970:"Despite 99% DNA similarity between humans and our nearest relative, chimpanzees, the locations of DNA swapping between chr</ref> omosomes, known as recombination hotspots, are almost entirely different. The surprising finding is reported in a paper published in Science by Oxford University statisticians and US and Dutch geneticists."
85:
Recombination hotspots do not seem to be solely caused by DNA sequence arrangements or chromosome structure. Alternatively, initiation sites of recombination hotspots can be coded for in the genome. Through the comparison of recombination between different mouse strains, locus Dsbc1 was identified as
73:
repeats: CGG-CCG, GAG-CTG, GAA-TTC, and GCN-NGC. These fragile sites are conserved in mammals and in yeast, suggesting that the instability is caused by something inherent to the molecular structure of DNA and is associated with DNA-repeat instability. These fragile sites are thought to form hairpin
122:
Homologous recombination is very frequent in RNA viruses. Recombination frequently occurs among very similar viruses, where crossover sites may occur anywhere across the genome, but after selection pressure these sites tend to localize in certain regions/hotspots. For example, in
Enteroviruses,
77:
Recombination hotspots are also thought to arise due to higher-order chromosome structure that make some areas of the chromosome more accessible to recombination than others. A double stranded-break initiation site was identified in mice and yeast, located at a common chromatin feature: the
60:
Recombination can also occur due to errors in DNA replication that lead to genomic rearrangements. These events are often associated with pathology. However, genomic rearrangement is also thought to be a driving force in evolutionary development as it gives rise to novel gene combinations.
47:
Meiotic recombination through crossing over is thought to be a mechanism by which a cell promotes correct segregation of homologous chromosomes and the repair of DNA damages. Crossing over requires a DNA double-stranded break followed by strand invasion of the homolog and subsequent repair.
110:, as observed in a range of different organisms. Transcription associated recombination appears to be due, at least in part, to the ability of transcription to open the DNA structure and enhance accessibility of DNA to exogenous chemicals and internal metabolites that cause recombinogenic
806:
Nikolaidis, Marios; Mimouli, Kalliopi; Kyriakopoulou, Zaharoula; Tsimpidis, Michail; Tsakogiannis, Dimitris; Markoulatos, Panayotis; Amoutzias, Grigoris D. (January 2019). "Large-scale genomic analysis reveals recurrent patterns of intertypic recombination in human enteroviruses".
52:. Linkage disequilibrium has identified more than 30,000 hotspots within the human genome. In humans, the average number of crossover recombination events per hotspot is one crossover per 1,300 meioses, and the most extreme hotspot has a crossover frequency of one per 110 meioses.
94:
in the Dsbc1 region, providing evidence of a non-random, genetic basis for recombination initiation sites in mice. Rapid evolution of the PRDM9 gene explains the observation that human and chimpanzees share few recombination hotspots, despite a high level of sequence identity.
86:
a locus that contributes to the specification of initiation sites in the genome in at least two recombination hotspot locations. Additional crossing over mapping located the Dsbc1 locus to the 12.2 to 16.7-Mb region of mouse chromosome 17, which contains the PRDM9 gene. The
123:
recombination hotspots have been identified at the 5'UTR-capsid region junction, and at the beginning of the P2 region. These two hotspots flank the P1 region that encodes for the capsid. In coronaviruses, the Spike genomic region is a recombination hotspot.
74:
structures on the lagging strand during replication from single-stranded DNA base-pairing with itself in the trinucleotide repeat region. These hairpin structures cause DNA breaks that lead to a higher frequency of recombination at these sites.
61:
Recombination hotspots may arise from the interaction of the following selective forces: the benefit of driving genetic diversity through genomic rearrangement coupled with selection acting to maintain favorable gene combinations.
597:"Recombinogenic effects of DNA-damaging agents are synergistically increased by transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. New insights into transcription-associated recombination"
27:
relative to a neutral expectation. The recombination rate within hotspots can be hundreds of times that of the surrounding region. Recombination hotspots result from higher
162:
Jeffreys AJ, Kauppi L, Neumann R (October 2001). "Intensely punctate meiotic recombination in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex".
70:
69:
DNA contains "fragile sites" within the sequence that are more prone to recombination. These fragile sites are associated with the following
39:
cells. This appellation can refer to recombination events resulting from the uneven distribution of programmed meiotic double-strand breaks.
850:
Nikolaidis, Marios; Markoulatos, Panayotis; Van de Peer, Yves; Oliver, Stephen G; Amoutzias, Grigorios D (2021-10-12). Hepp, Crystal (ed.).
852:"The neighborhood of the Spike gene is a hotspot for modular intertypic homologous and non-homologous recombination in Coronavirus genomes"
48:
Initiation sites for recombination are usually identified by mapping crossing over events through pedigree analysis or through analysis of
114:. These findings suggest that transcription-associated recombination may contribute significantly to recombination hotspot formation.
320:
Myers S, Spencer CC, Auton A, et al. (August 2006). "The distribution and causes of meiotic recombination in the human genome".
207:"Initiation of meiotic homologous recombination: flexibility, impact of histone modifications, and chromatin remodeling"
496:"The strong ADH1 promoter stimulates mitotic and meiotic recombination at the ADE6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe"
111:
851:
364:
Aguilera, A.; Gomez-Gonzalez, B. (2008). "Genome
Instability: A Mechanistic View of Its Causes and Consequences".
973:
993:
909:"Characterizing Transcriptional Regulatory Sequences in Coronaviruses and Their Role in Recombination"
91:
103:
24:
107:
49:
907:
Yang, Yiyan; Yan, Wei; Hall, A Brantley; Jiang, Xiaofang (2021-04-13). Rasmus, Nielsen (ed.).
