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was associated primarily with old, damaged, or otherwise sick apple trees because the lack of integrity of their bark allows the larvae easier access to the inner layers of the trunk and branches. However, their potential to harm even previously healthy apple trees is now recognized. Because of this,
560:
of the tree. As they bore through the tree, they leave trails of waste that are visible from the outside of the tree. Larvae mature on the host tree for two years. During warm weather, the caterpillars move along the bark of the tree feeding on young plant tissues, including the buds of apple trees.
443:
Adults are blue-black in color with a dark orange-red stripe across their segmented abdomen. The moths have short, bushy tails. Their wings are clear in the middle with dark edges framed by short fringe. Wingspan varies between 1.8 and 2.8 cm at the forewings, with forewings narrower and longer
607:
does not discriminate between yellow, green and white or between purple, blue, red, and black. The moths also display different behaviors toward traps reflecting green (500-550 nm) and ultraviolet (300-400 nm) light. A second study by Eby in 2012 showed that the moths are sensitive to the
352:
create galleries under the bark of fruit trees, especially old trees with damaged trunks. During this process, the larvae cause significant damage to host trees. Particular attention has been paid to the damage they cause to apple trees. Their status as a pest of apple orchards has led to many
799:
Other methods of control focus on luring and trapping adults. A Hungarian study found that both male and female red-belted clearwings are attracted to a combination of pear ester and acetic acid. Because many pheromone-based traps attract more males than females, this method is suggested as
561:
At the beginning of winter, the caterpillars once again bore into the tree to spend the cold season under the bark. They emerge in early spring to feed. Larvae repeat this feeding – wintering cycle once more before emerging and boring a final hole in the bark in which to pupate.
748:
has been recognized as a significant threat to apple trees in these regions. Because the larvae bore holes and tunnels under and through the bark of their host trees, the presence of the species is harmful to the health and production of these trees. Previously, damage caused by
594:
thrives in warm weather, flight activity is temperature dependent. The adults are significantly less active on cold days compared to warm days. Flight activity ceases at the end of summer when average temperature drops to 15-16 °C.
420:
is native to north Africa, western Asia, and Europe, where it is known as the red-belted clearwing moth. In 2005, it was discovered in southwestern Canada and has since been found in the United States. Throughout North
America,
1500:
Tóth, Miklós; Landolt, Peter; Szarukán, István; Szólláth, Imre; Vitányi, Imre; Pénzes, Béla; Hári, Katalin; Jósvai, Júlia
Katalin; Koczor, Sándor (2012-01-01). "Female-targeted attractant containing pear ester for
775:, leads to a dampened male response to female sex hormones, disrupting the mating process. As a result of the overabundance of pheromones, the percentage of mated females decreases relative to unmated females.
791:. The traps enable monitoring of infestations even when the population is low, and so are an effective reference to determine the best time to apply pest-controlling measures or plant growth regulators.
824:, lime, and motor oil were tested in decreasing the number of adults and pupae. All three materials reduced the number of adult moths during the second year, but the oils showed the greatest effect.
723:
females. This chemical alone is enough to attract males, although the females do also produce secondary sex hormones in addition to 3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, these appear to play a minor role.
737:
1864:
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is common. Bacteria are another threat to larvae. In 1999, Shehata, Nasr, and Tadros found that significantly fewer adults emerged from cocoons after larvae were exposed to the bacteria
1448:
1374:
Judd, Gary J. R.; Gries, Regine; Aurelian, V. Marius; Gries, Gerhard (June 2011). "3Z, 13Z-octadecadienyl acetate: sex pheromone of the apple clearwing moth in
British Columbia".
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Eby, Chelsea; Gardiner, Mark G.T.; Gries, Regine; Judd, Gary J.R.; Khaskin, Grigori; Gries, Gerhard (2013). "Phenylacetaldehyde attracts male and female apple clearwing moths,
357:
and North Africa. Recently, the moth was introduced into North
America, being first detected in Canada in 2005. There are several organisms that threaten the larvae, including
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After burrowing into the bark, larvae compose golden brown cocoons which stick out from the tree. Compared to the larval stage, the pupal stage is much shorter at two weeks.
663:
719:
released by the glands of females. A 2010 study from Judd, Gries, Aurelian, and Gries found that 3,13-octadecadienyl acetate is the primary sex hormone used by
1219:
Visual and olfactory cues used by the apple clearwing moth, Synanthedon myopaeformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), to locate inflorescences of showy milkweed
1902:
536:
Each female can lay up to 250 eggs. Eggs are laid singly on the bark of host trees, typically in cracks or damaged areas of the trunk and branches.
