2485:
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to the law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the
English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
2257:
unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he does not derive from your pleasure; no, nor from the Law and the
Constitution. They are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.
1870:
1720:. The Roman model of governance would inspire many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek model, because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives; as opposed to direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. A
1694:, believe that part of the duty of a representative is not simply to follow the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgment in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters. A representative who chooses to execute the wishes of his or her constituents acts as a delegate. If the representative chooses to use his or her best judgment and knowledge in making decisions, even when the constituents do not fully agree with the decision, then the representative acts as a trustee.
2051:
1446:
626:
3207:
3258:
3241:
3224:
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The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of
2256:
Certainly, Gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a
Representative, to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him; their opinion, high respect; their business,
2954:
Gemeindefreiheit als
Rettung Europas. Grundlinien einer ethischen Geschichtsauffassung. Verlag Bücherfreunde, Basel 1947. In 1983 republished under: "Gemeindefreiheit – kommunale Selbstverwaltung" (Adolf Gasser/Franz-Ludwig Knemeyer), in de reeks "Studien zur Soziologie", Nymphenburger, München,
2923:
Political
Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy'" (Hearst's International Library Co., 1915; Free Press, 1949; Dover Publications, 1959); republished with an introduction by Seymour Martin Lipset (Crowell-Collier, 1962; Transaction Publishers, 1999,
1970:
A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self-interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance. Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of
2006:
has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by
2038:
is a mix between a majority-ruled system and a consensus-based system. It allows for representative democracies or direct democracies to coexist with its system of governance, providing an initial advantage.
1941:
which was published in 1943 and a second edition in 1947. Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy:
2671:
Bernauer, Julian; Giger, Nathalie; Rosset, Jan (January 2015). "Mind the gap: Do proportional electoral systems foster a more equal representation of women and men, poor and rich?".
2385:
1982:
criticize representative democracy due to its inherent structure. As the fundamental basis of representative democracy is non inclusive system, in which representatives turn into an
3175:
3140:
1789:
in 1787, with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office.
3047:
Razsa, Maple; Kurnik, Andrej (May 2012). "The Occupy
Movement in Žižek's hometown: Direct democracy and a politics of becoming: The Occupy Movement in Žižek's hometown".
1561:
require or encourage voters to vote for political parties or for candidates associated with political parties (as opposed to voting for individual representatives). Some
1877:
Globally, a majority of governments in the world are representative democracies, including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches.
1946:
Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons.
2917:
Zur
Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie. Untersuchungen ĂĽber die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens (1911, 1925; 1970). Translated as
2496:"We Hold These Truths to be Self-evident;" An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison; Introduction P. xxii
1794:
1802:
2169:
1829:
1474:
1899:
investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency. The
1903:
shows that representative systems tend to be biased towards the representation of more affluent classes to the detriment of the population at large.
1570:
1574:
2103:; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003).
2011:
instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book
2764:
Carnes, Nicholas; Lupu, Noam (January 2015). "Rethinking the
Comparative Perspective on Class and Representation: Evidence from Latin America".
1667:). However, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives.
2467:
612:
2528:
2376:
2791:
Giger, Nathalie; Rosset, Jan; Bernauer, Julian (April 2012). "The Poor
Political Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective".
607:
3213:
2921:, from the German original by Dr. Alfredo Polledro, revised and expanded (1912). Translated, from the Italian, by Eden and Cedar Paul as
654:
2203:
Houston, G F (2001) Public Participation in Democratic Governance in South Africa, Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council HSRC Press
1797:
in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and Black people, and others not originally given voting rights, in most states eventually
691:
17:
1743:
905:
1798:
2226:
1467:
1818:
2941:
2748:
2455:
Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
2345:
2318:
2412:
2919:
Sociologia del partito politico nella democrazia moderna : studi sulle tendenze oligarchiche degli aggregati politici
3195:
3109:
2588:
2448:
1460:
2929:
2280:
2116:
1786:
1755:
2422:
564:
464:
3012:
Thaa, Winfried (3 May 2016). "Issues and images – new sources of inequality in current representative democracy".
2555:
3104:. Josiah Ober, Robert Wallace, Paul Cartledge, Cynthia Farrar (1st ed.). 15 October 2008. pp. 17, 105.
