Dog breed - Knowledge

171: 669: 152: 1283:(FCI) is neither a breed registry nor does it issue pedigrees or keep addresses for breeders. It is a global canine organization with member and contract partners (one member per country) that conduct international conformation shows, working/hunting/herding trials, and various other events. The results are submitted to FCI for processing, approval and international recognition. Each of the member and contract partners issue and maintain their own pedigrees and respective breed standards, and train their own judges. FCI ensures that each member mutually recognizes the pedigrees and judges of all FCI members. 1028: 226: 196:, arctic north-eastern Siberia, which was connected to the mainland at that time. The dogs were selectively bred as either sled dogs or as hunting dogs, which implies that a sled dog standard and a hunting dog standard existed at that time. The optimal maximum size for a sled dog is 20–25 kg (44–55 lb) based on thermo-regulation, and the ancient sled dogs were between 16–25 kg (35–55 lb). The same standard has been found in the remains of sled dogs from this region 2,000 years ago and in the modern 33: 4602: 56:, fur type, etc, but are only one species of dog. Their behavioral traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, and personality traits such as hyper-social behavior, boldness, and aggression. Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years. As a result of their adaptability to many environments and breedability for human needs, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. 4612: 1091: 1381:, or crossbreed vigor. This advantage can be progressively diluted when two crossbreeds are bred in the attempt to create a breed, narrowing the gene pool. The best way to continue taking advantage of crossbreed vigor is from the breeding of dogs of purebred ancestry, as this vigor is typically seen only in the first generation cross of two purebred animals of separate breeds, thus taking advantage of 2203: 1048:

basal breeds have little or no genetic connections to their ancestral populations and that their genetic distinctiveness does not signify ancient heritage. They are distinctive from the modern breeds because the genetic heritage of the modern breeds has become blurred due to admixture, and the basal breeds have mostly avoided admixture with them due to geographic or cultural barriers.

182: 266:. The skull, body, and limb proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs displaying more phenotypic diversity than can be found within the entire order of carnivores. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size, skull shape, tail phenotype, fur type and colour. The difference in size has been attributed to a 211:-type dogs were kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs were also bred. Most modern dog breeds are the products of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830-1900), and the accurate documenting of pedigrees with the establishment of the English Kennel Club in 1873 in imitation of other stud book registries for cattle and horses. 956:-wide coverage of 1,375 dogs representing 35 breeds, 19 wolves, and previous published genetic signatures of other breeds, giving a total of 121 breeds covered. The study found a deep genetic split between old-world and new-world wolves, and confirmed the genetic divergence of 13 breeds from a 2010 study ( 2158:

Boyko, Adam R.; Quignon, Pascale; Li, Lin; Schoenebeck, Jeffrey J.; Degenhardt, Jeremiah D.; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Zhao, Keyan; Brisbin, Abra; Parker, Heidi G.; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Cargill, Michele; Auton, Adam; Reynolds, Andy; Elkahloun, Abdel G.; Castelhano, Marta; Mosher, Dana S.; Sutter, Nathan

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for each breed of dog is a detailed description of the appearance and behaviour of an idealized dog of that breed. Included in the breed standard description are externally observable aspects of appearance and behaviour that are considered by the breed club to be the most important for the breed, and

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were the very recent product of cross-breeding other basal breeds. Most basal breeds have hybridized with other lineages in the past. If those other lineages were other basal breeds then a basal genetic signature remains. The combination of introgression and past population bottlenecks suggested that

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Prior to the standardization of dog breeds, there were many different types of dogs that were defined by their own, unique functions. Many different terms were used to describe dogs, such as breed, strain, type, kind, and variety. By the end of the Victorian era, society had changed and so did the

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associated with the latter term. The implication that such dogs must be a mix of defined breeds may stem from an inverted understanding of the origins of dog breeds. Purebred dogs have been, for the most part, artificially created from random-bred populations by human selective breeding with the

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vonHoldt, Bridgett; Lohmueller, Kirk E.; Han, Eunjung; Parker, Heidi G.; Quignon, Pascale; Degenhardt, Jeremiah D.; Boyko, Adam R.; Earl, Dent A.; Auton, Adam; Reynolds, Andy; Bryc, Kasia; Brisbin, Abra; Knowles, James C.; Mosher, Dana S.; Spady, Tyrone C.; Elkahloun, Abdel; Geffen, Eli; Pilot,

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or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There were 17 breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other

