347:
already served two full terms. He won the referendum with 92% of the votes, prompting questions into his history and the potential fraud of the elections. Tens of thousands gathered to protest the referendum in the nation's capital, and his personal security killed four protesters. In response, the Ninja militia, still active from the 1992 conflict, clashed with security forces. At least a hundred were killed and thousands more forced to flee. Despite the controversy, Sassou-Nguesso went on to win that election and the next, securing over 36 total years in power. Several
African think tanks and security studies suggest that "many Congolese are resigned" to the fact that Sassou-Nguesso will be reelected. He has jailed his only two serious competitors for office, one of whom - Kolelas - ran against him in 1992 as well. The specter of the 1992 civil war continues to haunt the nation, with major implications for voter suppression and continued violence.
330:
307:
President
Lissouba declared a state of emergency on 16 July 1993. Ethnic divisions played a role in the conflict, which often took the form of rape and violence towards civilians. Both during and after the elections, Lissouba and Kolelas masked their lack of ideological political differences by playing up the role of ethnicity and regional origin in the election. Both attempted to employ "ethnic chauvinism", by using existing ethnic division to gather support and deepening the disconnect in the process. The official figures claim that in the roughly six months of fighting, 2,000 people were killed, 100–300,000 were displaced, and 13,000 houses were destroyed. The fighting was suspended on 29 July 1993 with a ceasefire and Gabonese President
286:
the cabinet, which deprived Sassou of access to "key sources of oil rents and patronage." Without Sassou's aid, Lissouba struggled to maintain control and established a private security force to keep himself secure in power. The situation quickly devolved as
Kolelas saw the creation of a militia as an act of aggression and created one of his own, drawing from youths from his own geographic background and deepening ethnic divisions within the government. In 1992, Lissouba responded to Sassou's defection, which deprived him of most of his parliamentary power, by dissolving the parliament itself. Sassou called for a new
47:
159:
148:
136:
104:
254:
299:
338:
of
Congolese live below the poverty line," while less than 30% lived under that threshold before 1993. Primary and secondary school attendance dropped by 30% to 51% over the span of those ten years, and the gender education gap only grew. The economy, largely centered around oil wealth that was managed by the state, fluctuated wildly as the state was destabilized.
290:, hoping to win by an overwhelming margin to solidify his power. Instead, Lissouba won forty-nine seats, and Kolelas and Sassou-Nguesso together won sixty-two. Kolelas decided to boycott the second round of voting and urged his supporters to do the same, inciting them and members of his militia to civil disobedience and violence with claims of fraud.
232:, an autocratic ruler who took power in 1979 and oversaw a decade of economic growth centered around the oil industry and reparations to relations with France, the former colonial power of Congo-Brazzaville. While he maintained stability by offering positions in the government to elites all around the country, he also turned the country into a "
573:
285:
in partnership with Sassou-Nguesso, who had a strong base but not enough numerical support to win the initial election. However, when
Lissouba refused to adopt Sassou's rentier state model of government, Sassou left the coalition. Lissouba did not give any of Sassou's followers prominent positions in
337:
Outside the immediate and tragic loss of life, property, and freedom, the decade of fighting that began with the First Civil War has had drastic effects on every part of society in the
Republic of the Congo, especially for those who already lived near or below the poverty line. In 2005, "two thirds
306:
Starting on 8 June 1993, the militias would clash repeatedly, often taking out hostility on local townships rather than their military opposition. Sassou-Nguesso's Cobras and
Kolelas' Ninjas generally allied against Lissouba's Cocoyes, but the violence was complex and the alliances not very strict.
315:
of
Algeria, special representative of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), mediated negotiations between the parties in Libreville, Gabon. The Libreville Accord were agreed and signed on 4 August 1993 to arbitrate the disputed seats in parliament and attempt to resolve the conflict for good by
369:
The PCT was Sassou's party, supported directly by the Cobra militia. Interestingly, Lissouba's distrust of the army may not have been unbased. Still led by mostly
Northerners and mostly Sassou appointees, the army didn't get involved until the following conflicts several years later, refusing to
346:
Sassou-Nguesso is still serving as the president today, having reemerged as the preeminent leader of the nation in 1997. Sassou is currently in his controversial third term following a 2015 referendum on whether to amend the constitution to allow him to run again despite being over 70 and having
265:, President Sassou-Nguesso resigned in 1992. However, instead of being an opportunity to shape a lasting democracy, the 1992 elections were largely seen as a chance to take control of the country's oil reserves. Sassou-Nguesso ran in the election to be the head of the new government against
360:
UPADS was
Lissouba's party, which were the primary supporters of the Presidential Coalition, briefly also supported by Sassou. The primary militias of UPADS and the Presidential Coalition were the Cocoyes and the Ministerial Guard.