1345:
647:
2966:
1862:, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy. Many historians credit the
1525:
1152:
1107:
2173:
978:
419:
1814:
479:
1949:
These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes
3288:
2828:"Differential Responsiveness in Europe: The Effects of Preference Difference and Electoral Participation"
2506:
2074:
1172:
687:
509:
274:
2214:
Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States: Exploring post-national governance
3125:
2132:
Loeper, Antoine (2016). "Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies".
993:
640:
2212:
Dahl, R A (2005) "Is international democracy possible? A critical view", in Sergio Fabbrini (editor):
1971:
majority-won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among the
2411:
1886:
1841:
1746:
is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.
1691:
2100:
2069:
1986:
that works behind closed doors, as well as the criticizing the elector system as being driven by a
1913:
1747:
1621:
1533:
544:
389:
2471:
3230:
2532:
1837:
1810:
1625:
1517:
1401:
968:
549:
484:
394:
369:
224:
2636:
Jacobs, Lawrence R.; Page, Benjamin I. (February 2005). "Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy?".
2035:
1950:
1683:
1648:
1416:
983:
374:
364:
331:
259:
214:
194:
175:
115:
105:
100:
80:
2470:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
2335:
2306:
2994:
2578:
2438:
1966:
There is competition between these local communities, e.g. on services delivered or on taxes.
1930:
1848:
1763:
1759:
1633:
1411:
1274:
871:
429:
409:
384:
379:
359:
321:
296:
2194:
De Vos et al (2014) South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press.
1892:
1825:
1790:
1728:
1716:
to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the
1637:
1585:
1514:
602:
404:
306:
239:
170:
165:
145:
51:
3075:
1739:
led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems.
8:
3264:
1869:
1833:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1589:
1544:
1335:
1244:
1201:
988:
753:
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424:
399:
336:
316:
286:
269:
264:
254:
229:
184:
160:
135:
110:
95:
2440:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
3283:
3119:
3029:
2986:
2900:
2849:
2808:
2688:
2653:
2016:
1900:
1806:
1656:
1593:
1562:
1499:
973:
758:
733:
569:
499:
489:
434:
209:
204:
125:
90:
85:
73:
2708:"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"
3105:
3060:
3033:
2990:
2982:
2937:
2925:
2904:
2853:
2812:
2744:
2692:
2657:
2584:
2444:
2341:
2314:
2276:
2145:
2112:
1612:(multicameral). Where two or more chambers exist, their members are often elected in
1558:
1554:
1503:
1406:
1127:
958:
910:
738:
671:
592:
519:
244:
234:
180:
61:
34:
3247:
1551:, where the public votes directly on laws or policies, rather than representatives.
3056:
3021:
2978:
2890:
2880:
2839:
2800:
2773:
2719:
2680:
2645:
2149:
2141:
2020:
1991:
1979:
1717:
1679:
1652:
1613:
1548:
1239:
1162:
1132:
1006:
748:
728:
529:
524:
474:
301:
189:
150:
140:
120:
3025:
3180:
3170:
2998:
2844:
2827:
2804:
2270:
2056:
1863:
1703:
1664:
1609:
1450:
1423:
1279:
1269:
1066:
963:
630:
454:
414:
199:
2272:
The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations
2361:
2108:
2028:
1918:
1896:
1709:
1507:
1428:
1359:
1264:
1097:
1011:
559:
449:
219:
2724:
2707:
2649:
2337:
The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
1636:, which may have the power to declare legislative acts unconstitutional (e.g.
3277:
3165:
2885:
2868:
2684:
1713:
1641:
1601:
1540:
1511:
1315:
1210:
1112:
1102:
943:
459:
326:
279:
155:
2934:
Les partis politiques. Essai sur les tendances oligarchiques des démocraties
56:
2741:
White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making
2407:
1972:
1934:
1851:
1801:
in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the
1751:
1732:
1671:
1617:
1605:
1584:
Representative democracy can be organized in different ways including both
1364:
1291:
1285:
1259:
1254:
1230:
1220:
1157:
1046:
866:
790:
2015:. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient
1873:
The U.S. House of Representatives, one example of representative democracy
2362:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
1983:
1960:
1855:
1775:
1675:
1597:
1566:
1369:
1354:
1296:
1167:
1031:
830:
825:
805:
795:
785:
439:
130:
2050:
1445:
625:
2895:
2777:
2618:
2417:
2154:
1987:
1926:
1847:
Representative democracy came into general favour particularly in post-
1660:
1374:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1306:
1147:
938:
820:
815:
679:
514:
444:
311:
1866:
with launching modern representative democracy in the United Kingdom.
