1440:
1624:
60:
1616:
127:
1428:
132:
1276:
1288:
1612:) have typically been highly controversial. Because of this, many states prohibit mid-decade redistricting, although this is more prevalent for state legislative redistricting than for congressional redistricting. Some also link it to a specific year or to the decennial census. It is unclear to what extent mid-decade redistricting would be legal in those states.
1366:
required that the number of seats in the U.S. House of
Representatives be kept at a constant 435, and a 1941 act made the reapportionment among the states by population automatic after every decennial census. Reapportionment occurs at the federal level followed by redistricting at the state level.
1678:
Each state can set its own standards for congressional and legislative districts. In addition to equalizing the population of districts and complying with federal requirements, criteria may include attempting to create compact, contiguous districts, trying to keep political units and communities
1787:
The state and federal court systems are often involved in resolving disputes over congressional and legislative redistricting when gridlock prevents redistricting in a timely manner. In addition, those disadvantaged by a proposed redistricting plan may challenge it in state and federal courts.
1821:
since the 2010s in order to reduce redistricting-related litigation, prevent partisan "arms races" over reapportionment and partisan gerrymandering, and reduce perceptions of nonpartisan redistricting as unilateral disarmament. To date, no such compacts have been approved by legislature or
1608:) does not prevent states from redistricting at any time between censuses, up to and including redistricting prior to each congressional election, provided such redistricting conforms to various federal laws. However, "mid-decade" redistricting proposals (such as what occurred in
1796:
in certain states that have had a history of racial barriers to voting. The
Supreme Court's ruling on the Pennsylvania redistricting effectively allows elected officials to select their constituents by eliminating most of the grounds for constituents to challenge district lines.
1724:, the practice of drawing district boundaries to achieve political advantage for legislators, involves the manipulation of district boundaries to leave out, or include, specific populations in a particular district to ensure a legislator's reelection or to advantage their party.
1385:
left to the legislature of each state the authority to establish congressional districts; however, such decisions are subject to judicial review. In most states redistricting is subject to political maneuvering, but some state legislatures have created independent commissions.
1635:), both federal and state courts can also order the redistricting of maps between-censuses (because maps were ruled unconstitutional or against federal law, for example). Examples of this are the redistricting that occurred between the 2016 and 2018 elections in
1603:
By law, the forty-four states with more than one representative must redistrict after each decennial census to account for population shifts within the state as well as (when necessary) to add or remove congressional districts. Federal law (including the
1675:, since the 1911 Act was still in force. However, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1911 Act was no longer in force even though Congress never repealed it. The previous apportionment acts required districts be contiguous, compact, and equally populated.
1739:
Partisan domination of state legislatures and improved technology to design contiguous districts that pack opponents into as few districts as possible have led to district maps which are skewed towards one party. Consequently, many states including
1407:
in the redistricting process has been a problem since the early days of the republic. In recent years, critics have argued that redistricting has been used to neutralize minority voting power. Supporters say it enhances electoral competitiveness.
1727:
In states where the legislature (or another body where a partisan majority is possible) is in charge of redistricting, the possibility of gerrymandering (the deliberate manipulation of political boundaries for electoral advantage, usually of
3749:
3717:
3346:
4008:
3654:
3442:
3410:
4072:
1992:
3669:
2469:
1736:) often makes the process very politically contentious, especially when the majorities of the two houses of the legislature, or the legislature and the governor, are from different parties.
3877:
3845:
1636:
3394:
2148:
193:
3693:
456:
1382:
2559:
3709:
170:
159:
3861:
3837:
3989:
3378:
1191:
441:
2773:
3973:
3805:
3661:
3225:
1355:
1319:
3797:
3773:
3506:
3386:
328:
3362:
2879:
1374:
451:
430:
148:
3638:
3853:
3622:
4024:
3741:
3677:
3614:
3466:
3434:
3354:
17:
4040:
4016:
3909:
3765:
3733:
3549:
3426:
3402:
2433:
1976:
1860:(1964) — legislative districts for the U.S. House of Representatives must be composed, to the extent practicable, of equal numbers of eligible voters
221:
3789:
2758:
1652:
1150:
1146:
927:
3933:
3482:
3474:
3450:
413:
2272:
3630:
877:
802:
323:
185:
3273:
3049:
2144:
1168:
1009:
902:
1651:
State constitutions and laws also mandate which body has responsibility over drawing the state legislature boundaries. In addition, those
4127:
4096:
3925:
3199:
1312:
1024:
446:
2031:
1443:
Partisan control of congressional redistricting after the 2020 elections, with the number of U.S. House seats each state will receive.
