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forts). The forts were built from
October 1941. No fort engaged in enemy action during WWII. Demolition of the structures started during the 1950s with these forts considered a priority over the Thames estuary ports due to being a hazard to shipping. Demolition was delayed in 1954 when the salvage ship working at Queens Fort was diverted to assist with the urgent demolition of The Nore Fort in the Thames Estuary, which had been damaged due to a collision with a Norwegian ship, leaving remains considered hazardous to shipping in the area. Demolition of the three forts was completed in 1955.
575:
666:, landed on Fort Roughs and occupied it. However, after disagreements, Roy Bates seized the tower as his own. O'Rahilly attempted to storm the fort in 1967, but Roy Bates defended the fort with guns and petrol bombs and continued to occupy it. The British Royal Marines were alerted and the British authorities ordered Roy Bates to surrender. He and his son were arrested and charged, but the court dismissed the case as it did not have jurisdiction over international affairs: Roughs Tower lay beyond the territorial waters of Britain. Bates took this as
731:. Divers later established that the foundations were solid, but in a later storm the fort took on a 15 degree list. During the mid-1960s under-scouring had further distorted the fort: large holes had appeared in east leg, sea water had flooded the lower levels and the platform had become detached with huge gaps between the deck. Tongue Sands Fort finally collapsed into the under-scouring hole during storms on 21/22 February 1996, leaving only a single 18 foot stump of the south leg remaining visible above sea level.
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1080:, later renamed BBMS—Britain's Better Music Station, but was better known for his post-pirate activities. After the termination of BBMS in late 1966 he moved the station's equipment to Roughs Tower, further from the coast, but did not recommence broadcasting. He, or a representative, has lived in Roughs Tower since 1967, self-styling the tower as the
567:
seven floors, four for crew quarters; the remainder provided dining, operational, and storage areas for several generators, and for fresh water tanks and antiaircraft munitions. There was a steel framework at one end supporting a landing jetty and crane which was used to hoist supplies aboard; the wooden landing stage itself became known as a "
916:
engineering company
Structural Repairs in 2021. They found that 6 of the towers had severe structural defects, with elements already lost to the sea, the 7th tower also had the same defects, with elements due to imminently fall into the sea. The fort could not be accessed safely in its present condition.
726:
The Tongue Sands Fort was decommissioned on 14 February 1945 and reduced to care and maintenance until 1949 when it was abandoned. The fort had settled badly when it was grounded and as a result became unstable. On 5 December 1947 the Fort shook violently and sections began falling into the sea. The
594:
The design of these concrete structures is equal to a military grade bunker, due to the ends of the stilts (under water), that are locked into the ground. Many species of fish live near the forts because the forts create cover. They have provided landmark references for shipping. They were laid down
723:, Holland was just over 4 miles away and came under heavy fire from Tongue Sands Fort's 3.7-inch guns. The German E-Boat's captain was unsure of where the attack was coming from and manoeuvred to avoid being hit, ramming another E-Boat in the process. The captain scuttled his badly damaged vessel.
751:
and was grounded on 1 August 1942. It was decommissioned on 14 June 1945 and evacuated on 25 June 1945. The platform was maintained until May 1956 when it was abandoned. In 2009, it was observed that there was a slight distortion of the legs when viewing the tower from west to east. It is thought
566:
base with a support superstructure of two 60-foot (18 m) tall, 24-foot (7.3 m) diameter hollow reinforced concrete towers, walls roughly 3.5 inches (9 cm) thick; overall weight is estimated to have been approximately 4,500 tons. The twin concrete supporting towers were divided into
956:
The
Liverpool sea forts were constructed in the same way the forts in the Thames estuary were; they were designed to defend Liverpool and the industrial heartland of Liverpool from an aerial attack from the west. Originally 38 towers were intended to be built but only 21 towers were built (three
947:
placed wind and tide monitoring equipment on the
Shivering Sands searchlight tower, which was isolated from the rest of the fort by the demolished tower. This relayed data to the mainland via a radio link. In August and September 2005, artist Stephen Turner spent six weeks living alone in the
915:
During the early 21st century, in response to proposals to demolish the fort, a group named
Project Redsands was formed to try to preserve it. It was the only fort that could be visited safely from a platform in between the legs of one of the towers. The fort was inspected by the structural
881:, collided with it, destroying two of the towers, killing four civilians and destroying guns, radar equipment and supplies. The ruins were considered a hazard to shipping and dismantled in 1959–1960. Parts of the bases were towed ashore by the Cliffe fort at Alpha wharf near the village of
331:; boats visit the remaining forts occasionally, and a consortium named Project Redsands is planning to conserve the fort situated at Red Sands. The aesthetic attraction of the Maunsell forts has been considered to be associated with the aesthetics of decay, transience and nostalgia.
