723:. As a result, a recreational fishery still exists in northern California. Because scuba diving to harvest abalone is banned, the fishery consists of shore pickers searching the rocks at low tide, and free divers using breath-hold diving to search for them. This essentially creates a reserve for the abalone in the water below 30 ft (9 m), where few divers are skilled enough to go. Currently, the minimum legal size is 7 in (18 cm), but a moratorium has been in effect since 2017.
589:
182:
137:
556:
still low. Elevated water temperatures have been shown to speed up the progression and transmission of withering syndrome in infected individuals. Exposed abalones experiencing starvation at 18.0 °C are far more likely to become infected than exposed individuals at 12.3 °C. This was shown in a 2005 study which was the first to indicate that temperature has a significant effect on
Rickettsiales-like, prokaryote induced wasting syndrome transmission.
118:
159:
695:, white abalone, and two other species of abalone have virtually disappeared from Southern California because of withering syndrome, while the Northern California populations have remained more numerous because of the colder waters. Green abalone and white abalone are now not common in Northern California, whereas they were once numerous in Southern California, and black abalone may become extinct in the near future.
360:
372:
637:
and to the mainland of
California. This bacterial disease proved to be devastating to both wild and farmed populations. It was named "withering syndrome" because the abalones starved to death even when food was plentiful. This was because the bacterium infested the digestive tract of the abalones and
490:
The shell is large, thick, dome-shaped, and usually covered with barnacles, vegetation, or other marine growth making the color and shell sculpture difficult to determine. It is usually a dull brick red color externally. Typically the shell has three to four slightly raised oval holes or respiratory
555:
or abalone wasting disease caused by
Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes. This disease has had a historically grim effect on the species overall, decimating populations across their native habitat. Today, the effects of withering syndrome on current populations are poorly understood, but populations are
715:
In 1916, documentation of the modern
California fishery began. Fishing for these abalone populations peaked in the 1950s and 1960s and was followed by a decline in all five abalone species, red, green, pink, white, and black. Prior to this point, the fishery seemed sustainable with the increase in
542:
found that the level at which human predation occurs can have profound effects on the age class structure of each population. For many years, the abalone at Van Damme were heavily fished and the population structure reflected a notable lack of larger, older individuals. At Point
Cabrillo, abalone
838:
568:
archaeological sites dated to nearly 12,000 years old. Red abalone middensârefuse deposits where red abalone shells are a major constituentâare abundant in archaeological sites of the
Northern Channel Islands dated between about 7500 and 3500 years ago. The
660:
This bacterium attacks several species of abalone. It causes the viscera and foot muscle to atrophy, causing lethargy and starvation. The infected abalone cannot move along the substrate or right itself when upended. The disease is fatal.
716:
species that could be fished and the expansion of fishing areas. Disease and the recovery of sea otter populations contributed to the decline of the abalone, and the
California Fish and Game Commission ended fishing for abalone in 1997.
680:
will begin a program to reintroduce abalone. Withering syndrome has struck all the abalone farms in
California at one time or another, and has also been spread to Iceland and Ireland by the export of infected California Red Abalone,
835:
1213:
In: Godfrey, J. M.; Shumway, S. E. Diving for
Science 2005. Proceedings of the American Academy of Underwater Sciences Symposium on March 10â12, 2005, at the University of Connecticut at Avery Point, Groton,
1151:
Friedman, Carolyn S. & Finley, Carl A. (2003). "Anthropogenic introduction of the etiological agent of withering syndrome into northern
California abalone populations via conservation efforts".
703:
Because of the destruction of most wild populations, abalone farming has become a booming business. Unlike some aquaculture operations, the farming of abalone is considered to be a form of
1205:
530:
molluscan species have been known to be more common than males. In populations that experience human predation, this difference can be exacerbated, as is the case with populations of
614:
707:. Few chemicals are used in the process and the abalone are fed locally harvested kelp, which promptly grows back in abundance. Some algae is grown for the purpose, as well.
