375:on 1 March 2018 5367: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5286:Wayback Machine 5277: 5270: 5265: 5253: 5197: 5191: 5171: 5165: 5121: 5115: 5110: 5041:Lake Chad basin 4983: 4977: 4896: 4894:Health in Niger 4890: 4857: 4851: 4722: 4716: 4614:secular country 4610: 4609: 4601: 4588: 4575: 4562: 4535: 4529: 4462: 4456: 4376: 4344:Main articles: 4342: 4341: 4333: 4320: 4307: 4294: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4229: 4202: 3958: 3917: 3911: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3601: 3595: 3591: 3559: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3539: 3533: 3524: 3461: 3449:Main articles: 3439: 3382: 3369: 3353:National Police 3345:National Police 3337: 3331: 3329:Law enforcement 3312: 3306: 3304:Judicial system 3294:national guards 3266: 3260: 3189: 3183: 3155:executive power 3144:in October 2019 3130: 3122:Main articles: 3116: 3105: 3099: 3096: 3053: 3051: 3041: 3029: 3018: 2957:W National Park 2912:W National Park 2904: 2898: 2878: 2872: 2732: 2726: 2661: 2567:desertification 2559: 2528: 2458: 2404: 2362: 2271: 2214: 2209: 1937: 1935:Colony of Niger 1921:Main articles: 1908: 1889:Rabih az-Zubayr 1868:Usman Dan Fodio 1740: 1728:Main articles: 1710: 1635: 1631:which began in 1629:Sayfawa dynasty 1609: 1601:Main articles: 1599: 1578: 1572: 1556: 1500: 1486: 1423: 1409: 1403: 1381: 1371:, Mammanet and 1239: 1234: 1228: 1201: 1197: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1152: 1150:river of rivers 1149: 1146: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1083: 1067:fertility rates 1039:desertification 1001:distinct colony 820: 789: 788: 787: 776: 764: 763: 762: 751: 730: 711: 699: 678: 659: 643: 631: 617: 600: 586: 565: 552: 542: 531: 498: 483: 468: 425: 395: 387: 323: 313: 284: 270: 256: 216: 214: 210: 207: 202: 199: 197: 195: 194: 193: 187: 179: 178: 165: 164: 163: 156: 152: 150: 147: 130: 118: 101: 100: 99: 94: 86: 85: 80: 67: 60: 52: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13704: 13694: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13574: 13573: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13553: 13550: 13549: 13547: 13546: 13541: 13535: 13533: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13484: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13458: 13456: 13452: 13451: 13448: 13447: 13445: 13444: 13438: 13436: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13336:Czech Republic 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13312: 13310: 13306: 13305: 13303: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13276: 13274: 13270: 13269: 13267: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12979: 12977: 12970: 12964: 12963: 12956: 12955: 12948: 12941: 12933: 12924: 12923: 12921: 12920: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12881: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12872: 12871: 12866: 12860: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12814: 12812: 12806: 12805: 12802: 12801: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12777: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12693: 12691: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12668: 12663: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12642: 12640: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12625: 12620: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12555: 12553: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12543: 12537: 12535: 12529: 12528: 12526: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12509: 12507: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12476: 12474: 12468: 12467: 12465: 12464: 12458: 12456: 12450: 12449: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12402:Extreme points 12399: 12393: 12391: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12381: 12380: 12379: 12374: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12340:Monrovia Group 12337: 12332: 12327: 12325:Pan-Africanism 12321: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12305: 12304: 12297: 12290: 12282: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12258: 12253: 12251:Largest cities 12248: 12243: 12242: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12229:GDP per capita 12226: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12150: 12148: 12141: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12103: 12096: 12092: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12084: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12078:United Nations 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12054: 12052: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12041: 12040: 12034: 12032: 12027: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11994: 11992: 11987: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11967: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11871: 11870: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11667: 11660: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11628: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11605: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11435: 11434: 11427: 11420: 11412: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11387: 11374: 11371: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11363: 11357: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11330:Canary