1004:
and expanded operations into all of the five towers that remained connected. Calvert's killing in a dispute concerning the station's ownership (found to be self-defence rather than murder) contributed to the
Government passing legislation against the offshore stations in 1967.
901:
There are seven towers in the Red Sands group at the mouth of the Thames
Estuary. The towers had been connected by metal grate walk-ways. In 1959 consideration was given to refloating the Red Sands Fort and bringing the towers ashore but the costs were prohibitive.
651:, and was commissioned "H.M. Fort Roughs" on 8 February 1942. After an eventful journey its grounding was supervised by Maunsell at 16:45 on 11 February 1942. With "almost 100 men" having earlier embarked at Tilbury docks, the fort began service immediately.
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This group was built near the Thames estuary for anti-aircraft defence and made up of several towers north of Herne Bay 9.2 mi (8.0 nmi; 14.8 km) from the nearest land. One of the seven towers collapsed in 1963 when fog caused the ship
693:
came into effect in August 1967 the
Government was anxious to ensure that it would not be taken over again by an offshore broadcaster. On 18 August 1967 Sunk Head was boarded by a contingent of the 24th Field Squadron of Royal Engineers from
948:
searchlight tower of the
Shivering Sands Fort in what he described as "an artistic exploration of isolation, investigating how one's experience of time changes in isolation, and what creative contemplation means in a 21st-century context".
844:
and the Thames forts at
Gravesend. Proposals to construct forts off the Humber, Portsmouth & Rosyth, Belfast & Londonderry came to nothing. During World War II, the Thames estuary forts shot down 22 aircraft and about 30
688:
and was grounded on 1 June 1942. The fort was decommissioned on 14 June 1945 though maintained until 1956 when it was abandoned. Unlike some of the other forts, Sunk Head was clearly well outside territorial waters, and when the
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from the tug Collie, commanded by Major David Ives. The Fort was weakened by acetylene cutting torches and 3,200 pounds of explosives were set. On 21 August 1967 Sunk Head was blown, leaving 20 feet of the leg stumps remaining.
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laid 2,200 lbs of explosive charges on Sunk Head, commencing on 18 August 1967. At 4:18 PM on 21 August the charges were detonated, destroying the entire superstructure and most of the concrete legs above the waterline.
582:
The towers were joined above the eventual waterline by a steel platform deck upon which other structures could be added; this became a gun deck, on which an upper deck and a central tower unit were constructed.
647:. Fort Roughs or the "Rough Towers" was "the first of originally four naval forts designed by G. Maunsell to protect the Thames Estuary". The artificial sea fort was constructed in dry dock at Red Lion Wharf,
595:
in dry dock and assembled as complete units. They were then fitted out—the crews going aboard at the same time for familiarization—before being towed out and sunk onto their sand bank positions in 1942.
1054:
1098:
episode "Not-so-Jolly Roger" was filmed partly at Redsands Army Sea Fort and includes an acknowledgement to Radio 390 in its closing credits. Redsands Fort was also used for the 1968
1299:
at Chapter 3.5 in Moss, Joanne "Critical perspectives: North Sea offshore wind farms.: Oral histories, aesthetics and selected legal frameworks relating to the North Sea." (2021)
776:. These were larger installations comprising seven connected steel platforms. Four towers arranged in a semicircle ahead of the control centre and accommodation each carried a
1131:
interrogation centre. In the 2013 movie The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, as the characters travel in a train along the coast, two Sea Forts can be seen in the water.
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334:
During the summers of 2007 and 2008 Red Sands Radio, a station commemorating the pirate radio stations of the 1960s, operated from the Red Sands fort on 28-day
2135:
2059:
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Naval fort, but the station had a small budget, had poor coverage and lasted only a few months. Claims by the group that they also intended to provide
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The naval fort design was the latest of several that Maunsell had devised in response to Admiralty inquiries. Early ideas had considered forts in the
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1935:
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anti-aircraft guns and the central tower radar installations atop a central living area that contained a galley, medical, and officers quarters.