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and the groups that hosted them, the term dog breed took on an entirely new meaning. Dog show competitions included best-in-breed winners, and the purebreds were winning. Breed standards are the reason the breed came to be, and with those standards are key features, including form, function and

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aggression, which demonstrates the functional and behavioral diversity of dogs. As a result, today dogs are the most abundant carnivore species and are dispersed around the world. The most striking example of this dispersal is that of the numerous modern breeds of European lineage during the

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region arisen in wolves from northern latitudes c. 53.000 years ago and fixed by natural and subsequently by human selection. Their behavioral traits include guarding, herding, and hunting, retrieving, and scent detection. Their personality traits include hypersocial behavior, boldness, and

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The 2012 study found that modern breeds only emerged in the 19th century and that claims of their antiquity are based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. The study indicated that throughout history, global dog populations experienced numerous episodes of diversification and

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dogs, and require more veterinary visits, and tend to have lower longevity. Indeed, studies have reported lifespans that are shorter by between one and almost two years. Notably, dog breeds with flat faces and short noses have breathing difficulties, eye trouble and other health issues.

1155:, producing young that are very similar to their parents. An individual dog is identified as a member of a breed through proof of ancestry, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestry. Without such proof, identification of a specific breed is not reliable. Such records, called 632:"Ancient breed" is a term formerly, but no longer, used for a particular group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club. These breeds were referred to as "ancient", as opposed to modern, breeds because historically it was believed their origins dated back more than 500 years. 685:

are broad categories of dogs based on form, function or style of work, lineage, or appearance. In contrast, modern dog breeds are particular breed standards, sharing a common set of heritable characteristics, determined by the kennel club that recognizes the breed.

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that explained most of the phenotype variation. Indicators of recent selection were shown by many of the 51 genomic regions that were associated with traits that define a breed, which include body size, coat characteristics, and ear floppiness.

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As dogs are a subspecies but their breeds are distinct genetic units, and because only certain breeds share the same type of cancers as humans, the differences in the genes of different breeds may be useful in human medical research.

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Malgorzata; Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz; Greco, Claudia; Randi, Ettore; Bannasch, Danika; Wilton, Alan; Shearman, Jeremy; Musiani, Marco; Cargill, Michelle; Jones, Paul G.; Qian, Zuwei; Huang, Wei; et al. (17 March 2010).

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Kennel clubs provide the recognition of distinct dog breeds, but there are many independent clubs with differing, and sometimes inconsistent standards and they need not apply scientific standards. Four varieties of the

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In the strictest sense, dog breeds date back only to the last couple of decades of the nineteenth century, or to more recent decades in this (the twentieth) century but distinct types of dogs have existed centuries

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which grouped together with strong statistical support and could be separated from the other breeds with a modern European origin. These 9 breeds had been referred to as "ancient breeds". The study found that the

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to be shown but under the condition the animals have been spayed or neutered, are not a wolf hybrid, and not eligible for the AKC Foundation Stock Service Program or an AKC Purebred Alternative Listing (PAL).

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Parker, H. G.; Kim, L. V.; Sutter, N. B.; Carlson, S; Lorentzen, T. D.; Malek, T. B.; Johnson, G. S.; Defrance, H. B.; Ostrander, E. A.; Kruglyak, L (2004). "Genetic Structure of the Purebred Domestic Dog".

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developed the modern dog breeds, which resulted in a vast range of phenotypes. Most breeds were derived from small numbers of founders within the last 200 years, and since then dogs have undergone rapid

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The spread of modern dog breeds has been difficult to resolve because many are the product of the controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830–1900). In 2010, a study looked at 48,000

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was founded in 1911 as a worldwide organization. Its objective is to bring global uniformity to the breeding, exhibiting and judging of pure-bred dogs. It now has 99 member countries. According to

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of 414 purebred dogs representing 85 breeds. The study found that dog breeds were so genetically distinct that 99% of individual dogs could be correctly assigned to their breed based on their

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phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9 'ancient breeds' to be genetically divergent, the study found 13 breeds that were genetically divergent from the modern breeds: the

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In 2014, a study indicated that some breed-temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, may be linked to gene mutations. Other temperaments may be due to the legacies of 'ancient' ancestry.

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Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wang, Guo-Dong; Larson, Greger; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Davis, Brian W.; Jagannathan, Vidyha; Hitte, Christophe; Wayne, Robert K.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019).