207:. It was one of four instances of militia fighting within the country, setting the stage for the next three conflicts in 1997, 1998–99, and 2002. The war was a direct result of unresolved claims of election fraud in the
228:(Congo-Brazzaville) experienced a "period of great instability," in which the military and executive branches of its one-party state came into conflict several times. Some resolution came in the form of Colonel
653:
378:
The MCDDI was Kolelas' party, supported by the Ninja militia. Again, the militia was largely made up of members of the Bakongo ethnic group, of which Kolelas himself was a part.
2365:
17:
1308:
2464:
1052:
800:
1062:
934:
921:
1261:
211:. The First Congo Civil War and the decade of conflict that followed resulted in the deaths of over 12,000 people and the displacement of 860,000 more.
2188:
1875:
1367:
574:"Understanding Democratic Survival and Democratic Failure in Africa: Insights from Divergent Democratic Experiments in Benin and Congo (Brazzaville)"
287:
2454:
248:
233:
208:
1832:
1108:
1103:
1057:
979:
913:
387:
1179:
1123:
1020:
733:
1839:
1301:
926:
1457:
1204:
1037:
410:
1999:
1674:
1399:
984:
964:
708:
2434:
2429:
1679:
1433:
793:
2109:
1361:
1230:
1159:
1113:
1042:
1025:
1294:
1088:
1030:
969:
2278:
1189:
1149:
1047:
1993:
1498:
1184:
1164:
1118:
1015:
974:
952:
2206:
1209:
1199:
1174:
1003:
989:
786:
448:
273:, a former politician. Lissouba won the election due to the fact that his home in the south had the most demographic weight.
2223:
1927:
1254:
1137:
1076:
818:
2449:
2229:
2058:
1745:
1169:
1098:
239:," redistributing oil money to allies and prospective supporters of his regime in exchange for education and employment.
1870:
1529:
1194:
900:
2328:
2200:
1893:
1864:
1235:
892:
758:
329:
316:
establishing more specific election procedures. President Lissouba lifted the state of emergency on 15 August 1993.
2291:
2063:
1554:
1549:
1404:
1389:
2070:
2042:
1344:
850:
2154:
2143:
2053:
1270:
1093:
2459:
2371:
1792:
1505:
1492:
195:
which lasted from 2 November 1993 to 30 January 1994 and was between rival militias led by former politician
1904:
1275:
661:
AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK, DEVELOPMENT CENTRE OF THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
2103:
1898:
1516:
1321:
2444:
2439:
2350:
2333:
2182:
2138:
2091:
2009:
1987:
1686:
2170:
2086:
2014:
1612:
1522:
2273:
2148:
1638:
1607:
1350:
871:
2268:
2004:
1805:
1656:
1633:
1559:
1422:
1394:
884:
624:
1981:
1799:
1588:
373:
1933:
1510:
809:
262:
225:
192:
158:
147:
135:
108:
103:
76:
2322:
2262:
1975:
858:
282:
229:
204:
163:
46:
8:
2286:
1662:
1462:
1384:
542:
1668:
1451:
1428:
601:
554:
504:
270:
196:
152:
2408:
2252:
1922:
1781:
1716:
1154:
834:
605:
593:
546:
496:
444:
2097:
1286:
370:
support Lissouba and following Sassou's pattern of inaction in the direct conflict.
2356:
2256:
2048:
1751:
1355:
826:
585:
538:
488:
2307:
2115:
1739:
1583:
842:
778:
683:
312:
266:
200:
140:
121:
117:
31:
759:"Republic of Congo with Ambassador Dr. Robin Renee Sanders | 49 | CSIS Podcasts"
2235:
1968:
1963:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1701:
879:
112:
589:
2423:
2393:
2194:
2176:
2132:
2024:
1787:
1763:
1225:
597:
550:
500:
236:
477:"Primary Commodities and War: Congo-Brazzaville's Ambivalent Resource Curse"
298:
1329:
863:
374:
Mouvement congolais pour la démocratie et le développement intégral (MCDDI)
253:
355:
2403:
2398:
1948:
1722:
1477:
734:"Congo Brazzaville's 'emperor' consolidating power in presidential polls"
2019:
508:
476:
308:
558:
526:
214:
492:
1845:
1566:
1318:
939:
30:
For the 1996–1997 war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, see
443:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 1–15.
