Regulatory T cell - Knowledge

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on maternal milk to incorporating solid food, between 15 and 20 days of age, when a large number of microbial antigens is introduced and commensal microbiota are settling in the intestine. During this time, protective RORγt+ Treg cells are induced by the microbial antigens and normal intestinal homeostasis is sustained by induction of tolerance to commensal microbiota. Lack of RORγt+ Treg cell induction led in mice to the development of severe

7126: 1515: cells. Originally, high expression of CD25 and CD4 surface markers was used (CD4CD25 cells). This is problematic as CD25 is also expressed on non-regulatory T cells in the setting of immune activation such as during an immune response to a pathogen. As defined by CD4 and CD25 expression, regulatory T cells comprise about 5–10% of the mature CD4 T cell subpopulation in mice and humans, while about 1–2% of T 1093:

IL-17 are expanded in mucosa of patients with Crohn´s disease. Depletion of RORγt+ Tregs in mice with colorectal cancer caused enhancement of reactivity of tumor-specific T cells and improved cancer immune surveillance. This improvement is not caused by the loss of IL-17 as that was proved to promote cancer progression. In tumors of mice with conditional knockout of RORγt+ Tregs was confirmed downregulation of

7138: 1656:. Most individuals have other autoimmune phenomena including Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, autoimmune neutropenia, and tubular nephropathy. The majority of affected males die within the first year of life of either metabolic derangements or sepsis. An analogous disease is also observed in a spontaneous FOXP3-mutant mouse known as "scurfy". 1536:(glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor) are also expressed on regulatory T cells, however the functional significance of this expression remains to be defined. There is a great interest in identifying cell surface markers that are uniquely and specifically expressed on all FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells. However, to date no such molecule has been identified. 392:. Tregs expressing low amounts of CD25, GITR and PD-1 limit the development of colitis by promoting the conversion of conventional CD4 T cells into pTreg. Tregs highly expressing CD25, GITR and PD-1 are more self-reactive and control lymphoproliferation in peripheral lymph nodes - they may have the ability to protect against autoimmune disorders. 345:, FOXP3 transcription factor has to be upregulated which is driven by γ-chain (CD132) dependent cytokines, in particular IL-2 and/or IL-15. Only IL-2 alone is not sufficient to stimulate Foxp3 expression, other cytokines are needed. Whereas IL-2 is produced by self-reactive thymocytes, IL-15 is produced by stromal cells of the thymus, mainly 298:" process - i.e. not too high, not too low, but just right; a T cell that receives very strong signals will undergo apoptotic death; a cell that receives a weak signal will survive and be selected to become an effector cell. If a T cell receives an intermediate signal, then it will become a regulatory cell. Due to the 1073:, an essential amino acid, alters commensal microbiota metabolism which results in expansion of RORγt+ Treg cells and reduction of Gata3+ Treg cells. This induction is possibly regulated by stimulation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor by metabolites produced by commensal bacteria using tryptophan as an energy source. 607:. Regulatory T cells actively suppress activation of the immune system and prevent pathological self-reactivity, i.e. autoimmune disease. The critical role regulatory T cells play within the immune system is evidenced by the severe autoimmune syndrome that results from a genetic deficiency in regulatory T cells ( 1599:

Regulatory T cell epitopes ('Tregitopes') were discovered in 2008 and consist of linear sequences of amino acids contained within monoclonal antibodies and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Since their discovery, evidence has indicated Tregitopes may be crucial to the activation of natural regulatory T cells.

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Pathological may be involvement of RORγt+ regulatory T cells in colorectal cancer. It was found, that RORγt+ Tregs which are able to express IL-17 are expanded in colorectal cancer and as cancer develops, they lose the ability to express anti-inflammatory IL-10. Similarly such RORγt+ Tregs expressing

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T regulatory cells are a component of the immune system that suppress immune responses of other cells. This is an important "self-check" built into the immune system to prevent excessive reactions. Regulatory T cells come in many forms with the most well-understood being those that express CD4, CD25,

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Genetic mutations in the gene encoding FOXP3 have been identified in both humans and mice based on the heritable disease caused by these mutations. This disease provides the most striking evidence that regulatory T cells play a critical role in maintaining normal immune system function. Humans with

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infection. They suppress the immune system, thus limiting target cells and reducing inflammation, but this simultaneously disrupts the clearance of virus by the cell-mediated immune response and enhances the reservoir by pushing CD4 T cells to a resting state, including infected cells. Additionally,

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In mice, colonic RORγt+ Tregs are absent during the first two weeks after birth. Generation of RORγt+ Treg early after birth is essential to prevent the development of various intestinal immunopathologies later in life. Particularly crucial is a time period of gradual transition from relying solely

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s within unactivated CD3CD4 T cells is high CD25 expression combined with the absent or low-level expression of the surface protein CD127 (IL-7RA). If viable cells are not required then the addition of FOXP3 to the CD25 and CD127 combination will provide further stringency. Several additional

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An important question is how the immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T cells is modulated during the course of an ongoing immune response. While the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells prevents the development of autoimmune disease, it is not desirable during immune responses to

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The small intestinal environment is high in vitamin A and is a location where retinoic acid is produced. The retinoic acid and TGF-beta produced by dendritic cells within this area signal for production of regulatory T cells. Vitamin A and TGF-beta promote T cell differentiation into regulatory T

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Another control mechanism is through the IL-2 feedback loop. Antigen-activated T cells produce IL-2 which then acts on IL-2 receptors on regulatory T cells alerting them to the fact that high T cell activity is occurring in the region, and they mount a suppressory response against them. This is a

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receptor alpha chain (CD25). In addition to the FOXP3-expressing CD4 CD25, there also appears to be a minor population of MHC class I restricted CD8 FOXP3-expressing regulatory T cells. These FOXP3-expressing CD8 T cells do not appear to be functional in healthy individuals but are induced in

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3, CD8CD28, and Qa-1 restricted T cells. The contribution of these populations to self-tolerance and immune homeostasis is less well defined. FOXP3 can be used as a good marker for mouse CD4CD25 T cells, although recent studies have also shown evidence for FOXP3 expression in CD4CD25

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Upon encounter with infectious microorganisms, the activity of regulatory T cells may be downregulated, either directly or indirectly, by other cells to facilitate elimination of the infection. Experimental evidence from mouse models suggests that some pathogens may have evolved to manipulate

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While regulatory T cells increase via polyclonal expansion both systemically and locally during healthy pregnancies to protect the fetus from the maternal immune response (a process called maternal immune tolerance), evidence suggests that this polyclonal expansion is impaired in

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loop to ensure that overreaction is not occurring. If an actual infection is present other inflammatory factors downregulate the suppression. Disruption of the loop leads to hyperreactivity, regulation can modify the strength of the immune response. A related suggestion with regard to

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suppression include anti-CD25 mAbs and anti-CCR4 mAbs. OX40 agonist and GITR agonists are currently being investigated. Therapy targeting TCR signaling is also possible by blocking tyrosine kinases. For example, tyrosine-kinase inhibitor dasatinib is used for treatment of chronic

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antibodies present in the maternal milk. In adult mice, RORγt+ Tregs and IgA exhibit mutual inhibition. Similarly, mice nursed by foster mothers with higher IgA titers in their milk will develop fewer RORγt+ Tregs compared to those fed with milk containing lower IgA titers.

251:- cells at the DN (double-negative) stage, where an individual cell will rearrange its T cell receptor genes to form a unique, functional molecule, which they, in turn, test against cells in the thymic cortex for a minimal level of interaction with self- 1651:

syndrome is characterized by the development of overwhelming systemic autoimmunity in the first year of life, resulting in the commonly observed triad of watery diarrhea, eczematous dermatitis, and endocrinopathy seen most commonly as insulin-dependent

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Ellis SD, McGovern JL, van Maurik A, Howe D, Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA (October 2014). "Induced CD8+FoxP3+ Treg cells in rheumatoid arthritis are modulated by p38 phosphorylation and monocytes expressing membrane tumor necrosis factor α and CD86".

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s within the gut are differentiated from naïve T cells after antigen is introduced. It has recently been shown that human regulatory T cells can be induced from both naive and pre-committed Th1 cells and Th17 cells using a parasite-derived

881:. The intestinal environment can lead to induced regulatory T cells with TGF-beta and retinoic acid, some of which express the lectin-like receptor CD161 and are specialized to maintain barrier integrity by accelerating wound healing. The T 1053:

RORγt+ Tregs were also shown for their importance in oral tolerance and prevention of food allergies. Infants with developed food allergies have different composition of fecal microbiota in comparison to healthy infants and have increased

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mothers and their offspring. Research suggests reduced production and development of regulatory T cells during preeclampsia may degrade maternal immune tolerance, leading to the hyperactive immune response characteristic of preeclampsia.

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Wieczorek G, Asemissen A, Model F, Turbachova I, Floess S, Liebenberg V, et al. (January 2009). "Quantitative DNA methylation analysis of FOXP3 as a new method for counting regulatory T cells in peripheral blood and solid tissue".

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expression is largely restricted to the medulla, the development of which seems to parallel the development of Foxp3 cells. It has been suggested that the two are linked, but no definitive link between the processes has yet been shown.

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precursors was identified. This subset lacks CD25 and has low expression of Foxp3. Its development is mainly dependent on IL-15. This subset has lower affinity for self antigens than CD25Foxp3 subset. Both subsets generate mature

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Seddiki N, Cook L, Hsu DC, Phetsouphanh C, Brown K, Xu Y, et al. (June 2014). "Human antigen-specific CD4⁺ CD25⁺ CD134⁺ CD39⁺ T cells are enriched for regulatory T cells and comprise a substantial proportion of recall responses".

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to adsorb IL-2 from the microenvironments, thus being able to induce apoptosis of other T cells which need IL-2 as main growth factor. Recirculating T reg cells in thymus express high amount of high affinity IL-2 receptor α chain

310:– the relative proportions determined by the affinities of the T cell for the self-peptide-MHC. Even in mouse models with TCR-transgenic cells selected on specific-antigen-secreting stroma, deletion or conversion is not complete. 773:

in the periphery and begin to express FoxP3 inducibly, thus becoming the functional equivalent of tTreg cells. iTregs, however, are found primarily in peripheral barrier tissues, where they are primarily involved in preventing

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Ezzeddini R, Somi MH, Taghikhani M, Moaddab SY, Masnadi Shirazi K, Shirmohammadi M, et al. (February 2021). "Association of Foxp3 rs3761548 polymorphism with cytokines concentration in gastric adenocarcinoma patients".