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have similar characteristics of appearance and behavior, primarily because they come from a select set of ancestors who had the same characteristics. Dogs of a specific breed

3785:(Print) (5th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network. p. 912. 3747:(Print) (6th ed.). Neptune City, NJ Lanham, MD: TFH Publications, Inc. Distributed in the U.S. to the Bookstore and library trade by National Book Network. p. 960. 2380:

Edward, of Norwich; Baillie-Grohman, William A. (William Adolph); Baillie-Grohman, F. (Florence); Roosevelt, Theodore; Gaston III Phebus, Count of Foix (1 January 1909).

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A dog breed will consistently produce the physical traits, movement and temperament that were developed over decades of selective breeding. For each breed they recognize,

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rose through time in response to a particular environment and in isolation from other populations of the species. This environment included humans but with little or no

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The Fédération Cynologique Internationale is a global organisation with 98 members and contract partners (one member per country) that recognize 356 purebreds.

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The mongrel is not a true breed, but it is certainly a common category of domestic dog. It has been estimated that, worldwide, there are 150 million of them."

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breed standard. Other dogs were larger at 30 kg (66 lb) and appear to be dogs that had been crossed with wolves and used for polar-bear hunting.

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that was purposefully bred by humans to perform specific tasks, such as herding, hunting, and guarding. Dogs are the most variable mammal on Earth, with

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is the result of mating two different breeds. "Designer Dog" became a fad in the late 20th century. Dog crossbreeds are combinations of lineages of the

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producing upward of 360 globally recognized breeds. These breeds possess distinct traits related to morphology, which include body size and shape, tail

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Parker, Heidi G.; Dreger, Dayna L.; Rimbault, Maud; Davis, Brian W.; Mullen, Alexandra B.; Carpintero-Ramirez, Gretchen; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2017).

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breeds, as opposed to ancient breeds, as they exhibited genetic divergence but not all of them were historically considered to be "ancient breeds".

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English hawking and hunting in the Boke of St. Albans : a facsimile edition of sigs. a2-f8 of the Boke of St. Albans (1486) / by Rachel Hands

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A dog breed is represented by a sufficient number of individuals to stably transfer its specific characteristics over generations. Dogs of same

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B.; Johnson, Gary S.; Novembre, John; Hubisz, Melissa J.; Siepel, Adam; Wayne, Robert K.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2010).

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Pitulko, Vladimir V.; Kasparov, Aleksey K. (2017). "Archaeological dogs from the Early Holocene Zhokhov site in the Eastern Siberian Arctic".

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Proschowsky, Helle Friis; Rugbjerg, Helene; Ersbøll, Annette Kjær (30 April 2003). "Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark".

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principles) did not yet exist. Some crossbred dogs, created by breeding two purebred dogs of different breeds, may have the advantage of

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homogenization, with each round further reducing the power of genetic data derived from modern breeds to help infer their early history.

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The earliest books in the English language to mention numbers of dog types are from the "Cynegetica" (hunting literature), namely,

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The study found that there were three well-supported groups that were highly divergent and distinct from modern domestic dogs.

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role of dogs. The form was given a more prominent role than function. Different types or breeds of dog were being developed by

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that does not belong to one officially recognized breed but can be a mix of two breeds and is not the result of intentional

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externally observable details of appearance or temperament that are considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (called

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is not far behind, with 47 breeds. These three countries alone represent more than 40% of all dog breeds recognized by the

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The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris

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Canines of unknown lineage used to be termed mongrels—how demeaning! Over time, the term 'mixed breed' was preferred.

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the Beagle is one of the lowest priced purebred dogs, yet the Puggle often sells for much more than the purebred Pug.

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for hunting small game. Feists have a consistent set of characteristics that reliably differentiate them from other

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were not as old as once believed; rather, they had been recreated from combinations of other breeds, and that the

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are not known. Dogs are the most variable mammal on earth with around 450 globally recognized dog breeds. In the

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if their parents were purebred and if the dog meets the standards of the breed. The American Kennel Club allows

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the stampede to acquire one (designer dog) has become so furious that puppies now sell for as much as £2,000.

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grouped with the other European dogs despite reports of direct Scandinavian origins dating back 5,000 years.

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purpose of enhancing desired physical, behavioral, or temperamental characteristics. Dogs that are not

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in the UK was founded in 1873, and was the world's first national kennel club and breed registry. The

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imposed by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from a 0.46 kg (1.0 lb) teacup

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O’Neill, D. G.; Church, D. B.; McGreevy, P. D.; Thomson, P. C.; Brodbelt, D. C. (1 December 2013).

