833:
1475:
730:. During this final interval the school was supported by an increasing percentage of the profits generated by Camp Tamiment, the SDF's country summer camp for trade union workers. by the late 1930s more than half of the Rand School's operating expenses were generated from the proceeds of Camp Tamiment, rising to more than 75% during the last years of the school's existence. Indeed, as one historian of the Rand School has noted, "the School's continued existence was possible only as long as the Camp continued to pay the bills.:
964:
391:
611:
860:
799:
440:"The school had a very definite object — that of providing an auxiliary or specialized agency to serve the Socialist and Trade Union Movement of the United States in an educational capacity — to offer to the outside public an opportunity for studying the principles, purposes, and methods of this movement; and to offer to the adherents of the movement instruction and training along the lines calculated to make them more efficient workers for the Cause."
1086:
143:
1413:
503:
1494:
329:, and his mother-in-law and financial patron, the widowed lumber heiress Caroline (Carrie) A. Rand. After marrying Mrs. Rand's daughter (also named Carrie) in 1901 — regarded as scandalous owing to his divorce and abandonment of his first wife and family — the Herrons moved to New York City, where George became a prominent figure in the fledgling Socialist Party.
630:. A large number of books, papers, and documents were removed by the raiders — material which served to further the course of the Lusk Committee's investigation. Two days later, police officials returned and drilled open the safe belonging to the Commonwealth Center, Inc., owners of the Rand School building, and removed additional documents contained therein.
499:. The new "People's House," as it was called, was a six-storey rectangular building about 75 feet wide by 100 feet long. The lease was formally held by the Society of the Commonwealth Center, which sublet all of the 2nd and 3rd floors, as well as parts of the 1st, 4th, 5th, and 6th floors to the school.
404:
In its early years, the school conducted regular lectures and night courses. The first location of the school was at 112 East 19th Street — a one family house converted to use as a school. To help reduce overhead costs some of the rooms of this dwelling were rented out to tenants. The school remained
344:
Mrs. Rand originally had under consideration the establishment of school of Social
Science in connection with Iowa College. But when she became aware that it would be impossible to establish such foundation, especially following my enforced resignation, she gave up the thought of what she had in mind
285:
A more serious and official effort at establishing a New York socialist training school came late in 1904, when the City
Central Committee of Local Greater New York announced that between the first of the year and May 30, 1905 a socialist school would be established "especially for the instruction of
569:
did not dampen the level of participation in the Rand School. The institution saw a record enrollment of about 4,000 students for one or more classes in the 1918 academic year and an additional gain of up to 50% was projected by
Executive Secretary Bertha Mailly for 1919-20. Of these all but 30 were
444:
Starting in 1913, the Rand School established a
Correspondence Department, conducting coursework by mail with socialists and sympathetic unionists around the country. Some 5,000 people took courses by mail from the Rand School by 1916. In addition to classes and public lectures, the Rand School also
412:
Beginning in 1911–12, the Rand School implemented a full-time training course, in which students devoted themselves to the study of history, economics, public speaking, and socialist theory without interruption for a period of six months. During the first four years of the existence of the full-time
738:
In 1956, the economically failing school was purchased by the operators of Camp
Tamiment, who formally terminated its educational operations while continuing to maintain its library, renamed after the camp's managing director, Ben Josephson. This status ended in 1963, when the Josephson Library was
510:
A restaurant and a bookstore said to be the largest radical bookstore in New York City were closely affiliated with the project, with proceeds from each churned back into the school to help offset its expenses. In 1918 the bookstore did more than $ 50,000 in gross sales, thereby generating a profit
601:
headquarters buildings in New York City, including among their targets the Rand School. Doors to the building were locked against them, but raiders ascended the fire escapes outside and entered the 2nd floor Rand School library through the windows. Those who had gained entrance were dissuaded from
281:
in August 1901 an effort was made to establish an institution called the
Workmen's Educational League in New York City. This was soon renamed the Socialist Educational League, but the change of moniker did nothing to aid the school's survival and it, too, soon passed from the scene without leaving
561:
likened the school to a "sociological seminary" in which "men and women prepare themselves to be evangelists of a new faith" in which they would go forth "not to fat parishes and prosperous careers, but to hardship, maybe to martyrdom." As such, the school drew close scrutiny during the years of
578:
Following the end of hostilities in Europe on
November 7, 1918, the Rand School was the target of a series of four mob attacks involving demobilized soldiers. The first such incident came on November 25, 1918, during which a Canadian soldier led an organized group of his uniformed fellows in an
778:
553:
The Rand School's annual operating budget for the 1918-19 academic year was approximately $ 45,000, of which tuition and fees covered about half. Business operations, donations, and the small and diminishing legacy of Carrie Rand covered the rest of the deficit, which was further minimized by
1331:
377:
Ghent was succeeded late in 1909 by
Algernon Lee. A reorganization in about 1911 replaced the position of Secretary with an Education Director and an Executive Secretary, both responsible to the Board of Directors. Lee was retained in the former role, while
109:. The school aimed to provide a broad education to workers, imparting a politicizing class-consciousness, and additionally served as a research bureau, a publisher, and the operator of a summer camp for socialist and trade union activists.
