Ramón Emeterio Betances

966:, in 1864. Jiménez apparently was born in what would later become the Dominican Republic, on July 28, 1842. Her mother's last name, Carlo, rather common in Cabo Rojo, implies that her family had ties to the town. She worked for one of Betances' sisters between 1863 and 1864, and he met her once at his sister's house. Apparently she was infatuated with him strongly enough to appear at his door with a pair of suitcases, asking him to give her shelter, since "no gentleman would leave a woman alone on the street at night." Jiménez then became Betances' common-law wife for thirty-five years, and survived his death in 1898. They would not have any children. Their 1906: 881:, the military leader of the northern pro-independence faction who led the efforts to restore Dominican sovereignty over their country. Betances was also a collaborator of Dominican priest (and later Archbishop of Santo Domingo and one-time president of the country), Fernando Arturo de Meriño, who was the revolt's ideological leader (as well as its delegate in Puerto Rico when he was himself exiled by the restored republican government). These two friendships would prove to be key to Betances' own efforts to achieve Puerto Rican independence later on. 1767:

skepticism, since Estrada sympathized with the idea of having the United States intervene in the Cuban independence war to have the Spanish evicted from Cuba. They suspected that his weak leadership allowed opportunists to profit from an invasion and even suggest that the United States keep Puerto Rico in exchange for independence for Cuba. Some written evidence points to the truth of their affirmations, at least to the extent of wanting to have the Puerto Rican section of the Cuban Revolutionary Party shut down, which eventually did happen.

52: 4385: 2526: 1730:) offered his services to Betances, sold most of his personal belongings to finance a revolt in Puerto Rico, and volunteered to lead any Puerto Rican troops had such revolt occur. The revolt was deemed unnecessary later in the year, when the Spanish government recalled Palacio from office to investigate charges of abuse of power from his part, but Gómez and Betances established a friendship and logistical relationship that lasted until Betances' death in 1898. 568: 4293: 2305: 1846:

Cánovas as a target instead. There is evidence that Betances financed Angiolillo's travel to Spain, and used his contacts to have Angiolillo reach and enter Spanish territory under a false identity. Further speculation that Angiolillo used a firearm that Betances himself furnished for him appears to be unfounded (although Betances, who was a fan of firearms himself —he taught a Cuban revolutionary leader on how to use a

955: 1984: 1608: 4327: 396: 2038:, was able to convince the Puerto Rican Legislative Assembly to approve an act that would allow the transfer of the mortal remains of Puerto Rican patriot Ramón Emeterio Betances from Paris, France, to Puerto Rico. Seven years after the act's approval, the Legislative Assembly commissioned one of its delegates, Alfonso Lastra Charriez, to serve as an emissary and bring Betances' remains from France. 858: 776: 2645:, p. 42: "A search of slave registries in Cabo Rojo for the decades of 1840s and 1850s has given us no results. We can assure, however, that by 1869 and following years Dr. Betances is not listed as owning any Negro slaves within the jurisdiction. (...) The only Betances listed as owning a Negro slave in Cabo Rojo, in both the 1869 and 1872 censuses, is Ana Betances Torres (Ramón's half-sister)." 1822:, and since his lungs could not exchange oxygen properly this put extra burden to his heart and kidneys) prevented Betances from performing further diplomatic work from France on behalf of Puerto Rico or Cuba. His illness, which lasted more than a year, prevented him from performing medical work, and forced the Party to approve a stipend for Betances during his long illness, until his death. 1807: 2058:. It took the caravan two days to make the 120-mile (193 km) route. Once Betances' remains reached the city of Mayagüez, 8,000 mourners paid their respects. Betances' remains were laid to rest in Cabo Rojo's municipal cemetery. A few decades later his remains were moved to a monument designed to honor Betances in the town's plaza. There is a bust created by the Italian sculptor 1100:, along with other Puerto Ricans living in the city. After signing a letter that could serve as proof of his intentions of becoming a United States citizen (mainly to prevent his arrest elsewhere) Betances then returned to the Dominican Republic in September 1867, where he attempted to organize an armed expedition that was to invade Puerto Rico. However, under threat of arrest by 370:) classification of families in Cabo Rojo. The process, when successful, entitled the requester to further legal and property rights for him and his family, and was necessary to allow his daughter, Ana María, to marry José Tió, who was a Caucasian. In the case of Betances' father, the process lasted two years, and was formalized in 1840, but not before having to have the family's 1081:

made an offer to purchase what were then the Danish Virgin Islands, would rather instigate a revolt in Puerto Rico so as to later annex the island—which would make a better military base in the Caribbean—at a lesser economic cost. His fears were not without base, since the then American consul in the island, Alexander Jourdan, suggested precisely this to then Secretary of State

1061:(No one can give others what they don't have for themselves), a phrase that he would constantly use through the rest of his life when referring to Spain's unwillingness to grant Puerto Rico or Cuba any reforms. He would then suggest setting up a revolt and proclaim independence as soon as possible. Many of the meeting's attendants sided with Betances, to the horror of Acosta. 2512: 1512:(1895–98). Spain had promoted political reform in Puerto Rico, and the local political climate was not conducive to a second revolution at the time. Therefore, Betances and the Puerto Rican revolutionaries ceded their caches of firearms hidden in Saint Thomas, Curaçao and Haiti to the Cuban rebels in October 1871, since their struggle was deemed as a priority. 712:, a historian and close friend, later wrote that once Betances returned to Puerto Rico with Lita's body, he suspended all personal activities besides his medical work, spent a considerable amount of time caring for her tomb at the Mayagüez cemetery, and assumed the physical aspect that most people identify Betances with: dark suit, long unkempt beard, and " 2167:

or the recognition that they deserve. But the world is full of ingratitudes, and the disdainful tend to forget that this revolutionary act is precisely the highest struggle of dignity that has been done in Puerto Rico in four centuries of the most opprobrious servitude, engraving in its flag the abolition of slavery and the independence of the island.