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features the forts during the dragon campaign, where remnants of British Armed Forces make a last stand during a dragon apocalypse.
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was extended to 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km). The fort was damaged badly in 1953 during a storm, then later in the year a
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recognition of his country and seven years later issued a constitution, flag, and national anthem, among other things, for the
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1219:– including several Sea Forts built on pre-existing islands or rocky islets, as well as some built directly upon the seabed
74:
527:
428:
2120:
494:
1144:. The newly formed band, Flame, are interviewed by the pirate radio station, just as an attack is begun on the forts.
81:
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2039:
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2016:
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frequently complained that its monitoring radio link was being disrupted by the nearby Radio City transmitter.
59:
17:
1547:
1441:
1249:"KENT BOAT TRIPS FORTS THE MAUNSELL SEA FORTS JET SKI TOURS SEA TRIPS whitstable herne bay kent history books"
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1902:
857:
70:
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includes abandoned Sea Forts that have the appearance of Maunsell Army Forts. These are difficult-to-find
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in one of the towers at Shivering Sands. Sutch soon became bored with the project and sold the station to
1152:
784:, while the seventh tower, set to one side of the gun towers and further out, was the searchlight tower.
764:
169:
1164:
1065:
service from the fort were never credible. In order to prevent further illicit broadcasting, a team of
335:
925:
1488:
1300:
338:. The fort was subsequently declared unsafe, and Red Sands Radio has moved its operations ashore to
323:. The forts were decommissioned during the late 1950s and later used for other activities including
157:
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48:
1969:
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Forts had been built in river mouths and similar locations to defend against ships, such as the
1949:
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773:
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Tongue Sands Fort was situated approximately 10.2 kilometres (6 nmi) from the coast off
358:
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of approximately 390 metres. The station's managing director was ex-spy and thriller writer
95:
1206:
1186:
1077:
989:
559:
747:
Knock John fort is situated approximately 16.1 kilometres (9 nmi) from the coast off
377:, intended as part of a World War I anti-submarine defense but only set in place in 1920.
8:
1326:
1123:
684:
Sunk Head fort was situated approximately 18 kilometres (10 nmi) from the coast off
568:
558:
This artificial naval installation is similar in some respects to early "fixed" offshore
1027:
Red Sands was likewise occupied by Radio Invicta, which was renamed KING Radio and then
574:
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866:
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1197:, mentioned as a drop-off and pick-up point for illicit drugs, as part of the story.
715:
and was grounded on 27 June 1942. On the night of 22/23 January 1945, fifteen German
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anti-aircraft guns were positioned at each end of this main deck, with a further two
562:. It consisted of a rectangular 168-by-88-foot (51 by 27 m) reinforced concrete
402:
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is based on a structure modelled after a single tower of the Maunsell army forts.
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at the time it was established. Other forts were in international waters until the
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1656:"Full story behind the bizarre abandoned structures just off the east Kent coast"
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1921:
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1127:, the Redsands towers, seen from the air, appear as the exterior of a secret
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849:; they were decommissioned by the Ministry of Defence during the late 1950s.
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by aircraft in this important shipping channel. There were four naval forts:
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were seen on radar, with five close by. The S.119 or S.199 operating out of
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319:. They were operated as army and navy forts, and named for their designer,
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platforms, since a large antenna could be based on the central tower and
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who had assisted in establishing the station and who renamed the station
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846:
346:
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605:
During World War II, the Thames estuary Navy forts destroyed one German
389:
The locations of the seven Maunsell Forts off the east coast of England.
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339:
1885:"The Principality of Sealand – Become Part Of Sealand's Royal Peerage"
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to stray off course and collide with one of the towers. In 1964, the
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37:
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located approximately 11 kilometres (6 nmi) from the coast of
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1301:
https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1611092/FULLTEXT01.pdf
1134:
The Red Sands Fort and Radio City feature in the Glam Rock band,
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636:
632:
628:
1591:"Thread on WorldNavalShips.com giving more details of the forts"
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broadcasting. One of the forts is managed by the unrecognised
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from aerial and sea attack. It is situated on Rough Sands, a
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1954:
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373:
on Bull & Haile Sands, completed in late 1919, and the
27:
Series of historic fortified towers on the coast of England
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1499:
1128:
2032:
Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II
727:
caretaker crew sent a distress call and were rescued by
1156:
1151:
ferry, appeared in the 1984 music video for the song "
1076:
occupied the Knock John Fort in 1965 and established
780:, a tower to the rear of the control centre mounted
623:Rough Sands fort was built to protect the ports of
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1483:
1481:
691:Marine, &c., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967
643:and 13 kilometres (7 nmi) from the coast of
2097:
1728:"Plans to restore Maunsell Forts off Kent coast"
1770:
1053:A small group of radio enthusiasts established
1478:
578:The stages involved in anchoring a naval fort.