865: 291: 220: 3648:, Chapter 3, "Natural Breeds", p. 85. "Natural breeds can arise locally with no human interaction" 4577: 4572: 4164: 4096: 1475: 1329: 1258: 1168: 3111: 2729: 4582: 4323: 3896: 2851: 2678: 1176: 989: 916:(Barnes), lists dogs of the time mainly by function: "First there is a greyhound, a bastard, a 773: 726: 151: 3725: 3719: 290:

studied, which included body, cranial, dental, and long bone shape and size. There were three

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who wanted to define specific characteristics and desirable features in their dogs. Driven by

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The study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to

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which is a written description of the ideal specimen of the breed. Other uses of the term

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In 2017, a study showed that 9,000 years ago the domestic dog was present at what is now

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often go for more money than purebreds, which can range from $ 200 to $ 2,000 per dog.

2999: 4611: 4503: 4385: 4278: 3918: 3786: 3767: 3748: 3729: 3704: 3685: 3666: 3641: 3610: 3493: 3463: 3435: 3408: 3347: 3305: 3094: 3086: 3065:"Comparative Longevity of Pet Dogs and Humans: Implications for Gerontology Research" 3045: 3003: 2960: 2952: 2905: 2897: 2877: 2624: 2591: 2552: 2513: 2451: 2430: 2335: 2249: 2192: 2144: 2132: 2097: 2085: 2020: 1962: 1954: 1934: 1904: 1700: 1633: 1575: 1382: 1273:(1958), and other national breed registries. Recognized dog breeds are classified by 1245:

Dogs with a breed standard may be accepted into one or more of the major registries (

644: 2917: 2605: 2564: 2474:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography" 2261: 2111:

Frantz, Laurent A. F.; Bradley, Daniel G.; Larson, Greger; Orlando, Ludovic (2020).

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are not necessarily a mix of such defined breeds. Therefore, among some experts and

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lays out strict standards for the documenting of what it calls "evolving breeds".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog.

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The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

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Serpell, James A.; Duffy, Deborah L. (2014). "Dog Breeds and Their Behavior".

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species (wolves, coyotes, jackals, etc.). Notable canid hybrids include the

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Birchler, James A.; Yao, Hong; Chudalayandi, Sivanandan (29 August 2006).

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to take advantage of the inflated prices people are paying for these dogs.

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Groups of owners that have dogs of the same breed and have an interest in

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Patronek, Gary J.; Waters, David J.; Glickman, Lawrence T. (1 May 1997).

2161:"A Simple Genetic Architecture Underlies Morphological Variation in Dogs" 1619: 1486: 1421: 1246: 1229: 1172: 961: 847: 781: 742: 100: 64: 3684:(2nd ed.). Barron's Educational Series, Incorporated. p. 368. 2948: 2876:

Egenvall, A.; Hedhammar, A.; Bonnett, B. N.; Olson, P. (29 April 2000).

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Donna L. Morden; Seranne, Ann; Wendell J. Sammet; Gasow, Julia (2004).

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Bonnett, B. N.; Egenvall, A.; Olson, P.; Hedhammar, Å (12 July 1997).

2696:"Get Started – Register Your Mixed Breed Dog With AKC Canine Partners" 2646:"The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?" 286:

which were associated with phenotype variation among breeds in the 57

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are the ground zero of dog fancying, with 57 registered breeds each.

53: 1953: 826:(1327) by Twiti (Twici), a treatise that describes hunting with the 4498: 4493: 4478: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4358: 4343: 4255: 4228: 4013: 3982: 3851: 3609:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: CABI Publishing. pp. 392–393. 1894: 1892: 1374: 1234: 1199: 1180: 1159:, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations. 1141: 1044: 1009: 1001: 909: 785: 677: 640: 338: 174: 117: 104: 2353:

Twiti, William (1977). Danielsson, B.; Cynegetica Anglica (eds.).

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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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dogs and lists of litters of puppies born to purebred parents.

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Cultural depictions of dogs in Western art § Early history

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Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds: Profiles of More than 150 Breeds

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The master of game : the oldest English book on hunting

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and trials and accreditation of judges. They often serve as

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An 1897 illustration showing a range of European dog breeds

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first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review

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of nine breeds that are genetically divergent from others

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The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large

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Group of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs

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Fédération Cynologique Internationale breeds nomenclature

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The Art of Hunting 1. Stockholm Studies in English XXXVII

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change and were formed into today's modern breeds due to

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Montage showing the morphological variation of the dog.

