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the state. The vizier al-Falahi was nominally in charge, but he held virtually no real power - Rasad and al-Tustari were the ones who were really in charge. Rasad played al-Tustari and al-Falahi against each other. In 1047, the jealous al-Falahi collaborated with
Turkish elements in the army to have al-Tustari assassinated. Rasad had al-Fallahi arrested and executed the following year. She briefly appointed al-Tustari's brother Abu Nasr to oversee management of her
233:
between the two halves of the army eventually degenerated into open warfare in 1062, and a prolonged drought that then hit Egypt only exacerbated the situation. The Turks soon claimed victory, and in recompense for the Caliph and the Caliph mother both having supported the blacks, the latter was arrested and stripped of her property. For his part, al-Mustansir was strong-armed into bribing his own soldiers to stand down by emptying his treasury.
1770:
252:
and his army of Syrian mercenaries. Al-Jamali, who had also once been a slave, was made the vizier thereafter in 1074. This was the effective end of Rasad's long de facto rule, though she continued to serve as a royal diplomat for the remainder of her life. She is mentioned in 1078, when performing
232:
Rasad was waited upon by 5,000 slaves, endowed valuable philanthropies, and underwrote a building campaign. She championed the cause of her black soldiers - most of whom were her countrymen - in their ongoing struggle for supremacy against their
Turkish rivals in the royal army. The battle of wills
189:
and appointed her previous owner Abu Sa'd al-Tustari as its head. With the blessing of her passive son, she effectively ruled the state by influencing the appointment of favourites to posts and offices, and it was said that she was the ruler of her son and that her diwan was the 'gate to power' of
197:
Al-Tustari's specific assassin, however, could not be identified, and al-Mustansir did not want to punish a large number of
Turkish soldiers. So in order to counterbalance the Turkish influence, Rasad brought in an influx of black slave soldiers and compelled state officials to buy them. When the
261:. Arwa's initial letter to the Fatimids has not survived, but Rasad's response has. It is her only known official correspondence with another queen, and it is the only instance where Rasad is known to have called herself a queen (
501:
Egypt and Syria in the
Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras III: Proceedings of the 6th, 7th and 8th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 1997, 1998 and 1999
1530:
229:
of northern Syria. According to Taef El-Azhari, Rasad may have been a leading actor in these negotiations, especially since she had already exchanged gifts with
Theodora before.
159:, often translated as queen, signifying that she was formally a part of the royal family rather than a slave concubine. When she later gave birth to a son that they named
199:
462:
210:. Al-Yazuri "was keen to implement her policy and vision". He served in parallel as the head of her diwan as well as the vizier of her son until 1058. According to
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along with al-Mustansir's daughters. Although this account is disputed, Rasad's power was reduced and she is rarely mentioned in chronicles afterward.
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and its cadet families that have ruled following al-Mustansir's death in 1094, Rasad's bloodline has come down to the present day. For example, the
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to get food supplies into the country. They also discussed a possible military alliance, since they shared a common enemy in the
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during the minority of al-Mustansir; Rasad was never formally regent, but as the mother of the Caliph (equivalent to a
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In 1036, her son al-Mustansir ascended the throne of Egypt in his seventh year. Formally, Egypt was ruled by the
1812:
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163:, a delighted az-Zahir declared that the young prince would succeed to the Fatimid throne upon his own demise.
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This article is about the 11th-century mother of a ruler of Egypt. For the
Iranian Satellite, see
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Serious famine struck Egypt in 1054. The
Fatimids negotiated with the Byzantine Empress
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Jenco, Leigh K.; Idris, Murad; Thomas, Megan C.; Thomas, Megan
Christine (2019).
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For unknown reasons, medieval chroniclers never used this title to describe her.
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objected to this policy in 1050, Rasad had him dismissed and replaced with
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148:. The ruler had purchased her from Abu Sa'd al-Tustari, a Jewish merchant.
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1673:
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In 1074, Caliph al-Mustansir was able to restore order with the help of
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In 1067 or 1069, after the
Turkish soldiers' victory, Rasad fled to
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The
Tentmakers of Cairo: Egypt's Medieval and Modern Appliqué Craft
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218:, the number of black slave soldiers exceeded 50,000 at its peak.
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between 1044 and 1071. The name Rasad literally means "observed".