1922:"U2 – A Sort Of Homecoming Live [HD]"
1754:"Thames Maunsell Forts::Shivering Sands Fort"
1193:The Red Sands Forts are seen in Episode 1 of
1184:The setting of the 2023 science fiction film
885:, where they were still visible at low tide.
349:at the mouth of the Medway dating from 1855,
1674:"Thames Maunsell Forts::Nore Fort (remains)"
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1181:built into the game for players to explore.
919:
865:Nore fort was the only one built in British
2136:North Sea offshore buildings and structures
1934:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1042:The size of the Army forts made them ideal
393:The Maunsell naval forts were built in the
353:, completed 1865, the four Spithead Forts:
1919:
1306:
1240:
1147:The Shivering Sands Forts, filmed from a
1058:
960:
702:
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1014:
971:
929:
892:
856:
763:
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612:
573:
384:
1832:
1710:"Thames Maunsell Forts::Red Sands Fort"
1323:"The Rough Towers: Fort Specifications"
1247:M.Rowland, Motor Mania – whitstable -.
951:
734:
380:
14:
2098:
2091:(English version via Google Translate)
1986:
1858:
1653:
1628:
1603:
1564:
1442:"About | Principality of Sealand"
1415:
1390:
1365:
1110:, in which the complex stood in for a
1087:
888:
759:
679:
191:Approx 30–78 ft (9.1–23.8 m)
2030:Kauffmann, J.E. and Jurga, Robert M.
1325:. The Harwich Society. Archived from
1246:
840:The Mersey forts were constructed at
2116:British World War II defensive lines
1117:refinery besieged by an intelligent
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
1833:Johnson, Michael (3 January 2006).
1155:", by the Irish popular music band
1023:claims to be an independent nation.
980:In 1964, a few months after Radios
965:Various forts were re-occupied for
24:
1980:
1773:"Stephen Turner – Seafort Project"
25:
2182:
2045:
1008:During the illicit radio era the
852:
772:Maunsell also designed forts for
2076:Red Sands Radio official website
658:, who operated Radio Essex, and
248:Decommissioned in the late 1950s
218:
205:
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36:
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976:Radio Sutch at Shivering Sands.
676:(founded on 2 September 1967).
365:which were built 1865–1880 and
47:needs additional citations for
2171:1942 establishments in England
2052:Maunsell Sea Forts information
1863:. Iceni Enterprises, Norwich.
1654:Ashton, Ben (6 January 2020).
1434:
1409:
1384:
1359:
1341:
1293:
1271:
861:The remains of Nore Army Fort.
602:able to combat enemy vessels.
413:, and prevent attempts to lay
369:, built during the 1880s, the
13:
1:
2166:World War II sites in England
2131:Geography of the River Thames
2111:Artificial islands of England
2106:20th-century forts in England
1950:"Last Sentinel (2023) – IMDb"
1920:U2Archive (11 January 2012).
1813:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1795:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1696:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1534:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1516:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1472:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1353:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1233:
1050:from the surrounding towers.
401:, to deter and report German
1970:"Tanel Toom's Last Sentinel"
768:Army fort in active service.
293:Used during Second World War
7:
1633:. F.R. Turner. p. 90.
1608:. F.R. Turner. p. 18.
1569:. F.R. Turner. p. 84.
1420:. F.R. Turner. p. 83.
1395:. F.R. Turner. p. 76.
1370:. F.R. Turner. p. 74.
1200:
1121:creature. In the 2020 film
1092:The 1966 television series
912:station on Red Sands Fort.
787:Three forts were placed in
336:Restricted Service Licences
10:
2187:
2089:from BenvenutiaSealand.it
2083:from undergroundkent.co.uk
923:
616:
2121:History of the Royal Navy
1987:Turner, Frank R. (1995).
