20:
132:, and many other factors that affect maximum life span. Furthermore, a number of species with high metabolic rate, like bats and birds, are long-lived. In a 2007 analysis it was shown that, when modern statistical methods for correcting for the effects of body size and phylogeny are employed, metabolic rate does not correlate with longevity in mammals or birds.
68:
could be predicted by taking 3/4 the power of the organism's body weight. This finding was noteworthy because the inversion of the scaling exponent, between 0.2 and 0.33, also demonstrated the scaling for both lifespan and metabolic rate, and was colloquially called the "mouse-to-elephant" curve.
44:
in 1908, the theory was based on his observation that smaller animals had faster metabolisms and shorter lifespans compared to larger animals with slower metabolisms. The theory gained further credibility through the work of
23:
As metabolic rate increases, the lifespan of an organism is expected to decrease as a direct result. The rate at which this occurs is not fixed and thus the -45° slope in this graph is just an example and not a
85:, created in the 1950s. This theory stated that organisms age over time due to the accumulation of damage from free radicals in the body. It also showed that metabolic processes, specifically the
384:
89:, are prominent producers of free radicals. This provided a mechanistic link between Rubner's initial observations of decreased lifespan in conjunction with increased metabolism.
57:, in 1928, in which he expounded upon Rubner's theory and demonstrated a causal relationship between the slowing of metabolism and an increase in lifespan.
313:
392:
101:(evident with a lowered heartbeat) to increased life expectancy. This has been proposed by some to be the key to why animals like the
503:"An Analysis of the Relationship Between Metabolism, Developmental Schedules, and Longevity Using Phylogenetic Independent Contrasts"
702:
477:
53:
and cantaloupe seeds, which supported Rubner's initial observation. Pearl's findings were later published in his book,
460:
664:
Holloszy J. O.; Smith E. K. (1986). "Longevity of cold-exposed rats: A reevaluation of the "rate-of-living theory".
548:
Rubner, M. (1908). Das
Problem der Lebensdauer und seiner beziehungen zum Wachstum und Ernährung. Munich: Oldenberg.
165:
Rubner, M. (1908). Das
Problem det Lebensdaur und seiner beziehunger zum Wachstum und Ernarnhung. Munich: Oldenberg.
502:
125:
82:
141:
604:
242:
599:
237:
61:
98:
65:
8:
707:
527:
407:
274:
146:
681:
652:
617:
578:
532:
456:
449:
429:
366:
325:
294:
255:
207:
344:
673:
642:
609:
568:
522:
514:
419:
356:
286:
247:
197:
590:
Harman D (1956). "Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry".
273:
Hulbert, A. J.; Pamplona, Reinald; Buffenstein, Rochelle; Buttemer, W. A. (2007).
228:
Harman D (1956). "Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry".
677:
275:"Life and Death: Metabolic Rate, Membrane Composition, and Life Span of Animals"
290:
102:
613:
518:
507:
The
Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
251:
696:
647:
630:
451:
Why We Age: What
Science Is Discovering about the Body's Journey through Life
424:
121:
78:
46:
656:
621:
582:
536:
433:
370:
329:
298:
259:
211:
117:
86:
685:
385:"The Longevity Secret for Tortoises Is Held In Their Low Metabolism Rate"
361:
129:
50:
41:
33:
573:
556:
202:
185:
97:
Support for this theory has been bolstered by studies linking a lower
37:
19:
272:
631:"Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics"
408:"Living fast, dying when? The link between aging and energetics"
113:
109:
60:
The theory gained additional credibility with the discovery of
118:
coupling between oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production
112:
expenditure can vary between 1.6 and 8.0 between species of
108:
However, the ratio of resting metabolic rate to total daily
628:
405:
629:
Speakman JR, Selman C, McLaren JS, Harper EJ (June 2002).
663:
314:"What Determines Longevity: Metabolic Rate or Stability?"
501:
de MagalhĂŁes JP, Costa J, Church GM (1 February 2007).
500:
342:
406:
Speakman JR, Selman C, McLaren JS, Harper EJ (2002).
312:
Olshansky, S. J.; Rattan, Suresh IS (25 July 2009).
448:
478:"Why do bats have such bizarrely long lifespans?"
345:"Metabolism, ubiquinone synthesis, and longevity"
694:
343:Aguilaniu, H.; Durieux, J.; Dillin, A. (2005).
311:
554:
183:
557:"Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan"
186:"Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan"
92:
64:in 1932. Kleiber found that an organism's
646:
603:
572:
526:
423:
360:
241:
201:
32:postulates that the faster an organism’s
589:
227:
18:
551:Raymond Pearl. The Rate of Living. 1928
174:Raymond Pearl. The Rate of Living. 1928
695:
475:
446:
116:. Animals also vary in the degree of
77:Mechanistic evidence was provided by
223:
221:
561:The Journal of Experimental Biology
455:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
13:
14:
719:
218:
418:(6, Supplement 2): 1583S–1597S.
494:
469:
440:
49:, who conducted experiments on
399:
377:
336:
305:
266:
177:
168:
159:
1:
703:Theories of biological ageing
666:Journal of Applied Physiology
152:
678:10.1152/jappl.1986.61.5.1656
83:free radical theory of aging
72:
7:
476:Timmer, John (2019-06-11).