1249:
1244:
1107:
436:
3230:
3178:
2385:
2049:
1422:
1254:
890:
792:
243:
232:
2567:
30:
This article is about the process of determining electoral boundaries in the United States. For the process in other countries, see
1067:
922:
3015:
A simulation of how redistricting works. It uses the real US laws and practices and incorporates quotes from US political leaders.
3204:
1058:
71:
2958:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
2928:
2124:
1776:
have succeeded in reducing or effectively eliminating competition for most House seats in those states. Some states, including
1478:
1344:
1305:
1120:
1089:
1045:
1019:
959:
939:
837:
822:
465:
341:
140:
2381:
3138:
2044:
1679:
within a single district, and avoiding the drawing of boundaries for purposes of partisan advantage or incumbent protection.
1080:
964:
811:
260:
2670:
2623:
1181:
181:
3235:
1789:
1716:
1596:
give independent bodies authority to propose redistricting plans, but preserve the role of legislatures to approve them.
1557:
1404:
1097:
974:
494:
285:
210:
2162:
3965:
3949:
3757:
1390:
1239:
1219:
994:
989:
944:
632:
514:
357:
349:
97:
3646:
2417:
2341:
2324:
2231:
1605:
1513:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1127:
1102:
1063:
954:
897:
862:
577:
79:
3266:
3042:
2800:
2601:
1173:
1158:
1134:
1049:
867:
849:
844:
3148:
1689:
1640:
1186:
1037:
979:
934:
762:
421:
2077:
Since
Vermont only has a single representative, its congressional redistricting laws are not currently in force.
2068:
Since Alaska only has a single representative, its congressional redistricting laws are not currently in force.
1004:
999:
499:
479:
302:
268:
3158:
1516:
has primary responsibility for creating a redistricting plan, in many cases subject to approval by the state
984:
969:
687:
92:
47:
426:
318:
3490:
3259:
3251:
3133:
3035:
1668:
1363:
1359:
1259:
1073:
857:
782:
727:
692:
3183:
2357:
2207:
767:
672:
2671:"Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evaluations of Partisan Fairness in District-Based Democracies"
2624:"Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Evaluations of Partisan Fairness in District-Based Democracies"
2298:
4088:
3173:
3143:
3128:
1793:
1672:
1432:
732:
722:
717:
697:
31:
3240:
3167:
3123:
3118:
2504:
1806:
1671:
did not state any size and population requirements for congressional districts, last stated in the
1632:
1609:
1573:
1517:
797:
647:
562:
87:
1439:
3370:
1623:
682:
677:
552:
2857:"Reflecting on the 2020 Redistricting Cycle: A Proposal for Interstate Redistricting Agreements"
2732:
2147:. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2008.
3917:
3598:
3163:
2974:
1984:
1813:
between states on congressional redistricting. These have been proposed in the legislatures of
1394:
1163:
772:
737:
642:
617:
118:
110:
2856:
2774:"Americans Don't Trust Their Congressional Maps To Be Drawn Fairly. Can Anything Change That?"
3606:
3573:
3153:
2273:"Gerrymandering could limit minority voters' power even though Census shows population gains"
2016:
1615:
1378:
757:
707:
662:
652:
637:
627:
612:
592:
567:
557:
547:
404:
2920:
59:
3725:
3018:
2938:
2563:
1896:
1745:
1348:
1280:
777:
752:
657:
597:
572:
542:
532:
202:
2834:
2589:
Community as a
Redistricting Principle: Consulting Media Markets in Drawing District Lines
1852:(1963) — 14th Amendment's equal protection clause requires “one person, one vote” standard
8:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3525:
3418:
3322:
2924:
2405:
1880:
1856:
1505:. These states do not need redistricting for the House and elect members on a state-wide
712:
667:
607:
582:
537:
2908:
A comprehensive source for information about redistricting in all fifty states from the
1792:
approval (which is known as pre-clearance) was formerly required under
Section 5 of the
4080:
3541:
3458:
3298:
2943:
2805:
2698:
2651:
2546:
2483:
2185:
2129:
1968:
1935:
1919:
1888:
1832:
1810:
1569:
1369:
1340:
907:
742:
622:
587:
2098:
1911:
1863:
126:
3981:
3869:
3813:
3579:
3565:
3533:
3498:
3027:
2979:
2947:
2934:
2884:
2810:
2752:
2690:
2643:
2254:
2248:
2024:
2008:
1960:
1944:
1904:
1784:, protect incumbents of both parties, reducing the number of competitive districts.
1600:
has a commission composed of its governor, attorney general, and secretary of state.