2967:"Enhancing policy innovation by redesigning representative democracy"
2080:
2064:
2003:
1922:
1578:
1177:
1071:
1061:
1056:
1041:
1036:
1026:
900:
861:
850:
845:
835:
800:
768:
712:
707:
539:
494:
354:
41:
2605:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
2437:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
1937:
and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book
1933:. Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by
1506:
function as some type of representative democracy: for example, the
1502:
where representatives are elected by the public. Nearly all modern
2024:
1859:
1774:. Widening of the voting franchise took place through a series of
1724:
1536:
1249:
810:
780:
723:
534:
504:
469:
291:
2867:
Schakel, Wouter; Burgoon, Brian; Hakhverdian, Armen (March 2020).
2443:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9.
1793:
were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the
2576:
2008:
1736:
1521:
1051:
888:
878:
3014:
Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy
2556:"1848 " DĂ©sormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil ""
3184:
2269:
Livy; De SĂ©lincourt, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002).
1921:
argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an
1721:
1600:(such as a parliament or congress), which may be composed of a
1529:
1215:
554:
2580:
The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History
2268:
3189:
2216:: 195 to 204 (Chapter 13), Abingdon on the Thames: Routledge.
1891:
Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in
2936:, Brussels, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2009 (
2869:"Real but Unequal Representation in Welfare State Reform"
2866:
2170:"Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report – Glossary"
1956:
Local communities join into a higher unit, e.g. a canton.
1754:
of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included
1616:. The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a
2252:
The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. Volume I
1799:
gained the vote through changes in state and federal law
1727:
tradition of selecting representatives from the various
2099:
1880:
2436:
1557:
often become prominent in representative democracy if
27:
Type of democracy principled on elected representation
1628:) or other measures to balance representative power:
2706:
Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (September 2014).
2553:
2046:
2790:
2670:
2377:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
1830:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1735:, but not as we know them today) to advise/control
2375:
2023:. The rationale behind this practice was to avoid
1953:, and they are free to determine their own rules.
3275:
2826:Peters, Yvette; Ensink, Sander J. (4 May 2015).
1840:was re-established in France in the wake of the
2309:. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.).
2254:. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1854. pp. 446–8.
2426:. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
1762:implemented some of the ideas and systems of
1577:) have described representative democracy as
1468:
648:
2932:); translated in French by S. Jankélévitch,
2825:
2577:A. Ricardo LĂłpez; Barbara Weinstein (2012).
1678:" that is not directly elected, such as the
3046:
1647:The constitution may also provide for some
1596:. Elected representatives typically form a
2763:
2705:
2635:
2304:
1813:gave a disproportionate representation of
1475:
1461:
655:
641:
2894:
2884:
2843:
2723:
2468:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
2153:
692:List of countries by system of government
3174:) is being considered for deletion. See
2964:
1868:
3073:
2413:"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"
2406:
1821:relative to the voters in free states.
14:
3276:
3138:
3102:Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece
2738:
2673:International Political Science Review
2460:
2333:
2131:
2766:American Journal of Political Science
2616:
1997:
3196:
3011:
2509:. National Archives. 30 October 2015
2388:from the original on 11 January 2022
1939:Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas
1881:Research on representation democracy
1655:) or direct popular measures (e.g.,
2507:"Expansion of Rights and Liberties"
2400:
2093:
1682:, which was in turn modeled on the
24:
1836:was elected by all males in 1792.
1758:. Later, in the 17th century, the
1690:Some political theorists, such as
1547:republic). This is different from
25:
3300:
3178:to help reach a consensus. ›
3157:
3083:European Journal of Ecopsychology
2638:American Political Science Review
2311:Encyclopedia of Political Thought
2125:
1787:Constitution of the United States
1712:was the first known state in the
3256:
3239:
3222:
3205:
3061:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01361.x
2983:10.1332/030557315X14399997475941
2423:Dictionary of National Biography
2275:. Penguin Classics. p. 34.