580:
coast in the pre-contact era. The Chumash and other California Indians also used red abalone shells to make a variety of fishhooks, beads, ornaments, and other artifacts.
1183:
1259:: Workshop on Rebuilding Abalone Stocks in British Columbia. A. Campbell, Ed. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. NRC Research Press, 2000.
1131:
479:. They are found from the intertidal zone to water more than 180 m (590 ft) deep, but are most common between 6 and 40 m (20 and 131 ft).
2537:
796:
2405:
649:
were imported into California, near Smugglers Cove on Santa Cruz Island, adjacent to the area where seaweed was harvested for an abalone farm at
2542:
491:
pores, although specimens with no holes and others with more than four have been found. These holes collectively make up what is known as the
2457:
2572:
543:
harvesting had halted for some time, and populations of red abalone showed the development of a natural age class structure and sex ratio.
2562:
597:
487:
The red abalone's shell length can reach a maximum of 31 cm (12 in), making it the largest species of abalone in the world.
1362:
518:
Below the edge of the shell, the black epipodium and tentacles can be seen. The underside of the foot is yellowish white in color.
2379:
2418:
1217:
963:
677:
623:
2552:
1071:
Culver, Carolynn S. & M. Kuris, Armand (2000). "The apparent eradication of a locally established introduced marine pest".
2567:
2470:
1269:
1251:
Karpov, K., Haaker, P., Taniguchi, I., & Rogers-Bennett, L. Serial depletion and the collapse of the California abalone (
1000:
Braid, Beverly A.; Moore, James D.; Robbins, Thea T.; Hedrick, Ronald P.; Tjeerdema, Ronald S.; Friedman, Carolyn S. (2005).
2423:
626:
and the Department of Fish and Wildlife joined the staff of the abalone farm and many volunteers to eradicate the pest.
638:
prevented digestion and absorption of kelp, the abalone's primary food source. The bacterium is a member of the family
570:
499:. A central, prominent muscle scar is easily visible in the shells of most Red Abalone, marking the location at which
860:
2509:
622:, where an abalone farm had long been established. It also entered the wild at many other sites. Scientists at the
443:
Red abalone live in rocky areas with kelp. They feed on the kelp species that grow in their home range, including
2462:
653:. Its spread was aided by the Department of Fish and Game, which planted infected abalone into the wild north of
166:
903:
1355:
1238:
634:
565:
141:
1118:
887:
2557:
376:
364:
2340:
17:
2345:
2158:
691:
were imported to California were not reported to have withering syndrome. Black abalone, red abalone,
552:
1001:
781:
2514:
1947:
1922:
535:
181:
1085:
813:
2283:
1979:
1735:
1348:
650:
2449:
1270:"Marine Protected Areas in Central California and Potential Benefits to Selected Species: Abalone"
875:
2240:
2143:
1818:
1729:
1541:
1483:
1394:
704:
2501:
946:
2410:
2298:
2233:
1879:
1846:
1446:
1080:
847:
2436:
431:
Red abalone is the largest and most common abalone found in the northern part of the state of
2193:
2169:
2153:
1724:
1712:
1599:
1232:
790:
312:
296:
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1874:
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1702:
1574:
1536:
1473:
1409:
1017:
539:
444:
1006:, under varying temperature, food supply, and exposure to the agent of withering syndrome"
664:
Withering syndrome, overfishing, and habitat loss has been responsible for the listing of
8:
2188:
1974:
619:
126:
1021:
758:
564:
Red abalone has been used since prehistoric timesâred abalone shells have been found in
495:
which form as the shell grows. The inside of the shell appears polished and is strongly
1894:
1797:
1787:
1767:
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1399:
1320:
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176:
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2006:
1963:
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1917:
1653:
1648:
1584:
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1436:
1033:
756:
739:
Lindberg, D. R. 1992. Evolution, distribution and systematics of Haliotidae. Pp 3â18
630:
452:
1102:
1058:
2358:
2115:
2067:
2017:
2011:
1952:
1889:
1782:
1718:
1518:
1425:
1160:
1090:
1025:
917:
776:
654:
421:
1276:
1206:"Assessment of Abalone Stocks in Southern California: The First Stage of Recovery"
506:
This species was used as the subject in a study of the microscopic development of
1899:
1884:
1869:
1864:
1468:
1457:
904:
Life History Information for Selected California Marine Invertebrates and Plants.