Islands 11326: 11324: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11314:Savage Islands 11311: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11277: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11263: 11261: 11254: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11234: 11233:United Kingdom 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11220: 11218: 11211: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11181: 11179: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10864: 10863: 10856: 10849: 10841: 10835: 10832: 10831: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10815: 10808: 10807: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10676: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10639:Oil and mining 10636: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10603:Prime Minister 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10568: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10529: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10510:National parks 10507: 10505:Extreme points 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10455: 10454: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10382:Songhai Empire 10378: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: articles 10361: 10360: 10353: 10346: 10338: 10332: 10331: 10313: 10312: 10296: 10286: 10270: 10244: 10235: 10212: 10201: 10200:External links 10198: 10196: 10195: 10190: 10178: 10152: 10142:entry on Niger 10135: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10087: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9980: 9979: 9960: 9941: 9922: 9888: 9869: 9851: 9832: 9806: 9773: 9743: 9713: 9692:"Niger – OECD" 9683: 9653: 9636:www.unicef.org 9623: 9588: 9562: 9536: 9506: 9480: 9453: 9404: 9378: 9358: 9335: 9312: 9292: 9283: 9253: 9221: 9197: 9164: 9134: 9115: 9096: 9063: 9030: 9004: 8984: 8964: 8941: 8915: 8884: 8875:|website= 8845: 8817: 8791: 8761: 8735: 8716: 8690: 8667: 8650: 8631: 8608: 8583: 8559: 8535: 8511: 8485: 8446: 8423: 8384:(6): 534–545. 8364: 8289: 8259: 8237: 8211: 8189: 8159: 8126: 8093: 8063: 8030: 8000: 7970: 7937: 7914:Lawal, Shola. 7906: 7876: 7850: 7820: 7789: 7759: 7729: 7698: 7668: 7641: 7615: 7596: 7573: 7554: 7535: 7512: 7489: 7462: 7432: 7402: 7372: 7355: 7336: 7309: 7290: 7270: 7247: 7224: 7198: 7176: 7149: 7122: 7113: 7104: 7091: 7071: 7038: 7005: 6967: 6952: 6935: 6918:"Hausa States" 6904: 6868: 6850: 6835: 6820: 6805: 6771: 6752: 6726: 6705:, ed. (1991). 6679: 6661: 6632: 6606: 6587: 6554: 6535: 6418: 6398: 6377: 6364: 6330: 6303: 6272: 6213: 6180: 6154: 6139: 6120: 6101: 6067: 6057: 6029: 6017:Oliver, Roland 6009: 5985: 5958:(3): 194–210. 5941: 5879: 5872: 5851: 5840:Chisholm, Hugh 5824: 5770: 5738: 5711: 5679: 5650: 5627: 5604: 5585: 5549: 5530: 5489: 5458: 5433:Anadolu Agency 5418: 5386: 5360: 5320: 5290: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5195:Media of Niger 5193:Main article: 5190: 5187: 5167:Main article: 5164: 5161: 5117:Main article: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5063:nomads of the 5027:dominated the 4979:Main article: 4976: 4973: 4920:fertility rate 4892:Main article: 4889: 4886: 4853:Main article: 4850: 4847: 4742:Songhai Empire 4720:Islam in Niger 4718:Main article: 4715: 4712: 4664:Friday prayers 4606: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4531:Main article: 4528: 4525: 4458:Main article: 4455: 4452: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3970: 3967: 3957: 3954: 3936:facial tattoos 3913:Main article: 3910: 3907: 3858: 3857: 3851: 3815:Main article: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3438: 3435: 3399:United Nations 3397:, and various 3387:European Union 3381: 3378: 3368: 3365: 3361:National Guard 3349:National Guard 3333:Main article: 3330: 3327: 3308:Main article: 3305: 3302: 3259: 3256: 3185:Main article: 3182: 3179: 3118: 3117: 3032: 3030: 3023: 3017: 3014: 2984:roan antelopes 2897: 2894: 2871: 2868: 2770:to the south, 2738:A map of Niger 2728:Main article: 2725: 2722: 2660: 2657: 2649:Mohamed Bazoum 2641:attempted coup 2630:Mohamed Bazoum 2577:a year later, 2558: 2555: 2527: 2524: 2474:Tandja Mamadou 2457: 2454: 2435:Niamey Airport 2403: 2400: 2381:were held and 2361: 2358: 2315:Tchintabaraden 2290:Seyni Kountché 2275:Seyni Kountché 2270: 2267: 2229:Heinrich Lübke 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2183:(MSA), led by 2074:Octave Meynier 2017:Gentil Mission 1959:(1850–55 with 1957:Heinrich Barth 1907: 1904: 1744:Hausa Kingdoms 1730:Hausa Kingdoms 1709: 1706: 1598: 1595: 1568:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1524:Kingdom of Gao 1504:Songhai Empire 1498:Songhai Empire 1496:Main article: 1485: 1482: 1417:Sundiata Keita 1405:Main article: 1402: 1399: 1380: 1377: 1238: 1235: 1230:Main article: 1227: 1224: 1222:is also used. 1082: 1079: 1013:military junta 989:Songhai Empire 878: 877: 872: 866: 865: 860: 854: 853: 848: 842: 841: 838: 832: 831: 818: 814: 813: 803: 799: 798: 779: 769: 768: 754: 744: 743: 731: 728: 725: 724: 712: 709: 706: 705: 702: 692: 691: 679: 676: 673: 672: 660: 657: 654: 653: 650: 636: 635: 632: 630:• Density 629: 626: 625: 618: 615: 612: 611: 605: 604: 601: 598: 595: 594: 587: 584: 581: 580: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 560: 557: 556: 553: 