917:
787:
747:
702:
602:
504:
399:
2964:
2914:
2702:
2655:
1631:
Apart from mid-decade redistricting initiated by state legislatures (as happened in
4056:
3941:
3685:
3557:
3330:
2682:
2635:
2446:
2165:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives
2000:
1872:
1781:
1581:
509:
3001:
2994:"Digital Boundary Definitions of United States Congressional Districts, 1789-2012"
2421:
2345:
4104:
4048:
3957:
3701:
3314:
2778:
2737:
1848:
1733:
1292:
912:
394:
377:
367:
310:
246:
173:
4064:
2235:
1844:(1962) — federal courts may review redistricting of state legislative districts
1757:
1721:
1627:
The legality of mid-decade state-legislative redistricting in the United States
1211:
1138:
2686:
2639:
1427:
4121:
4032:
3338:
3306:
2814:
2694:
2647:
1840:
1336:
293:
235:
213:
162:
131:
2258:
1520:. To reduce the role that legislative politics might play, thirteen states (
3829:
3821:
3781:
1952:
1928:
1765:
1682:
Redistricting may follow other criteria depending on state and local laws:
1619:
The legality of mid-decade congressional redistricting in the United States
1585:
1565:
1494:
1490:
389:
372:
360:
224:
151:
3281:
4073:
Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1993:
Arizona State
Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
382:
2905:
1572:) determine congressional redistricting by an independent or bipartisan
1287:
3005:
1777:
1695:
1529:
1398:
2986:
2505:"California Secretary of State: City and County Redistricting Process"
2470:
League of Women Voters of
Pennsylvania v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
3002:"Redistricting: How Powerful Interests Are Drawing You Out of a Vote"
1773:
1729:
276:
27:
Process of drawing electoral district boundaries in the United States
3012:
2588:
1818:
1814:
1753:
1749:
1656:
1597:
1593:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1506:
1486:
2993:
2325:"2020 Census: Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives"
1741:
1589:
1553:
1525:
1502:
1498:
2953:
2899:
1401:
has a single representative, that district will be state-wide.
1393:(enacted in 1967) requires that representatives be elected from
3209:
2602:"ArcGIS is Making Redistricting More Efficient and Transparent"
1537:
1521:
1482:
3022:
2731:
Rakich, Ryan Best, Aaron
Bycoffe and Nathaniel (2021-08-09).
2669:
Katz, Jonathan N.; King, Gary; Rosenblatt, Elizabeth (2020).
2622:
Katz, Jonathan N.; King, Gary; Rosenblatt, Elizabeth (2020).
2591:(July 6, 2010). Indiana Law Journal Supplement, Vol. 5, 2010.
1769:
1577:
1541:
2968:
2909:
2277:
1761:
1561:
1201:
1347:, and state legislatures, redistricting occurs after each
3990:
Alexander v. South
Carolina State Conference of the NAACP
3750:
Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas
2145:"Apportionment Legislation 1890 – Present"
2032:
Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP
1825:
1809:
in multiple states, proposals have been fielded to draft
1206:
3974:
Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission
2560:"TheHill.com - Redistricting looms over 2010 landscape"
1655:
that are elected on a district basis (as opposed to an
3507:
Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
3057:
3021:
includes definition of equal population criteria from
3718:
Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks
3013:
The Redistricting Game - Where Do You Draw the Lines
2155:
1356:
U.S. Constitution in Article 1, Section 2, Clause 3
2668:
2621:
2374:
2322:
3910:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
3550:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
2880:"Over Half of House Seats Can't Be Gerrymandered"
2434:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
1977:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
457:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review
4119:
2991:
2959:A Citizen's Guide to Redistricting, 2010 Edition
3934:Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections
3475:Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
3347:Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado
2125:"One man, one vote: Decades of court decisions"
1477:Six states have a single representative in the
4009:Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist.
2931:, including historical representation by state
2877:
2733:"What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State"
2118:
2116:
1800:
1700:preservation of existing political communities
1481:, because of their low populations. These are
1411:
3267:
3043:
2965:Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S.
1313:
2935:District sizes and other data from 1900-2000
2910:Rose Institute of State and Local Government
2757:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2240:
4097:Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill
3926:Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
3200:National Democratic Redistricting Committee
2720:. New Jersey: PEARSON Education. p. 9.
2250:The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander
2113:
3274:
3260:
3050:
3036:
2950:Libraries, includes list of state websites
2861:Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper
1466: Independent redistricting commission
1320:
1306:
2801:"Where Redistricting Stands in 14 States"
2386:National Conference of State Legislatures
2050:United States congressional apportionment
1662:
1423:United States congressional apportionment
3655:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
3443:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
3411:Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District
2996:. University of California, Los Angeles.
2889:. (About U.S. congressional districting)
2715:
2537:Apportionment Act of 1862, 12 Stat. 572.