1424:'. (...) Let us unite. Let us build a people, a people of true Freemasons, and we then shall raise a temple over foundations so solid that the forces of the Saxon and Spanish races will not shake it, a temple that we will consecrate to Independence, and in whose frontispiece we will engrave this inscription, as imperishable as the Motherland itself: 1017:, a bad economic situation in its colonies, among others. It attempted to appease the growing discontent of the citizens of its remaining colonies in the continent by setting up a board of review that would receive complaints from representatives of the colonies and attempt to adjust legislation that affected them. This board, the 153: 2804:, p. 44. He described an event in one of his writings that happened in a nearby town where a slave, who had bought his own liberty from his owner, was denied his freedom by a Spanish bureaucrat. The slave then proceeded to kill the owner, his wife and son, and when he was arrested, he upbraided the bureaucrat by saying: 756:. Even fierce political enemies such as Spanish pro-monarchy journalist José Pérez Morís regarded Betances as the best surgeon in Puerto Rico at the time. His good reputation in Puerto Rico would survive his stay in the island nation for many years. In 1895, while Betances was living in Paris, the manufacturers of the 2324:) examines various possible causes for the spontaneous death of a fetus and/or its mother, was later used as a textbook on gynecology at some European universities. According to at least one medical practitioner who examined it in 1988, his attempt to explain the theory behind spontaneous contractions leading to 1604:

hopeful that the islanders would assume a more proactive role in seeking their freedom from Spain. With time, Betances became essentially the representative of the liberal governments of the Dominican Republic for as long as they lasted, and the representative of the Cuban "government in arms", or insurrection.

1746:, who lived in New York City and shared her brother's revolutionary ideals. Martí assisted her financially in her final days, out of admiration for the Betances' family. Betances accepted the assignment out of gratitude towards Martí. Soon after, Martí died in battle in Cuba in 1895, an event that brought 2219:

as a political alternative in the island, the level of cultural and social development of a collective Puerto Rican conscience was almost a direct consequence of the event. To put it simply, if there is any nationalistic sentiment in Puerto Rico in the present day, almost all of it can be traced back

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to the Spanish Cortes, most of them were defined within the framework of loyalty to Spain as a metropolitan power (and thus subordinate to Spanish rule over Puerto Rico), and many of them were quickly suppressed by the Spanish government, which feared an escalation of nationalistic sentiment that, in

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Those who have judged our Lares revolution with disdain are not aware of the dangers that the movement cost, or what was really done then, or the results obtained since, or the sorrows, the pains, the deaths, the mourning that followed. They are not aware of the sufferings of those who were outlawed,

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Betances sympathized with anarchists like Angiolillo, and hated monarchists like Cánovas, but this alone would not justify direct action from Betances into taking Cánovas' life. Betances did state at the time, however, that "in Spain there is only one true retrograde and reactionary leader, and he is

1080:

by historians) was unrelated to his revolutionary plans, and that he actually did not mind the troops stationed in Puerto Rico that much, since they would have been ill-prepared for stopping a well-developed pro-independence revolt at the time anyway. Marchesi feared that the United States, which had

1974:

addict (unlikely) by then, and she even wished for her husband to die in tantrums reported by his doctors. Political foes attempted to gain possession of Betances' intelligence dossiers, as did Spanish intelligence agents in Paris. Betances asked personal friends to keep personal guard of him, which

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to knit a flag for the revolution using the colors and basic design similar to that of the Dominican Republic (which in turn was almost identical to a French military standard). Betances was also supposed to send reinforcements to the Puerto Rican rebels through the use of a ship purchased by Puerto

542:

At the time, he had his first confrontation with Spanish authorities, since Betances gave last priority of medical treatment to those Spanish-born military rank and officers who were affected by the disease (they demanded preferential and immediate treatment, and he openly despised them for it). For

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in France through the middle part of the 19th. century. These ideas, considered subversive in the severely restricted Puerto Rico of the era, had nevertheless a considerable impact in the island nation's political and social history. His ideas on race relations alone had a major impact on economics

1814:

Betances, who had collected more money in France for the Party than the plan's potential cost, grew weary of the Cuban revolutionary movement's diminishing support of the Puerto Rico independence cause. By then, some of the Party's followers stationed in France wanted Betances to be stripped of his

1648:

Luperón would eventually arrive in Paris as a named ambassador, but Betances' connections in the city proved to be key to whatever success Luperón had as a diplomat in France. They would assume this role until political turmoil in the Dominican Republic forced Luperón to return and lead yet another

1075:

In late June 1867 Betances and at least 12 more potential "revolutionaries" were exiled from Puerto Rico by then governor Gen. José María Marchessi y Oleaga as a preventive measure, including Goyco and Ruiz. A battalion of local soldiers had revolted in San Juan earlier, protesting about their poor

1048:

However, beyond abolition, proposals for autonomy were voted down, as were other petitions to limit the unlimited power the governor general would have upon virtually all aspects of life in Puerto Rico. Once the Junta members returned to Puerto Rico, they met with local community leaders in a famed

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could be achieved in Puerto Rico without disrupting the local economy (including its Cuban members, who frowned upon implementing it in Cuba because of its much higher numbers of slave labor). Once he became prime minister in 1870, Castelar did approve an abolition bill, praising the efforts of the

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and other members of the society waited next to the baptismal font on Sundays, expecting a master to take a slave family to baptize their child. Before the child was baptized, Betances or his partners gave money to the parents, which they in turn used to buy the child's freedom from his master. The

2089:

Betances' two primary biographers, Paul Estrade and Félix Ojeda Reyes, have announced the publication of a compilation of Betances' complete works, comprising 14 volumes. José Carvajal is the collection's editor. The first two volumes were formally published in Mayagüez on April 8, 2008. The first

1395:

Betances fled to New York City in April 1869, where he again joined Basora in his efforts to organize Puerto Rican revolutionaries into additional activities leading to independence. He joined the Cuban Revolutionary Junta, whose members were more successful at their drive for armed revolution for

1326:

on Ruiz before he left Saint Thomas to bring him some relief from his condition, and that Betances published a medical article in France twenty years later, in 1887, that discussed the condition, out of what he had described as many years of second-guessing what could have been done to save Ruiz's

291:

in records of the day. His mother died in 1837, when he was nine years old, and his father remarried in 1839; the five children he had with María del Carmen Torres Pagán included Ramón's half-brother Felipe Adolfo, who was not involved in politics (according to Ramón) but was nevertheless arrested

2851:

The second volume of Betances' complete works quotes more than a dozen personal letters from Betances, written before and after Lita's death. In one of the letters Betances describes how he had to host Lita's casket in his Mayagüez house for close to two weeks while the city's authorities debated

1845:

Impressed by Betances' credentials, Angiolillo later approached Betances before the incident, and discussed his plans with him, which originally implied killing one or more young members of the Spanish royal family. Betances then dissuaded him from doing this. Angiolillo then apparently suggested

1603:

One of the events that gave Betances great satisfaction was the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico, which was made official on March 22, 1873. He reminded people that abolition would not have happened without the direct intervention of Puerto Ricans in the Spanish political process, and was thus

1341:

Gregorio Luperón met Betances in Saint Thomas, and offered to assist the Puerto Rican revolution, in exchange for help to overthrow Báez once the right circumstances were met. As a consequence, Betances organized revolutionary cells in Puerto Rico from exile, which would be led by leaders such as

1802:

Through coordination with Betances and local pro-independence leaders in Puerto Rico, a Dominican military leader, Gen. José Morales, made plans to invade Puerto Rico in the late 1890s, to supply local revolutionaries with supplies and mercenaries, and take advantage of the weak Spanish military

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In April 1896 Betances was granted diplomatic credentials on behalf of the revolutionary government of Cuba. He became an active fund raiser and recruiter on behalf of the Cuban pro-independence movement. He also served as press officer and intelligence contact for the Cuban rebels in exile, and

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Betances claimed in his lifetime that a relative of his, Pedro Betances, had revolted against the Spanish government of Hispaniola in 1808 and was tortured, executed, and his body burned and shown to the populace to dissuade them from further attempts. Meanwhile, Alacán's father, a sailor, led a

2170:

I'd rather not remember so much pain, so many efforts to illustrate those who pretend to disavow that great redemptive work. But this was the pride of the people, of the entire Puerto Rican people, of everyone who conspired for it and suffered for the future Motherland and the liberty of today.

1841:

Betances' role in the Cánovas assassination is described by Puerto Rican (born in France) author Luis Bonafoux in his biography about Betances (written in 1901), and partially corroborated by later historians. These sources establish that Betances' circle of friends at the time included various

1778:

In 1897, Antonio Mattei Lluveras, a wealthy coffee plantation owner from Yauco, visited the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee in New York City. There he met with Ramón Emeterio Betances, Juan de Mata Terreforte and Aurelio Méndez Martínez and together they proceeded to plan a major coup. The

1766:

Betances openly hated Estrada when he first met him in the late 1870s, but grew more tolerant of him with time, and even defended Estrada's actions as leader when he assumed control of the Cuban Revolutionary Party. The Puerto Rican affiliates to the Party viewed Estrada's leadership with great

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were used for agricultural experiments, but were later left unattended). Betances writes in his letters that he had spent the equivalent of US$ 20,000 (in 1880 dollars, roughly equivalent to US$ 400,000 in 2010) on expenditures on behalf of the Dominican diplomatic office. He did not expect the

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and be part of a three-way presidency (1866), only to be exiled once again (1868). Whenever Luperón was in the Dominican Republic, Betances could use it as a base of operations for his later political and military objectives, while offering Luperón logistical and financial assistance in return.

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Paul Estrade, Betances' French biographer, assesses his legacy as an Antillean this way: "The Antilles have developed political, social and scientific ideas that have changed the world, and that Europe has used. Not everything has (a European) source. Betances is the maximum expression of this

1523:, and sensed that both philosophies were being used as excuses for American interventions on the continent. When Cuban revolutionaries requested help from the United States for reinforcing their armed struggle against Spain, Betances warned them against giving too much away. He feared American 1660:

once he assumed the presidency. Luperón felt betrayed and went again into exile in Saint Thomas. Eventually he died of cancer, not before visiting Betances in France for a last time and being allowed to return to the Dominican Republic to die, as a gesture of good will from Heureaux. Due to

3750:, p. 359. The New York Herald's European edition of August 21, 1897, which reported Angiolillo's execution, is quoted: "...it was erroneous to attribute any accomplices to him and repeating that he had acted alone, under his own inspiration, and had long premeditated the assassination of 2371:, a society that attempted to research and catalog historical documents about Puerto Rico from firsthand government sources. Betances became the Society's researcher in France. The result of the Society's research was published in an 1854 book, for which Betances contributed. Inspired by 3950:

Ojeda Reyes, Félix, El Desterrado de París, pp. 481–498. In fact, the hardcover's paper jacket features scenes of the funeral at Cabo Rojo. A photograph of Simplicia Jiménez, as well as many photographs of the various funeral events through Puerto Rico, are shown in this chapter of the

850:, sought independence from the Spanish in 1863. Its leaders used Haiti as a guerrilla base, since the Haitian government feared a Spanish takeover and the restoration of slavery in the occupied territories, and was thus sympathetic to their cause. Their stronghold, however, was the 539:, the Mayagüez municipal hospital, which still serves the city). However, the epidemic struck the city soon after; Betances' stepmother and one of his brothers-in-law would die from it. By October 1856 Betances would have to take care of the entire operation on his own temporarily. 498:

While Betances was studying medicine in France, his father died (in August 1854) and his sister Ana María would be forced to take over the Hacienda Carmen's management. By 1857 the heirs were forced to give the operation's output to a holding company headed by Guillermo Schröeder.