242:
709:"Africa: High-risk elections and tricky succession battles"
333:
Pascal Lissouba, former Prime Minister of Congo-Brazzaville
257:
Denis Sassou-Nguesso, former President of Congo-Brazzaville
684:"Congo backs Sassou Nguesso third-term bid by landslide"
527:"The Spread of Political Violence in Congo-Brazzaville"
356:
Union Pan-Africaine pour la Democratie Sociale (UPADS).
261:
Following an international push for democratization in
1316:
27:
Ethno-political conflict in the Republic of the Congo
405:
403:
364:
808:
302:Map of Congo-Brazzaville with major cities labeled
215:A Brief History of Government in Congo-Brazzaville
572:Magnusson, Bruce A.; Clark, John F. (July 2005).
524:
441:The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo
400:
2421:
249:1992 Republic of the Congo presidential election
224:Shortly after gaining independence in 1964, the
2465:Political history of the Republic of the Congo
571:
1302:
794:
474:
276:
65:Civil war: 2 November 1993 – 30 January 1994
388:Republic of the Congo Civil War (1997–1999)
61:Initial unrest: 8 June 1993 – 4 August 1993
1309:
1295:
801:
787:
578:Comparative Studies in Society and History
45:
243:1992 elections and the push for democracy
18:Republic of the Congo Civil War (1993–94)
1458:Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
328:
297:
252:
2455:Civil wars in the Republic of the Congo
2000:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)
1675:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis
14:
2422:
475:Englebert, Pierre; Ron, James (2004).
411:"31. Congo-Brazzaville (1960-present)"
2189:South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict
2110:2012–2013 Tana River District clashes
1290:
782:
520:
518:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
438:
434:
432:
430:
319:
189:First Brazzaville-Congolese Civil War
185:First Republic of the Congo Civil War
40:First Republic of the Congo Civil War
678:
676:
651:
647:
645:
619:
617:
615:
543:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008001
219:
2279:Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict
2230:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
1746:Allied Democratic Forces insurgency
324:
293:
24:
1994:Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict
1530:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria
726:
515:
457:
427:
350:
25:
2476:
2435:1994 in the Republic of the Congo
2430:1993 in the Republic of the Congo
2224:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
1928:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
673:
642:
612:
2054:2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention
525:Bazenguissa-Ganga, Rémy (1999).
365:Parti Congolais du Travail (PCT)
341:
157:
146:
134:
102:
67:(2 months and 28 days)
2071:Piracy off the coast of Somalia
851:Colonization of the Congo Basin
751:
269:, a former prime minister, and
63:(1 month and 27 days)
935:2015 constitutional referendum
922:2002 constitutional referendum
893:People's Republic of the Congo
701:
565:
13:
1:
2372:2014 Lesotho political crisis
2329:RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021)
1493:Communal conflicts in Nigeria
393:
2366:SADC intervention in Lesotho
1969:OLA insurgency, 2018–present
1923:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon)
1680:ECOWAS military intervention
1400:2011–2014 factional violence
7:
2043:Puntland–Somaliland dispute
1899:Insurgency in Northern Chad
381:
281:Lissouba initially ruled a
10:
2481:
2450:Ethnicity-based civil wars
2334:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
2155:Abyei conflict (2022–2023)
2010:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict
1876:Djotodia period, 2013–2014
1687:Western Togoland Rebellion
654:"African Economic Outlook"
625:"Congo sinks into anarchy"
246:
209:1992 presidential election
29:
2386:
2343:
2315:
2306:
2245:
2216:
2171:Second Sudanese Civil War
2163:
2125:
2079:
2035:
1956:
1947:
1915:
1886:
1855:
1815:
1732:
1709:
1700:
1649:
1623:
1597:
1576:
1539:
1485:
1476:
1444:
1415:
1377:
1337:
1328:
1248:
1218:
1145:
1136:
1084:
1075:
1011:
1002:
960:
951:
817:
590:10.1017/S0010417505000253
277:Government under Lissouba
174:
169:
127:
95:
53:
44:
39:
2274:2008 invasion of Anjouan
1871:Civil War (2012–present)
1840:Pool Department conflict
872:French Equatorial Africa
199:, former Prime Minister
191:, was a conflict in the
2269:Hanish Islands conflict
1806:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion
1657:Guinea-Bissau Civil War
1499:Herder–farmer conflicts
1423:Western Sahara conflict
713:The Mail & Guardian
629:The Mail & Guardian
439:Clarf, John F. (2008).