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Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of over 1,000 Dog Breeds

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Dogs share a recent common ancestor with modern wolves

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Berners, Juliana; Blades, William (1 January 1901).

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Intelligent and Loyal, a Celebration of the Mongrel

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Origins of the dog: domestication and early history

120:, over 40% of the world’s dog breeds come from the 3023:"Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England" 2283: 3207:2008 will see the rapid growth of the puppy farm 3123:Vets warn people against buying 'flat-faced' dogs 282:A genetic study identified 51 regions of the dog 4628: 3698: 3605:. In Bowling, Ann T.; Ruvinsky, Anatoly (eds.). 3253:"Hounded out: Fur and loathing in the dog world" 2798:"List of Breeds by Group – American Kennel Club" 2537:Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 2274: 3781:Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (March 1995). 3780: 3419: 3141:. Oxford University Press. 2014. Archived from 2530: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1899:Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (March 1995). 1898: 1847: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 3665:(Hardcover). Bath: Parragon Inc. p. 384. 3369:"Unraveling the genetic basis of hybrid vigor" 2816: 2531:Cadieu, Edouard; Ostrander, Elaine A. (2007). 1766: 1764: 1167:are recognised as four distinct breeds by the 936:, and small ladies puppies that bear away the 3828: 3761: 3699:De Prisco, Andrew; Johnson, James B. (1993). 3328:The dog, in health and disease, by Stonehenge 3112:How fashion has left this dog gasping for air 2467: 2465: 2463: 2449: 2218: 2216: 1996: 1420:among individuals who wish to avoid negative 1291:Purebred dogs have more health problems than 2679:"Standards of the Breeds: Group 5 – Working" 2577: 1979: 1586: 2643: 2398:"BNF – Le livre de chasse de Gaston Phebus" 1841: 1761: 904:, published in 1486, a "school" book about 3835: 3821: 3636:Coppinger, Raymond & Lorna Coppinger. 3603:"Genetic Resources and Their Conservation" 3600: 3571:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3542:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2846: 2844: 2790: 2460: 2213: 2104: 1997:Freedman, Adam H; Wayne, Robert K (2017). 1961:. New York: Howell Book House. p. 8. 1850:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 1790: 1711: 1346:, which are interspecific crosses between 3485: 3479: 3462:. Glenbridge Publishing Ltd. p. 11. 3402: 3392: 3222: 3080: 2688: 2507: 2497: 2471: 2329: 2186: 2176: 2151: 2079: 2014: 1694: 1627: 1569: 1559: 3724:(2nd ed.). Phoenix: Oryx. pp. 3660: 3492:. New York: Viking Penguin. p. 35. 3155: 2824:"Main activities of the FCI Secretariat" 2045: 1676: 1644: 1401:A mongrel, mixed-breed dog or mutt is a 1089: 1026: 672:"Five different types of dogs", c. 1547. 667: 224: 180: 169: 150: 31: 3743:De Vito, Dominique (1 September 2005). 3742: 3556: 3297: 3192: 2841: 2421: 1770: 1132:(or studbook), and issue the rules for 1031:Phylogenetic tree of ancient dog breeds 14: 4629: 3717: 3703:. T. F. H. Publications. p. 886. 3601:Sponenberg, D. Phillip (18 May 2000). 3527: 3512: 3457: 3425: 3341: 3335: 3250: 1959:The International Encyclopedia of Dogs 1299: 3816: 3679: 3585: 3324: 2856:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 2828:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 2621:The joy of breeding your own show dog 2352: 2046:Plassais, Jocelyn (27 January 2022). 1281:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 627: 146:Fédération Cynologique Internationale 3809:, lists 339 dog breeds in 78 groups. 2623:. New York, N.Y: Howell Book House. 2386:. London : Chatto & Windus. 2039: 2016:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110937 1195:does not recognize any feist breed. 1060: 1020:. The study referred to these 16 as 262:to a 90 kg (200 lb) giant 3680:Coile, D. Caroline (1 April 2005). 3223:Patterson, Melissa (23 July 2008). 3193:Bennett, Laura (10 December 2007). 