345:
at Iowa
College ... The school is, in fact, some such thing as Mrs. Herron and I had planned and talked about for many years, and to which I expected at the time, to give my own life personally, as a teacher and organizer of the same.
641:. In a sensational trial, conducted in 1919 after conclusion of the war itself, Nearing was acquitted of the charges against him, but the Rand School was found guilty for having distributed Nearing's work and was fined $ 3,000.
680:, allowed socialists and trade unionists the opportunity to escape the summer heat in the city and to attend courses with their fellows in a pastoral setting. Among those teaching classes at Camp Tamiment over the years were
309:, the training school conducted evening courses in history, economics, and philosophy over a 21-week period, offering lectures one night per week. Secretary of this "Board of Instructors" was prominent socialist writer
274:. The trio soon returned to America, where they continued their interest and activity in adult worker education, although none of the three were directly responsible for the establishment of the Rand School.
1663:
332:
The school was established in 1906, made possible by a $ 200,000 endowment by Mrs. Rand at the time of her sudden death in 1905. The fund was administered by Rand's daughter, Carrie Rand Herron, and
557:
Beyond its general educational purposes, the Rand School was envisioned as a mechanism for the training of dedicated cadres for the
Socialist and trade union movements. An article in the Socialist
511:
for the school of about $ 10,000. The size and success of the bookstore allowed the school to enter the market as a publisher of political books and pamphlets, launching a labor almanac called the
251:
in 1899. Another similarly short-lived institution called the "Karl Marx School" was established in the city at the same time. Neither managed to leave much of a mark upon the historical record.
339:
In a letter to Morris Hillquit, Herron harmonized the use of the Rand fortune to finance the New York socialist school with the thinking of the elder Carrie Rand back in Iowa in the 1890s:
1242:
708:
2094:
714:
In 1935, the Rand School changed its name to the "Tamiment Institute and Library," although it continued to use the imprint "Rand School Press" for its printed publications.
351:
2231:
2169:
325:
The idea of a permanent socialist school in New York City, which took form as the Rand School of Social Science, began with the Christian socialist minister,
2221:
768:
614:
Full page magazine ad published in August 1919 soliciting funds for the legal defense of the Rand School of Social Science following the Lusk Committee raid.
570:
part-time students, with an additional 70 taking a full complement of courses spread out over a longer period, attending classes only 2 or 3 nights a week.
2226:
433:
88:
2022:
744:
160:
117:
28:
2216:
2157:
A Beautiful Public Life: George D. Herron, American Socialism, and Radical Political Culture at the Rand School of Social Science, 1890-1956.
848:
207:
704:
590:
Two more lesser incidents followed, neither of which gained sufficient critical mass to seriously threaten the building and its occupants.
179:
409:
for six years, before losing the lease and being forced to move to a similar building down the block at 140 East 19th Street in 1912.
893:
186:
1620:
1219:
1207:
1192:
980:
2145:
Dorothy Swanson, "The Tamiment Institute/Ben Josephson Library and the Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives at New York University,"
2098:
699:, magazines, and newspapers. The school was responsible for the publication of an annual almanac of the labor movement entitled
2211:
883:
193:
618:
On June 21, 1919, mob action was replaced by a legal raid on the Rand School premises, in which representatives of New York's
579:
effort to gain control of the building. Windows in the building were broken in the assault, which followed a mass rally at
175:
2201:
1269:
727:
652:. No prosecution followed from this raid although records were seized providing the names of students through the years.