135:
16:Theory of biological ageing
10:
724:
291:10.1152/physrev.00047.2006
142:DNA damage theory of aging
105:can live over 150 years.
412:The Journal of Nutrition
614:10.1093/geronj/11.3.298
555:Speakman J. R. (2005).
519:10.1093/gerona/62.2.149
447:Austad, Steven (1997).
349:Genes & Development
252:10.1093/geronj/11.3.298
184:Speakman J. R. (2005).
93:Current state of theory
672:(Suppl 2): 1656–1660.
648:10.1093/jn/132.6.1583S
592:Journal of Gerontology
425:10.1093/jn/132.6.1583S
389:www.immortalhumans.com
230:Journal of Gerontology
25:
279:Physiological Reviews
30:rate of living theory
22:
635:Journal of Nutrition
99:basal metabolic rate
66:basal metabolic rate
40:. First proposed by
567:(Pt 9): 1717–1730.
362:10.1101/gad.1366505
318:Discovery Medicine
147:Longevity quotient
55:The Rate of Living
36:, the shorter its
26:
574:10.1242/jeb.01556
355:(20): 2399–2406.
203:10.1242/jeb.01556
124:in mitochondrial
62:Max Kleiber's law
715:
689:
660:
650:
641:(6): 1583S–97S.
625:
607:
586:
576:
541:
540:
530:
498:
492:
491:
489:
488:
473:
467:
466:
454:
444:
438:
437:
427:
403:
397:
396:
391:. Archived from
381:
375:
374:
364:
340:
334:
333:
309:
303:
302:
285:(4): 1175–1213.
270:
264:
263:
245:
225:
216:
215:
205:
196:(9): 1717–1730.
181:
175:
172:
166:
163:
128:, the amount of
120:, the amount of
723:
722:
718:
717:
716:
714:
713:
712:
693:
692:
605:10.1.1.663.3809
545:
544:
499:
495:
486:
484:
474:
470:
463:
445:
441:
404:
400:
383:
382:
378:
341:
337:
324:(28): 359–362.
310:
306:
271:
267:
243:10.1.1.663.3809
226:
219:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
160:
155:
138:
95:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
721:
711:
710:
705:
691:
690:
661:
626:
598:(3): 298–300.
587:
552:
549:
543:
542:
493:
468:
461:
439:
398:
395:on 2010-07-20.
376:
335:
304:
265:
236:(3): 298–300.
217:
176:
167:
157:
156:
154:
151:
150:
149:
144:
137:
134:
103:giant tortoise
94:
91:
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
720:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
698:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
547:
546:
538:
534:
529:
524:
520:
516:
513:(2): 149–60.
512:
508:
504:
497:
483:
479:
472:
464:
462:9780471148036
458:
453:
452:
443:
435:
431:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
394:
390:
386:
380:
372:
368:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
339:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
308:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
269:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
224:
222:
213:
209:
204:
199:
195:
191:
187:
180:
171:
162:
158:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
133:
131:
127:
123:
122:saturated fat
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
90:
88:
84:
80:
79:Denham Harman
70:
67:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
47:Raymond Pearl
43:
39:
35:
31:
21:
669:
665:
638:
634:
595:
591:
564:
560:
510:
506:
496:
485:. Retrieved
482:Ars Technica
481:
471:
450:
442:
415:
411:
401:
393:the original
388:
379:
352:
348:
338:
321:
317:
307:
282:
278:
268:
233:
229:
193:
189:
179:
170:
161:
107:
96:
87:mitochondria
76:
59:
54:
29:
27:
708:Metabolism
697:Categories
487:2021-08-31
190:J Exp Biol
153:References
130:DNA repair
51:drosophila
42:Max Rubner
34:metabolism
600:CiteSeerX
238:CiteSeerX
126:membranes
73:Mechanism
24:constant.
657:12042467
622:13332224
583:15855403
537:17339640
434:12042467
371:16230529
330:20704872
299:17928583
260:13332224
212:15855403
136:See also
38:lifespan
686:3781978
528:2288695
114:mammals
684:
655:
620:
602:
581:
535:
525:
459:
432:
369:
328:
297:
258:
240:
210:
110:energy
682:PMID
653:PMID
618:PMID
579:PMID
533:PMID
457:ISBN
430:PMID
367:PMID
326:PMID
295:PMID
256:PMID
208:PMID
28:The
674:doi
643:doi
639:132
610:doi
569:doi
565:208
523:PMC
515:doi
420:doi
416:132
357:doi
287:doi
248:doi
198:doi
194:208
81:'s
699::
680:.
670:61
668:.
651:.
637:.
633:.
616:.
608:.
596:11
594:.
577:.
563:.
559:.
531:.
521:.
511:62
509:.
505:.
480:.
428:.
414:.
410:.
387:.
365:.
353:19
351:.
347:.
320:.
316:.
293:.
283:87
281:.
277:.
254:.
246:.
234:11
232:.
220:^
206:.
192:.
188:.
688:.
676::
659:.
645::
624:.
612::
585:.
571::
539:.
517::
490:.
465:.
436:.
422::
373:.
359::
332:.
322:5
301:.
289::
262:.
250::
214:.
200::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