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Rizzo A, Di Giovangiulio M, Stolfi C, Franzè E, Fehling HJ, Carsetti R, et al. (September 2018). "RORγt-Expressing Tregs Drive the Growth of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer by Controlling IL6 in Dendritic Cells".

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CD4 regulatory T cells are often associated with solid tumours in both humans and murine models. Increased numbers of regulatory T cells in breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers is associated with a poorer prognosis.

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Yu X, Harden K, Gonzalez LC, Francesco M, Chiang E, Irving B, et al. (January 2009). "The surface protein TIGIT suppresses T cell activation by promoting the generation of mature immunoregulatory dendritic cells".

563: cells in the thymus with high IL1R2 expression during inflammatory conditions helps to uptake IL-1β and reduce its concentration in the medulla microenvironment, thus they are helping to the development of 1508:

autoimmune disease states by T cell receptor stimulation to suppress IL-17-mediated immune responses. Unlike conventional T cells, regulatory T cells do not produce IL-2 and are therefore anergic at baseline.

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during intestinal inflammation and T regs use Gata3 to limit tissue inflammation. This cell population also restrict Th17 T cells immunity in the intestine, because Gata3-deficient T regs express higher

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experiments have given mixed results regarding the requirement of cell-to-cell contact with the cell being suppressed. The following represent some of the proposed mechanisms of immune suppression:

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Thiault N, Darrigues J, Adoue V, Gros M, Binet B, Perals C, et al. (June 2015). "Peripheral regulatory T lymphocytes recirculating to the thymus suppress the development of their precursors".

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is required for regulatory T cell development and appears to control a genetic program specifying this cell's fate. The large majority of Foxp3-expressing regulatory T cells are found within the

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and digestion of dietary fiber, therefore, microbial-free mice have very low concentrations of both SCFAs and RORγt Treg cells. Induction of RORγt Treg cells is also dependent on the presence of

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regulatory T cells to immunosuppress the host and so potentiate their own survival. For example, regulatory T cell activity has been reported to increase in several infectious contexts, such as

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Al Nabhani Z, Dulauroy S, Marques R, Cousu C, Al Bounny S, Déjardin F, et al. (May 2019). "A Weaning Reaction to Microbiota Is Required for Resistance to Immunopathologies in the Adult".

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Bettelli E, Carrier Y, Gao W, Korn T, Strom TB, Oukka M, et al. (May 2006). "Reciprocal developmental pathways for the generation of pathogenic effector TH17 and regulatory T cells".

1580: cells through a PCR reaction or other DNA-based analysis methods. Interplay between the Th17 cells and regulatory T cells are important in many diseases like respiratory diseases. 974:(SPF) microbiota restores normal numbers of these lymphocytes in the gut. The mechanism by which the gut microbiota induces the formation of RORγt+ Treg cells involves the production of 206:

CD4 FOXP3 CD25(high) regulatory T cells have been called "naturally occurring" regulatory T cells to distinguish them from "suppressor" T cell populations that are generated

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Pandiyan P, Zheng L, Ishihara S, Reed J, Lenardo MJ (December 2007). "CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells induce cytokine deprivation-mediated apoptosis of effector CD4+ T cells".

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s following cell activation is challenging as conventional T cells will express CD25, transiently express FOXP3 and lose CD127 expression upon activation. It has been shown that T

785:, the presence of which suggests origin in the thymus. Another feature distinguishing these two Treg cell populations is the stability of FoxP3 expression in different settings. 603:

must be able to discriminate between self and non-self. When self/non-self discrimination fails, the immune system destroys cells and tissues of the body and as a result causes

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17 cells. Regulatory T cells are involved in shutting down immune responses after they have successfully eliminated invading organisms, and also in preventing autoimmunity.

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Most tumors elicit an immune response in the host that is mediated by tumor antigens, thus distinguishing the tumor from other non-cancerous cells. This causes large numbers of

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Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, et al. (August 2015). "MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORγt⁺ T cells".

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Ohnmacht C, Park JH, Cording S, Wing JB, Atarashi K, Obata Y, et al. (August 2015). "MUCOSAL IMMUNOLOGY. The microbiota regulates type 2 immunity through RORγt⁺ T cells".

1311: cells suppress effector T cells and hinder the body's immune response against the cancer. However, in some types of cancer the opposite is true, and high levels of T 622:

The molecular mechanism by which regulatory T cells exert their suppressor/regulatory activity has not been definitively characterized and is the subject of intense research.

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in the gut and influence the regulation of effector T cells during inflammation. Unlike RORγt+ Treg cells, these cells express Helios and are not dependent on the microbiome.

1288:(TILs) to appear in the TME. These lymphocytes may target cancerous cells and therefore slow or terminate tumor development. However, this process is complicated because T 381:

derived from CD25Foxp3 progenitors protect from experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis, whereas those derived from CD25Foxp3 progenitors protect from T-cell induced

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in the thymus. At the DP (double-positive) stage, they are selected by their interaction with the cells within the thymus, begin the transcription of Foxp3, and become T

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Lu LF, Lind EF, Gondek DC, Bennett KA, Gleeson MW, Pino-Lagos K, et al. (August 2006). "Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance".

6411: 4596:"Increase of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells impairs in vitro human microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis during latent and acute pulmonary tuberculosis" 2845:

Collison LW, Workman CJ, Kuo TT, Boyd K, Wang Y, Vignali KM, et al. (November 2007). "The inhibitory cytokine IL-35 contributes to regulatory T-cell function".

5992: 4698:"Nonhuman Primate Testing of the Impact of Different Regulatory T Cell Depletion Strategies on Reactivation and Clearance of Latent Simian Immunodeficiency Virus" 1084:

cells and lower number of RORγt+ Treg cells is compensated by increased Helios+ Treg cells. How exactly may RORγt+ Tregs protect from colitis is not yet known.

966:, 20-30% of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells expressing RORyt are found and this high proportion is strongly dependent on the presence of a complex gut microbiome. In 1423: cells in animal models has shown an increased efficacy of immunotherapy treatments, and therefore, many immunotherapy treatments are now incorporating T 2798:"Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 plays an essential role in the function of CD25(+)CD4(+) regulatory cells that control intestinal inflammation" 1025:. These cells are particularly important in the prevention of food allergies. One mechanism is the production of suppressive molecules such as the cytokine 3107:"T regulatory and primed uncommitted CD4 T cells express CD73, which suppresses effector CD4 T cells by converting 5'-adenosine monophosphate to adenosine" 1327: cells' ability to suppress general inflammation, which is known to trigger cell proliferation and metastasis . These opposite effects indicate that T 6695: 1665: 1022: 651:

of effector cells. Regulatory T cells from Granzyme B deficient mice are reported to be less effective suppressors of the activation of effector T cells.

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In general, the immunosuppression of the TMEhas largely contributed to the unsuccessful outcomes of many cancer immunotherapy treatments. Depletion of T

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Miyara M, Gorochov G, Ehrenstein M, Musset L, Sakaguchi S, Amoura Z (October 2011). "Human FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in systemic autoimmune diseases".

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Potential applications of regulatory T cell epitopes have been hypothesised: tolerisation to transplants, protein drugs, blood transfer therapies, and

1307: cells in the TME are associated with poor prognosis in many cancers, such as ovarian, breast, renal, and pancreatic cancer. This indicates that T 1066:

species. Upon their introduction, expansion of gut RORγt+ Treg cells in favor of GATA3+ Treg occurs, mediating the protection against allergies.

496: cells in the thymus. It is important for T cells proliferation and survival, but in the case of its deficiency, IL-15 may be replaced. However, T 6157:"In vitro and in vivo studies of IgG-derived Treg epitopes (Tregitopes): a promising new tool for tolerance induction and treatment of autoimmunity" 3721:"A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-beta and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism" 1240: cells for subsequent autologous transplant is currently being investigated after promising results were obtained in a phase I clinical trial. 4310:"Microbiotas from Humans with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Alter the Balance of Gut Th17 and RORγt Regulatory T Cells and Exacerbate Colitis in Mice" 1523: cells (CD4CD25FOXP3 cells). However, FOXP3 is also transiently expressed in activated human effector T cells, thus complicating a correct T 6057:"Application of IgG-derived natural Treg epitopes (IgG Tregitopes) to antigen-specific tolerance induction in a murine model of type 1 diabetes" 219:

T cells. In humans, FOXP3 is also expressed by recently activated conventional T cells and thus does not specifically identify human T

4359:"Characterization of interleukin-17-producing regulatory T cells in inflamed intestinal mucosa from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases" 123: cells are very difficult to effectively discern from effector CD4, making them difficult to study. Research has found that the cytokine 455: cells differentiation. The presence of this cells in thymus or addition into fetal thymic tissue culture suppress development of new T 4261:"Dietary tryptophan deficiency promotes gut RORγt Treg cells at the expense of Gata3 Treg cells and alters commensal microbiota metabolism" 3021:

Puccetti P, Grohmann U (October 2007). "IDO and regulatory T cells: a role for reverse signalling and non-canonical NF-kappaB activation".

2982:"Cutting edge: contact-mediated suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells involves a granzyme B-dependent, perforin-independent mechanism" 2933:"Resolution of airway inflammation and hyperreactivity after in vivo transfer of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells is interleukin 10 dependent" 2198:

Sakaguchi S (2004). "Naturally arising CD4+ regulatory t cells for immunologic self-tolerance and negative control of immune responses".

1296: cells normally make up only about 4% of CD4 T cells, they can make up as much as 20–30% of the CD4 population around the TME. 1098: 709:

is that activated regulatory T cells take up interleukin 2 so avidly that they deprive effector T cells of sufficient to avoid apoptosis.

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can be measured in whole blood. The additional measurement of cellular expression of FOXP3 protein allowed a more specific analysis of T

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was approved for patients with advanced melanoma. Immune-checkpoint molecule PD-1 inhibits activation of both conventional T cells and T

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Togashi Y, Shitara K, Nishikawa H (June 2019). "Regulatory T cells in cancer immunosuppression - implications for anticancer therapy".