808:
Each of the species mentioned above in the “Enemies” section have been used to control populations. These include nematodes, fungi, and bacteria.
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produced by the flowers that attracts them. This substance can be used in monitoring populations of the moth or in mass-trapping them.
1738:
1319:
Cossentine, J. E.; Judd, G. J. R.; Bissett, J. D.; Lacey, L. A. (2010-01-01). "Susceptibility of apple clearwing moth larvae,
17:
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Figs.1 larva before last moult, 1a larva after last moult 1b pupa, 1c, 1d pieces of apple bark ravaged by the larva
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460:, short projections, protruding from their heads. They can be seen sticking out of the bark of apple trees.
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Native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa, but recently released in Canada and the United States,
1897:
942:(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) when orienting to traps baited with sex pheromone or feeding attractants".
353:
research projects aimed at controlling populations of the moth. This moth is native to Europe, the
1802:
1233:
Bąkowski, Marek; Piekarska-Boniecka, Hanna; Dolańska-Niedbała, Ewa; Michaud, J. P. (2013-01-01).
988:
676:
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Shehata, W. A.; Nasr, F. N.; Tadros, A. W. (1999). "Application of some bacterial varieties of
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1113:(Borkhausen) - Red-belted Clearwing, Small Red-belted Clearwing, Apple Clearwing, Apple Borer"
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After emergence in early summer, adults are active in flight from May through August. Because
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In Canada, it has been found that both male and female moths are attracted to the flowers of
151:
1854:
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Kutinkova, Hristina; Andreev, Radoslov; Subchev, Mitko; Szocs, Gabor; Toth, Miklos (2006).
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is found predominately near apple orchards. They are also found in gardens, woodlands and
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Diverse materials have been used to coat the bark of apple trees in an attempt to kill
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same wavelengths of light shown in the previously mentioned study, suggesting that the
520:
512:
177:
51:
1480:"Seasonal flight dynamics of apple clearwing moth based on catches in pheromone traps"
1239:, and its parasitoid Liotryphon crassiseta in apple orchards in yellow Moericke traps"
1887:
1849:
1673:
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is known as the apple clearwing moth because of its status as a pest of apple trees.
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884:"Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing,
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1419:"The Effect of the Orchard Habitat Structure and Year on Apple Clearwing Moth
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963:
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many methods have been tested for controlling the proliferation of the moth.
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by Mating
Disruption Using Sex Pheremone Dispensers in Northern Greece"
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are a threat to larvae, and larva mortality following exposure to the
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are 2.5 cm long, with off-white bodies and a reddish-brown head.
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sex pheromone into orchards infested by the species. The technique,
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Judd, Gary J. R.; Eby, Chelsea (2014). "Spectral discrimination by
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457:
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331:
118:
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Noma, T.; Colunga-Garcia, M.; Brewer, M.; Landis, J.; Gooch, A.
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Piekarska-Boniecka, H.; Siatkowski, M.; Siatkowski, I. (2016).
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One method of reproduction control involves the release of the
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Because the life cycle of the moth is dependent on host trees,
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are around 1.5 cm long, and are golden brown with two
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1076:. British Columbia: Ministry of Agriculture. 2013-11-01
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Michigan State
University's Invasive Species Factsheets
1373:
993: : Red-belted Clearwing | NBN Atlas | NBN Atlas"
1293:(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) in apple trees sprayed with
1297:sp. strain Hylobius(Nematoda: Steinernematidae)".
577:Adults emerge from their cocoons in early summer.
556:into the bark of the host trees, digging into the
1134:Biological Control Programmes in Canada 2001-2012
1106:
847:
476:. The larvae feed under the bark of apple trees,
1879:
820:eggs and larvae. In 2010, the effectiveness of
1487:Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research
1235:"Monitoring of the red-belted clearwing moth,
1446:
856:Borkh. (Lep. Aegeriidae) in apple orchards".
1146:
757:
1289:Kahounova, L. (1991). "Larval mortality of
726:
42:
1903:Taxa named by Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen
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1262:
911:
735:
644:
623:
538:
432:
1507:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1183:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata
1177:, to inflorescences of showy milkweed,
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794:
762:
667:is a significant cause of mortality in
14:
1880:
1107:Grichanov, I. Y.; Ovsyannikove, E. I.