2246:
1622:
1614:
1438:
1426:
3205:National Republican Redistricting Trust
2854:
2718:The Politics of Congressional Elections
2594:
2528:Apportionment Act of 1842, 5 Stat. 491.
2122:
452:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
442:Multidistrict Litigation Judicial Panel
41:This article is part of a series on the
14:
4120:
2992:Jeffrey B. Lewis; et al. (2013).
2929:United States House of Representatives
2771:
2730:
2101:. ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network
1826:U.S. Supreme Court redistricting cases
1639:or the redistricting that occurred in
1479:United States House of Representatives
1431:Allocation of districts following the
1362:in the House of Representatives. The
1345:United States House of Representatives
3255:
3031:
2798:
2382:"2009 Redistricting Commission Table"
2323:U.S. Census Bureau (April 26, 2021).
2151:from the original on 17 October 2010.
2045:Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)
1805:In addition to the establishments of
812:Elections in the District of Columbia
3670:United Jewish Organizations v. Carey
2484:"Government Redistricting Web Sites"
2123:Goldman, Ari L. (21 November 1986).
1182:United States and the United Nations
414:Inferior Courts of the United States
3878:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
3846:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
1717:Gerrymandering in the United States
286:Vice President of the United States
24:
4128:Redistricting in the United States
3284:redistricting in the United States
3059:Redistricting in the United States
2944:Government Redistricting Web Sites
2878:Louis Jacobson (October 1, 2020),
2871:
2863:. 128 Penn St. L. Rev. 433 (2024).
2183:
2091:
1391:Uniform Congressional District Act
350:Supreme Court of the United States
58:
25:
18:Redistricting in the United States
4139:
3647:City of Richmond v. United States
3395:Hadley v. Junior College District
3019:Equal Population in Redistricting
2893:
2675:American Political Science Review
2628:American Political Science Review
2481:
1710:
1460: Split or bipartisan control
80:Constitution of the United States
2983:. Saturday August 24, 1991. A25.
2917:Maptitude for Redistricting News
2855:Krislov, Zachary (23 Oct 2023).
2772:Wilkes, Mackenzie (2021-10-26).
2099:"Boundary Delimitation Glossary"
1472: No redistricting necessary
1286:
1274:
525:Elections by State and Territory
130:
125:
3758:Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n
2848:
2827:
2792:
2765:
2724:
2709:
2662:
2615:
2581:
2552:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2497:
2475:
2463:
2439:
2427:
2411:
2399:
2350:
2335:
2316:
2291:
2071:
2062:
1187:United Nations Security Council
1090:District of Columbia Government
2975:Getting point of redistricting
2265:
2225:
2200:
2177:
2137:
303:United States Attorney General
269:President of the United States
13:
1:
3694:City of Rome v. United States
2486:. Purdue University Libraries
2163:"Proportional Representation"
2084:
447:Alien Terrorist Removal Court
2987:www.FloridaRedistricting.org
2799:Astor, Maggie (2021-09-16).
437:Court of International Trade
7:
3966:North Carolina v. Covington
3950:North Carolina v. Covington
3710:Escambia County v. McMillan
3491:Tennant v. Jefferson County
3231:Congressional apportionment
2921:Congressional Apportionment
2549:, 541 U.S. 267, 276 (2004).
2436:, 548 U.S. 399, 447 (2006).
2253:. Chicago: Scott Foresman.
2038:
1801:Other redistricting reforms
1669:Reapportionment Act of 1929
1412:Legislative representatives
1364:Reapportionment Act of 1929
1360:proportional representation
10:
4144:
2906:redistrictinginamerica.org
2472:, 181 A.3d 1083 (Pa. 2018)
1714:
1420:
1416:
1339:is the process of drawing
29:
4089:Wittman v. Personhuballah
4000:
3590:
3517:
3290:
3218:
3192:
3111:
3065:
2687:10.1017/S000305541900056X
2640:10.1017/S000305541900056X
2611:, p. 26, Spring 2018
1807:redistricting commissions
1794:Voting Rights Act of 1965
1673:Apportionment Act of 1911
878:List of political parties
32:Redistribution (election)
3862:Lopez v. Monterey County
3838:Lopez v. Monterey County
3241:Redistricting commission
2902:Includes state criteria.
2408:, 376 U.S. 1, 18 (1964).
2247:Griffith, Elmer (1907).
2055:
1659:basis) also redistrict.
1646:
1574:redistricting commission
1454: Republican control
1448: Democratic control
1281:United States portal
793:Northern Mariana Islands
141:House of Representatives
3518:Partisan gerrymandering
3379:Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
3371:Avery v. Midland County
2900:All About Redistricting
2837:. supct.law.cornell.edu
2716:Jacobson, Gary (2013).