1338: cells are preferentially trafficked to the TME, the chemotaxis is probably driven by the production of chemokines by the tumor. T 813: cells develop from mature CD4 conventional T cells outside of the thymus: a defining distinction between natural regulatory T (nT 178: cells are thought to suppress tumor immunity, thus hindering the body's innate ability to control the growth of cancerous cells. 1354: cells. The cytokine, TGF-β, which is commonly produced by tumor cells, is known to induce the differentiation and expansion of T 5637:"High levels of human antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood revealed by stimulated coexpression of CD25 and CD134 (OX40)" 950:

Approximately 30%–40% of colonic FoxP3+ Treg cells express the transcription factor RORγt. The iTregs are able to differentiate into

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Diagram of regulatory T cell, effector T cells and dendritic cell showing putative mechanisms of suppression by regulatory T cells.

255:. If they receive these signals, they proliferate and express both CD4 and CD8, becoming double-positive cells. The selection of T 6688: 1058:

bound to fecal microbiota and decreased secretory IgA. In mice, protection against food allergies was induced by introduction of

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Sivanandham R, Kleinman AJ, Sette P, Brocca-Cofano E, Kilapandal Venkatraman SM, Policicchio BB, et al. (September 2020).

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s can be detected using an activation-induced marker assay by expression of CD39 in combination with co-expression of CD25 and

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Hori S, Nomura T, Sakaguchi S (February 2003). "Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3".

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analysis using CD4, CD25 and FOXP3 as markers in humans. Therefore, the gold standard surface marker combination to defined T

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CD70 non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cells induce FOXP3 expression and regulatory function in intratumoral CD4CD25 T cells.

5773:"Interplay of T Helper 17 Cells with CD4(+)CD25(high) FOXP3(+) Tregs in Regulation of Allergic Asthma in Pediatric Patients" 1021:

Induction of RORγt+ Treg cells in lymph nodes of the small intestine is crucial for the establishment of intestinal luminal

2585:"Two subsets of naive T helper cells with distinct T cell receptor excision circle content in human adult peripheral blood" 4496:"Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease" 1303:

to effector T cells in the TME is a determining factor in the success of the cancer immune response. High levels of T

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compared to germ free mice colonized with healthy microbiota. Dysregulation of RORγt+ Treg cells favors the expansion of

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Mature CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs can be also divided into two different subsets based on the expression level of CD25, GITR, and

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cells, although they may not begin to express Foxp3 until the single-positive stage, at which point they are functional T

6681: 801: cells have been shown to suppress T cell proliferation and experimental autoimmune diseases. These cells include 3323:

Walker LS, Sansom DM (November 2011). "The emerging role of CTLA4 as a cell-extrinsic regulator of T cell responses".

5284:"Regulatory T cells in tumor microenvironment: new mechanisms, potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects" 5006:"CD70+ non-Hodgkin lymphoma B cells induce Foxp3 expression and regulatory function in intratumoral CD4+CD25 T cells" 1131: 951: 920:-TGM-induced human FOXP3+ regulatory T cells were stable in the presence of inflammation and had increased levels of 346: 4755:"ALS patients' regulatory T lymphocytes are dysfunctional, and correlate with disease progression rate and severity" 1463:

cell activity. Rapid cancer progression upon PD-1 blockade is called hyperprogressive disease. Therapies targeting T

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Annacker O, Asseman C, Read S, Powrie F (June 2003). "Interleukin-10 in the regulation of T cell-induced colitis".

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nature of the process of T cell activation, all T cell populations with a given TCR will end up with a mixture of T

252: 3478:"Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid" 3066:"Expression of ectonucleotidase CD39 by Foxp3+ Treg cells: hydrolysis of extracellular ATP and immune suppression" 887: 770: 389: 290:

selection is determined by the affinity of interaction with the self-peptide MHC complex. Selection to become a T

162: cells tend to be upregulated in individuals with cancer, and they seem to be recruited to the site of many 124: 88: 2634:"Active demethylation of the Foxp3 locus leads to the generation of stable regulatory T cells within the thymus" 1045:. The quantity of early-life-induced RORγt+ Tregs is influenced by maternal milk, particularly by the amount of 7022: 5055:"The prognostic influence of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in cancer: a systematic review with meta-analysis" 1566: cells, but not in any other cell type, including activated effector T cells, a certain region within the 755:(TCR) with relatively high autoaffinity. These cells are predominantly found in the body in the bloodstream or 403:

cells and does not reach adult levels in either the thymus or periphery until around three weeks post-partum. T

4904:"Decreased maternal serum acetate and impaired fetal thymic and regulatory T cell development in preeclampsia" 3934:"The parasite cytokine mimic Hp-TGM potently replicates the regulatory effects of TGF-β on murine CD4 T cells" 3824:"A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells" 1342:

infiltration into the TMEis facilitated by the binding of the chemokine receptor CCR4, which is expressed on T

6965: 6503: 6274: 3233:"Cross talk between human regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells: Lessons for clinical applications" 3064:

Borsellino G, Kleinewietfeld M, Di Mitri D, Sternjak A, Diamantini A, Giometto R, et al. (August 2007).

1285: 1229: 1202: 3426:"A requisite role for induced regulatory T cells in tolerance based on expanding antigen receptor diversity" 1532:

markers have been described, e.g., high levels of CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated molecule-4) and

833: cells have recently been shown to be "an essential non-redundant regulatory subset that supplements nT 6625: 6595: 6575: 1443:

s that over-express immunosuppressive molecules such as CTLA-4. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies cause depletion of T

1331: cells' role in the development of cancer is highly dependent on both type and location of the tumor. 5891:

Hui DJ, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Chen Y, Davidson RJ, Buchlis G, Yazicioglu M, et al. (September 2013).

970:(GF) mice, the population of RORγt+ T regulatory cells is strongly reduced, whereas recolonization by the 6613: 6608: 6448: 5490:

Marson A, Kretschmer K, Frampton GM, Jacobsen ES, Polansky JK, MacIsaac KD, et al. (February 2007).

1484:. The latest research suggests that regulatory T cells are defined by expression of the forkhead family 1076:

Lower number of RORγt+ Treg cells is present in germ free mice colonized with microbiota associated with

659: 6008:"Regulatory T cell epitopes (Tregitopes) in IgG induce tolerance in vivo and lack immunogenicity per se" 7116: 6851: 1500: 1077: 837: cells, in part by expanding TCR diversity within regulatory responses". Acute depletion of the iT 516: cells have decreased its expression. So it is possible that this regulatory mechanism of thymic T 4409:

Blatner NR, Mulcahy MF, Dennis KL, Scholtens D, Bentrem DJ, Phillips JD, et al. (December 2012).

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s occurs on radio-resistant hematopoietically derived MHC class II-expressing cells in the medulla or

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research is studying how regulation of T cells could possibly be utilized in the treatment of cancer.

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De Groot AS, Moise L, McMurry JA, Wambre E, Van Overtvelt L, Moingeon P, et al. (October 2008).

2063:"Modulation of autoimmune diseases by interleukin (IL)-17 producing regulatory T helper (Th17) cells" 892: 588: 6673: 5873: 4594:

Stringari LL, Covre LP, da Silva FD, de Oliveira VL, Campana MC, Hadad DJ, et al. (July 2021).

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Abdel-Gadir A, Stephen-Victor E, Gerber GK, Noval Rivas M, Wang S, Harb H, et al. (July 2019).

3883:"TGF-β mimic proteins form an extended gene family in the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus" 3670:

Povoleri GA, Nova-Lamperti E, Scottà C, Fanelli G, Chen YC, Becker PD, et al. (December 2018).

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Owen DL, Mahmud SA, Sjaastad LE, Williams JB, Spanier JA, Simeonov DR, et al. (February 2019).

841: cell pool in mouse models has resulted in inflammation and weight loss. The contribution of nT 6297: 6278: 4259:

Rankin LC, Kaiser KA, de Los Santos-Alexis K, Park H, Uhlemann AC, Gray DH, Arpaia N (March 2023).

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Coombes JL, Siddiqui KR, Arancibia-Cárcamo CV, Hall J, Sun CM, Belkaid Y, Powrie F (August 2007).

3672:"Human retinoic acid-regulated CD161 regulatory T cells support wound repair in intestinal mucosa" 2680:

Nikolouli E, Elfaki Y, Herppich S, Schelmbauer C, Delacher M, Falk C, et al. (January 2021).

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Cousens LP, Mingozzi F, van der Marel S, Su Y, Garman R, Ferreira V, et al. (October 2012).

5993:"New $ 2.25M infusion of NIH funds for EpiVax' Tregitope, proposed "Paradigm-Shifting" Treatment" 5333:

Downs-Canner S, Berkey S, Delgoffe GM, Edwards RP, Curiel T, Odunsi K, et al. (March 2017).

2682:"Recirculating IL-1R2 Tregs fine-tune intrathymic Treg development under inflammatory conditions" 484:

gene which gather IL-2 from thymic medulla, and decrease its concentration. New generated FOXP3 T

260: 1861:

Nosbaum A, Prevel N, Truong HA, Mehta P, Ettinger M, Scharschmidt TC, et al. (March 2016).

1554:

In addition to the search for novel protein markers, a different method to analyze and monitor T

741:

or in the periphery. Accordingly, they are divided into natural and induced T regulatory cells.

640:. It also appears that regulatory T cells can induce other cell types to express interleukin-10. 7053: 6771: 6707: 6495: 4804:"Expanded autologous regulatory T-lymphocyte infusions in ALS: A phase I, first-in-human study" 4308:

Britton GJ, Contijoch EJ, Mogno I, Vennaro OH, Llewellyn SR, Ng R, et al. (January 2019).

1271: 1213: 975: 971: 6293: 4961:

Dranoff G (December 2005). "The therapeutic implications of intratumoral regulatory T cells".

4212:"Microbiota therapy acts via a regulatory T cell MyD88/RORγt pathway to suppress food allergy" 3822:

Johnston CJ, Smyth DJ, Kodali RB, White MP, Harcus Y, Filbey KJ, et al. (November 2017).

3586:

Erkelens MN, Mebius RE (March 2017). "Retinoic Acid and Immune Homeostasis: A Balancing Act".

1568: 1193: cells can be infected by HIV, increasing the size of the HIV reservoir directly. Thus, T 587: cells does not cause any signal transduction because there is no present Intracellular ( 7000: 6856: 6834: 6534: 6511: 6487: 6257: 6155:

Cousens LP, Najafian N, Mingozzi F, Elyaman W, Mazer B, Moise L, et al. (January 2013).