842:
719:
In Northern California, commercial fishing was only legal for three years during
608:) and failed to quarantine them. With the abalone were introduced the non-native
425:
2267:
2257:
2198:
2148:
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2042:
1813:
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1707:
1643:
1623:
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468:
233:
1303:
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588:
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1969:
1841:
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1526:
767:
692:
669:
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146:
75:
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1909:
1431:
1037:
720:
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Red abalones are subject to a chronic, progressive and lethal disease: the
2332:
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2392:
2075:
1802:
1682:
1658:
1589:
1569:
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1184:
Monterey Bay abalone farm shows what sustainable aquaculture can be like.
460:
413:
253:
243:
50:
2384:
2107:
2033:
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on the California Channel Islands: tests of epidemiological hypotheses.
609:
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432:
223:
95:
60:
117:
2397:
2080:
2023:
1998:
1604:
1493:
1414:
645:
Coincidentally, withering syndrome first appeared a few years after
527:
397:
375:
Outer surface of shell of red abalone, viewed from the anterior end.
193:
100:
44:
2292:
1203:
1164:
2315:
1377:
472:
401:
273:
263:
213:
90:
85:
70:
65:
55:
1340:
534:. From 1972-1973, researchers studying red abalone populations at
2130:
2098:
1759:
1694:
1507:
1404:
405:
393:
371:
105:
80:
2475:
1807:
819:
Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2014-10-28
417:
359:
2371:
2217:
1856:
1615:
1561:
1478:
918:"Fish Bulletin No. 118. California Abalones, Family Haliotidae"
476:
428:, Mexico. It is most common in the southern half of its range.
203:
757:
Peters, H., Rogers-Bennett, L. & De Shields, R.M. (2021).
600:
who was privately farming abalone in California imported some
2180:
1989:
1939:
1828:
1499:
507:
409:
1386:
629:
Shortly after this, another disease of abalone appeared on
964:"A study of the reproductive biology of the red abalone,
1275:. California Department of Fish and Game. Archived from
999:
947:
Organicâinorganic interfaces and spiral growth in nacre.
1337:. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. viii + 361 pp. page(s): 120
866:
NatureServe Explorer. Version 7.1. February 11, 2016.
745:
Abalone of the world: biology, fisheries and culture.
1153:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
743:S. A. Shepherd, M. Tegner, and S. A. Guzman, eds.
1220:. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016
1204:Haaker, P. L; Taniguchi, I.; Artusio, M. (2005).
782:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T78771583A78772573.en
513:
2529:
1061:The Megalithic Portal, editor A. Burnham (2008).
894:Aquarium of the Pacific. Long Beach, California.
961:
1150:
1070:
576:peoples also harvested this species along the
1356:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1321:Abalone Recovery and Management Plan (ARMP).
1317:Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods.
1130:Lafferty, K. D., & Kuris, A. M. (1993).
795:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2538:IUCN Red List critically endangered species
1323:California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
906:California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
878:California Department of Fish and Wildlife.
1363:
1349:
1262:
1245:
1192:
962:Giorgi, A. E.; DeMartini, John D. (1977).
598:California Department of Fish and Wildlife
157:
135:
116:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1084:
780:
592:Inner view of the shell of a red abalone.
829:
827:
825:
587:
370:
363:Interior of the shell of a red abalone.
358:
1218:American Academy of Underwater Sciences
808:
806:
678:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
624:University of California, Santa Barbara
559:
14:
2530:
1171:
1139:Marine Ecology – Progress Series
1114:
1112:
950:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
618:. This worm escaped into the ocean at
583:
379:is 24.257 mm or 0.955 inch in diameter
367:is 24.257 mm or 0.955 inch in diameter
2543:NatureServe apparently secure species
2297:
2296:
1344:
1002:"Health and survival of red abalone,
968:Swainson, near Mendocino, California"
822:
503:s strong columellar muscle attaches.