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The Unforgettable Queens of Islam: Succession, Authority, Gender
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Queens, Eunuchs, and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257
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Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257
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origin. Described as being Sudanese, she first entered the
185:
When al-Jarjara'i died in 1044, Rasad established her own
695:
Die Kalifen von Kairo: Die Fāṭimiden in Ägypten, 973–1074
638:
Leigh K. Jenco, Murad Idris and Megan C. Thomas (2019),
297:- claim direct descent from Rasad through al-Mustansir.
110:) was a slave concubine who, as the queen-mother of the
524:
700:
The Caliphs of Cairo: The Fatimids in Egypt, 973–1074
497:
640:
The Oxford Handbook Of Comparative Political Theory
528:
The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Political Theory
182:), she had an enormous deal of informal influence.
654:, pp. xi, 11, 39, 62, 111, 112, 113 and 114.
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470:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 196–252.
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498:Vermeulen, Urbain; Steenbergen, J. van (2001).
384:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
1793:11th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
732:
668:Cortese, Delia; Calderini, Simonetta (2006).
619:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 87–9,
413:
746:
671:Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam
608:
606:
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739:
725:
1306:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
674:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
599:
551:
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702:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
578:
377:
253:a diplomatic correspondence with queen
1785:
585:. American University in Cairo Press.
392:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.466
289:ancestry that is currently led by the
273:Through the various kings of both the
1739:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
720:
612:
688:
13:
378:Candido, Mariana P. (2020-03-31),
14:
1859:
1828:Slaves from the Fatimid Caliphate
166:
1808:Women from the Fatimid Caliphate
1768:
155:, and was later given the title
151:Rasad soon became her husband's
1566:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
632:
579:Rashidi, Seif El (2018-10-16).
324:
206:, who had been the head of her
117:, became the virtual regent of
16:Slave concubine of Ali az-Zahir
1556:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
1551:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
572:
558:. Edinburgh University Press.
552:El-Azhari, Taef (2019-06-24).
545:
518:
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268:
1:
1843:Concubines of Egyptian rulers
1708:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
960:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
920:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
853:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
380:"Women and Slavery in Africa"
337:
236:
1823:11th-century Egyptian people
1521:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
1025:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
652:Cortese & Calderini 2006
366:Cortese & Calderini 2006
7:
1511:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
1020:Crusader invasions of Egypt
795:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
531:. Oxford University Press.
62:Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
10:
1864:
1689:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
1536:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
1311:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
1086:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
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176:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
18:
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947:Bedouin alliance uprising
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86:
81:
77:
67:
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28:
461:El-Azhari, Taef (2021).
300:
1722:Literature and learning
1713:Shrine of Husayn's Head
1632:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
1571:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1546:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
900:Conquest of Egypt (969)
124:
1701:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
1433:Branches and offshoots
1146:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
1091:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
825:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
810:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
780:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
613:Haeri, Shahla (2020),
504:. Peeters Publishers.
204:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
200:al-Husayn al-Jarjara'i
1813:Egyptian slave owners
1679:Fatimid Great Palaces
1516:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
1331:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