2146:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.10.003
2049:
1778:in the 19th and 20th centuries.
1756:ordinary citizens from the towns
1444:
624:
3132:
3093:
3067:
3040:
3005:
2965:Sørensen, Eva (25 April 2016).
2958:
2948:
2911:
2860:
2819:
2784:
2757:
2743:. University of Chicago Press.
2732:
2699:
2664:
2629:
2610:
2597:
2570:
2547:
2531:. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from
2521:
2499:
2490:
2430:
2354:
2327:
2298:
2289:
2111:: Parragon Books. p. 341.
1832:and, although short-lived, the
608:Latin America and the Caribbean
3076:"Anarchist roots & routes"
2340:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4.
2262:
2244:
2219:
2206:
2197:
2188:
2172:. 28 July 2005. Archived from
2162:
1526:federal parliamentary republic
1153:Intergovernmental organisation
1108:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
3163:
3026:10.1080/13698230.2016.1144859
2087:
1906:
1785:led to the creation of a new
420:Democracy and economic growth
2845:10.1080/01402382.2014.973260
2805:10.1080/00344893.2012.653238
2617:Roser, Max (15 March 2013).
950:(socio-political ideologies)
613:Middle East and North Africa
480:Peaceful transition of power
7:
2075:Proportional representation
2042:
1018:(socio-economic ideologies)
688:List of forms of government
510:Proportional representation
10:
3305:
2554:French National Assembly.
2529:"The French Revolution II"
2227:"CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY"
1884:
1701:
1697:
2739:Carnes, Nicholas (2013).
2725:10.1017/S1537592714001595
2650:10.1017/S000305540505152X
1959:There is no hierarchical
1887:Representation (politics)
1842:French Revolution of 1848
1504:Western-style democracies
1139:(geo-cultural ideologies)
18:Representative government
3192:Representative democracy
3181:Representative democracy
3176:templates for discussion
2886:10.1177/0032329219897984
2712:Perspectives on Politics
2685:10.1177/0192512113498830
2313:. Taylor & Francis.
2134:European Economic Review
2070:Political representation
1819:House of Representatives
1750:, in 1258, stripped the
1622:constitutional democracy
1488:Representative democracy
565:Wars between democracies
545:Territorial peace theory
390:Democratic confederalism
3074:Heckert, Jamie (2010).
2583:. Duke UP. p. 58.
2334:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
2031:by economic oligarchs.
1929:. This is known as the
1854:where large numbers of
1838:Universal male suffrage
1811:Three-Fifths Compromise
1626:constitutional monarchy
1518:constitutional monarchy
1402:Administrative division
1346:International relations
550:Tyranny of the majority
485:Political demonstration
395:Democratic peace theory
370:Deliberative referendum
3142:Deliberative Democracy
3139:Bohman, James (1997).
3124:: CS1 maint: others (
2873:Politics & Society
2832:West European Politics
2364:. BBC. 19 January 2015
2036:deliberative democracy
1951:financial independence
1874:
1684:British House of Lords
1649:deliberative democracy
1610:more than two chambers
375:Democratic backsliding
365:Criticism of democracy
2971:Policy & Politics
2607:(2nd ed. 1996) p. 229
1931:iron law of oligarchy
1885:Further information:
1872:
1849:industrial revolution
1795:Seventeenth Amendment
1766:, culminating in the
1760:Parliament of England
1672:bicameral legislature
1634:independent judiciary
1412:Democratic transition
1275:Self-governing colony
872:Military dictatorship
430:Electoral competition
410:Democratic transition
385:Democratic centralism
380:Democratic capitalism
3049:American Ethnologist
2295:Watson, 2005, p. 271
1893:political philosophy
1858:evinced interest in
1826:Revolutionary France
1803:Fourteenth Amendment
1638:constitutional court
1590:presidential systems
405:Democratic socialism
2384:. 20 January 2015.
2305:Budge, Ian (2001).