550: 547: 546: 543: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 526: 519: 518: 513: 509: 508: 505: 504: 499: 496:Prime Minister 493: 490: 489: 484: 478: 475: 474: 469: 466:CNSP President 463: 460: 459: 456: 455: 453:military junta 443: 437: 436: 433: 427: 426: 424: 423: 417: 411: 405: 398: 396: 393: 389: 388: 386: 385: 379: 373: 367: 361: 355: 349: 343: 333: 326: 324: 321: 315: 314: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 283: 282: 277: 271: 269: 268: 263: 257: 255: 254: 249: 243: 241: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 188: 185: 181: 180: 176: 175: 167: 166: 154: 153: 132: 131: 129: 128: 125: 109: 103: 102: 95: 88: 87: 81: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 53: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13703: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13616: 13609: 13606: 13563: 13555: 13554: 13551: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13479: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13453: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13437: 13433: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13311: 13307: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13271: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13259:New Brunswick 13257: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13108:Guinea-Bissau 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12980: 12978: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12961: 12954: 12949: 12947: 12942: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12931: 12919: 12911: 12910: 12907: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12823: 12822:Gold standard 12819: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12688: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12635: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12609: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12556: 12554: 12552: 12548: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12530: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12496: 12495:2025 election 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12463: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12419: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12407:Member states 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12386: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12369: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12309:African Union 12303: 12298: 12296: 12291: 12289: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12210: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12149: 12147:Extraordinary 12145: 12142: 12138: 12127: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12063:African Union 12061: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12050:organizations 12048:International 12045: 12039: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12025: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11985: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11758:Guinea-Bissau 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11658:Member states 11655: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11641: 11638: 11633: 11626: 11621: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11607: 11606: 11603: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11510:Guinea-Bissau 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11433: 11428: 11426: 11421: 11419: 11414: 11413: 11410: 11398: 11397: 11396:Africa portal 11392: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11321: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11279: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11264: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11251:fully part of 11247: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11202: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11170: 11165: 11155: 11152: 11150: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11075: 11072: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11004:Guinea-Bissau 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10862: 10857: 10855: 10850: 10848: 10843: 10842: 10839: 10833: 10826: 10814: 10811: 10810: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10796: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10674: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10470: 10465: 10453: 10450: 10449: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10402:Dosso Kingdom 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10371: 10366: 10359: 10354: 10352: 10347: 10345: 10340: 10339: 10336: 10330: 10326: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10318: 10317: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10287: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10273:Niger profile 10271: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10256: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10228: 10223: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10139: 10136: 10133: 10132:0-8108-3136-8 10129: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10091: 10085: 10081: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10060: 10052: 10051: 10037: 9994: 9990: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9964: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9945: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9926: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9878: 