113:
1612:
1283:
429:
83:
1632:
421:
226:
1640:
597:
1919. Several hundred demobilized soldiers, many of whom were in uniform, attacked a series of Socialist Party and
370:, and Henry Slobodin. Formal direction of the school was conducted by a Secretary, originally author and publicist
1626:
598:
1543:
506:
The Lusk Committee raided the Rand School in the summer of 1919 and seized documents to fuel its investigations
164:
1249:
1231:
1178:
112:
The school changed its name to the "Tamiment Institute and Library" in 1935 and it was closely linked to the
247:, organized as the Social Reform Union, established the correspondence school, College of Social Science in
492:
200:
483:
In the fall of 1917, with the assistance of a significant financial gift from international gem merchant
262:, England, also in 1899. Three Americans were instrumental in the formation of this entity, Mr. and Mrs.
1806:
George D. Herron to Morris Hillquit, February 14, 1907, Morris Hillqut papers, University of Wisconsin.
1401:
1359:
988:
897:
806:
649:
627:
417:
278:
106:
78:
1275:
695:
By 1924, the Rand School boasted a library with over 6,000 bound volumes, as well as a wide array of
1588:
302:
832:
2056:
1646:
1600:
1594:
1452:
1017:
975:
153:
1352:
Dr. I. A. Hourwich, statistician and authority on immigration and on Russian economic conditions
413:
course, 38 men and 8 women completed the program, with 15 others withdrawing before graduation.
2206:
2140:
The Rand School of Social Science, 1906-1924: A Study of Worker Education in the Socialist Era.
2026:
936:
2036:
626:
that was served by 10 members of the state constabulary, assisted by 55 former members of the
116:
after the 1936 split of the Socialist Party. Its collection became a key component of today's
2179:
1583:
998:
925:
685:
580:
562:
World War I as part of government efforts to suppress opposition to the European war effort.
539:
703:
and was instrumental in the establishment of the Labor Education Council, together with the
534:
The school also sought to expand participation through the opening extension offices in the
1658:
1416:
1407:
1319:
1089:
1081:
993:
818:
602:
violence by those inside the building and they peacefully exited without further incident.
524:
254:
A more successful effort at worker education was made in England with the establishment of
644:
The Rand School was also raided in the summer of 1919 by the New York State Legislature's
336:. A total of about 250 students were enrolled for courses during the school's first year.
8:
2129:
2050:
1792:
1060:
740:
722:
During the Socialist Party split of 1936, the Rand School of Social Science followed the
487:, the Rand School moved into a new headquarters facility located a 7 East 15th Street in
448:
Instructors and occasional lecturers at the school included Algernon Lee, Scott Nearing,
244:
121:
2185:
622:, appointed by the state legislature to investigate radicalism in the state, obtained a
1606:
1446:
1198:
1036:
547:
469:
379:
2030:
1568:
1474:
1334:
1325:
1261:
1006:
836:
828:
723:
637:
for publishing the radical anti-militarist pamphlet, "The Great Madness," written by
367:
314:
294:
271:
1573:
1552:
1162:
967:
958:
919:
789:
673:
661:
520:
477:
453:
359:
326:
267:
243:
ideas in the United States emerged at the end of the 19th century, when a group of
2018:
1433:
1389:
1382:
1245:
1237:
1070:
947:
802:
794:
781:
773:
449:
390:
333:
290:
1419:
1289:
1142:
963:
645:
623:
619:
587:. The violent raiders were ultimately halted and dispersed by police reserves.
363:
263:
255:
610:
2195:
2077:
2014:
1547:
1546:, a separate and unaffiliated institution of higher learning also located in
1427:
1308:
823:
813:
764:
by Scott Nearing includes mention of "Instructors and Lecturers. 1915–1916":
681:
677:
638:
634:
584:
516:
473:
461:
306:
102:
57:
1299:
Helen L. Sumner (formerly of the American Association for Labor Legislation)
660:
In 1921, individuals close to the Rand School opened a summer school in the
593:
The fourth and final mob incident, and one of the most serious, occurred on
1122:
909:
889:
864:
689:
665:
543:
465:
355:
298:
859:
1497:
1489:
1478:
1469:
1439:
1379:
Dr. John Dillon, formerly New York State Commissioner of Food and Markets
1184:
1102:
1055:
843:
566:
528:
484:
457:
425:
371:
310:
798:
502:
2150:
1650:
1556:
1457:
1395:
406:
396:
167: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
64:
1690:
Ph.D. dissertation. Columbia University Teachers College, 1976; pg. 8.