3424:

Haribhai D, Williams JB, Jia S, Nickerson D, Schmitt EG, Edwards B, et al. (July 2011).

2235:"T cell receptor signalling in the control of regulatory T cell differentiation and function" 2211: 151: 5174: 5157: 2583:

Kimmig S, Przybylski GK, Schmidt CA, Laurisch K, Möwes B, Radbruch A, Thiel A (March 2002).

1455:

s and use of anti-PD-1 antibodies may lead to activation and immunosuppressive function of T

1315: cells are associated with a positive prognosis. This trend is seen in cancers such as 7163: 7017: 6950: 6861: 6785: 6558: 6375: 6311: 5893:"Modulation of CD8+ T cell responses to AAV vectors with IgG-derived MHC class II epitopes" 5831: 5503: 5354: 4915: 4084: 3992: 3835: 3542: 2854: 2019: 1693: 1485: 987: 5109:"Suppression, subversion and escape: the role of regulatory T cells in cancer progression" 4041:"Gut Microbiota Promotes Immune Tolerance by Regulating RORγt+ Treg Cells in Food Allergy" 3881:

Smyth DJ, Harcus Y, White MP, Gregory WF, Nahler J, Stephens I, et al. (April 2018).

1558: cells more accurately has been described in the literature. This method is based on 1350: cell expansion at the site of the tumor could also explain the increased levels of T 1262: 8: 7077: 7012: 6995: 6829: 6747: 6567: 6406: 5200:

Lippitz BE (May 2013). "Cytokine patterns in patients with cancer: a systematic review".

4802:

Thonhoff JR, Beers DR, Zhao W, Pleitez M, Simpson EP, Berry JD, et al. (July 2018).

3771:

Cook L, Reid KT, Häkkinen E, de Bie B, Tanaka S, Smyth DJ, et al. (September 2021).

3526: 2536:"T-cell tolerance and the multi-functional role of IL-2R signaling in T-regulatory cells" 1320: 604: 459: cells by 34–60%, but Tconv cells are not affected. That means, that recirculating T 5835: 5704: 5677: 5507: 5358: 4919: 4285: 4260: 4088: 3996: 3839: 3546: 2858: 2632:

Toker A, Engelbert D, Garg G, Polansky JK, Floess S, Miyao T, et al. (April 2013).

2023: 1697: 1209:, and shown to cause viral reactivation and enhanced SIV specific CD8 T cell responses. 591:) Toll interleukin-1 receptor domain, which is normally present in innate immune cells. 500: cells' development is dependent on IL-2. In humans, there was found population of 131: cells to differentiate from naïve CD4 cells and is important in maintaining T 6897: 6539: 6526: 6232: 6205: 6181: 6156: 6132: 6107: 6083: 6056: 6032: 6007: 5969: 5944: 5917: 5892: 5855: 5799: 5772: 5717: 5617: 5573: 5524: 5491: 5467: 5442: 5423: 5375: 5334: 5310: 5283: 5261: 5133: 5108: 5079: 5054: 5030: 5005: 4986: 4938: 4903: 4902:

Hu M, Eviston D, Hsu P, Mariño E, Chidgey A, Santner-Nanan B, et al. (July 2019).

4879: 4852: 4828: 4803: 4779: 4754: 4735: 4722: 4697: 4673: 4646: 4622: 4595: 4571: 4546: 4522: 4495: 4435: 4411:"Expression of RORγt marks a pathogenic regulatory T cell subset in human colon cancer" 4410: 4383: 4358: 4334: 4309: 4236: 4211: 4187: 4162: 4108: 4016: 3960: 3933: 3909: 3882: 3858: 3823: 3799: 3772: 3745: 3720: 3696: 3671: 3647: 3622: 3568: 3502: 3477: 3450: 3425: 3401: 3374: 3348: 3213: 3046: 2957: 2932: 2878: 2822: 2797: 2773: 2748: 2729: 2716: 2681: 2609: 2584: 2560: 2535: 2516: 2470: 2415: 2390: 2366: 2341: 2317: 2290: 2259: 2234: 2180: 2131: 2079: 2062: 2043: 1987: 1962: 1938: 1911: 1887: 1862: 1764: 1739: 1717: 1551:(CD134) which define antigen-specific cells following 24-48h stimulation with antigen. 76: 6206:"Potential application of tregitopes as immunomodulating agents in multiple sclerosis" 5635:

Zaunders JJ, Munier ML, Seddiki N, Pett S, Ip S, Bailey M, et al. (August 2009).

5213: 2909: 2291:"Regulatory T Cell Heterogeneity in the Thymus: Impact on Their Functional Activities" 6945: 6711: 6590: 6390: 6370: 6237: 6186: 6137: 6088: 6037: 5974: 5922: 5847: 5804: 5753: 5721: 5709: 5658: 5609: 5565: 5529: 5472: 5415: 5380: 5315: 5265: 5253: 5217: 5179: 5138: 5124: 5084: 5035: 4978: 4943: 4884: 4833: 4784: 4739: 4727: 4678: 4627: 4576: 4527: 4476: 4440: 4388: 4339: 4290: 4241: 4192: 4143: 4100: 4008: 3965: 3914: 3863: 3804: 3750: 3701: 3652: 3603: 3560: 3507: 3455: 3406: 3340: 3305: 3264: 3217: 3205: 3169: 3146:

Huang CT, Workman CJ, Flies D, Pan X, Marson AL, Zhou G, et al. (October 2004).

3128: 3087: 3038: 3003: 2962: 2913: 2870: 2827: 2778: 2733: 2721: 2655: 2614: 2565: 2551: 2508: 2462: 2420: 2371: 2322: 2264: 2215: 2172: 2123: 2119: 2084: 2035: 1992: 1943: 1892: 1843: 1808: 1769: 1709: 1653: 1316: 1125: 701: 696:

provides distinction between mechanisms described for human cells versus mouse cells.

84: 6108:"Teaching tolerance: New approaches to enzyme replacement therapy for Pompe disease" 5621: 5577: 5427: 4990: 3572: 2184: 2135: 712:

A major mechanism of suppression by regulatory T cells is through the prevention of

7158: 7065: 7005: 6977: 6972: 6940: 6927: 6917: 6463: 6439: 6227: 6217: 6176: 6168: 6127: 6119: 6078: 6068: 6027: 6019: 5964: 5956: 5912: 5904: 5839: 5794: 5784: 5745: 5699: 5689: 5648: 5601: 5557: 5519: 5511: 5462: 5454: 5407: 5370: 5362: 5305: 5295: 5245: 5209: 5169: 5128: 5120: 5074: 5066: 5025: 5017: 4970: 4933: 4923: 4874: 4864: 4823: 4815: 4774: 4766: 4717: 4709: 4668: 4658: 4617: 4607: 4566: 4558: 4517: 4507: 4468: 4430: 4422: 4378: 4370: 4329: 4321: 4280: 4272: 4231: 4223: 4182: 4174: 4163:"An Immunologic Mode of Multigenerational Transmission Governs a Gut Treg Setpoint" 4135: 4112: 4092: 4052: 4020: 4000: 3955: 3945: 3904: 3894: 3853: 3843: 3794: 3784: 3740: 3732: 3691: 3683: 3642: 3634: 3595: 3550: 3497: 3489: 3476:

Sun CM, Hall JA, Blank RB, Bouladoux N, Oukka M, Mora JR, Belkaid Y (August 2007).

3445: 3437: 3396: 3386: 3352: 3332: 3295: 3254: 3244: 3197: 3159: 3118: 3077: 3050: 3030: 2993: 2952: 2944: 2905: 2882: 2862: 2817: 2809: 2768: 2760: 2711: 2701: 2693: 2645: 2604: 2596: 2555: 2547: 2520: 2500: 2474: 2454: 2410: 2402: 2361: 2353: 2312: 2302: 2254: 2246: 2207: 2162: 2115: 2074: 2047: 2027: 1982: 1974: 1933: 1923: 1882: 1874: 1835: 1800: 1759: 1751: 1721: 1701: 1624:

mutations in FOXP3 develop a severe and rapidly fatal autoimmune disorder known as

1346: cells, to its ligand CCL22, which is secreted by many types of tumor cells. T 1216:

and in preventing excess inflammation in patients cured of visceral leishmaniasis.

1055: 1046: 1030: 967: 955: 870: 802: 283:

s have a larger TCR diversity than effector T cells, biased towards self-peptides.

72: 29: 5859: 5749: 5443:"Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target?" 4974: 4472: 4161:

Ramanan D, Sefik E, Galván-Peña S, Wu M, Yang L, Yang Z, et al. (June 2020).

1447:

s and thus increase CD8 T cells effective against the tumor. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody

1163:

infections (the most well-known of which is HIV), mycobacterial infections (e.g.,

632:

Regulatory T cells produce a number of inhibitory cytokines. These include TGF-β,

7142: 6960: 6455: 5960: 5945:"Activation of natural regulatory T cells by IgG Fc-derived peptide "Tregitopes"" 5021: 4819: 4612: 4426: 4374: 4325: 4276: 4139: 3932:

White MP, Smyth DJ, Cook L, Ziegler SF, Levings MK, Maizels RM (September 2021).

3899: 3638: 3531:"Reciprocal TH17 and regulatory T cell differentiation mediated by retinoic acid" 3441: 3164: 3147: 3123: 3106: 3082: 3065: 1839: 1648: 1608: 1604: 1559: 1034: 959: 752: 693: 276: 248: 166:. Studies in both humans and animal models have implicated that high numbers of T 92: 2998: 2981: 1511:

A number of different methods are employed in research to identify and monitor T

1013:, and the nucleotidases CD39 and CD73, suggesting a strong regulatory function. 7130: 6987: 6932: 6873: 6793: 6766: 5300: 5249: 4928: 4178: 3848: 3300: 3283: 2151:"Naturally occurring regulatory T cells: markers, mechanisms, and manipulation" 1576:-specific-demethylated region) is found demethylated, which allows to monitor T 1382: 1374: 1118: 983: 963: 713: 655: 637: 633: 447: cells are recirculating back to thymus, where they have developed. This T 411: 143: 6172: 5676:

Poloni C, Schonhofer C, Ivison S, Levings MK, Steiner TS, Cook L (July 2023).

5492:"Foxp3 occupancy and regulation of key target genes during T-cell stimulation" 5411: 4770: 4512: 4227: 3687: 3105:

Kobie JJ, Shah PR, Yang L, Rebhahn JA, Fowell DJ, Mosmann TR (November 2006).