9873: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9836: 9820: 9816: 9810: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9780: 9778: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9576: 9572: 9566: 9550: 9546: 9540: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9484: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9451: 9449: 9448:public domain 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9419: 9417: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9392: 9388: 9382: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9362: 9355: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9316: 9309: 9305: 9302: 9296: 9287: 9281: 9279: 9278:public domain 9273: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9257: 9238: 9231: 9225: 9218: 9217:0-8108-1229-0 9214: 9210: 9204: 9202: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9169: 9152: 9148: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9075:"DEMOGRAPHIE" 9070: 9068: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9035: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8988: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8968: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8950: 8945: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8912: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8880: 8868: 8852: 8848: 8846:9789280534320 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8821: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8720: 8713: 8712:Niger Express 8709: 8705: 8702: 8694: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8676: 8671: 8664: 8663:Public Domain 8659: 8654: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8635: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8612: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8580: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8563: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8521: 8515: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8450: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8430: 8428: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8401: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8247: 8241: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8199: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8131: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8098: 8081: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8051: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8035: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7974: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7942: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7824: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7763: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7733: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7645: 7629: 7625: 7619: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7600: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7539: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7493: 7478: 7474: 7473: 7466: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7348: 7345: 7340: 7332: 7320: 7312: 7310:9781433036873 7306: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7288: 7287:0-918456-74-6 7284: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7267:0-19-829645-2 7264: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7244: 7243:Nigerdiaspora 7240: 7236: 7233: 7228: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7202: 7183: 7179: 7177:90-04-12624-4 7173: 7166: 7165: 7160: 7153: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7117: 7108: 7101: 7095: 7088: 7087:0-520-06703-7 7084: 7080: 7075: 7057: 7050: 7049: 7042: 7024: 7017: 7016: 7009: 6991: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6948:0-521-20413-5 6945: 6939: 6923: 6919: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6824: 6816: 6809: 6793: 6789: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6756: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6677:, pp. 104–112 6676: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6649: 6645: 6644:"Mali Empire" 6639: 6637: 6620: 6616: 6615:"Mali Empire" 6610: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6542: 6538: 6536:9780810870901 6532: 6528: 6527: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6405:Masonen, P: " 6402: 6395: 6394:92-3-601709-6 6391: 6387: 6381: 6374: 6368: 6350: 6343: 6342: 6334: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6307: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6217: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6150: 6143: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6105: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6061: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6036: 6034: 6026: 6025:Phoenix Press 6022: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5995: 5992:Gwin, Peter. 