203:, and former President
2092:Somali–Kenyan conflict
1988:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
1982:Second Afar insurgency
1589:Sierra Leone Civil War
334:
303:
258:
128:Commanders and leaders
2351:Bophuthatswana crisis
2015:Oromia–Somali clashes
1934:Boko Haram insurgency
1894:Civil War (2005–2010)
1511:Boko Haram insurgency
1434:Clashes, 2020–present
810:Republic of the Congo
332:
301:
263:Francophone countries
256:
226:Republic of the Congo
193:Republic of the Congo
170:Casualties and losses
109:Republic of the Congo
77:Republic of the Congo
2460:Wars involving Gabon
2323:Mozambican Civil War
2283:Burundian conflicts
2263:Djiboutian Civil War
1976:Insurgency in Ogaden
1604:Liberian Civil Wars
1517:Niger Delta conflict
859:Atlantic slave trade
481:Comparative Politics
283:coalition government
230:Denis Sassou-Nguesso
205:Denis Sassou-Nguesso
187:, also known as the
164:Denis Sassou Nguesso
2362:Lesothan conflicts
2287:1993–2005 Civil War
2005:Afar–Somali clashes
1793:2022–2024 offensive
1788:2012–2013 rebellion
1630:Ivorian Civil Wars
1463:Tunisian revolution
1405:2014–2020 civil war
1385:2008 Kufra conflict
1322:conflicts in Africa
175:2,000 people killed
2409:Colour revolutions
2207:Sudanese civil war
2059:2009–present phase
1800:Batwa–Luba clashes
1669:Casamance conflict
1546:Tuareg rebellions
1506:Religious violence
1452:Algerian Civil War
1368:Terrorism in Egypt
1109:Telecommunications
335:
320:Effects of the War
304:
259:
2445:Conflicts in 1994
2440:Conflicts in 1993
2417:
2416:
2382:
2381:
2302:
2301:
2253:Rwandan Civil War
2201:Blue Nile clashes
2183:Nomadic conflicts
2139:Nomadic conflicts
1943:
1942:
1782:March 23 Movement
1717:Angolan Civil War
1696:
1695:
1472:
1471:
1284:
1283:
1244:
1243:
1180:Human trafficking
1132:
1131:
1124:List of companies
1071:
1070:
1053:Political parties
1021:Foreign relations
998:
997:
835:Kingdom of Loango
450:978-1-58826-555-5
220:Post-Independence
181:
180:
91:
90:
16:(Redirected from
2472:
2357:Caprivi conflict
2313:
2312:
2292:2015–2018 unrest
2098:Likoni massacres
2087:Ethnic conflicts
2049:Somali Civil War
1954:
1953:
1752:Second Congo War
1707:
1706:
1483:
1482:
1362:Post-coup unrest
1356:Sinai insurgency
1335:
1334:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1264:
1257:
1143:
1142:
1082:
1081:
1009:
1008:
958:
957:
944:
931:
918:
914:Second Civil War
910:
897:
889:
885:Trois Glorieuses
876:
868:
855:
847:
839:
831:
827:Kingdom of Kongo
803:
796:
789:
780:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
730:
724:
723:
721:
720:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
680:
671:
670:
668:
667:
658:
649:
640:
639:
637:
636:
621:
610:
609:
569:
563:
562:
522:
513:
512:
472:
455:
454:
436:
425:
424:
422:
421:
407:
325:Immediate Impact
294:Militia Fighting
288:election in 1993
177:50,000 displaced
162:
161:
151:
150:
139:
138:
107:
106:
55:
54:
49:
37:
36:
21:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2378:
2339:
2308:Southern Africa
2298:
2241:
2212:
2159:
2144:Ethnic violence
2121:
2116:Baragoi clashes
2075:
2031:
1939:
1911:
1901:(2016–present)
1882:
1857:
1856:Central African
1851:
1817:
1811:
1740:First Congo War
1728:
1692:
1645:
1619:
1593:
1584:Ndogboyosoi War
1572:
1535:
1519:(2003–present)
1495:(1998–present)
1468:
1440:
1425:(1970–present)
1411:
1373:
1351:2011 revolution
1345:Egyptian Crisis
1324:
1315:
1285:
1280:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1240:
1214:
1205:Public holidays
1128:
1067:
1038:Law enforcement
994:
947:
942:
929:
916:
908:
906:First Civil War
895:
887:
874:
866:
853:
845:
843:Kongo Civil War
837:
829:
813:
807:
777:
776:
767:
765:
757:
756:
752:
743:
741:
732:
731:
727:
718:
716:
707:
706:
702:
693:
691:
682:
681:
674:
665:
663:
656:
650:
643:
634:
632:
623:
622:
613:
570:
566:
531:African Affairs
523:
516:
493:10.2307/4150124
473:
458:
451:
437:
428:
419:
417:
409:
408:
401:
396:
384:
376:
367:
358:
353:
351:Relevant groups
344:
327:
322:
313:Mohamed Sahnoun
296:
279:
271:Bernard Kolelas
267:Pascal Lissouba
251:
245:
222:
217:
201:Pascal Lissouba
197:Bernard Kolelas
176:
156:
155:
153:Bernard Kolélas
145:
141:Pascal Lissouba
133:
120:
111:
101:
87:Peace agreement
79:
66:
64:
62:
35:
32:First Congo War
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2387:Related topics
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2336:(2017–present)
2331:
2326:
2319:
2317:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2236:Kasese clashes
2233:
2232:(1996–present)
2227:
2226:(1987–present)
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:(2023–present)
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2185:(2009–present)
2180:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2094:(1963–present)