1092:(1918) became a Soviet spy, who "disappeared" in New York City in 1937
777:
1349:
Dr. N. I. Stone, statistician and authority on tariffs and wage-rates
1085:
868:
488:
394:
Advertisement for the Rand School Restaurant from the debut issue of
350:
Operations of the Rand School were governed by an entity called the
240:
878:(July 26, 1919) lists the following "noted lecturers and teachers":
142:
1578:
696:
669:
515:
in 1916 and publishing material by Morris Hillquit, Scott Nearing,
382:
graduate Bertha Howell Mailly was employed in the latter position.
1330:
1150:
From the Joint Board of Sanitary Control in the Garment Industry:
416:
The Rand School maintained a close relationship not only with the
282:
more than the faintest trace in the contemporary socialist press.
1412:
1346:
Dr. I. M. Rubinow, statistician and authority on Social Insurance
1241:
594:
2142:
PhD dissertation. State University of New York at Buffalo, 1984.
554:
comparatively low rates of compensation for teachers and staff.
2013:
259:
248:
2082:
The Refuge of Affections: Family and American Reform Politics.
1493:
2125:
PhD dissertation. Columbia University Teachers College, 1976.
2123:
A History of the Rand School of Social Science, 1906 to 1956.
1688:
A History of the Rand School of Social Science, 1906 to 1956.
535:
2186:
Guide to the Rand School of Social Science Records 1905-1962
1779:
New York: Rand School of Social Science, n.d. ; pp. 151-152.
633:
The Rand School was prosecuted for alleged violation of the
1797:
New York: Rand School of Social Science, July 1919; pg. 11.
583:
calling for the freedom of radical California labor leader
496:
2182:, The Taminent Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives
1942:
New York: Rand School of Social Science, July 1919; pg. 2.
1385:, lawyer, publicist, and authority on scientific Socialism
239:
The idea of establishing new schools for the promotion of
2055:. Rand School of Social Science. 26 July 1919. pp.
961:, historian ... now of the Bureau of Municipal Research
755:
2095:"Re: Workmen's Educational Association - San Francisco"
717:
605:
495:
neighborhood — a building which it purchased from the
854:
289:
Established through the initiative of party founders
1158:
From the United States Commissioner of Immigration:
1153:
Dr. George M. Price, authority on industrial hygiene
2084:
New York: Columbia University Press, 2001; pg. 159.
1844:"The Rand School, An Institution of Learning How,"
436:. The school's Labor Research Department declared:
739:made a part of the special collections library at
317:as the corresponding office for this 1905 effort.
16:School in New York City, United States (1906–1935)
1791:Algernon Lee, "The Story of the Rand School," in
944:From the Pennsylvania State Federation of Labor:
2193:
1528:Mme. Aino Malmberg, authority on Finnish Affairs
1376:Walter N. Polakov, prominent consulting engineer
354:, which included as board members Algernon Lee,
2232:Educational institutions disestablished in 1935
2149:vol. 59, no. 2 (April 1989), pp. 148–161.
2002:A History of the Rand School of Social Science,
1902:Lee, "The Story of the Rand School," pp. 11-12.
1736:A History of the Rand School of Social Science,
1720:A History of the Rand School of Social Science,
2159:PhD dissertation. Binghamton University, 2014.
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1800:
1752:Biographical Dictionary of the Left: Volume 4.
1704:A History of the Rand School of Social Science
762:The Rise and Decline of Christian Civilization
745:Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives
648:, searching for evidence of connection to the
118:Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives
29:Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives
1996:
1994:
1718:, December 4, 1904, pg. 1; cited in Cornell,
1442:, writer and lecturer on scientific Socialism
1118:From the American Museum of Natural History:
2222:Educational institutions established in 1906
1980:
1978:
1964:
1962:
1914:Lee, "The Story of the Rand School," pg. 12.
1885:
1883:
1881:
1862:Lee, "The Story of the Rand School," pg. 10.
1822:Lee, "The Story of the Rand School," pg. 13.
1525:Eugene Schoen, architect and lecturer on art
434:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
89:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
1952:
1950:
1948:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1825:
1746:
1744:
1730:
1728:
1698:
1696:
1522:Herman Epstein, composer and musical critic
1466:Robert W. Bruere, writer on labor questions
1436:, lawyer and writer on scientific Socialism
1304:From the Brooklyn Ethical Culture Society:
2227:1935 disestablishments in New York (state)
1991:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1296:From the United States Children's Bureau:
1130:From the New York School of Philanthropy:
1073:, lecturer and writer on municipal affairs
672:." The summer camp idea, pioneered by the
2035:. Rand School of Social Science. p.