5989: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5875: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5855: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835:"Niger" 5828: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5777: 5775: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5752:The Economist 5748: 5742: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5692: 5686: 5684: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5429: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5390: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5245:Daouda Diallo 5242: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5203: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179:Agadez Region 5176: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153:Agadez Region 5150: 5146: 5145:Tahoua region 5142: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5094:Birni-N'Konni 5091: 5087: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5066: 5065:Aïr Mountains 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4869:literacy rate 4861: 4856: 4846: 4844: 4843:secular state 4839: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4672:Bori religion 4665: 4661: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4598: 4594: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4362:Kanuri people 4359: 4355: 4354:Tuareg people 4351: 4347: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214:Ethnic Groups 4212: 4207: 4200:Ethnic groups 4193: 4192:Maradi Region 4190: 4182: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4161: 4158: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4129:Tahoua Region 4127: 4119: 4118:Birni N'Konni 4116: 4112: 4109: 4108:Agadez Region 4106: 4098: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087:Agadez Region 4085: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4066:Tahoua Region 4064: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045:Zinder Region 4043: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4024:Maradi Region 4022: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3993: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3964: 3953: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Birni-N'Konni 3738: 3735: 3734: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3562: 3543: 3538: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517:Zinder Region 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3507:Tahoua Region 3505: 3503: 3502:Maradi Region 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487:Agadez Region 3485: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3317:Code Napoleon 3311: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201:African Union 3197: 3195: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3103: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: – 3060: 3056: 3055:Find sources: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3033:This section 3031: 3027: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2988:kob antelopes 2985: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2882: 2877: 2876:Sahel drought 2867: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2857:Aïr Mountains 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2790:to the east. 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778:to the west, 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2744: 2736: 2731: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2604:Islamic State 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2502:Seyni Oumarou 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2467: 2462: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367:André Salifou 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2302:Agadez Region 2295: 2294:Karl Carstens 2291: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2230: 2227: 2224:and visiting 2223: 2218: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:Kaocen revolt 2120: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2070:Paul Joalland 2067: 2063: 2058: 2057:Birni-N'Konni 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1980: 1979:(1890–1892). 1978: 1974: 1971:(1865–1867), 1970: 1966: 1965:Adolf Overweg 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1896:Dosso Kingdom 1892: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1849:Birni-N'Konni 1847:, centred on 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1738:Dendi Kingdom 1735: 1734:Dosso Kingdom 1731: 1723: 1719: 1714: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1672: 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Retrieved 10123: 10090: 9993: 9963: 9944: 9925: 9872: 9864:the original 9854: 9835: 9823:. Retrieved 9819:the original 9809: 9797:. Retrieved 9788: 9764:. Retrieved 9755: 9746: 9734:. Retrieved 9725: 9716: 9704:. Retrieved 9696:www.oecd.org 9695: 9686: 9674:. Retrieved 9665: 9656: 9644:. Retrieved 9635: 9626: 9614:. Retrieved 9605: 9579:. Retrieved 9575:the original 9565: 9553:. Retrieved 9549:the original 9539: 9527:. Retrieved 9518: 9515:"Niger 2020" 9509: 9497:. Retrieved 9493:the original 9483: 9471:. Retrieved 9456: 9445: 9433: 9395:. Retrieved 9381: 9361: 9338: 9321: 9315: 9295: 9286: 9275: 9256: 9244:. Retrieved 9237:the original 9224: 9208: 9190:18 September 9188:. Retrieved 9179: 9155:. Retrieved 9146: 9137: 9118: 9099: 9087:. Retrieved 9078: 9054:. Retrieved 9045: 9021:. Retrieved 9007: 8987: 8967: 8944: 8932:. Retrieved 8918: 8899: 8855:. Retrieved 8827: 8820: 8808:. Retrieved 8794: 8782:. Retrieved 8773: 8764: 8752:. 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Retrieved 5302: 5293: 5233: 5222: 5213:Anfani Group 5206: 5201: 5198: 5172: 5138: 5135:dance, 1997. 