2090:

volume features most of Betances' written works about medicine; the second features intimate letters and document excerpts Betances wrote to family and friends over a span of 39 years. A third volume, which compiles some of Betances' literary works, was published in 2009.

3635:, who was serving as a courier for confidential information destined for Washington, D.C. Betances, who had been deported to Venezuela a month earlier, was nevertheless arrested by the Danish authorities. However, even under vehement protests from the Spanish consul in 1661:

Heureaux's protracted presidency and blatant acts of corruption, Betances (who had called Heureaux his "grandson" in letters he had previously written to him) was forced to cut ties to the Dominican Republic for good (two plots of land that he owned both there and in

2190:

The political and sociological consequences of Betances' actions are definite and unequivocal. He was the first openly nationalistic political leader in Puerto Rico, and one of the first pro-independence leaders in the island nation's history (Among Puerto Ricans,

2287:

considered Betances one of his "teachers", or sources of political inspiration, and his diplomatic and intelligence work in France on behalf of the Cuban revolutionary junta greatly aided the cause, before it was directly influenced by the intervention of Gen.

534:

torched and a temporary camp set up for its dwellers. A large field at a corner of the city was set aside for a supplementary cemetery, and Betances set and managed a temporary hospital next to it (which was later housed in a permanent structure and became the

1945:

to the North American government in exchange for independence, and exchanged some privileged intelligence information (about the level of debt Spain had attained while fighting the Cuban insurrection) with the then-ambassador of the United States to France,

1803:

presence in Puerto Rico (there were only 4,500 Spanish soldiers in the island at the time, and 1,000 of them were later redirected to Cuba to fight the Cuban insurrection). However, the Cuban Revolutionary Party rejected the plan as being too expensive.

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that once he had news of the Grito, he "went as quickly as possible where duty was calling", but that, "as soon as I arrived, everything had finished". It is unclear whether Betances had returned to Puerto Rico clandestinely or to some other Caribbean

2335:(Cholera: History, Preventive Measures, Symptoms and Treatments), which he authored and published in Paris in 1884 and expanded in 1890. The book was later used as a public health textbook in dealing with similar cholera epidemics in Latin America. 1953:

Frustrated by what he perceived as the unwillingness of Puerto Ricans to demand their independence from the United States while the island territory was annexed (the event occurred just days before his death), he uttered his final political stance:

2050:

three years earlier. Media reporters of the day were surprised by the size of the crowd, given the fact that Betances had not visited Puerto Rico (at least in the open) for the 31 years before his death, and had been dead over 21 years afterwards.

681:, was born in 1838. She had met Betances when she was 10, and Betances became instantly fond of her. Once he returned to Puerto Rico from his medical studies he requested the necessary ecclesiastical permissions to marry her (due to the degree of 2929:, pp. 310–312. Antonio Vélez Alvarado, a Puerto Rico independence supporter later credited as the "inventor" of the Puerto Rican flag, and whose brother was a sales representative for Scott & Bowne, was responsible for publishing the ads. 901:

Since Betances' exile depended on who was governing Puerto Rico at the time, a change in government allowed him to return to Mayagüez in 1862. However, a few years later, (1868) Luperón and Betances would both end up exiled in Saint Thomas.

554:

Basora and Betances were eventually honored with streets named after each in the city of Mayagüez. The main thoroughfare that crosses the city from north to south is named after Betances; a street that links the center of the city with the

1958:("I don't want a colony status, neither with Spain nor with the United States"). When reminded by de Hostos through a letter of what was happening in the island, he responded, highly frustrated, with a phrase that has become famous since: 1926:, until friends from Puerto Rico persuaded him to accept it as a tribute to Puerto Rico, and not as a personal award. The French Legion of Honor (Légion d'honneur) is the premier order of France, and its award is one of great distinction. 592:, Lamartine and Tapia, but also on personal experience, based on what he saw at his father's farm and in daily Puerto Rican life. Based on his beliefs, he founded a civic organization in 1856, one of many others that were later called the 2244:

Political events in Puerto Rico and Cuba between the late 1860s and 1898 forced a liberalization of Spanish policy towards both territories, and Betances was directly involved as a protagonist in both circumstances. As a firm believer in

2041:

Betances' remains arrived in San Juan, Puerto Rico, on August 5, 1920, and were honored upon arrival by a crowd then estimated at 20,000 mourners. The large crowd, which had assembled near the port of San Juan as early as 4:00 a.m.

673:

from his duties as director of the local hospital and again left Puerto Rico for France, followed by Basora. Soon, his half-sister Clara and her husband, Justine Hénri, would also leave for Paris with his niece, María del Carmen Hénri.

1965:

Betances' last days were chaotic, not only because of the events in the Caribbean, but also because of what happening in his own household. Jiménez' mental state is reported as dubious by then. Some even suggest that she had become an

550:

of 1856, Betances was commended by the city's government. However, when the central government established a Chief Surgeon post for the city, Betances (who was the acting chief surgeon) was passed over, in favor of a Spanish newcomer.