1975:
1959:
1878:
1623:(formerly Highlander Folk School) (1932)
1258:From the National Child Labor Committee:
1014:Dorothy Brewster of the Teachers' College
733:
711:, and other unions centered in New York.
270:, the latter a young graduate student at
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
2135:vol. 10, no. 245 (Sept. 2, 1917), pg. 8.
1945:
1917:
1910:
1908:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1741:
1725:
1693:
1621:Highlander Research and Education Center
1539:The Rand School is not related to the:
1492:
1473:
1463:Robert Ferrari, lawyer and criminologist
1411:
1329:
1315:From the Cooperative League of America:
1240:
1084:
962:
858:
831:
797:
776:
609:
501:
389:
127:
1848:vol. 12, no. 25 (Jan. 25, 1919), pg. 6.
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1787:
1785:
1754:Boston: Western Islands, 1973; pg. 205.
1675:
1208:International Association of Machinists
1193:Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America
655:
277:Shortly after the establishment of the
2194:
1392:, writer and lecturer on Negro affairs
884:United States House of Representatives
1905:
1851:
1757:
1664:Los Angeles People's Education Center
1322:, President* From the Belgian Senate:
933:From the New York Board of Aldermen:
756:Instructors and lecturers (1915–1916)
2217:1906 establishments in New York City
1986:Biographical Dictionary of the Left,
1970:Biographical Dictionary of the Left,
1891:Biographical Dictionary of the Left,
1873:Biographical Dictionary of the Left,
1809:
1782:
1220:International Jewelry Workers' Union
1170:Illinois State Federation of Labor:
718:The Rand School after the 1936 split
165:adding citations to reliable sources
136:
2130:"The Vision of the People's House,"
1777:The American Labor Year Book, 1916.
606:Lusk Committee raid and prosecution
13:
2115:
1956:"Seeking to Silence Truth," pg. 3.
1613:Jefferson School of Social Science
855:Noted lecturer and teachers (1919)
726:out of the party and into the new
430:Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union
84:Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union
14:
2243:
2174:London Socialist Historians Group
2172:, by Andrew H. Lee, Autumn 2004,
2163:
1633:Southern Appalachian Labor School
1534:
1105:, specialist in municipal affairs
422:Intercollegiate Socialist Society
1165:, authority on municipal affairs
1138:From the Rockefeller Institute:
1113:Dr. G. B. L. Arner, statistician
141:
2087:
2071:
2043:
2007:
1938:"Seeking to Silence Truth," in
1896:
1865:
1627:Commonwealth College (Arkansas)
1404:, Irish publicist and historian
1398:, Indian educator and publicist
867:at rally for striking Brooklyn
599:Industrial Workers of the World
176:"Rand School of Social Science"
152:needs additional citations for
1709:
1544:New School for Social Research
709:Amalgamated Knit Goods Workers
573:
445:maintained a reading library.
385:
132:
1:
2212:Socialism in New York (state)
1669:
1641:San Francisco Workers' School
1555:, a non-profit global-policy
1133:John Fitch, industrial expert
99:Rand School of Social Science
20:Rand School of Social Science
1940:The Case of the Rand School.
1794:The Case of the Rand School.
1449:of the Church of the Messiah
1270:British Steel Workers' Union
1047:Willard C. Fisher, economist
876:The Case for the Rand School
728:Social Democratic Federation
701:The American Labor Year Book
320:
114:Social Democratic Federation
7:
2052:The Case of the Rand School
1562:
1099:From Princeton University:
1028:Lester F. Ward, sociologist
905:New York Municipal Court:
750:
10:
2248:
2202:Socialist Party of America
1402:Francis Sheehy-Skeffington
1284:Women's Trade Union League
1250:National Consumers' League
1232:National Consumers' League
1179:Women's Trade Union League
1173:Duncan McDonald, President
1033:From Stanford University:
955:From Columbia University:
807:Socialist Party of America
650:Communist Party of America
628:American Protective League
565:American participation in
420:proper, but also with the
418:Socialist Party of America
352:American Socialist Society
279:Socialist Party of America
107:Socialist Party of America
79:Socialist Party of America
2180:"History and Description"
1067:From Chicago University:
1044:From New York University
297:, party newspaper editor
73:
63:
50:
42:
34:
24:
2138:Rachel Cutler Schwartz,
2032:Should Socialism Prevail
1504:Charlotte Perkins Oilman
1355:Dr. Alexander Fichandler
1145:, physiological chemists
1110:From Dartmouth College:
1052:From Wellesley College:
513:American Labor Year Book
303:Haverhill, Massachusetts
2027:Davenport, Frederick M.