5132: 5131:perform the 5090:Zarma people 5083: 5069: 5051:farmers and 5014: 4965: 4946: 4935: 4928: 4917: 4897: 4874: 4866: 4840: 4825: 4809:brotherhoods 4781: 4723: 4691: 4668: 4633:Christianity 4630: 4611: 4570:Christianity 4493:Gourmanchéma 4474: 4463: 4444:Kanuri Manga 4416:Kanuri Manga 4377: 4374:Gurma people 4350:Zarma people 4346:Hausa people 4171:Dosso Region 4150:Dosso Region 3983:2012 Census 3947: 3943: 3940: 3909:Demographics 3900: 3889: 3878: 3859: 3842: 3834: 3497:Dosso Region 3492:Diffa Region 3479: 3477: 3473: 3462: 3426:Saudi Arabia 3423: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3338: 3320: 3313: 3287: 3275: 3241: 3198: 3190: 3167: 3159: 3147: 3106: 3097: 3087: 3080: 3073: 3066: 3054: 3042:Please help 3037:verification 3034: 3000: 2996: 2981: 2954: 2939: 2916: 2896:Biodiversity 2887: 2861: 2846: 2834:Burkina Faso 2815: 2792: 2772:Burkina Faso 2749: 2717:Louise Aubin 2713:Francophonie 2709:Wagner Group 2706: 2693: 2680: 2662: 2638: 2619: 2572: 2540: 2529: 2513: 2507: 2499: 2471: 2439: 2420: 2415: 2405: 2391: 2363: 2339: 2326: 2323: 2299: 2278: 2272: 2246:Algerian War 2234: 2222:Hamani Diori 2188: 2185:Djibo Bakary 2177:Hamani Diori 2170: 2166: 2159:French Union 2151:Nazi Germany 2144: 2111:Dosso Region 2107: 2021:French Congo 1981: 1938: 1893: 1861: 1813:illegitimate 1812: 1756:Dogondoutchi 1741: 1701: 1697:Borno Empire 1682: 1678:Idris Alooma 1674: 1647: 1639: 1610: 1590: 1573: 1501: 1454: 1438:Ghana Empire 1434:Sosso Empire 1427: 1410: 1382: 1357:Bura culture 1354: 1295: 1256: 1124: 1097: 1084: 1053:, including 1036: 1017: 1009:coup in 2023 974: 934:Burkina Faso 890: 886: 882: 881: 870:Internet TLD 846:Calling code 710:• Total 658:• Total 585:• Total 568:26 July 2023 523:Independence 487:Salifou Modi 409:Christianity 266:Gourmanchéma 135: 107:Motto: 106: 97:Coat of arms 44: 13600: / 13523:LGBT rights 13416:South Korea 13218:Switzerland 13198:Saint Lucia 13118:Ivory Coast 12743:Enlargement 12518:Secretariat 12480:Chairperson 12462:Chairperson 12372:Chairperson 12360:Lome Summit 12068:Arab League 12030:communities 11783:Ivory Coast 11673:Afghanistan 11515:Ivory Coast 11288:Pantelleria 11208:territories 11176:recognition 11119:South Sudan 11009:Ivory Coast 10735:LGBT rights 10566:LGBT rights 10500:Departments 10247:‹ The 9389:. Cia.gov. 9103:Ethologue. 8897:(in French) 8698:(in French) 8531:Daily Trust 8478:26 November 8333:10810/50523 8282:1 September 8272:www.cia.gov 7752:23 February 7531:(in French) 7510:18: 777–794 7327:|work= 7206:(in French) 7191:21 November 7143:19 November 6928:13 November 6897:13 November 6887:"Hausaland" 6798:13 November 6745:13 November 6719:14 November 6654:13 November 6625:13 November 6599:13 November 6358:11 November 6324:11 November 6095:12 November 6040:(in French) 5303:www.cia.gov 5236:journalists 5098:Maine-Soroa 5029:Niger River 4969:Niger River 4768:practices. 4696:Dogondoutci 4612:Niger is a 4596:Irreligious 4428:Gourmantche 4370:Diffa Arabs 4366:Tubu people 4358:Fula people 3980:2001 Census 3892:debt relief 3469:departments 3380:Foreign aid 3248:Niger River 3244:Lété Island 3100:August 2020 2944:antelopes, 2849:Niger River 2760:Sub-Saharan 2750:Niger is a 2547:Salou Djibo 2543:coup d'état 2491:Hama Amadou 2263:coup d'état 2145:During the 2103:transferred 1997:Niger River 1815:) Bakwai': 1636: 1075 1579: 1449 1512:Niger River 1424: 1230 1407:Mali Empire 1139:phrase the 1087:Niger River 1055:uranium ore 995:as part of 981:Mali Empire 970:Niger River 895:West Africa 786: 0.394 738:$ 630 ( 512:Legislature 215: / 36:Niger State 13615:Categories 13391:Mozambique 13386:Montenegro 13213:Seychelles 13153:Mauritania 13143:Madagascar 13133:Luxembourg 13038:Cape Verde 12864:Africa Day 12818:Currencies 12472:Commission 12246:Population 11945:Uzbekistan 11915:Tajikistan 11843:Mozambique 11833:Mauritania 11803:Kyrgyzstan 11793:Kazakhstan 11698:Bangladesh 11688:Azerbaijan 11540:Mauritania 11460:Cape Verde 11195:Somaliland 11099:Seychelles 11064:Mozambique 11049:Mauritania 11034:Madagascar 10989:The Gambia 10923:Cape Verde 9847:Archive-It 9726:World Bank 9499:28 October 8857:29 October 8754:6 November 8460:The Nation 8378:BioScience 8142:Al Jazeera 7920:Al Jazeera 7722:5 February 7712:Africanews 7662:8 November 7483:8 November 7032:5 November 6999:6 November 6347:, ICOMOS, 5723:(Report). 5523:17 October 5400:Al Jazeera 5263:References 5169:Cure Salee 5059:; and the 4957:World Bank 4813:Hammallism 4641:expatriate 4414:) (8.5%), 3972:Population 3821:See also: 3401:agencies ( 3391:World Bank 3142:Shinzo Abe 3136:President 3070:newspapers 3006:resilience 2864:sand dunes 2752:landlocked 2669:government 2583:re-elected 2431:World Bank 2375:referendum 2331:referendum 2319:Ali Saibou 2306:Parastatal 2288:President 2240:mining in 2220:President 2115:Hamallayya 2053:Sarraounia 1953:Clapperton 1941:Mungo Park 1667:Ngazargamu 1447:Mansa Musa 1346:Adrar Bous 1310:drying out 1279:Mousterian 1259:Adrar Bous 1237:Prehistory 1108:) and the 897:. It is a 761: 34.0 609:Population 441:Government 431:Demonym(s) 421:irreligion 13671:Republics 13376:Louisiana 13371:Lithuania 13316:Argentina 13309:Observers 13158:Mauritius 12389:Geography 12256:Education 11988:Countries 11980:Observers 11964:Suspended 11875:Palestine 11768:Indonesia 11206:Dependent 11054:Mauritius 10730:Languages 10705:Education 10654:Transport 10629:Companies 10598:President 10551:Elections 10473:Geography 10425:2007–2009 10420:1990–1995 10415:1962–1964 10282:from the 9900:1993–1995 9529:26 August 8934:14 August 8877:ignored ( 8867:cite book 8468:0027-8378 8400:0006-3568 8341:0027-8424 7899:10 August 7813:26 August 7803:Aljazeera 7691:6 January 7329:ignored ( 7319:cite book 7065:5 October 6950:pp. 134–6 6206:15 August 6173:15 August 5862:(2003) . 