3850:(emphasis added). He also claims that Jiménez kept on insulting Betances' body a half-hour after his death. The latter section describes the speculations about an avowed Jiménez's addiction, based on an editorial on the newspaper 374:

and religious affiliations exposed to the general public, something that embarrassed them all. Betances was considerably annoyed by the entire ordeal, since he was the first to acknowledge that he and his entire family were not

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who owned the largest private library in town. His parents' attitude towards religion and civil authority shaped his personal beliefs in both subjects. His father would eventually send him to France, to study at the then-named

4283: 5090: 349:

Betances accompanied the couple in Prévost's return to his country, and would be under their indirect tutelage while boarding at the school. He showed interest in natural and exact sciences early on, and also became a good

2658:, p. 8. Betances is quoted as saying once that he never saw his mother go to any religious service, and that when his father took him to church, he would stand in the back, close to the door, and not pay much attention to 3878:"L'Avenir d'Arcachon : organe des intérêts politiques, industriels et maritimes de la contrée ["puis" Journal des intérêts balnéaires, industriels et maritimes de la contrée. Organe spécial d'ostréiculture]" 1465:

in 1870 at the request of its then-president, Jean Nissage-Saget, who supported Betances' efforts to have a liberal government for the Dominican Republic take power. He later spent some time in the Cibao valley (in both

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successfully against an annexation of the Dominican Republic by the United States, requested in a vote by a majority of voters in a referendum in 1869. He also befriended Venezuelan military leader and former president

945:

his house. However, the Spanish government actively discouraged the founding of secondary education institutions in Puerto Rico (so as not to have "seedlings for revolt" come out of them), and the project was canceled.

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for which the costs were paid for by the local government; another patient he operated upon had a lesion that weighed 26 lb (12 kg) He also wrote an article on urethral obstructions in male patients (see

2346:, called "oscheotomy" at the time. Both books were also based on personal experience: there is evidence about a surgery he performed in Mayagüez on a Spanish government official with an elephantiasis lesion of the 1551:

since he was evicted from Saint Thomas, to ensure her safety), and returned with her to Paris where he continued to fight for Puerto Rico's independence for close to 26 years. He established his medical office at

4083:, pp. 408–409. Many others may be cited, given the historical events between 1868 and 1898, when autonomism became the primary political current supported by natives of Puerto Rico residing in the island nation. 1314:, which killed him soon after. Later speculation that Ruiz had been poisoned or killed has been countered by three facts: that Ruiz's brother, Mariano Ruiz Quiñones (who was the coordinator of the revolution in 1921:

in July 1887, for his work as a diplomat for the Dominican Republic, and for his work as a medical doctor in France. He had been offered the award as early as 1882, but had repeatedly declined the honor out of

3618:

Technically speaking, Betances was once a diplomat for the United States of America. Soon after the Grito de Lares (in early 1869) he was saved from deportation to Puerto Rico by the Danish authorities in

1885:

would come into effect soon after. It allowed the establishment of a new autonomy charter for the island territory, which gave Puerto Rico broader political powers than at any other time before or since.

333:

when he was ten years old. A Franco-Puerto Rican family, Jacques Maurice Prévost and María Cavalliery Bey (who also was a native of Cabo Rojo) were appointed as his tutors. Prévost opened a drug store in

970:, Magdalena Caraguel, was eventually adopted by the couple as their daughter. Little else is documented about Jiménez in history books, and Betances rarely mentions her in his works and correspondence. 884:

The volatility of the Dominican situation was severe at the time: Luperón fought a guerrilla war against the Spanish and Santana and became vice-president of the country (in 1863), only to be exiled to

1877:

The truth is that Puerto Rican liberal interests benefited directly from the Cánovas assassination, since by Cánovas' death a pact made (previous to the event) between the new Spanish prime minister,

1275:

Meanwhile, Ruiz Belvis, who headed the Committee, was supposed to gather financial support for the incoming Puerto Rican revolution through a tour of South America. He had received an invitation from

1718:

When Puerto Rico experienced a period of severe political repression in 1887 by the Spanish governor of the time, Romualdo Palacio (which led to the arrest of many local political leaders, including

704:

Betances was psychologically devastated by Lita's death. Accompanied by his sister, brother-in-law, local friends and a few Puerto Rican friends residing in Paris at the time (which included Basora,

1838:

in 1897 was at least supported or influenced by Betances, and possibly even planned by him (although there is no physical link that can be established that might link Betances to the event itself).

2215:

Although the seeds of both proactive government repression against the Puerto Rican independence movement had been planted before the Grito de Lares, and its aftermath only guaranteed the surge of

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to benefit the Dominican Republic, and also to prevent foreign interests (particularly the United States) from taking over the bay, which was considered a primary strategic geographical feature of

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A marble plaque commemorating Betances was unveiled at his Paris house by a delegation of Puerto Rican, Cuban and French historians on the 100th. anniversary of his death, on September 16, 1998.

4281: 2207:. Nationalistic expressions in Puerto Rico—be they public affirmations, newspaper articles, poems, town meetings or outright revolts—were almost nonexistent before the 1810s election of 1330:

Betances was shaken psychologically by news of Ruiz's death, and by another event soon after; while Betances and his wife were in Saint Thomas on November 18, 1867, they experienced the

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was elected to the Junta representing Mayagüez, something that horrified the then governor general of the island. To the frustration of the Puerto Rican delegates, including its leader,

287:

Betances was the fourth of six children; the oldest of which would die shortly after birth; Betances was the only male among the surviving siblings. The family was described as being of

1842:

Italian anarchists exiled in Paris, Domenico Tosti being one of them. Tosti and his friends would hold regular social events, during one of which Angiolillo was introduced to Betances.

1934:

In 1898 Betances attempted to use his diplomatic contacts to impede a Puerto Rico annexation by the United States, which was deemed imminent by the events following the sinking of the

1235:

If Spain feels capable of granting us, and gives us, those rights and liberties, they may then send us a General Captain, a governor... made of straw, that we will burn in effigy come

654:

As of 2007 the baptismal font has been donated to the Mayagüez Cathedral, Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria, by Doña Elda Del Moral. It had been in conservation from 1963 until donated.

3462: 708:

and another Cabo Rojo native, future political leader Salvador Carbonell), Betances had Lita buried on April 25. Her body was later reburied in Mayagüez, on November 13 of that year.

1559: 4282: 2081:

in three different fields (medicine, literature and politics), Betances left a legacy that has been considerably understated, and is only being assessed properly in recent times.