2764: 2697: 2406: 2307: 1978: 781:

The main features that differentiate tTreg and iTreg cells include Helios and

471: cells. Molecular mechanism of this process works due to the ability of T 7152: 6955: 6844: 6662: 6644: 6482: 6444: 6365: 5653: 5636: 5183: 4869: 4663: 3599: 3391: 2650: 2633: 2357: 2061:

Singh B, Schwartz JA, Sandrock C, Bellemore SM, Nikoopour E (November 2013).

1928: 1878: 1504: 1250: 1094: 1063: 1059: 997:

RORγt+ Treg cells are not present in the thymus and do not express Helios or

878: 862: 766: 706: 608: 600: 373:. CD25Foxp3 progenitors exhibit increased apoptosis and develop into mature T 314: 196: 179: 155: 116: 68: 4753:

Beers DR, Zhao W, Wang J, Zhang X, Wen S, Neal D, et al. (March 2017).

4096: 4004: 3555: 3530: 2031: 1097:, reduction of IL-6 expressing CD11c+ dendritic cells and overexpression of 912:

expressing regulatory T cells that were stabile in presence of inflammation

6922: 6907: 6902: 6839: 6737: 6477: 6385: 6380: 6241: 6190: 6141: 6092: 6041: 5978: 5926: 5851: 5808: 5757: 5713: 5662: 5613: 5569: 5533: 5476: 5419: 5384: 5319: 5257: 5221: 5142: 5088: 5039: 4982: 4947: 4888: 4837: 4788: 4731: 4682: 4631: 4580: 4531: 4480: 4444: 4392: 4343: 4294: 4245: 4196: 4147: 4104: 4057: 4040: 4012: 3969: 3918: 3867: 3808: 3754: 3705: 3656: 3607: 3564: 3511: 3459: 3410: 3344: 3309: 3268: 3209: 3173: 3132: 3091: 3042: 3007: 2966: 2917: 2874: 2831: 2782: 2725: 2659: 2618: 2569: 2512: 2466: 2424: 2375: 2326: 2268: 2219: 2176: 2127: 2088: 2039: 1996: 1947: 1896: 1847: 1812: 1773: 1713: 1197: cells are being investigated as targets for HIV cure research. Some T 1164: 1026: 1006: 998: 991: 979: 861: cells, with the former having more stable FOXP3 expression and wider 782: 775: 112: 6222: 6073: 6055:

Cousens LP, Su Y, McClaine E, Li X, Terry F, Smith R, et al. (2013).

5789: 5605: 4209: 3249: 3232: 2813: 1105:

transcription factor which is critical for proliferation of cancer cells.

313:

After interaction with self-peptide MHC complex, T cell has to upregulate

6657: 6360: 6355: 5070: 4713: 3773:"Induction of stable human FOXP3 Tregs by a parasite-derived TGF-β mimic" 3736: 3493: 2948: 2600: 2391:"Thymic regulatory T cells arise via two distinct developmental programs" 2167: 2150: 1459:

s. Resistance to anti-PD-1-mAb treatment is probably caused by enhanced T

978:(SCFAs), on which this induction is dependent. SCFAs are a by-product of 850: 849: cells in maintaining tolerance is unknown, but both are important. 232: 136: 6023: 5908: 5843: 5515: 5366: 3259: 3063: 2866: 2706: 2250: 1705: 797:) cells (CD4 CD25 FOXP3) are suppressive cells involved in tolerance. iT 508: cells in thymus. CD31 could be used as a marker of new generated T 7045: 6798: 6704: 6334: 5694: 3950: 3789: 1584: 1448: 1169: 1160: 1070: 756: 644: 299: 295: 150: cells can treat autoimmune disease and cancer and can facilitate 5561: 5458: 4645:

Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C (2018).

4562: 3766: 3764: 2980:

Gondek DC, Lu LF, Quezada SA, Sakaguchi S, Noelle RJ (February 2005).

2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 1804: 1430: 583: cells in thymus. Binding of IL-1β to IL1R2 on the surface of T 7103: 6808: 6703: 6630: 6585: 6433: 6123: 4695: 1863:"Cutting Edge: Regulatory T Cells Facilitate Cutaneous Wound Healing" 1755: 674: 648: 171: 5771:

Agarwal A, Singh M, Chatterjee BP, Chauhan A, Chakraborti A (2014).

5004:

Yang ZZ, Novak AJ, Ziesmer SC, Witzig TE, Ansell SM (October 2007).

4258: 3718: 3336: 3201: 3034: 2458: 2103: 1788: 1292: cells seem to be preferentially trafficked to the TME. While T 7125: 7093: 6878: 6866: 6824: 6778: 6742: 6399: 6350: 5053:

Gooden MJ, de Bock GH, Leffers N, Daemen T, Nijman HW (June 2011).

3761: 2504: 2431: 1185: 962:

lymphoid tissues such as the intestinal barrier. In the intestinal

765:(iTregs, pTregs) arise under certain situations in the presence of 734: 624: 512: cells as same as other T lymphocytes. Mature and peripheral T 326: 163: 4644: 3669: 2679: 1408:

s which develop from naive precursors. However, tumor-associated T

1390: 1228: cells may be dysfunctional and driving neuroinflammation in 572: 548: 451:

were mainly present in thymic medulla, which is the main site of T

432: 420: 365:

cells after stimulation with IL-2 with comparable efficiency both

170: cells in the tumor microenvironment is indicative of a poor 7098: 6912: 6761: 6732: 6618: 5890: 5734: 5332: 4853:"New Paradigm in the Role of Regulatory T Cells During Pregnancy" 4593: 1612: 1381:

function and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as

1365:) as a transcription factor is an essential molecular marker of T 1206: 1174: 1042: 492:

expression. IL-2 is a cytokine necessary for the development of T

399:

generation in the thymus is delayed by several days compared to T

382: 5489: 4457: 4356: 7070: 7058: 6803: 6754: 6421: 6342: 5678:"T-cell activation-induced marker assays in health and disease" 4647:"Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research" 2582: 1481: 1010: 747:(tTregs, nTregs) are characterized by continuous expression of 738: 721: 236: 64: 6303: 6154: 6105: 5234: 4357:

Hovhannisyan Z, Treatman J, Littman DR, Mayer L (March 2011).

4125: 2060: 1825: 1212:

Regulatory T cells have a large role in the pathology of

1016: 38: 5770: 5675: 4408: 3231:

Wardell CM, MacDonald KN, Levings MK, Cook L (January 2021).

2931:

Kearley J, Barker JE, Robinson DS, Lloyd CM (December 2005).

1503:

4-expressing (CD4) population and express high levels of the

1492: 1488: 1386: 1370: 1362: 1137: 1114: 1102: 930: 925: 909: 748: 685: 536: 330: 318: 119:. Because effector T cells also express CD4 and CD25, T 104: 4307: 3423: 2749:"IL-1 receptor 2 (IL-1R2) and its role in immune regulation" 2148: 1480:

Similar to other T cells, regulatory T cells develop in the

1087: 5546: 5107:

Oleinika K, Nibbs RJ, Graham GJ, Fraser AR (January 2013).

3281: 3230: 1548: 1533: 1002: 921: 717: 681: 670: 666: 532: 501: 477: 415: 408: 108: 44: 6203: 5942: 5590: 5052: 2930: 2631: 2388: 5634: 5106: 4494:

Jacobse J, Li J, Rings EH, Samsom JN, Goettel JA (2021).

4160: 3186: 2895: 2490: 2444: 1081: 938:-Specific demethylated region compared to TGF-β-induced T 728: 244: 240: 100: 47: 4850: 4801: 3821: 2979: 1860: 210:. Additional regulatory T cell populations include 5397: 4074: 3982: 3880: 3623:"FOXP3 and the regulation of Treg/Th17 differentiation" 3524: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 531: cells into thymus. There was found population of 5003: 3770: 3282:

Sakaguchi S, Yamaguchi T, Nomura T, Ono M (May 2008).

2844: 2149:

Schmetterer KG, Neunkirchner A, Pickl WF (June 2012).

1789:"Tregs in immunotherapy: opportunities and challenges" 1683: 1400:

cells present in the TME can be either induced T

759:

and serve mainly to confer tolerance to autoantigens.

559: cells in thymus. The presence of recirculating T 523:

There is probably also positive regulation of thymic T

520: cells development is also functional in humans. 7114: 3931: 3475: 2288: 191:

and FOXP3 (CD4CD25 regulatory T cells). These T

6204:

Elyaman W, Khoury SJ, Scott DW, De Groot AS (2011).

6006:

Su Y, Rossi R, De Groot AS, Scott DW (August 2013).

6005: 4493: 3372: 3145: 3104: 2746: 2666: 1201: cell depletion strategies have been tested in 954:-expressing cells and thus acquire the phenotype of 680:

Through direct interactions with dendritic cells by

377:

cells with faster kinetics than Foxp3 progenitors. T

41: 35: 6054: 5821: 2795: 2009: 1666:

List of distinct cell types in the adult human body

1431:

Cancer therapies targeting regulatory T lymphocytes

958:. These cells are associated with the functions of 654:Reverse signalling through direct interaction with 32: 5335:"Suppressive IL-17AFoxp3 and ex-Th17 IL-17AFoxp3 T 4901: 4752: 2339: 1912:"Natural and induced T regulatory cells in cancer" 1373:polymorphism (rs3761548) might be involved in the 1334:Although it is still not entirely understood how T 1108: 1037:, thus suppressing the pro-inflammatory response. 945: 720:on effector T cells by the action of the molecule 158:. Their implications for cancer are complicated. T 5884: 2747:Peters VA, Joesting JJ, Freund GG (August 2013). 535:low FOXP3 in thymus with increased expression of 527: cells development caused by recirculating T 488: cells in thymus have not so high amount of 235:, which become committed to their lineage in the 7150: 5282:Li C, Jiang P, Wei S, Xu X, Wang J (July 2020). 3525:Mucida D, Park Y, Kim G, Turovskaya O, Scott I, 3020: 2340:Owen DL, Sjaastad LE, Farrar MA (October 2019). 1909: 231:All T cells derive from progenitor cells in the 5195: 5193: 5102: 5100: 5098: 4851:Tsuda S, Nakashima A, Shima T, Saito S (2019). 4039:Ning X, Lei Z, Rui B, Li Y, Li M (2022-12-05). 3471: 3469: 3375:"Treg Heterogeneity, Function, and Homeostasis" 2486: 2484: 2289:Santamaria JC, Borelli A, Irla M (2021-02-11). 5155: 3620: 3585: 1733: 1731: 1468:myeloid leukemia and is associated with T 1167:), and various parasitic infections including 1033:cell population and inhibit the production of 6689: 6319: 5938: 5936: 5440: 2342:"Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus" 1475: 788: 5815: 5728: 5281: 5190: 5095: 4997: 4954: 4038: 3466: 3417: 3322: 2533: 2481: 1963:"Regulatory T cells and treatment of cancer" 435:insensitive TGFβRII-DN mice are functional. 111:and are thought to be derived from the same 2796:Read S, Malmström V, Powrie F (July 2000). 1954: 1740:"Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy" 1728: 1113:Another important subset of Treg cells are 1017:Function of RORγt+ regulatory T lymphocytes 6696: 6682: 6326: 6312: 5933: 2232: 6296:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 6231: 6221: 6180: 6131: 6082: 6072: 6031: 5968: 5916: 5798: 5788: 5703: 5693: 5652: 5523: 5466: 5374: 5339:cells are a source of tumour-associated T 5309: 5299: 5277: 5275: 5173: 5132: 5078: 5029: 4937: 4927: 4878: 4868: 4827: 4778: 4721: 4708:(19): JVI.00533–20, jvi, JVI.00533–20v1. 4672: 4662: 4621: 4611: 4570: 4544: 4521: 4511: 4434: 4382: 4333: 4284: 4235: 4186: 4056: 3959: 3949: 3908: 3898: 3857: 3847: 3798: 3788: 3744: 3695: 3646: 3554: 3501: 3449: 3400: 3390: 3299: 3284:"Regulatory T cells and immune tolerance" 3258: 3248: 3163: 3122: 3081: 2997: 2956: 2821: 2772: 2715: 2705: 2649: 2608: 2559: 2414: 2365: 2316: 2306: 2258: 2197: 2166: 2078: 1986: 1937: 1927: 1886: 1763: 1088:RORγt+ regulatory T lymphocytes in cancer 853:differences have been observed between nT 673:with the production of immunosuppressive 427:functionality, in the thymus, as thymic T 5874:"Tregitope: Immunomodulation Power Tool" 2212:10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141122 1261: 986:in adults, Thetis cells in neonatal and 733:T regulatory lymphocytes develop during 613: 199:. Another regulatory T cell subset is T 6566: 6112:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 5199: 5175:10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033428 4960: 4545:Lui PP, Cho I, Ali N (September 2020). 2101: 1412:s may also originate from IL-17AFoxp3 T 829: cells share a similar function iT 763:Induced (peripheral) T regulatory cells 658:and the induction of immunosuppressive 438: 7151: 5272: 4045:Advanced Gut & Microbiome Research 3887:International Journal for Parasitology 2104:"Regulatory T cells in autoimmmunity*" 2067:The Indian Journal of Medical Research 1960: 1737: 1439:s in the TME are abundantly effector T 778:in the presence of external antigens. 729:Natural and induced regulatory T cells 16:White blood cells of the immune system 6677: 6307: 4404: 4402: 4070: 4068: 4034: 4032: 4030: 3621:Ziegler SF, Buckner JH (April 2009). 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3148:"Role of LAG-3 in regulatory T cells" 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 1744:The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1618: 443:There was observed, that some FOXP3 T 125:transforming growth factor beta 5156:Plitas G, Rudensky AY (2020-03-09). 5113:Clinical and Experimental Immunology 3725:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 3482:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2937:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2802:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2589:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 2534:Cheng G, Yu A, Malek TR (May 2011). 1786: 1266:The recruitment and maintenance of T 1184: cells play major roles during 6545:Mucosal associated invariant T cell 6255:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 5777:International Journal of Pediatrics 3373:Shevyrev D, Tereshchenko V (2020). 2686:Cellular & Molecular Immunology 665:Signalling through the ectoenzymes 571: cells. High concentration of 547: cells. High concentration of 341:cell progenitor. To become mature T 146:have suggested that modulation of T 99: cells express the biomarkers 13: 4399: 4065: 4027: 3359: 2275: 1491:(forkhead box p3). Expression of 1232:due to lower expression of FOXP3. 279:expression of NKT or γδ T cells; T 14: 7175: 6287: 5441:Ohue Y, Nishikawa H (July 2019). 5400:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology 2233:Li MO, Rudensky AY (April 2016). 1591:-dependent peripheral tolerance. 1416:s which develop from Th17 cells. 1377:progression through influencing T 928:and decreased methylation in the 7136: 7124: 6581:Lymphokine-activated killer cell 6210:Neurology Research International 5125:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04657.x 4600:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2552:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01004.x 2120:10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.423 1910:Adeegbe DO, Nishikawa H (2013). 1497:major histocompatibility complex 1029:. These cells also suppress the 745:Natural T regulatory lymphocytes 575:caused by inflammation decrease 551:caused by inflammation decrease 28: 6333: 6262: 6248: 6197: 6148: 6099: 6048: 5999: 5985: 5866: 5764: 5669: 5628: 5584: 5540: 5483: 5434: 5391: 5326: 5228: 5162:Annual Review of Cancer Biology 5149: 5046: 4895: 4844: 4795: 4746: 4689: 4638: 4587: 4538: 4487: 4451: 4350: 4301: 4252: 4203: 4154: 4119: 3976: 3925: 3874: 3815: 3712: 3663: 3614: 3579: 3518: 3316: 3275: 3224: 3180: 3139: 3098: 3057: 3014: 2973: 2924: 2889: 2838: 2789: 2740: 2625: 2576: 2527: 2382: 2333: 2226: 2191: 2142: 2095: 1587:may be important mediators of T 1109:Gata3+ regulatory T lymphocytes 946:RORγt+ regulatory T lymphocytes 643:Regulatory T cells can produce 195: cells are different from 91:induction and proliferation of 7023:Immunoglobulin class switching 6161:Journal of Clinical Immunology 5594:European Journal of Immunology 5158:"Regulatory T Cells in Cancer" 4415:Science Translational Medicine 3237:European Journal of Immunology 2054: 2003: 1903: 1854: 1819: 1780: 1677: 1583:Recent evidence suggests that 1286:tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes 1101:. IL-6 mediates activation of 1001:, but have high expression of 226: 185: 1: 5750:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2361 5214:10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70582-x 4975:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2035 4473:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0698 2910:10.1016/s0896-8411(03)00045-3 2753:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 1967:Current Opinion in Immunology 1671: 1230:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1224:There is some evidence that T 1153: 1117:Treg cells, which respond to 6626:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells 6614:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells 6609:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells 6596:Uterine natural killer cells 6576:Cytokine-induced killer cell 6061:Journal of Diabetes Research 6012:Journal of Leukocyte Biology 5961:10.1182/blood-2008-02-138073 5550:Arthritis & Rheumatology 5022:10.1182/blood-2007-03-082578 4820:10.1212/NXI.0000000000000465 4613:10.1371/journal.pntd.0009605 4427:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004566 4375:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.12.002 4326:10.1016/j.immuni.2018.12.015 4277:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112135 4140:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.02.014 3900:10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.12.004 3639:10.1016/j.micinf.2009.04.002 3442:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.03.029 3165:10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.010 3124:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6780 3083:10.1182/blood-2006-12-064527 1840:10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.004 1243: 1150:infectious microorganisms. 543:) compared with peripheral T 7: 5682:Immunology and Cell Biology 4547:"Tissue regulatory T cells" 3938:Immunology and Cell Biology 3777:Immunology and Cell Biology 3529:, Cheroutre H (July 2007). 2999:10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1783 2200:Annual Review of Immunology 2108:Annual Review of Immunology 1659: 1594: 660:indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 647:, which in turn can induce 594: 356:Recently, other subset of T 10: 7180: 6852:Polyclonal B cell response 5995:. Fierce Biotech Research. 5301:10.1186/s12943-020-01234-1 5250:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155351 4929:10.1038/s41467-019-10703-1 4461:Cancer Immunology Research 4179:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.030 3849:10.1038/s41467-017-01886-6 3325:Nature Reviews. Immunology 3301:10.1016/j.cell.2008.05.009 3023:Nature Reviews. Immunology 2239:Nature Reviews. Immunology 1499:(MHC) class II restricted 1476:Molecular characterization 1144: 1078:Inflammatory bowel disease 877:, even in the presence of 789:Induced T regulatory cells 275:s do not have the limited 127:(TGF-β) is essential for T 87:and generally suppress or 73:tolerance to self-antigens 59:cells), formerly known as 7086: 7044: 6986: 6887: 6817: 6725: 6718: 6643: 6604: 6557: 6525: 6429: 6420: 6341: 6173:10.1007/s10875-012-9762-4 5412:10.1038/s41571-019-0175-7 5059:British Journal of Cancer 4771:10.1172/jci.insight.89530 4513:10.3389/fimmu.2021.716499 4228:10.1038/s41591-019-0461-z 3688:10.1038/s41590-018-0230-z 2765:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.006 2698:10.1038/s41423-019-0352-8 2407:10.1038/s41590-018-0289-6 2308:10.3389/fimmu.2021.643153 1979:10.1016/j.coi.2008.04.008 1257: 893:Heligmosomoides polygyrus 463:to thymus inhibited just 63:, are a subpopulation of 6298:Medical Subject Headings 5654:10.4049/jimmunol.0803548 4963:Clinical Cancer Research 4870:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00573 4664:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734 3600:10.1016/j.it.2016.12.006 3392:10.3389/fimmu.2019.03100 2651:10.4049/jimmunol.1203473 2358:10.4049/jimmunol.1900662 1961:Curiel TJ (April 2008). 