1647:California Labor School
1601:New York Workers School
1595:Brookwood Labor College
1453:Oswald Garrison Villard
1025:From Brown University:
400:magazine, January 1911.
313:, who used his home in
2170:"The Tamiment Library"
1516:Marion Craig Wentworth
1500:
1482:
1423:
1337:
1252:
1093:
1078:From Barnard College:
981:Alexander Goldenweiser
971:
872:
839:
809:
785:
734:Termination and legacy
615:
542:as well as across the
507:
442:
401:
348:
101:was formed in 1906 in
1589:Work People's College
1584:Workers Defense Union
1496:
1477:
1415:
1364:Jessie Wallace Hughan
1333:
1244:
1088:
1018:George R. Kirkpatrick
999:James Harvey Robinson
966:
926:Abraham I. Shiplacoff
862:
835:
801:
780:
743:, known today as the
686:Jessie Wallace Hughan
613:
581:Madison Square Garden
505:
438:
393:
341:
128:Institutional history
1875:vol. 4, pp. 205–206.
1659:Continuing education
1653:Labor School) (1942)
1417:William Butler Yeats
1410:, Irish litterateur
1408:William Butler Yeats
1370:Dr. Gabriel R. Mason
1090:Juliet Stuart Poyntz
1082:Juliet Stuart Poyntz
994:David Saville Muzzey
985:Benjamin B. Kendrick
976:Franklin H. Giddings
819:Juliet Stuart Poyntz
656:Post-war development
550:during this period.
525:Albert Rhys Williams
245:Christian socialists
161:improve this article
105:by adherents of the
56:7 East 15th Street,
1750:Francis X. Gannon,
1430:, Irish litterateur
1225:Samuel E. Beardsley
1201:, General Secretary
989:William P. Montague
916:New York Assembly:
769:Samuel E. Beardsley
741:New York University
122:New York University
21:
2147:Library Quarterly,
2121:Frederic Cornell,
1686:Frederic Cornell,
1607:New Workers School
1501:
1483:
1447:John Haynes Holmes
1424:
1338:
1253:
1199:Joseph Schlossberg
1094:
1037:David Starr Jordan
972:
970:, historian (1917)
873:
840:
810:
786:
616:
548:Newark, New Jersey
508:
470:David P. Berenberg
402:
380:Cornell University
19:
2029:(November 1916).
1569:Rose Gollup Cohen
1513:John Ward Stimson
1481:(circa 1906-1916)
1335:Henri La Fontaine
1326:Henri La Fontaine
1320:James P. Warbasse
1282:From the British
1143:Phoebus A. Levene
1020:of Albion College
1007:James T. Shotwell
837:James T. Shotwell
829:James T. Shotwell
805:, founder of the
724:Old Guard faction
368:Leonard D. Abbott
346:
295:Henry L. Slobodin
272:Oxford University
237:
236:
229:
211:
95:
94:
91:
69:Rand School Press
2239:
2188:Taminent Library
2128:Eugene V. Debs,
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2023:Belford, John L.
2019:Hillquit, Morris
2011:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1988:vol. 4, pg. 210.
1982:
1973:
1972:vol. 4, pg. 209.
1966:
1957:
1954:
1943:
1936:
1915:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:vol. 4, pg. 208.