876:Red Abalone Fishery Management Plan.
803:
482:
2573:Taxa named by William John Swainson
1370:
1109:
915:
768:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
750:
24:
2563:Seafood in Native American cuisine
1327:
853:
687:Abalone exported to Israel before
25:
2584:
1333:Geiger D.L. & Owen B. (2012)
1297:
1010:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
596:In the 1980s, an employee of the
536:Point Cabrillo Lighthouse Station
180:
48:
1144:
1124:
1064:
1051:
993:
955:
939:
710:
1119:Withering Syndrome of Abalone.
909:
897:
881:
869:
733:
514:Tentacles, foot and epipdodium
13:
1:
2553:Molluscs of the Pacific Ocean
1335:Abalone: Worldwide Haliotidae
850:. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
747:Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
726:
635:Channel Islands of California
615:Terebrasabella heterouncinata
2568:Gastropods described in 1822
1121:Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
521:
7:
546:
10:
2589:
1132:Mass mortality of abalone
922:UC San Diego Fish Bulletin
698:
438:
2305:
2281:
2250:
2216:
2179:
2129:
2106:
2097:
2066:
2032:
1997:
1988:
1938:
1908:
1865:Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian
1855:
1827:
1758:
1749:
1693:
1614:
1560:
1517:
1385:
1376:
1237:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1030:10.1016/j.jip.2005.06.004
633:. It spread to the other
420:. It is distributed from
327:
320:
302:
295:
177:Scientific classification
175:
155:
133:
124:
115:
34:
1736:Placopecten magellanicus
1580:New Zealand green-lipped
1255:spp.) fishery. Pp 11-24
975:California Fish and Game
945:Yao, N., et al. (2009).
775:: e.T78771583A78772573.
651:Port Hueneme, California
2241:Acanthopleura granulata
1810:(group of four species)
1095:10.1023/A:1010082407254
846:Biological Department,
705:sustainable agriculture
2234:Acanthopleura echinata
2144:Atlantic white-spotted
1595:Asian/Philippine green
916:Cox, Keith W. (1962).
848:Walla Walla University
812:Rosenberg, G. (2014).
593:
380:
368:
2170:Amphioctopus fangsiao
1814:South African abalone
1686:("true oyster" genus)
1452:California butterclam
602:South African abalone
591:
465:Nereocystis luetkeana
396:of very large edible
377:The US coin (quarter)
374:
365:The US coin (quarter)
362:
331:Haliotis californiana
142:Critically Endangered
1895:Ribbed Mediterranean
1410:Grooved carpet shell
1187:Earth Island Journal
1134:Haliotis cracherodii
1073:Biological Invasions
560:History of human use
540:Van Damme State Park
449:Macrocystis pyrifera
27:Species of gastropod
2558:Commercial molluscs
1890:Rayed Mediterranean
1484:Japanese littleneck
1022:2005JInvP..89..219B
859:NatureServe. 2015.
836:Haliotis rufescens.
833:Cowles, D. (2005).
620:Cayucos, California
584:History of diseases
127:Conservation status
2307:Haliotis rufescens
2263:Land snail farming
1677:Gillardeau oysters
1395:Atlantic jackknife
1059:Los Osos Back Bay.
1004:Haliotis rufescens
966:Haliotis rufescens
890:Haliotis rufescens
862:Haliotis rufescens
841:2015-02-25 at the
815:Haliotis rufescens
761:Haliotis rufescens
674:Endangered Species
594:
578:Central California
553:withering syndrome
532:Haliotis rufescens
526:Female members of
501:Haliotis rufescen'
385:Haliotis rufescens
381:
369:
347:Haliotis ponderosa
334:Valenciennes, 1832
306:Haliotis rufescens
163:Apparently Secure
36:Haliotis rufescens
2525:
2524:
2484:Open Tree of Life
2299:Taxon identifiers
2290:
2289:
2268:Gastropod anatomy
2227:Chiton magnificus
2212:
2211:
2189:New Zealand arrow
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
1964:Kelletia lischkei
1929:Littorina sitkana
1875:Yellow-foot opihi
1745:
1744:
1639:Colchester native
1159:(11): 1424â1431.