1141:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
1136:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
965:Mustansirite Hardship
904:Expansion into Syria
875:2nd invasion of Egypt
869:1st invasion of Egypt
820:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
815:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
790:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
770:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
313:This is according to
281:- a dynasty of mixed
1131:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
1030:Battle of the Blacks
830:al-Adid li-Din Allah
1848:11th-century slaves
1749:al-Azhar University
1111:al-Afdal Shahanshah
942:Muffarij b. Daghfal
894:Conquest of Morocco
881:2nd Sicilian revolt
863:1st Sicilian revolt
800:al-Mustansir Billah
161:al-Mustansir Billah
131:Sub-Saharan African
115:al-Mustansir Billah
72:Al-Mustansir Billah
1818:Women slave owners
1754:House of Knowledge
1121:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
805:al-Musta'li Billah
1798:Egyptian Ismailis
1780:
1779:
1762:
1761:
1734:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
1602:
1601:
1594:Baghdad Manifesto
1541:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
1526:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1382:
1381:
1221:Sharifs of Medina
1156:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
1151:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
1066:Ya'qub ibn Killis
1001:and accession of
748:Fatimid Caliphate
626:978-1-107-55489-4
592:978-1-61797-902-6
565:978-1-4744-2319-9
538:978-0-19-025375-2
511:978-90-429-0970-0
401:978-0-19-027773-4
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1833:Slave concubines
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1216:Sharifs of Mecca
1185:Vassal dynasties
1126:Bahram al-Armani
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993:Siege of Ascalon
775:al-Mansur Billah
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1654:Al-Hakim Mosque
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1494:and theologians
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765:al-Mahdi Billah
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275:Fatimid dynasty
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90:Rasad Umm Ma'ad
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167:De facto ruler
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144:of Egypt as a
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1501:Hamdan Qarmat
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1744:al-Musabbihi
1664:Bab al-Futuh
1659:Aqmar Mosque
1619:architecture
1580:Anti-Fatimid
1491:Missionaries
1374:Fatimid navy
1357:Fatimid army
1095:
1081:Sitt al-Mulk
1043:and military
908:Alexandretta
834:
757:Imam-Caliphs
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142:Ali az-Zahir
128:
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37:Unknown date
1674:Bab Zuweila
1669:Bab al-Nasr
1637:Skifa Kahla
1589:Akhu Muhsin
1506:Ibn Hawshab
1413:Esotericism
1336:al-Basasiri
1054:and regents
690:Halm, Heinz
291:Aga Khan IV
269:Descendants
1787:Categories
1531:Abu Tammam
1440:Qarmatians
1388:Isma'ilism
1326:Manjutakin
1041:Government
997:Regime of
969:Revolt of
953:Revolt of
407:2023-07-18
338:References
237:Later life
216:al-Maqrizi
58:Consort of
45:after 1078
1644:Mansuriya
1462:Assassins
1396:Doctrines
1293:governors
1289:Officials
1264:Banu Kanz
1250:Hamdanids
1246:Sulayhids
1236:Mirdasids
1230:Palestine
1226:Jarrahids
1206:Hammadids
1071:Ibn Ammar
955:Abu Rakwa
927:(974–978)
896:(958–960)
890:(943–947)
888:Abu Yazid
883:(937–941)
877:(919–921)
871:(914–915)
865:(913–917)
642:, p. 288.
279:Aga Khans
227:Mirdasids
153:favourite
146:concubine
1582:movement
1561:Abdallah
1469:Musta'li
1350:Military
1298:generals
1254:Zurayids
1210:Ifriqiya
1116:Kutayfat
1076:Barjawan
1003:al-Hafiz
999:Kutayfat
976:Musta'li
925:Alptakin
692:(2003).
483:22 March
287:European
223:Theodora
68:Children
1627:Mahdiya
1607:Culture
1474:Tayyibi
1403:Imamate
1367:Ghilman
1192:Kalbids
1176:Saladin
1171:Shirkuh
1166:Dirgham
1061:Jawdhar
1051:Viziers
1012:Tayyibi
846:History
836:Dynasty
662:Sources
283:Persian
243:Baghdad
198:vizier
21:Rasad 1
1479:Hafizi
1457:Nizari
1362:Kutama
1321:Bakjur
1316:Jawhar
1278:Multan
1252:, and
1240:Aleppo
1202:Zirids
1196:Sicily
1161:Shawar
1014:schism
1008:Hafizi
982:schism
980:Nizari
936:Apamea
931:Aleppo
750:topics
706:
678:
623:
589:
562:
535:
508:
474:
398:
263:malika
173:vizier
157:malika
88:Malika
1774:Media
1649:Cairo
1445:Druze
1422:Zahir
1418:Batin
1408:Hujja
1268:Nubia
1258:Yemen
1096:Rasad
971:Nizar
910:(971)
698:[
468:(PDF)
301:Notes
259:Yemen
208:diwan
192:diwan
187:diwan
119:Egypt
101:Rasad
82:Names
52:Egypt
48:Cairo
29:Rasad
1617:and
1420:and
1296:and
1274:Lodi
1204:and
916:and
704:ISBN
676:ISBN
621:ISBN
587:ISBN
560:ISBN
533:ISBN
506:ISBN
485:2022
472:ISBN
396:ISBN
317:and
265:).
214:and
125:Life
42:Died
34:Born
1615:Art
918:2nd
914:1st
388:doi
257:of
137:of
105:fl.
1789::
1291:,
1248:,
601:^
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978:–
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368:.
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285:/
103:(
23:.
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