2176:on 13 December 2007
1917:, written in 1911,
1834:National Convention
1783:American Revolution
1772:Bill of Rights 1689
1770:and passage of the
1768:Glorious Revolution
1563:political theorists
1492:electoral democracy
1451:Politics portal
1336:Supranational union
1245:Dependent territory
1158:National government
631:Politics portal
425:Democracy promotion
400:Democratic republic
3289:Types of democracy
2778:10.1111/ajps.12112
2474:on 24 October 2014
2307:"Direct democracy"
2017:Athenian democracy
1998:Proposed solutions
1901:empirical research
1875:
1496:indirect democracy
570:Waves of democracy
530:Right to candidacy
500:Popular referendum
490:Political equality
360:Citizens' assembly
2942:978-2-8004-1443-0
2750:978-0-226-08728-3
2623:Our World in Data
2535:on 27 August 2008
2347:978-1-84725-226-5
2320:978-0-415-19396-2
1914:Political Parties
1764:liberal democracy
1744:Simon de Montfort
1670:In some cases, a
1653:Royal Commissions
1559:electoral systems
1555:Political parties
1534:semi-presidential
1500:type of democracy
1485:
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1382:
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520:Right to petition
16:(Redirected from
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1980:direct democracy
1718:Roman assemblies
1680:Senate of Canada
1665:recall elections
1608:(bicameral), or
1549:direct democracy
1477:
1470:
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1449:
1448:
1396:
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1240:Associated state
1198:
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1173:Internationalism
1163:World government
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475:Nomination rules
30:
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2013:La Stochocratie
2000:
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1864:Reform Act 1832
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1704:Democratization
1700:
1571:Gregory Houston
1481:
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1424:Democratisation
1417:Autocratization
1393:
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1280:Tributary state
1270:Satellite state
1225:
1195:
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1187:
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3158:External links
3156:
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3111:978-0520258099
3110:
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3055:(2): 238–258.
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2029:electioneering
2002:The system of
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1978:Proponents of
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1947:
1919:Robert Michels
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1897:social science
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1805:following the
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1614:different ways
1604:(unicameral),
1602:single chamber
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2021:ancient India
2018:
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579:
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571:
568:
566:
563:
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536:
535:Right to vote
533:
531:
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460:Majority rule
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327:Supermajority
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225:Participatory
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156:Hybrid regime
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32:
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19:
3263:
3246:
3234:from Commons
3229:
3212:
3191:
3169:
3154:
3148:. MIT Press.
3141:
3134:
3101:
3095:
3086:
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3048:
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3017:
3013:
3007:
2974:
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2950:
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2922:
2918:
2913:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2799:(1): 47–61.
2796:
2792:
2786:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2740:
2734:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2679:(1): 78–98.
2676:
2672:
2666:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2622:
2612:
2604:
2599:
2579:
2572:
2562:26 September
2560:. Retrieved
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:the original
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2501:
2492:
2483:
2476:. Retrieved
2472:the original
2462:
2454:
2439:
2432:
2421:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2381:
2366:. Retrieved
2356:
2336:
2329:
2310:
2300:
2291:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2164:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2104:
2095:
2079:
2033:
2012:
2001:
1988:capitalistic
1977:
1973:marginalized
1969:
1938:
1935:Adolf Gasser
1912:
1911:In his book
1910:
1890:
1876:
1846:
1828:adopted the
1823:
1815:slave states
1780:
1742:In Britain,
1741:
1707:
1692:Edmund Burke
1689:
1618:constitution
1606:two chambers
1583:
1553:
1545:presidential
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1365:Middle power
1292:Vassal state
1286:Buffer state
1284:
1260:Puppet state
1255:Protectorate
1231:Client state
1221:Principality
1047:Distributism
989:Presidential
867:Dictatorship
791:Gerontocracy
743:
713:rule by many
686:
670:Part of the
332:Totalitarian
249:
215:Non-partisan
195:Majoritarian
176:Jeffersonian
116:Deliberative
106:Cosmopolitan
101:Conservative
81:Anticipatory
33:Part of the
3214:Definitions
3164:‹ The
2896:1887/138869
2772:(1): 1–18.
2619:"Democracy"
2558:(in French)
2513:27 December
2418:Lee, Sidney
2236:18 November
2180:14 December
2155:10016/25180
2140:: 180–208.