5817:11 August 5807:0008-0055 5634:"Niger." 5623:Slate.com 5033:Hausaland 4880:periods. 4849:Education 4734:Ahmadiyya 4732:, 5% are 4728:, 7% are 4676:syncretic 4479:, namely 4454:Languages 4382:(55.4%), 3905:in 2023. 3894:from the 3876:(OHADA). 3862:CFA franc 3290:gendarmes 2724:Geography 2450:elections 2387:elections 2379:elections 2201:president 2189:Loi Cadre 2140:groundnut 1841:Kwararafa 1773:Abu Yazid 1769:Bayajidda 1761:Bayajidda 1748:Hausaland 1702:see below 1617:Lake Chad 1591:see below 1528:Sonni Ali 1369:Iferouane 1298:Neolithic 1118:Lower Gir 1081:Etymology 954:northwest 938:southwest 910:northeast 887:the Niger 836:Drives on 817:Time zone 700:(nominal) 392:Religion 13597:16°N 8°E 13562:Category 13518:TV5Monde 13442:Thailand 13411:Slovenia 13406:Slovakia 13073:Dominica 13068:Djibouti 13028:Cameroon 13023:Cambodia 13008:Bulgaria 12918:Category 12796:Passport 12711:Politics 12454:Assembly 12140:Sessions 12018:Thailand 11910:Suriname 11863:Pakistan 11823:Maldives 11818:Malaysia 11733:Djibouti 11718:Cameroon 11480:Djibouti 11384:Category 11302:Portugal 11154:Zimbabwe 11129:Tanzania 10979:Ethiopia 10974:Eswatini 10953:Djibouti 10918:Cameroon 10903:Botswana 10813:Category 10770:Religion 10755:Polygamy 10634:Currency 10583:Military 10534:Politics 10520:Wildlife 10495:Communes 10325:Archived 10302:Archived 10284:BBC News 10276:Archived 10249:template 10218:Archived 10184:Archived 10163:Archived 10145:Archived 9971:Archived 9952:Archived 9933:Archived 9914:Archived 9903:Archived 9880:Archived 9843:Archived 9793:Archived 9760:Archived 9730:Archived 9700:Archived 9670:Archived 9640:Archived 9610:Archived 9555:25 April 9523:Archived 9467:Archived 9444:(2002). 9426:Archived 9397:25 April 9391:Archived 9370:Archived 9346:Archived 9327:Archived 9304:Archived 9264:Archived 9184:Archived 9151:Archived 9127:Archived 9124:Le Niger 9108:Archived 9083:Archived 9050:Archived 9017:Archived 8996:Archived 8976:Archived 8952:Archived 8928:Archived 8907:Archived 8851:Archived 8810:22 March 8804:Archived 8784:2 August 8778:Archived 8774:Politico 8748:Archived 8727:Archived 8704:Archived 8678:Archived 8642:Archived 8626:Archived 8571:Archived 8547:Archived 8523:Archived 8498:Archived 8472:Archived 8418:28608869 8359:33619088 8276:Archived 8252:23 April 8230:21 April 8224:Archived 8204:21 April 8182:21 April 8176:Archived 8152:21 April 8146:Archived 8119:21 April 8113:Archived 8086:21 April 8080:Archived 8050:Archived 8017:Archived 7987:Archived 7957:Archived 7924:Archived 7893:Archived 7863:Archived 7837:Archived 7807:Archived 7782:31 March 7776:Archived 7746:Archived 7742:BBC News 7716:Archived 7685:Archived 7656:archived 7628:Archived 7607:Archived 7584:Archived 7565:Archived 7546:Archived 7523:Archived 7504:Archived 7477:archived 7454:Archived 7443:Archived 7419:Archived 7389:Archived 7347:Archived 7235:Archived 7212:Archived 7182:Archived 7137:archived 7089:pp. 70–3 7056:archived 7023:archived 6990:archived 6922:Archived 6891:Archived 6792:Archived 6763:Archived 6739:Archived 6713:Archived 6648:Archived 6619:Archived 6593:Archived 6541:Archived 6410:Archived 6349:archived 6318:archived 6290:Archived 6267:18701936 6227:PLOS ONE 6200:Archived 6167:Archived 6131:Archived 6112:Archived 6089:archived 6046:Archived 6019:(1999), 5997:Archived 5980:23399349 5811:Archived 5763:3 August 5757:Archived 5725:Archived 5643:Archived 5615:Archived 5596:Archived 5578:13 March 5569:Archived 5541:Archived 5517:Archived 5448:6 August 5442:Archived 5405:Archived 5344:Archived 5307:Archived 5282:Archived 5251:See also 5202:Le Sahel 5133:Guérewol 5129:Guérewol 5119:Guérewol 5102:madrasas 5088:and the 4996:city of 4821:Sanusiya 4817:Nyassist 4803:Tijaniya 4792:Fula-led 4777:Filingué 4736:and 20% 4708:Maguzawa 4547:religion 4527:Religion 4517:Tassawaq 4513:Tamasheq 4489:Fulfulde 4426:(0.4%), 4422:(0.4%), 4418:(4.7%), 4394:(9.3%), 4181:Tessaoua 3794:Tessaoua 3713:110,497 3695:117,826 3677:235,605 3659:267,249 3620:978,029 3480:pre-2002 3428:. While 3359:and the 3347:and the 3292:, 3,200 3281:and the 3258:Military 3227:and the 3203:and the 2969:Pendjari 2681:de facto 2600:al-Qaeda 2423:election 2259:droughts 2095:attached 2066:Tessaoua 2045:Cameroon 2041:Kousséri 2037:Timbuktu 2031:and the 1413:Mandinka 1342:Tenerian 1332:and the 1330:Marendet 1251:Tiguidit 1145:meaning 1131:scholar 987:and the 979:and the 902:bordered 802:Currency 451:under a 449:republic 435:Nigerien 304:Tassawaq 299:Tamasheq 261:Fulfulde 148:(French) 13532:Related 13481:Culture 13426:Uruguay 13421:Ukraine 13396:Ontario 13356:Ireland 13351:Hungary 13346:Georgia 13331:Croatia 13321:Austria 13238:Vietnam 13233:Vanuatu 13228:Tunisia 13208:Senegal 13188:Romania 13173:Morocco 13163:Moldova 13128:Lebanon 13053:Comoros 13018:Burundi 12998:Belgium 12993:Armenia 12988:Andorra 12983:Albania 12976:Members 12968:Members 12857:Culture 12810:Economy 12773:Symbols 