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2045:(1998–present)
2039:
2037:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1964:Oromo conflict
1960:
1958:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1936:(2009–present)
1931:
1930:(1987–present)
1925:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1905:2021 offensive
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1861:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1778:(2009–present)
1776:Ituri conflict
1773:
1770:Dongo conflict
1767:
1766:(2004–present)
1761:
1758:Ituri conflict
1755:
1749:
1748:(1996–present)
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:(1975–present)
1720:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1702:Central Africa
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:(2020–present)
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:
1671:(1982–present)
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1663:Guinea clashes
1660:
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1569:(2012–present)
1564:
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1543:
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1532:(2021–present)
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1429:War, 1975–1991
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1416:Western Sahara
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1407:
1402:
1397:
1395:2011 civil war
1387:
1381:
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1371:
1370:(2013–present)
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1358:(2011–present)
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1150:Child marriage
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1063:Prime Minister
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901:1990s in Congo
898:
890:
882:
880:Fulbert Youlou
877:
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856:
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840:
832:
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611:
584:(3): 552–582.
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537:(390): 37–54.
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2394:War on terror
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2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:Heglig Crisis
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:War in Darfur
2175:
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2168:
2166:
2162:
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2147:
2145:
2142:
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2134:
2133:Heglig Crisis
2131:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:Kenyan crisis
2102:
2099:
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2034:
2026:
2025:War in Amhara
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
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2002:
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1995:
1992:
1989:
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1764:Kivu conflict
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1624:Côte d'Ivoire
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1523:2016 conflict
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1420:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:Libyan Crisis
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
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962:
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941:
938:
936:
933:
928:
927:Pool conflict
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662:
655:
652:OECD (2005).
648:
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603:
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583:
579:
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342:Effects Today
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240:
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126:
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122:Ninja Militia
119:
118:Cobra Militia
116:
114:
110:
105:
100:
99:
94:
86:
83:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
60:
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56:
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48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2255: /
1827:
1818:of the Congo
1577:Sierra Leone
1330:North Africa
1231:Coat of arms
1160:Demographics
1114:Trade unions
1094:Central Bank
1026:Human rights
905:
864:French Congo
766:. Retrieved
763:www.csis.org
762:
753:
742:. Retrieved
740:. 2021-03-18
737:
728:
717:. Retrieved
715:. 2014-12-30
712:
703:
692:. Retrieved
690:. 2015-10-27
687:
664:. Retrieved
660:
633:. Retrieved
631:. 1997-06-13
628:
581:
577:
567:
534:
530:
487:(1): 61–81.