631:Santa Cruz Island
483:Shell description
467:). Juveniles eat
457:Egregia menziesii
357:
356:
351:
350:C. B. Adams, 1848
343:
339:Haliotis hattorii
335:
288:H. rufescens
170:
150:
16:(Redirected from
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2018:Chorus giganteus
1995:
1994:
1756:
1755:
1719:Pecten jacobaeus
1426:Mactra stultorum
1383:
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655:Point Conception
453:feather boa kelp
422:British Columbia
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185:
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40:Temporal range:
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2273:Bivalve anatomy
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2194:Japanese flying
2175:
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2085:
2062:
2028:
1984:
1934:
1904:
1885:Common European
1851:
1823:
1741:
1725:Peruvian calico
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1610:
1607:(mussel family)
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1513:
1458:Senilia senilis
1372:
1371:Edible mollusks
1369:
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1328:Further reading
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1189:March 12, 2015.
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1086:10.1.1.477.2351
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843:Wayback Machine
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817:Swainson, 1822.
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571:Native American
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2258:Oyster farming
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1296:
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1182:Bailey, K. M.
1170:
1143:
1141:, 96, 239-239.
1123:
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1079:(3): 245â253.
1063:
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1016:(3): 219â231.
992:
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640:Rickettsiaceae
606:Haliotis midae
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566:Channel Island
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1503:(razor genus)
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1282:on 2012-06-02
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888:Red abalone (
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694:
693:green abalone
690:
685:
684:
683:H. rufescens.
679:
675:
671:
670:white abalone
667:
666:black abalone
662:
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621:
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342:Bartsch, 1940
340:
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309:
307:
301:
298:
297:Binomial name
294:
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272:
269:
268:
265:
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250:Superfamily:
249:
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107:
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97:
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62:
57:
52:
46:
37:
33:
30:
19:
2306:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2168:
2159:Southern red
2055:
2048:
2041:
2016:
1990:Other snails
1962:
1927:
1772:
1734:
1717:
1703:Atlantic bay
1681:
1669:
1634:Southern mud
1506:
1498:
1456:
1437:Ocean quahog
1424:
1334:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1284:. Retrieved
1277:the original
1264:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1233:cite journal
1222:. Retrieved
1212:
1186:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1126:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1053:
1041:. Retrieved
1013:
1009:
1003:
995:
983:. Retrieved
978:
974:
965:
957:
949:
941:
929:. Retrieved
925:
921:
911:
899:
889:
883:
871:
861:
855:
834:
814:
791:cite journal
772:
766:
760:
752:
744:
740:
735:
721:World War II
718:
714:
711:Wild harvest
702:
688:
686:
682:
663:
659:
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605:
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389:
384:
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346:
338:
330:
305:
303:
287:
286:
274:
35:
29:
2497:SeaLifeBase
2445:NatureServe
2393:iNaturalist
2204:Neon flying
1910:Periwinkles
1870:Turtle/talc
1803:Green ormer
1713:New Zealand
1683:Crassostrea
1664:Sydney rock
1542:New Zealand
1464:Smooth clam
1432:Blunt gaper
1214:Connecticut
390:red abalone
254:Haliotoidea
244:Lepetellida
167:NatureServe
43:70 â0
18:Red abalone
2532:Categories
2121:Bottletail
2108:Cuttlefish
2068:Freshwater
2012:Korean mud
1975:Pear whelk
1751:Gastropods
1708:Great/king
1654:Windowpane
1649:Portuguese
1585:California
1489:Razor clam
1469:Soft-shell
1286:2012-05-07
1224:2016-02-11
1043:31 January
985:30 January
981:(2): 80â94
931:30 January
727:References
610:polychaete
497:iridescent
493:selenizone
445:giant kelp
433:California
402:Haliotidae
264:Haliotidae
230:Subclass:
224:Gastropoda
2116:Spineless
1980:Lightning
1948:Channeled
1605:Mytilidae
1494:Pod razor
1415:Hard clam
1313:rufescens
1081:CiteSeerX
528:dioecious
522:Sex ratio
461:bull kelp
398:sea snail
282:Species:
200:Kingdom:
194:Eukaryota
2548:Haliotis
2450:2.107385
2437:78771583
2411:11269628
2330:BioLib:
2316:Wikidata
2284:Category
2199:Humboldt
2149:Big blue
2007:Mud-flat
1958:Kellet's
1798:Greenlip
1793:Blacklip
1695:Scallops
1378:Bivalves
1309:Haliotis
1305:Haliotis
1253:Haliotis
1103:38680268
1038:16039668
839:Archived
689:H. midae
647:H. midae
547:Diseases
473:bacteria
406:abalones
322:Synonyms
313:Swainson
275:Haliotis
260:Family:
214:Mollusca
210:Phylum:
204:Animalia
190:Domain:
147:IUCN 3.1
2385:2293078
2322:Q123631
2218:Chitons
2131:Octopus
2099:Inkfish
2081:Nerites
1970:Knobbed
1857:Limpets
1842:Elegant
1829:Conches
1819:Chilean
1760:Abalone
1644:Pacific
1629:Olympia
1624:Eastern
1616:Oysters
1562:Mussels
1519:Cockles
1508:Paphies
1405:Geoduck
1018:Bibcode
699:Farming
574:Chumash
477:diatoms
459:), and
439:Habitat
414:British
394:species
392:) is a
270:Genus:
240:Order:
220:Class:
165: (
145: (
2515:445357
2489:820667
2476:445357
2372:620396
2333:296528
2139:Common
2024:Bailer
1953:Common
1940:Whelks
1923:Banded
1918:Common
1900:Rustic
1672:/Bluff
1547:Sydney
1537:Goolwa
1527:Common
1479:Tuatua
1101:
1083:
1036:
676:. The
475:, and
410:ormers
404:, the
315:, 1822
2510:WoRMS
2424:69497
2406:IRMNG
2398:56652
2359:3JDZL
2346:28759
2181:Squid
2164:Mimic
2076:Apple
1880:China
1837:Queen
1783:Green
1778:Black
1768:White
1730:Yesso
1590:Brown
1532:Blood
1500:Ensis
1447:Venus
1420:Horse
1387:Clams
1280:(PDF)
1273:(PDF)
1209:(PDF)
1099:S2CID
971:(PDF)
612:worm
508:nacre
416:) or
2502:2570
2471:OBIS
2463:6454
2458:NCBI
2432:IUCN
2419:ITIS
2380:GBIF
2341:BOLD
2034:Land
1808:PÄua
1788:Pink
1659:Rock
1600:Date
1570:Blue
1239:link
1045:2021
1034:PMID
987:2021
933:2021
797:link
773:2021
668:and
538:and
418:pÄua
51:Preę
2367:EoL
2354:CoL
1999:Sea
1847:Dog
1773:Red
1161:doi
1091:doi
1026:doi
926:118
777:doi
741:in:
672:as
451:),
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2512::
2499::
2486::
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1311:)
1257:In
1235:}}
1231:{{
1216:.
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1194:^
1173:^
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1155:.
1111:^
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1014:89
1012:.
1008:.
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805:^
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789:{{
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765:.
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642:.
510:.
471:,
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408:,
101:Pg
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1307:(
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1167:.
1163::
1105:.
1093::
1077:2
1047:.
1028::
1020::
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935:.
864:.
799:)
785:.
779::
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604:(
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447:(
412:(
388:(
169:)
149:)
106:N
96:K
91:J
86:T
81:P
76:C
71:D
66:S
61:O
56:ę
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