1887:
1876:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1849:
1842:
1823:
1820:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1755:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1691:
1684:
1574:George D. Herron
1553:RAND Corporation
1510:Fola La Follette
1367:Miss Alma Kriger
1163:Frederic C. Howe
1125:, anthropologist
1011:Harry W. L. Dana
968:Charles A. Beard
959:Charles A. Beard
920:August Claessens
790:August Claessens
674:Fabian socialist
662:Pocono Mountains
521:Harry W. Laidler
478:August Claessens
454:Charles A. Beard
360:Benjamin Hanford
343:
327:George D. Herron
268:Charles A. Beard
232:
225:
221:
218:
212:
210:
169:
145:
137:
77:
22:
18:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2192:
2191:
2166:
2118:
2116:Further reading
2113:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1983:
1976:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1733:
1726:
1714:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1672:
1565:
1537:
1455:, publisher of
1434:Louis B. Boudin
1390:W. E. B. DuBois
1383:Morris Hillquit
1360:B. C. Gruenberg
1262:Owen R. Lovejoy
1246:Florence Kelley
1238:Florence Kelley
1213:James H. Duncan
1071:Charles Zueblin
1061:Vida D. Scudder
948:James H. Maurer
857:
803:Morris Hillquit
795:Morris Hillquit
782:Louis B. Boudin
774:Louis B. Boudin
758:
753:
736:
720:
705:Furrier's Union
658:
608:
576:
450:Morris Hillquit
388:
334:Morris Hillquit
323:
291:Morris Hillquit
233:
222:
216:
213:
170:
168:
158:
146:
135:
130:
87:
82:
55:
54:People's House,
17:
12:
11:
5:
2245:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2165:
2164:External links
2162:
2161:
2160:
2155:Thomas Wirth,
2153:
2143:
2136:
2133:New York Call,
2126:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2100:. 26 July 2000
2086:
2070:
2042:
2015:Nearing, Scott
2006:
1990:
1974:
1958:
1944:
1916:
1904:
1895:
1877:
1864:
1850:
1846:New York Call,
1824:
1808:
1799:
1781:
1756:
1740:
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1550:
1536:
1535:Disambiguation
1533:
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1530:
1529:
1526:
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1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1487:
1484:
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1464:
1461:
1450:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1420:Alice Boughton
1405:
1399:
1393:
1386:
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1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1353:
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1339:
1323:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:Mary Macarthur
1280:
1279:
1278:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1228:
1227:
1226:
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1189:
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1166:
1156:
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1154:
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1146:
1136:
1135:
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1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1097:
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1095:
1076:
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1042:
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1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
983:
978:
973:
953:
952:
951:
942:
941:
940:
931:
930:
929:
923:
914:
913:
912:
903:
902:
901:
871:workers (1916)
856:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
826:
821:
816:
811:
792:
787:
771:
757:
754:
752:
749:
735:
732:
719:
716:
657:
654:
646:Lusk Committee
624:search warrant
620:Lusk Committee
607:
604:
575:
572:
531:among others.
387:
384:
364:William Mailly
322:
319:
264:Walter Vrooman
256:Ruskin College
235:
234:
149:
147:
140:
134:
131:
129:
126:
93:
92:
75:
71:
70:
67:
61:
60:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2244:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Labor schools
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2079:
2078:Eric Rauchway
2074:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1899:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
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1833:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1796:
1795:
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1773:
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1763:
1761:
1753:
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1731:
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1705:
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1657:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
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1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Camp Tamiment
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1548:New York City
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1486:John D. Barry
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:Padraic Colum
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1373:Max Schonberg
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:Henry Neumann
1306:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1152:
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1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1091:
1087:
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1080:
1079:
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1069:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
969:
965:
960:
957:
956:
954:
949:
946:
945:
943:
938:
937:B. C. Vladeck
935:
934:
932:
927:
924:
921:
918:
917:
915:
911:
907:
906:
904:
899:
895:
894:12th district
891:
888:
887:
885:
881:
880:
879:
877:
870:
866:
861:
850:
847:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
825:
824:I. M. Rubinow
822:
820:
817:
815:
814:Scott Nearing
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
765:
763:
760:The pamphlet
748:
746:
742:
731:
729:
725:
715:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:Norman Thomas
679:
678:Great Britain
675:
671:
670:Camp Tamiment
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
642:
640:
639:Scott Nearing
636:
635:Espionage Act
631:
629:
625:
621:
612:
603:
600:
596:
591:
588:
586:
582:
571:
568:
563:
560:
559:New York Call
555:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:Louis Waldman
514:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
474:Anna A. Maley
471:
467:
463:
462:Lucien Sanial
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
410:
408:
399:
398:
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383:
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369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
340:
337:
335:
330:
328:
318:
316:
312:
308:
307:John C. Chase
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
283:
280:
275:
273:
269:
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261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
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231:
228:
220:
209:
206:
202:
199:
195:
192:
188:
185:
181:
178: –
177:
173:
172:Find sources:
166:
162:
156:
155:
150:This section
148:
144:
139:
138:
125:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
103:New York City
100:
90:
85:
80:
76:
72:
68:
66:
62:
59:
58:New York City
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:
27:
23:
2173:
2156:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2122:
2102:. Retrieved
2089:
2081:
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2051:
2045:
2031:
2009:
2001:
1985:
1969:
1939:
1898:
1890:
1872:
1867:
1845:
1802:
1793:
1776:
1751:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1687:
1635:(since 1977)
1538:
1456:
1123:Robert Lowie
910:Jacob Panken
890:Meyer London
875:
874:
865:Meyer London
863:Congressman
761:
759:
737:
721:
713:
700:
694:
690:Stuart Chase
676:movement in
666:Pennsylvania
659:
643:
632:
617:
592:
589:
577:
564:
558:
556:
552:
544:Hudson River
533:
512:
509:
493:Union Square
482:
466:James Maurer
447:
443:
439:
426:trade unions
415:
411:
403:
395:
376:
356:Job Harriman
349:
342:
338:
331:
324:
299:Algernon Lee
288:
286:speakers."