2580:Domestic Dog Cognition and Behavior 2003:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 1240: 1187:recognizes one breed of feist, the 1051: 214: 159: 24: 3661:Alderton, David (September 2008). 3654: 3460:True Confessions of a Veterinarian 3318: 2852:"Presentation of our organisation" 2752:"Secretary's manual (page 1 of 9)" 1771:Worboys, Michael (13 April 2019). 1271:Australian National Kennel Council 1217: 920:, a mastiff, a limer, a spaniel, " 203:Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago 25: 4653: 3800: 1516:"Dog Breeds A-Z | All Dog Breeds" 1440: 188:, an ancient Egyptian sight-hound 4610: 4601: 4600: 3783:Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World 2201: 1933:. Ballantine Books; 20 edition. 1901:Atlas of Dog Breeds of the World 1286: 948:A study in 2012 examined 49,000 888:and the French hunting treatise 884:is a combination of the earlier 872:, greyhound, pack scent hounds, 3630: 3594: 3579: 3550: 3521: 3506: 3451: 3360: 3291: 3266: 3244: 3216: 3186: 3168: 3149: 3127: 3116: 3105: 3056: 3014: 2979: 2924: 2869: 2779: 2744: 2714: 2671: 2637: 2571: 2524: 2443: 2415: 2390: 2373: 2361: 2346: 2268: 1947: 1876: 1815: 1412:In the United States, the term 1390: 1317: 1175:is a hunting dog raised in the 1107: 950:single nucleotide polymorphisms 943: 691:single nucleotide polymorphisms 635:In 2004, a study looked at the 114:International Canine Federation 79:when referring to dogs include 71:usually maintain and publish a 3762:DK Publishing (15 July 2013). 3195:"Pet Industry Trends for 2008" 2988:Preventive Veterinary Medicine 1736: 1670: 1533: 1508: 1342:; they are distinguished from 1085: 13: 1: 3000:10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2 2786:American Kennel Club Glossary 2726:Department of Justice, Canada 2549:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2667 2456:. London : Elliot Stock. 1929:American Kennel Club (2006). 1502: 1437:is still the preferred term. 3274:"Designer Dogs are the Rage" 2478:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2178:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000451 1870:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.04.003 1798:"History of the Kennel Club" 1652:"Dog Breeds - Types Of Dogs" 1561:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.079 1460:selective breeding by humans 663: 7: 4463:List of longest-living dogs 3721:Kister's Best Encyclopedias 3718:Kister, Kenneth F. (1994). 3486:Budiansky, Stephen (2000). 3251:Caesar, Ed (8 March 2007). 2588:10.1007/978-3-642-53994-7_2 2429:. Oxford University Press. 1957:; Brace, Andrew H. (1995). 1773:"The history of dog breeds" 1480: 1249:) of dog breeds, including 1140:, which are lists of adult 1008:), plus another three: the 10: 4658: 4436:Origin of the domestic dog 4334:Breed-specific legislation 4175:Psychiatric assistance dog 3325:Walsh, John Henry (1859). 3042:10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020 2722:"Animal Pedigree Act 1985" 2684:. New Zealand Kennel Club. 1469: 1416:is a favored synonym over 1394: 1327: 1321: 1078: 1072: 940:and diverse small sorts." 675: 567:other breeds in the study 218: 163: 4596: 4565: 4532: 4449: 4314: 4269: 4125: 4082: 3850: 3745:World Atlas of Dog Breeds 3607:The Genetics of the Horse 3458:Witiak, Dr. Gene (2004). 3298:Brandow, Michael (2015). 3082:10.1093/gerona/52A.3.B171 2129:10.1038/s41576-020-0225-0 2072:10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.036 1882:Clutton-Brock, J., 1995. 1183:and breeds. However, the 1068: 1039:Of the basal breeds, the 565: 541: 526: 519: 512: 488: 473: 466: 459: 444: 437: 395: 380: 373: 358: 351: 336: 329: 322: 307: 3842: 3557:Patmore, Angela (1985). 3513:Riddle, Maxwell (1954). 3426:Morris, Desmond (2008). 2453:The boke of Saint Albans 1465: 1120:. Kennel Clubs maintain 908:, hunting, fishing, and 901:The Book of Saint Albans 221:Domestication of the dog 44:is a particular type of 4642:Rare breed conservation 4578:List of individual dogs 4573:Domesticated silver fox 4165:Mobility assistance dog 3394:10.1073/pnas.0605627103 3342:Csányi, Vilmos (2005). 3156:Buzhardt, Lynn (2016). 