2004:stochocracy
1984:elite class
1961:bureaucracy
1776:Reform Acts
1676:upper house
1598:legislature
1567:Robert Dahl
1565:(including
1543:(a federal
1539:), and the
1532:(a unitary
1370:Great power
1355:Small power
1297:Viceroyalty
1168:Nationalism
1032:Colonialism
1012:Libertarian
974:Directorial
851:rule by one
831:Technocracy
826:Stratocracy
806:Meritocracy
796:Kleptocracy
786:Aristocracy
440:Kleroterion
322:Substantive
297:Semi-direct
3278:Categories
3248:Quotations
2999:1948833814
2478:30 October
2392:28 January
2368:19 January
2088:References
1927:particracy
1907:Criticisms
1702:See also:
1661:referendum
1657:initiative
1594:government
1375:Superpower
1331:Superstate
1326:Federation
1321:Devolution
1307:Federalism
1148:City-state
821:Plutocracy
816:Particracy
680:government
603:Historical
515:Referendum
470:Ochlocracy
445:Liberalism
435:Initiative
312:Sociocracy
240:Procedural
210:Multiparty
171:Jacksonian
166:Industrial
146:Grassroots
131:Electronic
3284:Elections
3120:cite book
3034:147669709
2991:156556922
2905:214235967
2854:153452076
2813:154081733
2693:145633250
2658:154481971
2539:22 August
2081:Voir dire
2065:Democracy
1923:oligarchy
1824:In 1789,
1807:Civil War
1748:The first
1620:(as in a
1579:polyarchy
1202:Unitarism
1178:Globalism
1084:Religious
1072:Tribalism
1062:Socialism
1057:Feudalism
1042:Despotism
1037:Communism
1027:Anarchism
964:Communist
911:Stateless
901:Anarchism
862:Despotism
846:Autocracy
836:Theocracy
801:Kritarchy
769:Oligarchy
754:Socialist
708:Democracy
540:Sortition
495:Polyarchy
355:Anarchism
337:Workplace
317:Sovereign
307:Socialist
287:Sectarian
265:Christian
255:Religious
230:Pluralist
185:Illiberal
161:Inclusive
136:Empowered
111:Defensive
96:Consensus
42:Democracy
3166:template
3089:: 19–36.
2995:ProQuest
2410:(1894).
2386:Archived
2043:See also
2025:lobbying
1994:system.
1860:politics
1856:citizens
1791:Senators
1737:monarchs
1725:medieval
1722:European
1537:republic
1250:Dominion
979:Legalist
959:Absolute
944:Republic
939:Monarchy
811:Noocracy
781:Anocracy
734:Economic
724:Demarchy
505:Populism
260:Buddhist
205:Monitory
126:Economic
91:Cellular
86:Athenian
3168:below (
3100:"1,5".
2420:(ed.).
2019:and in
2009:lottery
1817:in the
1733:classes
1729:estates
1698:History
1651:(e.g.,
1522:Germany
1512:unitary
1392:Related
1087:Secular
1052:Fascism
889:Anarchy
879:Tyranny
739:Liberal
270:Islamic
245:Radical
235:Popular
181:Liberal
62:Indices
52:History
3185:Curlie
3171:Curlie
3108:
3032:
2997:
2989:
2940:
2928:
2903:
2852:
2811:
2747:
2691:
2656:
2587:
2447:
2344:
2317:
2279:
2115:
1809:, the
1573:, and
1530:France
1216:Empire
1128:Global
759:Others
749:Social
729:Direct
598:Europe
588:Africa
582:Region
555:Voting
465:Motion
302:Social
280:Mormon
275:Jewish
190:Liquid
151:Guided
141:Ethnic
121:Direct
57:Theory
3265:Texts
3231:Media
3146:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
3030:S2CID
2987:S2CID
2955:1983.
2901:S2CID
2850:S2CID
2809:S2CID
2689:S2CID
2654:S2CID
2416:. In
1624:or a
1498:is a
1133:Local
200:Media
74:Types
3126:link
3106:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2564:2009
2541:2010
2515:2015
2480:2014
2445:ISBN
2394:2015
2370:2015
2342:ISBN
2315:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2238:2019
2182:2007
2113:ISBN
2027:and
1990:and
1895:and
1781:The
1752:king
1708:The
1588:and
593:Asia
292:Semi
220:Oral
3183:at
3057:doi
3022:doi
2979:doi
2891:hdl
2881:doi
2840:doi
2801:doi
2774:doi
2720:doi
2681:doi
2646:doi
2150:hdl
2142:doi
1925:or
1632:An
1592:of
1528:),
1524:(a
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