284:
276:
253:
238:
223:
214:
204:
197:
190:
183:
171:
159:Please help
154:verification
151:
111:
98:
96:
74:Affiliations
65:Subsidiaries
51:Headquarters
2063:24 December
1629:(1923-1940)
1519:Eugene Wood
1507:Muriel Hope
1498:Max Eastman
1490:Max Eastman
1479:Jack London
1472:, novelist
1470:Jack London
1440:John Spargo
1185:Alice Henry
1103:Evans Clark
1056:Ellen Hayes
1039:, biologist
950:, President
849:N. I. Stone
844:John Spargo
574:Mob attacks
567:World War I
540:Brownsville
485:A.A. Heller
458:John Spargo
386:Development
372:W. J. Ghent
311:John Spargo
217:August 2022
133:Forerunners
2196:Categories
2104:7 February
1722:pp. 10-11.
1716:The Worker
1670:References
1651:Tom Mooney
1649:(formerly
1557:think tank
1458:The Nation
1396:Lajpat Rai
1276:John Jones
1003:E. M. Sait
892:(New York
585:Tom Mooney
407:brownstone
397:The Masses
187:newspapers
2000:Cornell,
1734:Cornell,
1706:, pg. 10.
1702:Cornell,
1328:, member
1268:From the
1230:From the
1218:From the
1206:From the
1191:From the
898:Socialist
882:From the
869:streetcar
697:pamphlets
489:Manhattan
424:and such
321:Formation
301:, and ex-
241:socialist
124:in 1963.
43:Dissolved
35:Formation
25:Successor
2151:In JSTOR
2004:pg. 235.
1984:Gannon,
1968:Gannon,
1889:Gannon,
1871:Gannon,
1603:(1923):
1563:See also
1343:Others:
939:, member
928:, member
922:, member
751:Teachers
668:called "
529:N. Lenin
432:and the
405:in this
1738:pg. 11.
1643:(1934)
1248:of the
595:May Day
428:as the
315:Yonkers
201:scholar
1615:(1944)
1609:(1929)
1597:(1921)
1591:(1907)
1422:(1913)
908:Judge
784:(1907)
707:, the
688:, and
527:, and
476:, and
305:mayor
260:Oxford
249:Boston
203:
196:
189:
182:
174:
1445:Rev.
536:Bronx
208:JSTOR
194:books
2106:2016
2065:2017
1388:Dr.
1358:Dr.
1318:Dr.
1307:Dr.
1161:Dr.
1141:Dr.
1121:Dr.
538:and
497:YWCA
293:and
266:and
180:news
97:The
46:1935
38:1906
2059:–15
664:of
546:in
491:'s
258:in
163:by
120:at
2198::
2097:.
2080:,
2057:13
2037:45
2025:;
2021:;
2017:;
1993:^
1977:^
1961:^
1947:^
1919:^
1907:^
1880:^
1853:^
1827:^
1811:^
1784:^
1759:^
1743:^
1727:^
1695:^
1677:^
1286::
1272::
1234::
1222::
1210::
1195::
1181::
896::
886::
747:.
692:.
684:,
523:,
519:,
480:.
472:,
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
374:.
366:,
362:,
358:,
86:,
81:,
2176:.
2108:.
2067:.
2039:.
900:)
230:)
224:(
219:)
215:(
205:·
198:·
191:·
184:·
157:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