2499:10.1073/pnas.1203005109 2246:10.1126/science.1097406 2117:Nature Reviews Genetics 1719:"About Breed Standards" 1608:National Science Review 1476:List of dog crossbreeds 1330:List of dog crossbreeds 1259:New Zealand Kennel Club 1169:New Zealand Kennel Club 292:quantitative trait loci 177:types, sketched in 1833 4583:List of fictional dogs 3897:Livestock guardian dog 3528:Cooper, Jilly (1981). 3030:The Veterinary Journal 2767:Cite journal requires 2275:American Kennel Club. 1177:Southern United States 1134:conformation dog shows 1104: 1032: 990:New Guinea singing dog 774:New Guinea singing dog 727:New Guinea singing dog 673: 230: 189: 178: 156: 37: 4251:Search and rescue dog 2894:10.1136/vr.146.18.519 1696:10.1093/jhered/esg004 1093: 1079:Further information: 1030: 676:Further information: 671: 228: 184: 173: 154: 108:fitness for purpose. 35: 4306:Dog–cat relationship 4153:Medical response dog 3764:The Dog Encyclopedia 3663:Encyclopedia of Dogs 2802:American Kennel Club 2700:American Kennel Club 2656:on 26 September 2000 2644:Lynn Marmer (1984). 1955:Clark, Annie Rodgers 1744:"Dog Breed Profiles" 1656:American Kennel Club 1263:Canadian Kennel Club 1255:American Kennel Club 1198:A dog is said to be 1193:American Kennel Club 1165:Belgian Shepherd Dog 256:artificial selection 50:artificial selection 4097:List of crossbreeds 3860:African village dog 3588:Book of the Mongrel 3586:White, Kay (1997). 3385:2006PNAS..10312957B 3379:(35): 12957–12958. 3278:designerdoggies.com 3237:on 6 October 2008. 3176:"Show Quality Dogs" 3139:Oxford Dictionaries 2949:10.1136/vr.141.2.40 2754:. 24 February 2003. 2490:2012PNAS..109.8878L 2322:10.1038/nature08837 2314:2010Natur.464..898V 2238:2004Sci...304.1160P 2064:2022CBio...32E.889P 1862:2017JArSR..13..491P 1829:. 26 September 2023 1683:Journal of Heredity 1300:List of pure breeds 1212:Animal Pedigree Act 1041:American Eskimo Dog 932:?) and prick-eared 834:type); the pack of 755:American Eskimo dog 3344:If Dogs Could Talk 3199:smallbiztrends.com 2582:. pp. 31–57. 2472:Larson, G (2012). 2368:The Master of Game 2277:"Dog breed groups" 1748:Dog Breed Profiles 1658:. 12 November 2017 1620:10.1093/nsr/nwz049 1492:List of dog breeds 1472:List of dog breeds 1308:List of dog breeds 1267:United Kennel Club 1185:United Kennel Club 1116:can form national 1105: 1075:List of dog breeds 1033: 882:The Master of Game 861:The Master of Game 674: 658:Norwegian Elkhound 628:Ancient dog breeds 239:genetic divergence 231: 190: 179: 157: 38: 4624: 4623: 4504:Rabies in animals 4431:Human–canine bond 4009:Bull-type terrier 3735:978-0-89774-744-8 3710:978-3-929545-60-9 3640:. Scribner 2001, 3616:978-0-85199-429-1 3499:978-0-670-89272-3 3469:978-0-944435-54-0 3441:978-1-57076-410-3 3353:978-0-86547-686-8 3180:show quality dogs 2937:Veterinary Record 2882:Veterinary Record 2630:978-0-7645-7302-6 2597:978-3-642-53993-0 2543:(11): 2181–2183. 2308:(7290): 898–902. 2058:(4): 889–897.e9. 1968:978-0-87605-624-0 1931:Complete Dog Book 1677:Irion, D (2003). 1383:genetic diversity 1364:jackal–dog hybrid 1061:Breed temperament 838:, which included 824:The Art of Venery 645:phylogenetic tree 625: 624: 612: 611: 603: 602: 594: 593: 585: 584: 576: 575: 554: 553: 501: 500: 426: 425: 417: 416: 408: 407: 245:, directed human 16:(Redirected from 4649: 4614: 4604: 4603: 4381:Dogs in religion 4244:usage by country 3865:Free-ranging dog 3837: 3830: 3823: 3814: 3813: 3796: 3777: 3758: 3739: 3714: 3695: 3676: 3649: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3590:. 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Archived from 2641: 2635: 2634: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2501: 2469: 2458: 2457: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2423:Berners, Juliana 2419: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2292: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2232:(5674): 1160–4. 