1929:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00190 1879:10.4049/jimmunol.1502139 1607:as well as reduction of 1361:Forkhead box protein 3 ( 1323:. This could be due to T 1124:Gata3+ T regs are major 793:Induced regulatory T (iT 6653:Hematopoietic stem cell 6412:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell 4857:Frontiers in Immunology 4651:Frontiers in Immunology 4500:Frontiers in Immunology 4097:10.1126/science.aac4263 4005:10.1126/science.aac4263 3556:10.1126/science.1145697 3379:Frontiers in Immunology 2898:Journal of Autoimmunity 2295:Frontiers in Immunology 2032:10.1126/science.1079490 1916:Frontiers in Immunology 1539:The identification of T 1404:s or natural (thymic) T 976:short-chain fatty acids 908:-TGM can induce murine 239:. All T cells begin as 6966:Tolerance in pregnancy 6708:adaptive immune system 3627:Microbes and Infection 1787:Chen W (August 2011). 1738:Curiel TJ (May 2007). 1274: 1272:tumor microenvironment 1219: 1214:visceral leishmaniasis 972:specific pathogen-free 821: cells. Though iT 619: 7001:Somatic hypermutation 6835:Polyclonal antibodies 6830:Monoclonal antibodies 6559:Innate lymphoid cells 6535:Natural killer T cell 5641:Journal of Immunology 5606:10.1002/eji.201344102 5347:Nature Communications 4908:Nature Communications 3828:Nature Communications 3250:10.1002/eji.202048746 3111:Journal of Immunology 2986:Journal of Immunology 2814:10.1084/jem.192.2.295 2638:Journal of Immunology 2540:Immunological Reviews 2346:Journal of Immunology 1867:Journal of Immunology 1628:mmune dysregulation, 1611:for the treatment of 1265: 845: cells versus iT 617: 423:is not required for T 337:to become CD25FOXP3 T 152:organ transplantation 7018:Junctional diversity 6786:Antigen presentation 6167:(Suppl 1): S43–S49. 5202:The Lancet. Oncology 5071:10.1038/bjc.2011.189 4714:10.1128/JVI.00533-20 4173:(6): 1276–1290.e13. 4058:10.1155/2022/8529578 3737:10.1084/jem.20070590 3588:Trends in Immunology 3494:10.1084/jem.20070602 2949:10.1084/jem.20051166 2601:10.1084/jem.20011756 2168:10.1096/fj.11-193672 1828:Autoimmunity Reviews 1486:transcription factor 1317:colorectal carcinoma 988:antigen presentation 439:Thymic recirculation 325:superfamily members 261:Hassall's corpuscles 7013:V(D)J recombination 6996:Affinity maturation 6748:Antigenic variation 6527:Innate-like T cells 6407:Transitional B cell 6223:10.1155/2011/256460 6074:10.1155/2013/621693 6024:10.1189/jlb.0912441 5909:10.1038/mt.2013.166 5844:10.1038/nature05010 5836:2006Natur.442..997L 5790:10.1155/2014/636238 5516:10.1038/nature05478 5508:2007Natur.445..931M 5367:10.1038/ncomms14649 5359:2017NatCo...814649D 4920:2019NatCo..10.3031H 4702:Journal of Virology 4134:(5): 1276–1288.e5. 4089:2015Sci...349..989O 3997:2015Sci...349..989O 3840:2017NatCo...8.1741J 3547:2007Sci...317..256M 2867:10.1038/nature06306 2859:2007Natur.450..566C 2251:10.1038/nri.2016.26 2102:Shevach EM (2000). 2024:2003Sci...299.1057H 2018:(5609): 1057–1061. 1706:10.1038/nature04753 1698:2006Natur.441..235B 1632:olyendocrinopathy, 1562:analysis. Only in T 1321:follicular lymphoma 1270: cells in the 890:mimic, secreted by 611:– see also below). 605:autoimmune diseases 6294:Regulatory+T-Cells 5830:(7106): 997–1002. 5695:10.1111/imcb.12636 3951:10.1111/IMCB.12479 3790:10.1111/IMCB.12475 1619:Genetic deficiency 1275: 692:interactions with 688:. This review of T 620: 77:autoimmune disease 67:that modulate the 61:suppressor T cells 21:regulatory T cells 7112: 7111: 7040: 7039: 6790:professional APCs 6671: 6670: 6639: 6638: 6553: 6552: 6118:(10): 1459–1464. 5897:Molecular Therapy 5562:10.1002/art.38761 5556:(10): 2694–2705. 5502:(7130): 931–935. 5459:10.1111/cas.14069 4969:(23): 8226–8229. 4563:10.1111/imm.13208 4421:(164): 164ra159. 4320:(1): 212–224.e4. 4083:(6251): 989–993. 3991:(6251): 989–993. 3682:(12): 1403–1414. 3676:Nature Immunology 3541:(5835): 256–260. 3190:Nature Immunology 3117:(10): 6780–6786. 2943:(11): 1539–1547. 2853:(7169): 566–569. 2499:(12): 1353–1362. 2493:Nature Immunology 2447:Nature Immunology 2395:Nature Immunology 1805:10.2217/imt.11.79 1692:(7090): 235–238. 1654:diabetes mellitus 1207:nonhuman primates 1126:immunosuppressors 1023:antigen tolerance 869:cells opposed to 702:negative feedback 85:immunosuppressive 7171: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7129: 7128: 7120: 7006:Clonal selection 6978:Immune privilege 6973:Immunodeficiency 6928:Cross-reactivity 6918:Hypersensitivity 6723: 6722: 6698: 6691: 6684: 6675: 6674: 6591:Adaptive NK cell 6564: 6563: 6427: 6426: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6305: 6304: 6282: 6266: 6260: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6235: 6225: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6135: 6124:10.4161/hv.21405 6103: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6076: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6035: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5972: 5955:(8): 3303–3311. 5940: 5931: 5930: 5920: 5903:(9): 1727–1737. 5888: 5882: 5881: 5880:. 2 August 2016. 5870: 5864: 5863: 5819: 5813: 5812: 5802: 5792: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5732: 5726: 5725: 5707: 5697: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5656: 5647:(4): 2827–2836. 5632: 5626: 5625: 5600:(6): 1644–1661. 5588: 5582: 5581: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5527: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5470: 5453:(7): 2080–2089. 5438: 5432: 5431: 5395: 5389: 5388: 5378: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5303: 5288:Molecular Cancer 5279: 5270: 5269: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5208:(6): e218–e228. 5197: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5136: 5104: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5016:(7): 2537–2544. 5001: 4995: 4994: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4941: 4931: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4882: 4872: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4831: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4782: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4725: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4676: 4666: 4642: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4615: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4574: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4525: 4515: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4467:(9): 1082–1092. 4455: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4406: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4363:Gastroenterology 4354: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4288: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4222:(7): 1164–1174. 4207: 4201: 4200: 4190: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4036: 4025: 4024: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3963: 3953: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3912: 3902: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3861: 3851: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3802: 3792: 3768: 3759: 3758: 3748: 3731:(8): 1757–1764. 3716: 3710: 3709: 3699: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3650: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3505: 3488:(8): 1775–1785. 3473: 3464: 3463: 3453: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3394: 3370: 3357: 3356: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3262: 3252: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3184: 3178: 3177: 3167: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3085: 3076:(4): 1225–1232. 3061: 3055: 3054: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3001: 2992:(4): 1783–1786. 2977: 2971: 2970: 2960: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2893: 2887: 2886: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2825: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2776: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2719: 2709: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2653: 2644:(7): 3180–3188. 2629: 2623: 2622: 2612: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2442: 2429: 2428: 2418: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2369: 2352:(8): 2031–2041. 2337: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2310: 2286: 2273: 2272: 2262: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2170: 2161:(6): 2253–2276. 2146: 2140: 2139: 2099: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1990: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1931: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1890: 1873:(5): 2010–2014. 1858: 1852: 1851: 1823: 1817: 1816: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1756:10.1172/JCI31202 1750:(5): 1167–1174. 1735: 1726: 1725: 1681: 579:development of T 555:development of T 467:development of T 286:The process of T 93:effector T cells 83: cells are 54: 53: 50: 49: 46: 43: 40: 37: 34: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7137: 7135: 7123: 7115: 7113: 7108: 7082: 7036: 6982: 6961:Clonal deletion 6889: 6883: 6813: 6714: 6702: 6672: 6667: 6635: 6600: 6549: 6521: 6515: 6507: 6499: 6491: 6467: 6459: 6452: 6416: 6394: 6337: 6332: 6290: 6285: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6249: 6202: 6198: 6153: 6149: 6104: 6100: 6053: 6049: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5941: 5934: 5889: 5885: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5820: 5816: 5769: 5765: 5738:Cancer Research 5733: 5729: 5674: 5670: 5633: 5629: 5589: 5585: 5545: 5541: 5488: 5484: 5439: 5435: 5396: 5392: 5342: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5280: 5273: 5233: 5229: 5198: 5191: 5154: 5150: 5105: 5096: 5051: 5047: 5002: 4998: 4959: 4955: 4900: 4896: 4849: 4845: 4800: 4796: 4751: 4747: 4694: 4690: 4643: 4639: 4606:(7): e0009605. 4592: 4588: 4543: 4539: 4492: 4488: 4456: 4452: 4407: 4400: 4355: 4351: 4306: 4302: 4257: 4253: 4216:Nature Medicine 4208: 4204: 4159: 4155: 4124: 4120: 4073: 4066: 4037: 4028: 3981: 3977: 3930: 3926: 3879: 3875: 3820: 3816: 3769: 3762: 3717: 3713: 3668: 3664: 3619: 3615: 3584: 3580: 3523: 3519: 3474: 3467: 3422: 3418: 3371: 3360: 3337:10.1038/nri3108 3331:(12): 852–863. 3321: 3317: 3280: 3276: 3229: 3225: 3202:10.1038/ni.1674 3185: 3181: 3144: 3140: 3103: 3099: 3062: 3058: 3035:10.1038/nri2163 3029:(10): 817–823. 3019: 3015: 2978: 2974: 2929: 2925: 2894: 2890: 2843: 2839: 2794: 2790: 2745: 2741: 2678: 2667: 2630: 2626: 2581: 2577: 2532: 2528: 2489: 2482: 2459:10.1038/ni.3150 2443: 2432: 2387: 2383: 2338: 2334: 2287: 2276: 2231: 2227: 2196: 2192: 2147: 2143: 2100: 2096: 2059: 2055: 2008: 2004: 1959: 1955: 1908: 1904: 1859: 1855: 1834:(12): 744–755. 