2451:All About Redistricting
2362:All About Redistricting
2303:All About Redistricting
2212:All About Redistricting
1395:single-member districts
1010:Individualist anarchism
182:Congressional districts
3918:Bartlett v. Strickland
3599:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2954:Public Mapping Project
2358:"Who draws the lines?"
2208:"Who draws the lines?"
1985:Bartlett v. Strickland
1663:Redistricting criteria
1628:
1620:
1474:
1436:
1147:Diplomatic missions of
1025:Political polarization
495:Presidential elections
119:United States Congress
63:
3806:United States v. Hays
3662:Beer v. United States
3607:Wright v. Rockefeller
3591:Racial gerrymandering
3574:Rucho v. Common Cause
2388:(NCSL). June 28, 2008
2299:"Why should we care?"
2017:Rucho v. Common Cause
1653:municipal governments
1626:
1618:
1442:
1430:
1421:Further information:
1343:boundaries. For the
222:President Pro Tempore
62:
3798:Johnson v. De Grandy
3774:Voinovich v. Quilter
3726:Thornburg v. Gingles
3387:Wells v. Rockefeller
3282:Case law related to
2939:United States Census
2835:"Vieth v. Jubelirer"
1921:Voinovich v. Quilter
1897:Thornburg v. Gingles
1383:Article I, Section 4
1151:in the United States
891:Political ideologies
515:Presidential primary
3902:Georgia v. Ashcroft
3894:Easley v. Cromartie
3886:Sinkfield v. Kelley
3526:Gaffney v. Cummings
3419:Gaffney v. Cummings
3363:Burns v. Richardson
3323:Wesberry v. Sanders
2925:Office of the Clerk
2915:MappingSoftware.com
2447:"National Overview"
2406:Wesberry v. Sanders
1937:Johnson v. DeGrandy
1881:Gaffney v. Cummings
1865:Burns v. Richardson
1857:Wesberry v. Sanders
1811:interstate compacts
1293:Politics portal
1128:Department of State
803:U.S. Virgin Islands
4081:Shapiro v. McManus
3639:Whitcomb v. Chavis
3542:Vieth v. Jubelirer
3459:Karcher v. Daggett
3299:Colegrove v. Green
2973:Rodriguez, Lori. "
2806:The New York Times
2547:Vieth v. Jubelirer
2186:"Reynolds v. Sims"
2130:The New York Times
1969:Vieth v. Jubelirer
1889:Karcher v. Daggett
1833:Colegrove v. Green
1790:Justice Department
1629:
1621:
1512:In 25 states, the
1475:
1437:
1370:Colegrove v. Green
1341:electoral district
1135:Secretary of State
505:Off-year elections
487:National Elections
194:Non-voting members
72:Federal government
64:
4115:
4114:
3982:Allen v. Milligan
3870:Hunt v. Cromartie
3854:Abrams v. Johnson
3814:Miller v. Johnson
3623:Connor v. Johnson
3580:Lamone v. Benisek
3566:Benisek v. Lamone
3534:Davis v. Bandemer
3499:Evenwel v. Abbott
3249:
3248:
2980:Houston Chronicle
2948:Purdue University
2885:Cookpolitical.com
2587:Miller, Jason C.,
2025:Allen v. Milligan
2012:(2018 & 2019)
2009:Benisek v. Lamone
1961:Hunt v. Cromartie
1945:Miller v. Johnson
1905:Davis v. Bandemer
1703:partisan fairness
1514:state legislature
1330:
1329:
1169:Visa requirements
1121:Foreign relations
1020:Political culture
960:Constitutionalism
838:Political parties
823:List of Elections
510:Primary elections
500:Midterm elections
422:Courts of appeals
50:
16:(Redirected from
4135:
4057:Lance v. Coffman
4025:Quinn v. Millsap
3942:Cooper v. Harris
3742:Chisom v. Roemer
3686:Mobile v. Bolden
3678:Wise v. Lipscomb
3615:Turner v. Fouche
3558:Gill v. Whitford
3467:Brown v. Thomson
3435:Chapman v. Meier
3355:Fortson v. Toomb
3331:Reynolds v. Sims
3291:Equal population
3276:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3252:
3219:Related articles
3052:
3045:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3009:
2997:
2946:from GovDocs at
2888:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:on June 18, 2009
2566:. Archived from
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2501:
2495:
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2222:
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2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2095:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2066:
2001:Gill v. Whitford
1873:Reynolds v. Sims
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1381:549 (1946),
1349:decennial census
1322:
1315:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1098:District Council
1081:Local government
965:Environmentalism
329:Executive Office
324:Federal agencies
134:
129:
49:Politics of the
48:
37:
36:
21:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4105:Moore v. Harper
4049:Lance v. Dennis
4041:Branch v. Smith
4017:Upham v. Seamon
3996:
3958:Abbott v. Perez
3766:Growe v. Emison
3734:Clark v. Roemer
3702:Rogers v. Lodge
3586:
3513:
3427:White v. Weiser
3403:Mahan v. Howell
3315:Gray v. Sanders
3286:
3280:
3250:
3245:
3214:
3188:
3107:
3061:
3056:
3000:
2896:
2874:
2872:Further reading
2869:
2868:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2817:
2797:
2793:
2784:
2782:
2779:FiveThirtyEight
2770:
2766:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2738:FiveThirtyEight
2729:
2725:
2714:
2710:
2667:
2663:
2620:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2586:
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2573:
2571:
2558:
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2511:
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2502:
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2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
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2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2121:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2041:
1913:Growe v. Emison
1849:Gray v. Sanders
1828:
1803:
1734:political party
1719:
1713:
1706:racial fairness
1665:
1649:
1576:. Five states:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1326:
1297:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1265:
1264:
1216:
1198:
1178:
1159:Nationality law
1155:
1143:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1085:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1016:
951:
893:
883:
882:
874:
854:
840:
830:
829:
817:
807:
529:
521:
491:
482:
472:
471:
466:Other tribunals
461:
427:District courts
409:
344:
334:
333:
315:
311:Merrick Garland
263:
253:
252:
247:Mitch McConnell
244:Minority Leader
233:Majority Leader
198:
174:Hakeem Jeffries
171:Minority Leader
160:Majority Leader
136:
113:
103:
102:
74:
51:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4141:
4131:
4130:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4065:Perry v. Perez
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3790:Holder v. Hall
3786:
3778:
3770:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3698:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3666:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3236:Gerrymandering
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:North Carolina
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3016:
3010:
2998:
2989:
2984:
2971:
2962:
2961:, downloadable
2956:
2951:
2941:
2932:
2918:
2912:
2903:
2895:
2894:External links
2892:
2891:
2890:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2847:
2826:
2791:
2764:
2723:
2708:
2681:(1): 164–178.
2661:
2634:(1): 164–178.
2614:
2593:
2580:
2551:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2509:www.sos.ca.gov
2496:
2482:Blake, Aaron.
2474:
2462:
2438:
2426:
2410:
2398:
2373:
2349:
2334:
2315:
2290:
2264:
2239:
2224:
2199:
2184:Warren, Earl.
2176:
2154:
2136:
2112:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1827:
1824:
1802:
1799:
1758:North Carolina
1732:or a specific
1722:Gerrymandering
1715:Main article:
1712:
1711:Gerrymandering
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1687:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1645:
1641:North Carolina
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1405:Gerrymandering
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1283:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1250:European Union
1247:
1245:United Kingdom
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1215:
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1209:
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1197:
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1195:
1194:
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1177:
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1142:
1141:
1139:Antony Blinken
1131:
1130:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:Superior Court
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
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1083:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1041:
1036:
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1028:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
975:Libertarianism
972:
967:
962:
957:
950:
949:
948:
947:
942:
932:
931:
930:
928:Traditionalist
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
894:
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870:
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832:
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828:
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806:
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795:
790:
785:
783:American Samoa
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:South Carolina
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
693:North Carolina
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
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123:
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114:
109:
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100:
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90:
84:
83:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
55:
54:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4140:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:Utah v. Evans
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3951:
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3944:
3943:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:Cox v. Larios
3480:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:Ball v. James
3448:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:Davis v. Mann
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:Baker v. Carr
3304:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:Organizations
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2830:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2802:
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1841:Baker v. Carr
1838:
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1611:
1610:2003 in Texas
1607:
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1367:According to
1365:
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995:Republicanism
993:
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990:Protectionism
988:
986:
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981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
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946:
945:Progressivism
943:
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358:Chief Justice
356:
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294:Kamala Harris
292:
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278:
275:
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266:
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257:
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248:
245:
242:
241:
237:
236:Chuck Schumer
234:
231:
230:
226:
223:
220:
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215:
214:Kamala Harris
212:
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208:
205:
204:
200:
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187:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
169:
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164:
163:Steve Scalise
161:
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138:
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135:
133:
128:
121:
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89:
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68:
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61:
57:
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53:
52:United States
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4103:
4095:
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4055:
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3924:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3852:
3844:
3836:
3830:Bush v. Vera
3828:
3822:Shaw v. Hunt
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3782:Shaw v. Reno
3780:
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
3653:
3645:
3637:
3631:Ely v. Klahr
3629:
3621:
3613:
3605:
3597:
3578:
3572:
3564:
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3505:
3497:
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3425:
3417:
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3377:
3369:
3361:
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3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3297:
3283:
3159:Pennsylvania
3058:
3023:ACE Projects
2978:
2883:
2860:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2829:
2818:. Retrieved
2804:
2794:
2783:. Retrieved
2777:
2767:
2742:. Retrieved
2736:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2608:
2596:
2583:
2572:. Retrieved
2568:the original
2554:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2512:. Retrieved
2508:
2499:
2488:. Retrieved
2477:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2429:
2422:§ 2a(c)
2413:
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
2376:
2365:. Retrieved
2361:
2352:
2346:§ 2a(c)
2337:
2328:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2276:
2267:
2249:
2242:
2227:
2215:. Retrieved
2211:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2179:
2167:. Retrieved
2157:
2139:
2128:
2103:. Retrieved
2093:
2073:
2064:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1953:Bush v. Vera
1951:
1943:
1936:
1929:Shaw v. Reno
1927:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1822:referendum.