1903:"Fury from the Deep ★★★★"
1629:Turner, Frank R. (1995).
1604:Turner, Frank R. (1995).
1565:Turner, Frank R. (1995).
1416:Turner, Frank R. (1994).
1391:Turner, Frank R. (1994).
1366:Turner, Frank R. (1994).
1279:"PRINCIPALITY OF SEALAND"
1253:www.whitstablescene.co.uk
926:Shivering Sands Army Fort
920:Shivering Sands Fort (U7)
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2126:History of the North Sea
2072:from project-redsand.com
2062:18 November 2010 at the
1835:"Obituary: Ted Allbeury"
1303:Retrieved 2 October 2023
1010:Port of London Authority
945:Port of London Authority
351:Plymouth Breakwater Fort
303:are towers built in the
2034:, Da Capo Press, 2002.
1889:Principality of Sealand
1082:Principality of Sealand
1021:Principality of Sealand
674:Principality of Sealand
329:Principality of Sealand
1989:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1859:Bishop, Gerry (1975).
1631:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1606:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1567:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1418:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1393:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1368:The Maunsell Sea Forts
1024:
977:
969:during the mid-1960s.
961:Illicit radio stations
935:
934:Shivering Sands, 2006.
898:
862:
769:
756:is the cause of this.
744:
703:Tongue Sands Fort (U3)
579:
543:51.562277°N 1.162059°E
444:51.895194°N 1.480569°E
390:
1771:www.macmedicine.net.
1018:
975:
933:
924:Further information:
896:
860:
774:anti-aircraft defence
767:
742:
617:Further information:
613:Rough Sands Fort (U1)
577:
510:51.492915°N 1.36662°E
388:
311:estuaries during the
1924:– via YouTube.
1207:Admiralty M-N Scheme
1171:The 2015 video game
1162:The 2002 video game
1153:A Sort of Homecoming
990:Screaming Lord Sutch
988:began broadcasting,
952:Liverpool Army Forts
735:Knock John Fort (U4)
397:and operated by the
381:Maunsell naval forts
228:(claim unrecognized)
56:improve this article
2066:from HerneBayOnline
1512:"Tongue Sands Fort"
1448:on 20 February 2017
1349:"Sea Forts History"
1088:Cultural references
889:Red Sands Fort (U6)
760:Maunsell army forts
680:Sunk Head Fort (U2)
548:51.562277; 1.162059
539: /
506: /
491:Tongue Sands (U3)
477:51.7773°N 1.50841°E
473: /
449:51.895194; 1.480569
440: /
347:Grain Tower Battery
315:to help defend the
2057:Guide to Sea Forts
1552:www.bobleroi.co.uk
1493:www.bobleroi.co.uk
1259:on 23 January 2009
1107:Fury from the Deep
1025:
978:
936:
908:(1965–1967) was a
899:
867:territorial waters
863:
770:
745:
580:
515:51.492915; 1.36662
391:
240:Yes, in some cases
137:Maunsell Sea Forts
1758:subterrain.org.uk
1714:subterrain.org.uk
1678:subterrain.org.uk
1530:"Knock John Fort"
1468:"Sunk Head Tower"
1329:on 18 August 2014
811:and three in the
782:Bofors 40 mm guns
524:Knock John (U4)
297:
296:
230:
174:"Army" style fort
162:"Navy" style fort
132:
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124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
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2087:Map of the Forts
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1475:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1444:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1431:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1319:
1304:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1255:. Archived from
1244:
1217:Palmerston Forts
1195:Whitstable Pearl
998:Reginald Calvert
897:Red Sands, 2013.
871:three-mile limit
842:Bromborough Dock
801:Formby AA Towers
796:Queens AA Towers
743:Knock John Fort.
631:and the town of
554:
553:
551:
550:
549:
544:
540:
537:
536:
535:
532:
521:
520:
518:
517:
516:
511:
507:
504:
503:
502:
499:
488:
487:
485:
484:
483:
482:51.7773; 1.50841
478:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
458:Sunk Head (U2)
455:
454:
452:
451:
450:
445:
441:
438:
437:
436:
433:
313:Second World War
270:Second World War
229:
224:
222:
221:
211:
209:
208:
196:Site information
183:Fortified towers
172:
160:
151:
134:
133:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
71:"Maunsell Forts"
64:
40:
32:
21:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2096:
2095:
2081:Maunsell Towers
2070:Project Redsand
2064:Wayback Machine
2048:
1999:
1991:. F.R. Turner.