142:
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8:
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Auton, Adam; Fledel-Alon, Adi; Pfeifer, Susanne; Venn, Oliver; SĂ©gurel, Laure (2012).
946:
928:
889:
871:
824:
785:
767:
763:
748:"Random nature of coronavirus RNA recombination in the absence of selection pressure"
728:
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671:
626:
574:
545:"Transcription enhances intrachromosomal homologous recombination in mammalian cells"
525:
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273:"Prdm9 Is a Major Determinant of Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans and Mice"
234:
218:
171:
612:
820:
644:
Gaillard H, Aguilera A (2016). "Transcription as a Threat to Genome
Integrity".
222:
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Lichten, M.; Goldman, A. S. H. (1995). "Meiotic
Recombination Hotspots".
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333:
175:
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Researchers find surprising difference between human and chimp genomes
849:
137:
377:
977:
132:
595:
GarcĂa-Rubio M, Huertas P, González-Barrera S, Aguilera A (2003).
205:
Székvölgyi, Lóránt; Ohta, Kunihiro; Nicolas, Alain (2015-05-01).
79:
36:
32:
447:"A fine-scale chimpanzee genetic map from population sequencing"
20:
87:
444:
689:
Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Holmes, Edward C. (August 2011).
98:
28:
106:
in functional regions of DNA is strongly stimulated by
363:
204:
161:
493:
31:
break formation in these regions, and apply to both
688:
319:
985:
906:
643:
590:
588:
117:
409:
637:
585:
974:What's so hot about recombination hotspots?
746:Banner, L. R.; Lai, M. M. (November 1991).
494:Grimm C, Schaer P, Munz P, Kohli J (1991).
536:
487:
359:
357:
355:
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211:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
78:trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 (
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470:
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55:
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42:
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976:A primer on recombination hotspots by
400:
270:
99:Transcription associated recombination
801:
799:
658:10.1146/annurev-biochem-060815-014908
255:
64:
13:
961:
796:
14:
1005:
271:Baudat, F.; et al. (2010).
913:Molecular Biology and Evolution
900:
856:Molecular Biology and Evolution
843:
739:
691:"Why do RNA viruses recombine?"
682:
23:that exhibit elevated rates of
438:
424:10.1146/annurev.genet.29.1.423
313:
198:
155:
1:
148:
764:10.1016/0042-6822(91)90795-d
118:Viral recombination hotspots
7:
821:10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.006
695:Nature Reviews Microbiology
223:10.1101/cshperspect.a016527
126:
10:
1010:
613:10.1093/genetics/165.2.457
412:Annual Review of Genetics
92:histone methyltransferase
104:Homologous recombination
463:10.1126/science.1216872
366:Nature Reviews Genetics
289:10.1126/science.1183439
925:10.1093/molbev/msaa281
868:10.1093/molbev/msab292
561:10.1128/mcb.12.12.5311
56:Genomic rearrangements
50:linkage disequilibrium
17:Recombination hotspots
543:Nickoloff JA (1992).
143:Genetic recombination
43:Meiotic recombination
512:10.1128/mcb.11.1.289
707:10.1038/nrmicro2614
322:Biochem. Soc. Trans
994:Molecular genetics
646:Annu. Rev. Biochem
334:10.1042/BST0340526
176:10.1038/ng1001-217
457:(6078): 193–198.
19:are regions in a
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980:in PLoS Biology
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919:(4): 1241–1248.
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328:(Pt 4): 526–30.
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283:(5967): 836–40.
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65:Initiation sites
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962:Further reading
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90:gene encodes a
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981:
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960:
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899:
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795:
758:(1): 441–445.
738:
701:(8): 617–626.
681:
636:
584:
555:(12): 5311–8.
535:
486:
437:
399:
347:
312:
254:
217:(5): a016527.
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607:(2): 457–66.
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108:transcription
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71:trinucleotide
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25:recombination
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15:
862:: msab292.
667:11441/78271
652:: 291–317.
112:DNA damages
418:: 423–44.
164:Nat. Genet
149:References
933:1537-1719
876:0737-4038
815:: 72–80.
772:0042-6822
715:1740-1526
231:1943-0264
138:Evolution
988:Category
978:Jody Hey
951:33146390
894:34638137
837:53115712
829:30366300
809:Virology
752:Virology
733:21725337
676:27023844
631:14573461
601:Genetics
481:22422862
394:14024154
386:18227811
342:16856851
307:20044539
249:25934010
192:23026001
184:11586303
133:Chi site
127:See also
942:7665640
885:8549283
790:1656597
781:7131166
724:3324781
622:1462770
579:1333040
530:1986226
472:3532813
451:Science
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298:4295902
277:Science
240:4448624
80:H3K4me3
37:meiotic
33:mitotic
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21:genome
833:S2CID
390:S2CID
188:S2CID
88:PRDM9
947:PMID
929:ISSN
890:PMID
872:ISSN
825:PMID
786:PMID
768:ISSN
729:PMID
711:ISSN
672:PMID
627:PMID
575:PMID
526:PMID
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428:PMID
382:PMID
338:PMID
303:PMID
245:PMID
227:ISSN
180:PMID
35:and
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921:doi
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864:doi
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813:526
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760:doi
756:185
719:PMC
703:doi
662:hdl
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617:PMC
609:doi
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565:PMC
557:doi
516:PMC
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467:PMC
459:doi
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420:doi
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330:doi
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235:PMC
219:doi
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82:).
29:DNA
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