1804:
1786:
1766:Pennsylvania
1738:
1726:
1720:
1681:
1677:
1666:
1650:
1637:Pennsylvania
1630:
1606:Constitution
1602:
1586:Rhode Island
1566:Pennsylvania
1511:
1495:South Dakota
1491:North Dakota
1476:
1403:
1388:
1368:
1353:
1332:
1331:
1088:
1064:Legislatures
1044:
955:Abolitionism
898:Conservatism
820:
810:
733:South Dakota
723:Rhode Island
718:Pennsylvania
698:North Dakota
524:
486:
464:
412:
361:John Roberts
348:
301:
284:
267:
225:Patty Murray
201:
152:Mike Johnson
139:
124:
117:
78:
40:
2969:ACE Project
2514:29 November
1686:compactness
1433:2020 census
1260:Arab League
1174:Visa policy
1050:Territorial
863:Libertarian
798:Puerto Rico
648:Mississippi
563:Connecticut
111:Legislature
3179:Washington
3134:California
3006:ProPublica
2841:2009-08-25
2820:2021-11-10
2785:2021-11-09
2744:2021-11-09
2574:2009-08-25
2490:2009-08-25
2456:2023-04-08
2392:2013-09-06
2367:2021-11-27
2329:Census.gov
2308:4 December
2284:2021-11-26
2217:4 December
2192:4 December
2105:4 December
2085:References
1778:New Jersey
1730:incumbents
1696:population
1690:contiguity
1570:Washington
1558:New Jersey
1530:California
1052:government
1038:Federalism
980:Monarchism
935:Liberalism
850:Republican
845:Democratic
763:Washington
683:New Mexico
678:New Jersey
553:California
3184:Wisconsin
2967:from the
2937:from the
2923:from the
2815:0362-4331
2695:0003-0554
2648:0003-0554
2236:§ 2c
1774:Wisconsin
1397:. When a
1164:Passports
1059:Governors
1005:Anarchism
1000:Socialism
773:Wisconsin
738:Tennessee
643:Minnesota
618:Louisiana
480:Elections
395:Kavanaugh
378:Sotomayor
342:Judiciary
277:Joe Biden
261:Executive
211:President
4122:Category
3226:Case law
3174:Virginia
3144:Michigan
3129:Arkansas
3112:By state
3066:By cycle
2753:cite web
2703:53991300
2656:53991300
2564:The Hill
2259:45790508
2188:. Justia
2149:Archived
2039:See also
1819:Illinois
1815:Maryland
1782:New York
1754:Michigan
1750:Maryland
1657:at-large
1598:Arkansas
1594:Virginia
1582:New York
1550:Missouri
1546:Michigan
1534:Colorado
1518:governor
1507:at-large
1487:Delaware
985:Populism
970:Feminism
758:Virginia
708:Oklahoma
688:New York
663:Nebraska
653:Missouri
638:Michigan
628:Maryland
613:Kentucky
593:Illinois
568:Delaware
558:Colorado
548:Arkansas
93:Taxation
3139:Georgia
3124:Arizona
3119:Alabama
2927:at the
2609:ArcUser
1746:Georgia
1742:Florida
1590:Vermont
1554:Montana
1526:Arizona
1509:basis.