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Betances was responsible for numerous proclamations that attempted to arouse Puerto Rican nationalistic sentiment, written between 1861 and his death. The most famous of these is

1674:

Immediately after returning to Paris, Betances became a key contact for the Cuban insurgency in Paris. He made several fund raising efforts, including one that attempted to fund

2007:

of Paris on Monday, September 19. He had requested that no formal ceremony be made for his funeral. His common law-wife Simplicia survived him for over 20 years. A look at his

1815:

posts and assignments. At least two of them insulted him publicly, and even took advantage of Simplicia Jiménez's mental health to have her harass her husband systematically.

276:

transformed into Betances while the family resided there), and María del Carmen Alacán de Montalvo, a native of Cabo Rojo and of French ancestry. They were married in 1812.

2195:

and Andrés Vizcarrondo—earlier pro-independence leaders for the Latin American revolutions—could not achieve the success Betances had years later within Puerto Rico). The

3061: 1938:. He knew that Puerto Ricans would welcome an American invasion, but was vehement about the possibility of the United States not conceding independence to Puerto Rico. 5260: 4505: 1453:

Somewhat disillusioned by his experience in New York City (he had philosophical differences with some leaders of the Antillean liberation movements, particularly with

524: 463: 3844:"Simplicia has killed him, really, by tormenting him, by (drinking) alcohol, and by her jealousy, even of men. He even quotes Betances' last words as: "I'm dying, 2733:

A nephew (Luis) and a second cousin (José) later graduated from the University of Paris' medical school; the former in the late 1880s, and the latter in the 1920s.

1032:

The Puerto Rican delegation was freely elected by those eligible to vote (male Caucasian property owners), in a rare exercise of political openness in the colony.

608:

from Puerto Rico to countries where slavery had been abolished already; other societies sought to liberate as many slaves as possible by buying out their freedom.

1629:'s diplomatic mission to France, but virtually assumed the role of ambassador. He also became the commercial representative of the Dominican government in Paris, 1175:

We don't want separation, we want peace, the union to Spain; however, it is fair that we also add conditions to the contract. They are rather easy, here they are:

1387:

after his death. There is no evidence of these, although Betances suggests a visit did occur at some time between 1867 and 1869, and perhaps again in the 1880s.

1053:, in early 1865. Betances was invited by Ruiz and did attend. After listening to the Junta members' list of voted-down measures, Betances stood up and retorted: 253: 4348:

Les détracteurs de la Race noire et de la République d'Haïti, réponses à M. Léo Quesnel: précédées de Lettres de M. Schœlcher, Sénateur, et de M. Le Dr Bétancès

1040:, the Junta had a majority of Spanish-born delegates, which would vote down almost every measure they suggested. However, Acosta could convince the Junta that 873:

and city administrator who became his closest friend and political companion) fled the island before they were apprehended. Both fled to the northern city of

3677:

TBR. This "acquaintance", Ojeda Reyes theorizes, may be a former slave at the Hacienda Carmen, who went on to Cuba to fight on the Cuban War of Independence.

1866:

Angiolillo, in true solidarity with the European anarchist current, sought to avenge the execution and/or torture of those implicated in a bombing against a

466:, a later political leader native of Mayagüez who would eventually interact with Betances when both returned to Puerto Rico). Among Betances' teachers were: 1818:

Given the events happening in Cuba at the time, Betances thought that his diplomatic work was more important than ever. However, his failing health (he had

1702:

and turned over to the Spanish authorities, but José remained in jail long after Antonio regained his liberty and fled to New York City. Betances even used

1889:

Before his execution, Angiolillo claimed sole responsibility for the assassination. When asked about his involvement in the Cánovas affair, Betances said:

1690:

in 1878. Betances also used his diplomatic contacts to guarantee humane treatment (and eventually freedom from imprisonment) to José Maceo, the brother of

527:(who became lifelong friends and colleagues from that point on) would alert the city government and press the city managers into taking preventive action. 2395:), and is notable for its indirect praise of Puerto Rican nationhood which, he suggests, was already developed in pre-Columbian Puerto Rico. This type of 1742:

asked Betances to become the leader of Cuban revolutionaries in France. Betances never met Martí personally, but Martí did know Betances' younger sister,

910:

After returning to Puerto Rico, Betances and Ruiz proposed the establishment of a municipal hospital to take care of the city's poor. The hospital, named

651:

where these baptisms were performed still exists, and is owned by a local family of merchants, the Del Moral family, who keep it at their Mayagüez house.

611:

The objective of the particular society Betances founded was to free children who were slaves, taking advantage of their need to receive the sacrament of

5055: 2593:

Ojeda Reyes, Félix, El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898), Ediciones Puerto, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2001, pp. 2–7

1738:

Years later, due to Betances' experience as a logistics facilitator of armed revolts, a fund raiser for the Cuban independence cause, and as a diplomat,

1131: 2097:

Foundation in Puerto Rico released a series of youth-oriented books named "Voces de la Cultura – Edición Juvenil" that same year; its first title being

1088:

Some of the expelled (such as Carlos Elías Lacroix and José Celis Aguilera) set up camp in Saint Thomas. Betances and Ruiz, on the other hand, left for

973:

While still living in Mayagüez, Betances built a house for himself and his wife, which they only lived in for less than two years; the house, named the

4478: 1021:(Overseas Informative Reform Board) would be formed by representatives of each colony, in proportion to their collective population, and would meet in 1897:("True revolutionaries do what they ought to do"). Betances' ambiguous response blurs the true level of his involvement in the Cánovas assassination. 1381:

After the failed insurrection, Betances did not return to Puerto Rico, except for "secret" visits, according to the obituary written about him by the

3218: 2030:

had publicly requested that Betances' wishes to have his ashes returned to Puerto Rico be fulfilled. The Nationalist Association (predecessor of the

2367:

Betances was also one of the first Puerto Rican "writers-in-exile". In 1851, a small group of Puerto Rican university students in Europe formed the

4784: 669:

The Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Fernando Cotoner, threatened Betances with exile in 1858 because of his abolitionist tactics. Betances took a

1279:, a Chilean diplomat, to coordinate a common front against Spanish interests in all of Latin America (Spain was still threatening Chile after the 5175: 3842:, pp. 474–476, 479–480. Dr. Juan Bautista Ventura is quoted in a letter to Juan Gualberto Gómez. He describes Jiménez's many tantrums, and adds: 3493: 2059: 941:, so as to have a local lodge in Mayagüez. Based on his Masonic beliefs, Ruiz also attempted to establish a university in the city, for which he 5111: 5080: 3636: 1698:, when both Antonio and José were arrested by the Spanish government in 1882. The Maceo brothers both escaped imprisonment, were recaptured in 1109: 303:, and some slaves, who shared their duties with free workers. There is speculation that he later freed his slaves, persuaded by his son Ramón. 530:

An emergency subscription fund was established by some of the city's wealthiest citizens. Betances and Basora had the city's unsanitary slave

5250: 5205: 4038: 2952: 5230: 3459: 1477:

While in New York, Betances wrote and translated numerous political treatises, proclamations and works that were published in the newspaper

5240: 3316:, pp. 140, 148. Betances had been arrested in Saint Thomas, but used his diplomatic credentials so as to be allowed to move on to New York. 2253:) Betances was also a strong supporter of the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. A Dominican historian and political leader, 3652:, p. 356. Ojeda cites Cuban writer Orestes Ferrara on the matter, stating that Angiolillo solely wanted financial support for his actions. 1611:

Monument to Dr. Betances in Cabo Rojo, 2007. The monument includes inscriptions honoring him on behalf of the Dominican Republic and Cuba.

5170: 1334:. According to a letter he wrote, he and his wife vacated the building just before it collapsed, and were forced to live in a camp while 4331: 2752:, submitted to the Third Betances-Martí Scientific International Conference, Centro de Estudios Martianos, Havana, Cuba, September 2002. 620: 5255: 5075: 4342: 4112: 3721: 3689: 1547:

Expecting to bring some stability to his personal life, Betances had Simplicia Jiménez meet him again in Haiti (she had been living in

1331: 164:(April 8, 1827 – September 16, 1898) was a Puerto Rican independence advocate and medical doctor. He was the primary instigator of the 1474:) where Luperón and Betances attempted to organize another revolt, this time against conservative elements in the Dominican Republic. 3389:

Basora grew tired of the Cuban and Puerto Rican independence struggle, and moved to Jacmel himself, where he eventually died in 1882.

1703: 1653:, installed as president. Betances sought support for Luperón's efforts, and gave him tactical and financial assistance from France. 819: 5160: 1988: 1283:, and any revolution in the Caribbean would have been a welcome distraction). Vicuña promised to gather necessary support in Chile, 5225: 5185: 4468: 4374: 3546: 865:

At the same time, the Spanish government, which ruled over Puerto Rico, attempted to banish Betances for a second time, but he and

523:

particularly hard. At the time, Betances was one of five doctors that would have to take care of 24,000 residents. Both he and Dr.

4009:

and the Casino de Mayagüez, on separate ceremonies during that day, which coincided with the 181st anniversary of Betances' birth.

4006: 2745: 556: 5210: 4448: 4199: 1508:

Betances also promoted direct intervention of Puerto Ricans in the Cuban independence struggle, which eventually happened in the

2998: 5180: 3065: 3025: 1863:,' the one who tries to suffocate all efforts that her patriots do to free her, and that man is Antonio Cánovas del Castillo." 1095: 4193: 3607: 1076:

pay, compared to that of their Spanish counterparts living in Puerto Rico. Betances later stated that the revolt (called the

4039:"A R G e N P R e S S . I n f o - Ramón Emeterio Betances en la formación de la nacionalidad puertorriqueña - 13 / 11 / 2007" 2836: 519:

was spreading across the island. The epidemic made its way to Puerto Rico's western coast in July 1856, and hit the city of

439:, earlier that year. His future political views were directly shaped by what he saw and experienced at the time. He himself 4388: 1104:—who saw Betances as siding with his enemies and wanted him executed—Betances took asylum at the United States embassy in 5200: 1783:

was to be directed by Betances, organized by Aurelio Mendez Mercado and the armed forces were to be commanded by General

4298: 1485:"El Antillano" (The Antillean One). He was vehement about the need for natives of the Greater Antilles to unite into an 5245: 5215: 4586: 4236:

Ramón Emeterio Betances: Padre de la Patria, Médico de los Pobres, Poeta, Diplomático de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Francia.

2723:

Ramón Emeterio Betances: Padre de la Patria, Médico de los Pobres, Poeta, Diplomático de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Francia.

2544: 1343: 183: 1726:, who was living in Panama at the time (at the time, he supervised a laborers' brigade during the construction of the 182:

galvanized a burgeoning nationalist movement among Puerto Ricans, Betances is also considered to be the father of the

5265: 5195: 4679: 4211: 3777: 3620: 2765:, p. 40. Ojeda Reyes implies that the plantation was later sold, but does not elaborate on the transaction's details. 1857:

precisely the one who confronts Cuba with a policy of '(spending in a war up to) the very last man and the very last

886: 823: 483: 4994: 4616: 4022: 3930: 3350:

sided with Betances and the Dominican liberals, and was instrumental in having an annexation plan voted down by the

5220: 5190: 5165: 5030: 4674: 4463: 4689: 4541: 802:

basis. He gave many donations to the poor, and because of this he became known as "The Father of the Poor" among "

689:) after an extended delay. Their marriage was supposed to occur on May 5, 1859, in Paris, but Lita fell sick with 4458: 3402:, pp. 194–196. The Puerto Rican revolutionaries had a cannon and over 550 rifles spread over the three locations. 3169: 2375:, the Society's organizer, who had written a novel inspired in Puerto Rican indigenous themes while studying in 2137:

As mentioned above, the main thoroughfare that crosses Mayagüez from north to south is named after Betances. In

1831: 604:

of Puerto Rico) describe them in their writings. Some of these societies sought the freedom and free passage of

4799: 2469: 2031: 914:, opened on January 18, 1865, with subscription funds and an assignment from the Spanish local government. The 636:

child, once freed, was baptized minutes after. This action was later described as having the child receive the

3867:, pp. 474–475. Doctors Juan Bautista Ventura and Filiberto Fonst made alternate guards between August 5 and 16 772:

magazines and newspapers all over New York City and the Caribbean, based on his solid reputation as a doctor.