2220: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2180: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2083: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2018: 1994: 1977: 1976: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1926: 1915: 1914: 1896: 1887: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1819: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1698: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1599: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1563: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1512: 1360:dingo–dog hybrid 1241:Major registries 1204:mixed-breed dogs 1052:Medical research 966:Alaskan Malamute 912:, attributed to 864:(circa 1406) by 812:Alaskan Malamute 747:Alaskan malamute 739:Chinese Shar Pei 522: 521: 515: 514: 491:Alaskan Malamute 469: 468: 462: 461: 440: 439: 376: 375: 354: 353: 332: 331: 325: 324: 303: 302: 298: 297: 215:Genetic evidence 160:First dog breeds 69:breed registries 21: 18:Rare breed (dog) 4657: 4656: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4592: 4561: 4528: 4445: 4316: 4310: 4265: 4121: 4102:Mixed-breed dog 4078: 3846: 3841: 3803: 3793: 3774: 3755: 3736: 3711: 3692: 3673: 3657: 3655:Further reading 3652: 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3599: 3595: 3584: 3580: 3564: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3535: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3515:Lovable Mongrel 3511: 3507: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3424: 3420: 3365: 3361: 3354: 3340: 3336: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3296: 3292: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257:The Independent 3249: 3245: 3230:Chicago Tribune 3221: 3217: 3191: 3187: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3158:"VCA Hospitals" 3154: 3150: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3061: 3057: 3025: 3019: 3015: 2984: 2980: 2929: 2925: 2888:(18): 519–525. 2874: 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It states: " 122:United Kingdom 93:natural breeds 73:breed standard 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4654: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4589: 4588:Lists of dogs 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4558: 4557:Socialization 4555: 4553: 4552:Housebreaking 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Rage syndrome 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4386:Dogs in space 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Body language 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 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Retrieved 1519: 1510: 1454: 1446: 1434: 1426: 1422:connotations 1417: 1413: 1411: 1400: 1391:Mixed-breeds 1387: 1372: 1347: 1340:domestic dog 1333: 1318:Cross-breeds 1313: 1305: 1290: 1279: 1253:(1873, UK), 1247:kennel clubs 1244: 1228: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1197: 1191:, while the 1161: 1146: 1118:Kennel clubs 1114:dog breeding 1111: 1108:Kennel clubs 1081:Dog breeding 1064: 1055: 1038: 1034: 958:Afghan Hound 952:that gave a 947: 944:Basal breeds 899: 889: 885: 881: 859: 848:scent hounds 843: 839: 835: 823: 821: 807: 797:Afghan hound 792: 765: 759: 715:Afghan hound 699: 693:that gave a 688: 681: 654:Ibizan Hound 634: 631: 566: 542: 529:Afghan Hound 527: 489: 474: 445: 396: 381: 359: 337: 308: 281: 232: 202: 191: 97: 89:mixed breeds 85:cross-breeds 76: 65:kennel clubs 58: 41: 39: 29: 4524:Vaccination 4421:Dog walking 4391:Dog licence 4364:dog biscuit 4349:Dog daycare 4339:Cynanthropy 4317:interaction 4170:Therapy dog 4158:Seizure dog 4148:Hearing dog 3909:Hunting dog 3887:Herding dog 3559:The Mongrel 3517:. 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London. 3091:1079-5006 2957:2042-7670 2902:2042-7670 2425:(1975) . 2145:214809393 2098:246387681 1497:Hypertype 1449:Landraces 1379:heterosis 1181:dog types 1126:pedigrees 1124:, record 1095:Chihuahua 1018:Shiba Inu 982:Chow Chow 856:greyhound 840:barcelets 778:chow chow 735:Chow Chow 702:phenotype 683:Dog types 664:Dog types 619:Cladogram 398:Akita Inu 383:Chow Chow 361:Shiba Inu 247:selection 235:carnivore 205:greyhound 105:dog shows 54:phenotype 42:dog breed 4606:Category 4534:Training 4494:Dog food 4489:Diseases 4474:Breeding 4406:Dog show 4401:Dog park 4396:Dog meat 4359:Dog food 4344:Dog bite 4271:Behavior 4256:Sled dog 4229:Meat dog 4014:Pinscher 3983:Foxhound 3413:16938847 3050:24206631 3008:12628771 2918:24303176 2910:11321213 2861:17 March 2833:15 March 2808:9 August 2706:9 August 2606:81062726 2565:28325634 2557:17982116 2518:22615366 2340:20237475 2262:43772173 2254:15155949 2197:20711490 2137:32265525 2090:35090588 2033:26721918 2025:27912242 1974:earlier. 1827:bigthink 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