1503:Wyoming
1499:Vermont
1417:Federal
1335:in the
903:history
778:Wyoming
753:Vermont
658:Montana
598:Indiana
578:Georgia
573:Florida
543:Arizona
533:Alabama
405:Jackson
400:Barrett
390:Gorsuch
319:Cabinet
149:Speaker
4108:(2023)
4100:(2019)
4092:(2016)
4084:(2015)
4076:(2015)
4068:(2012)
4060:(2007)
4052:(2006)
4044:(2003)
4036:(2002)
4028:(1989)
4020:(1982)
4012:(1977)
3993:(2024)
3985:(2023)
3977:(2022)
3969:(2018)
3961:(2018)
3953:(2017)
3945:(2017)
3937:(2017)
3929:(2015)
3921:(2009)
3913:(2006)
3905:(2003)
3897:(2001)
3889:(2000)
3881:(2000)
3873:(1999)
3865:(1999)
3857:(1997)
3849:(1997)
3841:(1996)
3833:(1996)
3825:(1996)
3817:(1995)
3809:(1995)
3801:(1994)
3793:(1994)
3785:(1993)
3777:(1993)
3769:(1993)
3761:(1992)
3753:(1991)
3745:(1991)
3737:(1991)
3729:(1986)
3721:(1984)
3713:(1984)
3705:(1982)
3697:(1980)
3689:(1980)
3681:(1978)
3673:(1977)
3665:(1976)
3650:(1975)
3642:(1971)
3634:(1971)
3626:(1971)
3618:(1970)
3610:(1964)
3602:(1960)
3583:(2019)
3569:(2018)
3561:(2018)
3553:(2006)
3545:(2004)
3537:(1986)
3529:(1973)
3510:(2016)
3502:(2016)
3494:(2012)
3486:(2004)
3478:(1989)
3470:(1983)
3462:(1983)
3454:(1981)
3446:(1976)
3438:(1975)
3430:(1973)
3422:(1973)
3414:(1973)
3406:(1973)
3398:(1970)
3390:(1969)
3382:(1969)
3374:(1968)
3366:(1966)
3358:(1965)
3350:(1964)
3342:(1964)
3334:(1964)
3326:(1964)
3318:(1963)
3310:(1962)
3302:(1946)
3210:REDMAP
2813:
2701:
2693:
2654:
2646:
2420:
2344:
2257:
2234:
2034:(2023)
2028:(2023)
2020:(2019)
2004:(2018)
1996:(2015)
1988:(2009)
1980:(2006)
1972:(2004)
1964:(1999)
1956:(1996)
1948:(1995)
1940:(1994)
1932:(1993)
1924:(1993)
1916:(1993)
1908:(1986)
1900:(1986)
1892:(1983)
1884:(1973)
1876:(1964)
1868:(1966)
1836:(1946)
1694:equal
1592:, and
1568:, and
1538:Hawaii
1522:Alaska
1501:, and
1483:Alaska
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1373:,
1240:Canada
1220:Russia
1074:Courts
940:Modern
923:Social
918:Paleo-
713:Oregon
668:Nevada
608:Kansas
583:Hawaii
538:Alaska
368:Thomas
203:Senate
98:Policy
4001:Other
3164:Texas
2699:S2CID
2652:S2CID
2605:(PDF)
2056:Notes
1770:Texas
1647:State
1633:Texas
1578:Maine
1542:Idaho
1399:state
1377:
1235:Japan
1230:India
1225:China
1103:Mayor
1046:State
908:Black
868:Green
743:Texas
623:Maine
588:Idaho
383:Kagan
373:Alito
3168:2003
3154:Ohio
3103:2020
3098:2010
3093:2000
3088:1990
3083:1980
3078:1970
3073:1960
2811:ISSN
2759:link
2691:ISSN
2644:ISSN
2516:2021
2310:2022
2278:CNBC
2255:OCLC
2219:2022
2194:2022
2171:2018
2107:2022
1817:and
1780:and
1772:and
1762:Ohio
1667:The
1562:Ohio
1389:The
1379:U.S.
1354:The
1202:NATO
1068:list
1048:and
913:Neo-
788:Guam
748:Utah
703:Ohio
603:Iowa
431:list
186:list
2977:."
2683:doi
2679:114
2636:doi
2632:114
1375:328
1351:.
1207:G20
296:(D)
279:(D)
249:(R)
238:(D)
227:(D)
216:(D)
176:(D)
165:(R)
154:(R)
88:Law
4124::
3577:/
3004:.
2882:,
2859:.
2809:.
2803:.
2776:.
2755:}}
2751:{{
2735:.
2697:.
2689:.
2677:.
2673:.
2650:.
2642:.
2630:.
2626:.
2607:,
2562:.
2507:.
2449:.
2384:.
2360:.
2327:.
2301:.
2275:.
2210:.
2127:.
2115:^
1768:,
1764:,
1760:,
1756:,
1752:,
1748:,
1744:,
1643:.
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1584:,
1580:,
1564:,
1560:,
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1544:,
1540:,
1536:,
1532:,
1528:,
1524:,
1497:,
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1485:,
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1192:P5
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3008:.
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_US_House_of_Representatives.svg){kind=small}