404:Synanthedon myopaeformis typhiaeformis
1579:
1578:
1314:
1312:
1284:
1282:
881:
399:Synanthedon myopaeformis myopaeformis
1731:b73fbe81-6bf7-431a-9616-510cfb6e9e04
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715:Males of the species respond to sex
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24:
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375:Synanthedon myopaeformis cruentata
240:Sesia myopaeformis ab. bicingulata
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1333:Biocontrol Science and Technology
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978:
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603:In 2014, Judd and Eby found that
391:Synanthedon myopaeformis luctuosa
1519:10.1111/j.1570-7458.2011.01198.x
1216:Eby, Chelsea Dawn (2012-07-03).
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783:Many research studies have used
55:
1552:Red-belted Clearwing at UKmoths
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1471:
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1299:Acta Entomologica Bohemoslovaca
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383:Synanthedon myopaeformis graeca
340:. In Europe it is known as the
1140:
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312:Fischer & Lewandowski 2003
13:
1:
1447:Kyparissoudas, D. A. (1993).
852:and its bioproduct Delfin on
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787:to monitor the population of
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526:
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368:
344:and in North America as the
285:Sesia cruentata ab. lugubris
7:
1489:. 14 (Supplement 3): 39–48.
1323:(Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to
882:Erler, Fedai (2010-01-01).
10:
1919:
800:female-targeted trapping.
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463:
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1376:The Canadian Entomologist
1345:10.1080/09583151003690390
1243:Journal of Insect Science
944:The Canadian Entomologist
892:Journal of Insect Science
758:Attempted control methods
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52:Scientific classification
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1865:synanthedon-myopaeformis
1630:Synanthedon-myopaeformis
1619:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1589:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1503:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1321:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1291:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1237:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1175:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1151:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1111:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1068:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1033:Synanthedon myopaeformis
991:Synanthedon myopaeformis
940:Synanthedon myopaeformis
886:Synanthedon myopaeformis
854:Synanthedon myopaeformis
727:Interactions with humans
592:Synanthedon myopaeformis
438:Synanthedon myopaeformis
418:Synanthedon myopaeformis
323:Synanthedon myopaeformis
161:Synanthedon myopaeformis
36:Synanthedon myopaeformis
1893:Moths described in 1789
1066:"Apple clearwing moth (
858:Journal of Pest Science
564:
552:After hatching, larvae
1557:Lepidoptera of Belgium
1430:Colloquium Biometricum
1149:"Red-belted Clearwing(
1031:"Red-Belted Clearwing
850:Bacillus thuringiensis
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699:Bacillus thuringiensis
655:
651:Bacillus thuringiensis
642:
544:
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1465:Entomologia Hellenica
1147:Wheeler, Jim (2014).
1109:"AgroAtlas - Pests -
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664:Liotryphan crassiseta
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637:, seen growing on an
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519:) and that it is the
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309:Synanthedon mesoreaca
232:Synanthedon armeniaca
1726:Fauna Europaea (new)
1329:Metarhizium brunneum
1255:10.1673/031.013.0401
997:species.nbnatlas.org
904:10.1673/031.010.6301
795:Other chemical lures
763:Pheromone disruption
693:Metarhizium brunneum
654:, a threat to larvae
346:apple clearwing moth
342:red-belted clearwing
261:Sphinx tiphiaeformis
253:Sphinx typhiaeformis
216:Sesia mutillaeformis
143:S. myopaeformis
18:Red-Belted Clearwing
1136:. pp. 286–288.
956:10.4039/tce.2013.55
187:Sphinx myopaeformis
1325:Beauveria bassiana
1179:Asclepias speciosa
742:
687:Beauveria bassiana
656:
643:
633:, a threat to the
630:Beauveria bassiana
545:
521:phenylacetaldehyde
517:Asclepias speciosa
441:
407:(Borkhausen, 1789)
386:(Staudinger, 1871)
269:Sesia typhiiformis
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1850:Open Tree of Life
1581:Taxon identifiers
1195:10.1111/eea.12045
773:mating disruption
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444:than hindwings.
413:Geographic range
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365:, and bacteria.
311:
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296:Staudinger, 1871
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247:Staudinger, 1887
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190:Borkhausen, 1789
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1155:. Norfolk Moths
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822:cotton seed oil
818:S. myopaeformis
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785:pheromone traps
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779:Pheromone traps
769:S. myopaeformis
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751:S. myopaeformis
746:S. myopaeformis
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721:S. myopaeformis
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677:Steinernema sp.
635:S. myopaeformis
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610:S. myopaeformis
605:S. myopaeformis
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588:
586:Flight activity
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504:, favoring old
470:S. myopaeformis
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423:S. myopaeformis
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394:(Lederer, 1853)
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277:Sesia cruentata
219:Laspeyres, 1801
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27:Species of moth
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1546:External links
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1382:(3): 236–244.
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1339:(7): 703–707.