1983:
1981:Further reading
1978:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1777:www.seafort.org
1769:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1563:
1559:
1548:"Fort Fanatics"
1546:
1545:
1541:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1489:"Fort Fanatics"
1487:
1486:
1479:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1364:
1360:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1320:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1203:
1090:
1074:Paddy Roy Bates
1067:Royal Engineers
963:
954:
928:
922:
891:
855:
833:Shivering Sands
806:Burbo AA Towers
778:QF 3.7-inch gun
762:
737:
705:
682:
662:, who operated
660:Ronan O'Rahilly
656:Paddy Roy Bates
621:
615:
600:English Channel
547:
545:
541:
538:
533:
530:
528:
526:
525:
514:
512:
508:
505:
500:
497:
495:
493:
492:
481:
479:
475:
472:
467:
464:
462:
460:
459:
448:
446:
442:
439:
434:
431:
429:
427:
426:
383:
363:St Helens Forts
355:Horse Sand Fort
237:the public
236:
219:
217:
216:
206:
204:
175:
163:
142:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2184:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2156:Thames Estuary
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2094:
2093:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2054:
2047:
2046:External links
2044:
2043:
2042:
2028:
1997:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1961:
1941:
1912:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1861:Offshore Radio
1851:
1825:
1800:
1791:"Mersey Forts"
1782:
1763:
1745:
1734:. 27 July 2021
1719:
1701:
1683:
1665:
1646:
1639:
1621:
1614:
1596:
1582:
1575:
1557:
1539:
1521:
1498:
1477:
1459:
1433:
1426:
1408:
1401:
1383:
1376:
1358:
1340:
1305:
1292:
1270:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1141:Slade in Flame
1089:
1086:
962:
959:
953:
950:
921:
918:
890:
887:
854:
853:Nore Fort (U5)
851:
838:
837:
829:
823:
813:Thames estuary
809:
808:
803:
798:
761:
758:
736:
733:
704:
701:
681:
678:
664:Radio Caroline
619:HM Fort Roughs
614:
611:
556:
555:
522:
489:
456:
423:HM Fort Roughs
405:following the
395:Thames estuary
382:
379:
317:United Kingdom
301:Maunsell Forts
295:
294:
291:
287:
286:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
259:
255:
254:
250:
249:
246:
242:
241:
238:
232:
231:
213:United Kingdom
202:
198:
197:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
161:
153:
152:
139:
138:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
18:Red Sands Fort
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2183:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2040:0-306-81174-X
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:0-9524303-7-1
2022:
2018:
2017:0-9524303-1-2
2014:
2010:
2009:0-9524303-0-4
2006:
2000:
1998:0-9524303-0-4
1994:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1971:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1870:0-904603-00-8
1866:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1640:0-9524303-1-2
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1615:0-9524303-1-2
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1586:
1578:
1576:0-9524303-1-2
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1429:
1427:0-9524303-0-4
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1402:0-9524303-0-4
1398:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1377:0-9524303-0-4
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1280:
1274:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1187:Last Sentinel
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1174:Stranded Deep
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:Reign of Fire
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
974:
970:
968:
958:
949:
946:
942:
932:
927:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
859:
850:
848:
843:
835:
834:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
817:
816:
814:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
792:
790:
789:Liverpool Bay
785:
783:
779:
775:
766:
757:
755:
754:underscouring
750:
741:
732:
730:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
700:
697:
692:
687:
677:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
620:
610:
608:
603:
601:
596:
592:
590:
586:
576:
572:
570:
565:
561:
560:oil platforms
552:
523:
519:
490:
486:
457:
453:
424:
421:Rough Sands (
420:
419:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
387:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:Spitbank Fort
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
288:
285:
281:
278:
274:
271:
268:
264:
260:
256:
251:
247:
243:
239:
233:
227:
214:
203:
199:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
171:
166:
159:
154:
149:
145:
140:
135:
126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2146:River Mersey
2141:Pirate radio
2031:
2003:(3 volumes,
1988:
1964:
1953:
1944:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1860:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1839:the Guardian
1838:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1649:
1630:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1585:
1566:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1492:
1471:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:the original
1436:
1417:
1411:
1392:
1386:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:the original
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1252:
1242:
1228:Texas Towers
1223:Humber Forts
1192:
1185:
1183:
1172:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1124:Artemis Fowl
1122:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1091:
1072:
1052:
1041:
1037:Ted Allbeury
1031:, after its
1026:
1007:
979:
967:pirate radio
964:
955:
940:
937:
914:
910:pirate radio
904:
900:
883:Cliffe, Kent
878:
864:
847:flying bombs
839:
831:
825:
819:
810:
805:
800:
795:
786:
771:
746:
729:HMS Uplifter
728:
725:
706:
683:
667:
653:
622:
604:
597:
593:
589:Bofors 40 mm
581:
557:
392:
371:Humber Forts
359:No Mans Land
344:
333:
325:pirate radio
321:Guy Maunsell
300:
298:
253:Site history
235:Open to
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1907:Radio Times
1844:30 November
1818:30 November
1809:"Radio 390"
1738:30 November
1732:Kent Online
1452:16 February
1179:Easter Eggs
1078:Radio Essex
1055:Radio Tower
994:Radio Sutch
585:QF 3.7 inch
546: /
513: /
480: /
447: /
266:In use
2100:Categories
1333:14 October
1263:11 January
1234:References
1138:'s movie,
1101:Doctor Who
1095:Danger Man
1063:television
1033:wavelength
1002:Radio City
992:installed
941:Ribersborg
625:Felixstowe
531:51°33′44″N
498:51°29′34″N
465:51°46′38″N
432:51°53′43″N
399:Royal Navy
340:Whitstable
150:estuaries
112:April 2018
82:newspapers
2151:Sea forts
1281:. Sealand
1149:North Sea
1112:North Sea
1059:Sunk Head
1029:Radio 390
906:Radio 390
875:Norwegian
826:Red Sands
696:Maidstone
649:Gravesend
534:1°09′43″E
501:1°22′00″E
468:1°30′30″E
435:1°28′50″E
403:air raids
375:Nab Tower
276:Materials
261:1942–1943
245:Condition
2060:Archived
1930:cite web
1660:KentLive
1212:Sea fort
1201:See also
982:Caroline
721:IJmuiden
669:de facto
654:In 1966
425:) (U1)
411:landmark
280:Concrete
1119:seaweed
1104:serial
1044:antenna
986:Atlanta
879:Baalbek
717:E-boats
709:Margate
641:Suffolk
637:sandbar
633:Ipswich
629:Harwich
569:dolphin
564:pontoon
226:Sealand
96:scholar
2161:Towers
2038:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1995:
1867:
1637:
1612:
1573:
1424:
1399:
1374:
1285:16 May
877:ship,
607:E-Boat
407:Thames
309:Mersey
305:Thames
290:Events
284:metals
223:
210:
188:Height
148:Mersey
144:Thames
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
1136:Slade
1048:guyed
822:(U5),
752:that
749:Essex
686:Essex
645:Essex
415:mines
409:as a
258:Built
201:Owner
103:JSTOR
89:books
2036:ISBN
2021:ISBN
2013:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1955:IMDb
1936:link
1865:ISBN
1846:2022
1820:2022
1740:2022
1635:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1454:2017
1422:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1335:2014
1287:2019
1265:2005
1019:The
984:and
836:(U7)
828:(U6)
820:Nore
713:Kent
361:and
307:and
299:The
180:Type
146:and
75:news
1129:MI6
1115:gas
1057:on
571:".
58:by
2102::
2019:;
2011:;
1952:.
1932:}}
1928:{{
1905:.
1887:.
1837:.
1811:.
1793:.
1775:.
1756:.
1730:.
1712:.
1694:.
1676:.
1658:.
1550:.
1532:.
1514:.
1501:^
1491:.
1480:^
1470:.
1351:.
1308:^
1251:.
1159:.
1157:U2
1084:.
1039:.
815::
791::
711:,
627:,
609:.
357:,
342:.
282:,
215:,
2027:)
2001:.
1972:.
1958:.
1938:)
1909:.
1891:.
1873:.
1848:.
1822:.
1797:.
1779:.
1760:.
1742:.
1716:.
1698:.
1680:.
1662:.
1643:.
1618:.
1593:.
1579:.
1554:.
1536:.
1518:.
1495:.
1474:.
1456:.
1430:.
1405:.
1380:.
1355:.
1337:.
1289:.
1267:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
100:·
93:·
86:·
79:·
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