1824: 1820: 1785: 1781: 1736: 1729: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1662: 1621: 1609:immune response 1605:type I diabetes 1597: 1590: 1579: 1575: 1565: 1560:DNA methylation 1557: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1380: 1368: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1326: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1291: 1269: 1260: 1246: 1239: 1227: 1222: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1156: 1147: 1111: 1090: 1019: 984:dendritic cells 948: 941: 937: 884: 874: 860: 856: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 806: 800: 796: 791: 753:T cell receptor 731: 694:dendritic cells 691: 656:dendritic cells 597: 586: 582: 570: 562: 558: 546: 530: 526: 519: 515: 511: 507: 499: 495: 487: 474: 470: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 441: 430: 426: 406: 402: 398: 380: 376: 364: 359: 344: 340: 309: 305: 293: 289: 282: 274: 270: 266: 258: 229: 222: 217: 202: 194: 188: 177: 169: 161: 149: 134: 130: 122: 98: 82: 58: 31: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7177: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7146: 7145: 7133: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6992: 6990: 6988:Immunogenetics 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6936: 6935: 6933:Co-stimulation 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6876: 6874:Immune complex 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6821: 6819: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6794:Dendritic cell 6782: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6772:Conformational 6769: 6758: 6757: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6701: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6678: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6622: 6621: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6572: 6570: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6475: 6465: 6457: 6450: 6442: 6436: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6331: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6289: 6288:External links 6286: 6284: 6283: 6261: 6247: 6196: 6147: 6098: 6047: 6018:(2): 377–383. 5998: 5984: 5932: 5883: 5865: 5814: 5763: 5744:(2): 599–608. 5727: 5688:(6): 491–503. 5668: 5627: 5583: 5539: 5482: 5447:Cancer Science 5433: 5406:(6): 356–371. 5390: 5340: 5336: 5325: 5271: 5227: 5189: 5168:(1): 459–477. 5148: 5094: 5045: 4996: 4953: 4894: 4843: 4794: 4745: 4688: 4637: 4586: 4537: 4486: 4450: 4398: 4369:(3): 957–965. 4349: 4300: 4251: 4202: 4153: 4118: 4064: 4026: 3975: 3944:(8): 848–864. 3924: 3893:(5): 379–385. 3873: 3814: 3783:(8): 833–847. 3760: 3711: 3662: 3633:(5): 594–598. 3613: 3594:(3): 168–180. 3578: 3517: 3465: 3436:(1): 109–122. 3416: 3358: 3315: 3294:(5): 775–787. 3274: 3223: 3179: 3158:(4): 503–513. 3138: 3097: 3056: 3013: 2972: 2923: 2904:(4): 277–279. 2888: 2837: 2808:(2): 295–302. 2788: 2739: 2692:(1): 182–193. 2665: 2624: 2595:(6): 789–794. 2575: 2526: 2505:10.1038/ni1536 2480: 2453:(6): 628–634. 2430: 2401:(2): 195–205. 2381: 2332: 2274: 2245:(4): 220–233. 2225: 2190: 2141: 2094: 2073:(5): 591–594. 2053: 2002: 1973:(2): 241–246. 1953: 1902: 1853: 1818: 1799:(8): 911–914. 1779: 1727: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1661: 1658: 1620: 1617: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1555: 1544: 1540: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1477: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1378: 1375:gastric cancer 1366: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1328: 1324: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299:The ratio of T 1293: 1289: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1245: 1242: 1237: 1236:expansion of T 1225: 1221: 1218: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1181: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1143: 1110: 1107: 1089: 1086: 1069:Deficiency of 1018: 1015: 964:lamina propria 947: 944: 939: 935: 904:TGF-β mimic). 882: 872: 858: 854: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:) cells and iT 814: 810: 804: 798: 794: 790: 787: 737:either in the 730: 727: 726: 725: 714:co-stimulation 710: 697: 689: 678: 663: 652: 641: 638:Interleukin 10 634:Interleukin 35 596: 593: 584: 580: 568: 560: 556: 544: 528: 524: 517: 513: 509: 505: 497: 493: 485: 472: 468: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 437: 428: 424: 412:co-stimulation 407:cells require 404: 400: 396: 378: 374: 362: 357: 342: 338: 307: 303: 291: 287: 280: 272: 268: 264: 256: 228: 225: 220: 215: 200: 197:helper T cells 192: 187: 184: 175: 167: 159: 147: 132: 128: 120: 96: 80: 75:, and prevent 56: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7176: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7033: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Clonal anergy 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6846: 6845:Microantibody 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6753: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6699: 6694: 6692: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6664: 6663:Prolymphocyte 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6645:Lymphopoiesis 6642: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6483:Memory T cell 6481: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6453: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6440:Cytotoxic CD8 6437: 6435: 6432: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Marginal zone 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5065:(1): 93–103. 5064: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4765:(5): e89530. 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4271:(3): 112135. 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2841: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155:FASEB Journal 2152: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1822: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:Immunotherapy 1790: 1783: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1734: 1732: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1680: 1676: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1592: 1586: 1581: 1572:gene (TSDR, T 1571: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1550: 1537: 1535: 1509: 1506: 1505:interleukin-2 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1473: 1450: 1428: 1417: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1372: 1369: cells. 1364: 1359: 1358: cells. 1332: 1322: 1318: 1297: 1287: 1282: 1279: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1187: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1162: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1064:Bacteroidales 1061: 1060:Clostridiales 1057: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 943: 933: 932: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 894: 889: 880: 876: 875:17 cells 866: 864: 863:demethylation 852: 808: 807:17 cells 786: 784: 779: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 740: 736: 723: 719: 715: 711: 708: 707:interleukin 2 703: 698: 695: 687: 683: 679: 676: 672: 668: 664: 661: 657: 653: 650: 646: 642: 639: 635: 631: 630: 629: 627: 626: 616: 612: 610: 609:IPEX syndrome 606: 602: 601:immune system 592: 590: 578: 574: 566: 554: 550: 542: 538: 534: 521: 503: 491: 483: 480:) encoded by 479: 466: 436: 434: 422: 417: 413: 410: 393: 391: 386: 384: 372: 368: 354: 352: 348: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 301: 297: 284: 278: 262: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 224: 213: 209: 204: 198: 183: 181: 180:Immunotherapy 173: 165: 157: 156:wound healing 153: 145: 140: 138: 126: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 94: 90: 86: 78: 74: 70: 69:immune system 66: 62: 52: 26: 22: 6923:Inflammation 6908:Alloimmunity 6903:Autoimmunity 6888:Immunity vs. 6840:Autoantibody 6738:Superantigen 6471: 6268: 6264: 6250: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6115: 6111: 6101: 6064: 6060: 6050: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5987: 5952: 5948: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5877: 5868: 5827: 5823: 5817: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5741: 5737: 5730: 5685: 5681: 5671: 5644: 5640: 5630: 5597: 5593: 5586: 5553: 5549: 5542: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5353:(1): 14649. 5350: 5346: 5328: 5291: 5287: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5205: 5201: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5119:(1): 36–45. 5116: 5112: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5013: 5009: 4999: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4911: 4907: 4897: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4654: 4650: 4640: 4603: 4599: 4589: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4464: 4460: 4453: 4418: 4414: 4366: 4362: 4352: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4268: 4265:Cell Reports 4264: 4254: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4080: 4076: 4051:: e8529578. 4048: 4044: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3780: 3776: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3538: 3534: 3527:Kronenberg M 3520: 3485: 3481: 3433: 3429: 3419: 3382: 3378: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3260:11343/276776 3243:(1): 27–38. 3240: 3236: 3226: 3196:(1): 48–57. 3193: 3189: 3182: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3026: 3022: 3016: 2989: 2985: 2975: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2901: 2897: 2891: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2707:10033/622148 2689: 2685: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2546:(1): 63–76. 2543: 2539: 2529: 2496: 2492: 2450: 2446: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2298: 2294: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2015: 2011: 2005: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1831: 1827: 1821: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1747: 1743: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1646: 1644:) syndrome. 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1602: 1598: 1582: 1567: 1553: 1538: 1510: 1479: 1472:inhibition. 1434: 1418: 1395: 1360: 1333: 1298: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1251:preeclamptic 1247: 1233: 1223: 1211: 1179: 1168: 1165:tuberculosis 1157: 1148: 1141:transcript. 1136: 1130: 1123: 1112: 1091: 1075: 1068: 1052: 1039: 1020: 999:Neuropilin-1 996: 980:fermentation 949: 929: 917: 913: 905: 902:H. polygyrus 901: 897: 891: 867: 825: and nT 792: 783:Neuropilin-1 780: 776:inflammation 762: 761: 744: 743: 732: 623: 621: 598: 576: 564: 552: 540: 522: 489: 481: 464: 442: 394: 387: 370: 366: 355: 312: 285: 230: 207: 205: 189: 141: 89:downregulate 60: 24: 20: 18: 7164:Human cells 7046:Lymphocytes 6705:Lymphocytic 6658:Lymphoblast 6356:Plasmablast 6335:Lymphocytes 4914:(1): 3031. 4814:(4): e465. 4759:JCI Insight 4557:(1): 4–17. 3834:(1): 1741. 2206:: 531–562. 2114:: 423–449. 1636:nteropathy 1427:depletion. 896:and termed 757:lymph nodes 233:bone marrow 227:Development 186:Populations 137:homeostasis 135: cell 71:, maintain 7153:Categories 7087:Substances 6951:Peripheral 6939:Inaction: 6818:Antibodies 6799:Macrophage 6712:complement 6472:Regulatory 6445:Helper CD4 6371:Follicular 6216:: 256460. 6067:: 621693. 5783:: 636238. 5294:(1): 116. 5244:: 155351. 4551:Immunology 4506:: 716499. 2301:: 643153. 1672:References 1585:mast cells 1449:ipilimumab 1170:Leishmania 1161:retroviral 1154:Infections 1071:tryptophan 956:Th17 cells 851:Epigenetic 645:Granzyme B 504:negative T 300:stochastic 296:Goldilocks 7104:Cytolysin 7094:Cytokines 6941:Tolerance 6890:tolerance 6809:Immunogen 6631:LTi cells 6586:Null cell 6434:Thymocyte 6281:GeneTests 5722:257152898 5266:226218796 5184:2472-3428 4808:Neurology 4740:220579402 3218:205361984 2734:210913733 1640:-linked ( 1613:allergies 1244:Pregnancy 1205:infected 968:germ-free 675:adenosine 649:apoptosis 172:prognosis 117:CD4 cells 115:as naïve 7143:Medicine 7054:Cellular 6898:Immunity 6896:Action: 6879:Paratope 6867:Idiotype 6857:Allotype 6825:Antibody 6779:Mimotope 6743:Allergen 6726:Antigens 6719:Lymphoid 6619:Nuocytes 6568:NK cells 6400:B10 cell 6242:21941651 6191:22941509 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