12412:Regions 12397:Borders 12317:History 12239:Imports 12234:Exports 12219:Economy 12184:Seventh 12095:History 11925:Tunisia 11900:Somalia 11890:Senegal 11853:Nigeria 11838:Morocco 11808:Lebanon 11728:Comoros 11693:Bahrain 11683:Algeria 11678:Albania 11666:Members 11590:Tunisia 11575:Somalia 11565:Senegal 11555:Nigeria 11545:Morocco 11525:Liberia 11490:Eritrea 11475:Comoros 11361:Socotra 11340:Melilla 11309:Madeira 11272:Réunion 11267:Mayotte 11139:Tunisia 11109:Somalia 11094:Senegal 11079:Nigeria 11069:Namibia 11059:Morocco 11024:Liberia 11019:Lesotho 10969:Eritrea 10938:Comoros 10913:Burundi 10888:Algeria 10804:Outline 10780:Slavery 10695:Cuisine 10668:Culture 10649:Tourism 10617:Economy 10571:Slavery 10515:Regions 10485:Borders 10374:History 10251:below ( 10159:"Niger" 10116:Sources 10055:French: 9825:22 June 9571:"Niger" 9465:. CNN. 9423:"Niger" 9089:7 April 9056:7 April 9015:. BBC. 8744:"Niger" 8686:Reuters 8622:Reuters 8601:31 July 8409:5451287 8350:7936338 8311:Bibcode 8172:AP News 8109:AP News 8076:AP News 8056:5 April 8023:5 April 8013:AP News 7993:5 April 7983:AP News 7963:5 April 7953:AP News 7930:5 April 7869:28 July 7843:27 July 7833:BBC.com 7634:8 April 7425:9 April 7395:9 April 7261:, p685 6920:. BBC. 6547:25 July 6296:7 April 6258:2515196 6235:Bibcode 5960:Bibcode 5842:(ed.). 5731:13 July 5704:17 July 5672:17 July 5509:IMF.org 5482:22 June 5467:"Niger" 5411:29 July 5379:1 March 5353:12 July 5175:In'Gall 5149:In'Gall 5072:Wodaabe 5025:Songhai 4992:in the 4975:Culture 4882:Nomadic 4878:harvest 4750:Maghreb 4684:Wodaabe 4670:as the 4600: 4587: 4583:Animism 4574: 4561: 4552:percent 4509:Songhay 4448:Tuaregs 4436:Songhay 4390:(21%), 4388:Songhay 4332: 4319: 4306: 4293: 4280: 4267: 4254: 4241: 4228: 4219:percent 4083:110,497 4062:117,826 4041:235,605 4038:170,575 4020:267,249 4017:148,017 3999:978,029 3996:690,286 3975:Region 3932:Wodaabe 3837:uranium 3811:Economy 3803:43,409 3785:45,465 3767:58,671 3749:63,169 3731:78,651 3465:Regions 3246:in the 3173:of the 3084:scholar 3059:"Niger" 2870:Climate 2855:in the 2826:Algeria 2818:Nigeria 2780:Algeria 2764:Nigeria 2487:Nguigmi 2250:Dahomey 2238:uranium 2132:Senussi 2029:Algeria 1917:in 1949 1817:Zamfara 1805:Katsina 1785:Daurama 1777:Baghdad 1765:Daurama 1642:(king) 1621:Zaghawa 1544:Morocco 1478:Songhai 1338:Kiffian 1326:Takedda 1322:Azawagh 1318:sorghum 1302:pottery 1275:Aterian 1253:, Niger 1226:History 1106:Algeria 1091:Ptolemy 1069:due to 1043:economy 952:to the 950:Algeria 944:to the 936:to the 924:to the 922:Nigeria 916:to the 908:to the 793: ( 561:• 494:• 479:• 464:• 446:Unitary 415:Animism 341:Songhay 294:Songhai 200:13°32′N 184:Capital 136:Anthem: 32:Nigeria 13401:Poland 13381:Mexico 13366:Latvia 13361:Kosovo 13295:Serbia 13290:Cyprus 13280:Gambia 13264:Quebec 13193:Rwanda 13168:Monaco 13103:Guinea 13098:Greece 13088:France 13033:Canada 12878:Theory 12786:Emblem 12781:Anthem 12676:AMISOM 12661:UNAMID 12513:Bureau 12422:Organs 12189:Eighth 12169:Fourth 12159:Second 12128:(2010) 12122:(2008) 12116:(1990) 12028:Muslim 12013:Russia 11940:Uganda 11930:Turkey 11798:Kuwait 11788:Jordan 11763:Guyana 11753:Guinea 11748:Gambia 11713:Brunei 11505:Guinea 11495:Gambia 11260:France 11217:France 11149:Zambia 11144:Uganda 11084:Rwanda 11039:Malawi 10999:Guinea 10893:Angola 10872:Africa 10720:Health 10685:Cinema 10680:Anthem 10490:Cities 10452:Crisis 10268:Curlie 10254:Curlie 10130: 10095:French 10076:Niiser 10068:النيجر 10064:Arabic 9799:18 May 9766:26 May 9736:26 May 9706:26 May 9676:26 May 9646:26 May 9616:26 May 9581:20 May 9324:, 1999 9246:2 June 9215: 9157:6 June 8843: 8596:dw.com 8466: 8441: 8416: 8406: 8398: 8357: 8347: 8339: 7307: 7285: 7265: 7174: 7085: 6946: 6585: 6533: 6392: 6265: 6255: 5978: 5870: 5805: 5694:(XSLX) 5183:Tuareg 5141:Abalak 5086:Niamey 5061:Tuareg 5053:Toubou 5049:Kanuri 5045:Kaouar 5009:Toubou 4998:Zinder 4951:, the 4888:Health 4832:Maradi 4828:Salafi 4766:Berber 4758:Tuareg 4704:Zinder 4700:Kanuri 4688:Maouri 4680:Toubou 4662:after 4501:Kanuri 4485:Buduma 4481:Arabic 4400:French 4392:Tuareg 4386:& 4372:, and 4289:Toubou 4276:Kanuri 4250:Tuareg 4188:43,409 4185:31,667 4167:45,465 4164:28,385 4146:58,671 4143:43,561 4125:63,169 4122:44,663 4104:78,651 4101:68,835 4080:77,060 4076:Agadez 4059:73,002 4055:Tahoua 4034:Zinder 4013:Maradi 4003:Niamey 3992:Niamey 3799:Maradi 3745:Tahoua 3727:Agadez 3709:Agadez 3704:Agadez 3691:Tahoua 3686:Tahoua 3673:Zinder 3668:Zinder 3655:Maradi 3650:Maradi 3640:Tahoua 3630:Zinder 3616:Niamey 3611:Niamey 3603:Maradi 3593:Niamey 3575:Region 3549: 3546: 3522:Niamey 3457:, and 3417:, and 3407:UNICEF 3393:, the 3389:, the 3351:. The 3223:, the 3219:, the 3215:, the 3086: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3057: 2933:, and 2890:desert 2811:France 2756:Sahara 2645:Niamey 2485:, and 2479:Niamey 2466:Tuareg 2410:led a 2395:Toubou 2254:border 2136:Fezzan 2086:border 2084:. The 2082:Niamey 2023:, the 2013:Zinder 1993:France 1949:Denham 1945:Oudney 1933:, and 1880:Maradi 1864:Fulani 1837:Ilorin 1736:, and 1718:Zinder 1693:Zinder 1685:Kanuri 1663:Bulala 1659:Kaouar 1644:Hummay 1638:under 1587:Agadez 1536:Agadez 1474:Tuareg 1385:Tuareg 1373:Dabous 1350:Gobero 1336:. The 1314:millet 1306:tumuli 1291:Sahara 1137:Tuareg 1129:Berber 1111:Ni-Gir 1041:. 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