484:
480:
440:
418:. Retrieved
414:
377:
368:
359:
345:
336:
305:
280:
260:
223:
188:
184:
182:
96:Belligerents
2404:Arab Winter
2399:Arab Spring
2368:(1998–1999)
2359:(1994–1999)
2325:(1977–1992)
2265:(1991–1994)
2259:(1990–1994)
2203:(2022–2023)
2191:(2011–2020)
2179:(2003–2020)
2173:(1983–2005)
2151:(2013–2020)
2126:South Sudan
2112:(2012–2013)
2106:(2007–2008)
1996:(2000–2018)
1990:(1998–2000)
1984:(1995–2018)
1978:(1994–2018)
1949:East Africa
1867:(2004–2007)
1848:(2016–2017)
1842:(2002–2003)
1824:Civil wars
1808:(2016–2019)
1802:(2013–2018)
1760:(1999–2007)
1754:(1998–2003)
1742:(1996–1997)
1723:Cabinda War
1719:(1975–2002)
1659:(1998–1999)
1478:West Africa
1465:(2010–2011)
1454:(1991–2002)
1364:(2013–2014)
1347:(2011–2014)
1089:Agriculture
1031:LGBT rights
970:Departments
943:(2016–2017)
930:(2002–2003)
917:(1997–1999)
909:(1993–1994)
896:(1970–1992)
875:(1910–1958)
867:(1882–1910)
854:(1876–1885)
846:(1665–1709)
838:(1550–1883)
830:(1390–1914)
2424:Categories
2316:Mozambique
2020:Tigray War
1048:Parliament
980:Ecoregions
768:2023-04-26
744:2023-04-25
719:2023-04-25
694:2023-04-25
666:2023-04-09
635:2023-04-25
420:2023-04-10
394:References
309:Omar Bongo
2149:Civil War
1833:1997–1999
1828:1993–1994
1784:conflict
1639:2010–2011
1634:2002–2007
1613:1999–2003
1608:1989–1996
1555:2007–2009
1550:1990–1995
1185:Languages
1165:Education
1119:Transport
1058:President
1016:Elections
975:Districts
953:Geography
606:144583056
598:1475-2999
551:0001-9909
501:0010-4159
2257:genocide
1957:Ethiopia
1865:Bush War
1858:Republic
1846:Pool War
1816:Republic
1733:DR Congo
1567:Mali War
1319:Cold War
1271:Category
1210:Religion
1200:Polygamy
1175:Football
1043:Military
1004:Politics
990:Wildlife
940:Pool War
688:BBC News
382:See also
72:Location
2036:Somalia
1598:Liberia
1486:Nigeria
1255:Outline
1219:Symbols
1155:Cuisine
1138:Culture
1077:Economy
819:History
509:4150124
415:uca.edu
2353:(1994)
2344:Others
2246:Others
2238:(2016)
2217:Uganda
2197:(2012)
2135:(2012)
2118:(2012)
2100:(1997)
2064:AMISOM
1916:Others
1772:(2009)
1710:Angola
1665:(2013)
1650:Others
1445:Others
1276:Portal
1226:Anthem
1099:Mining
985:Rivers
965:Cities
888:(1963)
604:
596:
559:723683
557:
549:
507:
499:
447:
84:Result
2164:Sudan
2080:Kenya
1378:Libya
1338:Egypt
1317:Post–
1262:Index
1195:Music
1190:Media
1170:Films
657:(PDF)
602:S2CID
555:JSTOR
505:JSTOR
1887:Chad
1560:2012
1540:Mali
1236:Flag
594:ISSN
547:ISSN
497:ISSN
445:ISBN
311:and
183:The
58:Date
1104:Oil
738:RFI
586:doi
539:doi
489:doi
2426::
761:.
736:.
711:.
686:.
675:^
659:.
644:^
627:.
614:^
600:.
592:.
582:47
580:.
576:.
553:.
545:.
535:98
533:.
529:.
517:^
503:.
495:.
485:37
483:.
479:.
459:^
429:^
413:.
402:^
1310:e
1303:t
1296:v
802:e
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788:v
771:.
747:.
722:.
697:.
669:.
638:.
608:.
588::
561:.
541::
511:.
491::
453:.
423:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