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334:and the order
330:of the family
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301:Sesia luctuosa
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823:
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804:Other species
801:
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304:Lederer, 1853
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241:
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227:Lederer, 1861
225:
224:Sesia elegans
222:
217:
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206:Donovan, 1797
204:
203:Sphinx zonata
201:
196:
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185:
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152:Binomial name
149:
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37:
33:
30:
19:
1588:
1562:Lepiforum.de
1513:(1): 27–35.
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1473:
1464:
1459:myopaeformis
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:"Control of
1442:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1412:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1336:
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1328:
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1320:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1218:
1211:
1189:(1): 82–92.
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1150:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1110:
1078:. Retrieved
1073:
1067:
1047:29 September
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1000:. Retrieved
996:
990:
947:
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939:
895:
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861:
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697:
691:
685:
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649:
634:
628:
609:
604:
602:
599:Color vision
591:
589:
576:
568:
551:
535:
516:
510:
502:mountain ash
469:
467:
452:
448:Caterpillars
446:
442:
437:
422:
417:
416:
403:
398:
390:
382:
378:(Mann, 1859)
374:
345:
341:
335:
322:
321:
320:
308:
300:
293:Sesia graeca
292:
288:Ragusa, 1923
284:
276:
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223:
215:
202:
194:
186:
160:
158:
142:
141:
129:
35:
29:
1798:NatureServe
1752:iNaturalist
1613:Wikispecies
1451:Synanthedon
1295:Steinernema
950:(1): 8–25.
732:Pest status
614:dichromatic
612:could have
548:Caterpillar
478:crab apples
359:parasitoids
337:Lepidoptera
210:Drury, 1770
130:Synanthedon
109:Lepidoptera
1882:Categories
1790:SynanMyopa
1569:(in Dutch)
1423:Abundance"
1305:: 205–201.
1159:2014-06-10
1118:2017-10-02
1080:2014-06-10
1002:2017-10-02
864:: 129–132.
828:References
717:pheromones
711:Pheremones
660:parasitoid
581:Physiology
527:Life cycle
429:Morphology
369:Subspecies
280:Mann, 1859
243:Rebel 1910
169:Borkhausen
89:Arthropoda
1527:1570-7458
1396:1918-3240
1353:0958-3157
1222:(Thesis).
964:0008-347X
898:(1): 63.
672:Nematodes
639:Ithominae
506:cankerous
480:, pears,
474:hedgerows
458:tubercles
363:nematodes
355:Near East
137:Species:
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1888:Sesiidae
1803:2.963402
1787:MaBENA:
1661:BugGuide
1637:BioLib:
1627:BAMONA:
1598:Wikidata
1535:86621085
1467:: 35–40.
1436:: 71–82.
1404:86303416
1361:84565528
1273:23879220
1249:(1): 4.
1203:84552298
972:86057968
922:20672979
740:On a bud
616:vision.
498:hawthorn
494:apricots
490:cherries
332:Sesiidae
264:HĂĽbner,
178:Synonyms
119:Sesiidae
115:Family:
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1829:1108570
1744:4525777
1692:3960192
1604:Q618307
1455:Aegeria
1264:3735110
913:3014806
620:Enemies
508:trees.
482:quinces
464:Habitat
171:, 1789)
125:Genus:
105:Order:
99:Insecta
95:Class:
1855:334988
1780:2586.1
1757:468467
1718:440148
1705:SYNAMY
1666:162142
1533:
1525:
1402:
1394:
1359:
1351:
1271:
1261:
1201:
970:
962:
920:
910:
706:Mating
573:Adults
558:phloem
350:larvae
348:. The
1862:PPE:
1764:LoB:
1679:949P4
1653:50618
1640:48436
1531:S2CID
1483:(PDF)
1426:(PDF)
1400:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1199:S2CID
1038:(PDF)
968:S2CID
683:fungi
641:larva
486:plums
454:Pupae
326:is a
245:(nec
208:(nec
1842:9616
1824:NCBI
1775:MONA
1767:4914
1739:GBIF
1700:EPPO
1648:BOLD
1523:ISSN
1392:ISSN
1349:ISSN
1327:and
1269:PMID
1049:2017
960:ISSN
918:PMID
690:and
658:The
565:Pupa
554:bore
500:and
328:moth
1811:NBN
1687:EoL
1674:CoL
1515:doi
1511:142
1505:".
1384:doi
1380:143
1341:doi
1331:".
1259:PMC
1251:doi
1191:doi
1187:147
1181:".
952:doi
948:146
908:PMC
900:doi
532:Egg
1884::
1852::
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1457:)
1434:46
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1303:88
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