5015: 4473: 2054:

A funeral caravan organized by the Nationalist Party transferred the remains from the capital to the town of

1276: 1719: 5235: 4909: 4704: 4453: 4367: 1263: 4769: 4764: 4606: 3818: 3215: 2192: 5065: 4105:

that Betances arranged for two Cuban conspirators to travel to Havana from Spain and blow Weyler up with

2254: 339: 4571: 4561: 3631:

gave him diplomatic credentials. These credentials certified Betances as a citizen of the United States

4944: 4581: 4113:"Ramón Emeterio Betances: Renovación historiográfica en los albores del centenario de su fallecimiento" 3722:"Ramón Emeterio Betances: Renovación historiográfica en los albores del centenario de su fallecimiento" 3690:"Ramón Emeterio Betances: Renovación historiográfica en los albores del centenario de su fallecimiento" 3599: 3535:, p. 289. Letters to his nephew Emilio Tió and to Fernando Arturo de Meriño are cited in the reference. 1524: 1471: 1467: 874: 4989: 4556: 4551: 3497: 3272:

would later be used by Luperón in a failed invasion of the Dominican Republic, and later sold in 1869.

1454: 1420:

The Antilles now face a moment that they had never faced in history; they now have to decide whether '

934: 807: 4654: 4626: 4317: 2387:), and publishes it in Toulouse in 1853, with a second edition published in 1857 under the pseudonym 1695: 1509: 846: 827: 723:(The Boriquén Virgin), inspired in his love for Lita and her later death, and somewhat influenced by 589: 452: 432: 425: 4984: 4819: 4649: 4576: 3905:"Encuentra aquí información de Ramón Emeterio Betances para tu escuela ¡Entra ya! - Rincón del Vago" 2447: 2004: 1878: 1515:

Betances admired the United States of America for its ideals of freedom and democracy, but despised

877:

in the Dominican Republic in 1861, where Betances established a close personal friendship with Gen.

694: 326: 4759: 4601: 3026:"Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances" 2372: 1787:. The coup, which was the second and last major revolt against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico failed. 296: 284:

in 1824 and did arrest some of Cofresí's crew, for which he was honored by the Spanish government.

4889: 4684: 4042: 3602:(Author); Pages: 305–06; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish; 2391:. This novel would be the first of many literary works by Betances (most of which were written in 2270: 1134:, adopted by France's National Assembly in 1789, which contained the principles that inspired the 753: 520: 335: 316:

The young Betances received his primary education from private tutors contracted by his father, a

5085: 4894: 4884: 4566: 4360: 3961: 2583:

Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances

2278: 1056: 1037: 836:

had its second war for independence in 1844, which was successful in obtaining independence from

475: 5035: 4739: 4719: 3987: 2208: 977:(House of the Five Arches), still stands on the street that bears his name near the corner with 697:

house of Dr. Pierre Lamire, a friend from Betances' medical school days, on April 22, 1859 (the

239:, his political and social activism was deeply influenced by the group's philosophical beliefs. 4969: 4879: 4869: 4854: 4494: 2055: 2046:) that morning, was the largest ever assembled for a funeral in Puerto Rico since the death of 2043: 2035: 1691: 1410: 1405: 444: 371: 295:

His father eventually bought the Hacienda Carmen in what would later become the nearby town of

72: 4974: 4964: 4874: 4729: 2369:"Sociedad Recolectora de Documentos Históricos de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico" 2027: 1747: 1363:

soon after arrival by the government of the then Danish (later United States) Virgin Islands.

798:

At the same time he spent a considerable amount of time serving Mayagüez's disadvantaged on a

768:

in modern times), paid an endorsement fee to Betances to have him appear on advertisements on

5045: 4924: 4849: 4109:, but that the financing for the attempt was retracted from at the last minute. As quoted in 3904: 3805: 2539: 2404: 2292:

as governor and commander of the Spanish forces in Cuba, and by the Maine incident later on.

2274: 2126: 2119: 1942: 1874:, which occurred in 1896, and for which Cánovas sought the maximum penalties allowed by law. 1130:

of Free Men), written in exile in Saint Thomas in November 1867. It is directly based on the

1050: 728: 467: 4929: 4734: 4699: 4611: 4352: 4116: 3725: 3693: 2312:

Betances wrote two books and various medical treatises while living in France. His doctoral

2258: 997:

The Spanish government was involved in several conflicts across Latin America: war with the

596:

by historians. Little is known about them due to their clandestine nature, but Betances and

224:

administrator, poet, and novelist. He served as representative and contact for Cuba and the

5155: 5150: 4814: 4499: 4443: 4313: 3351: 2421: 2338:

Betances also wrote several medical articles while in France. One of the articles examines

2265:

and the United States of America. Paul Estrade, Betances' French biographer, likens him to

1162: 383:("blackish", as Betances mocked it in his letters) instead. To him the procedure reeked of 4939: 2047: 1905: 1882: 1794:

while in Paris. He was also technically a diplomat for the United States of America once.

1299: 1101: 978: 890: 719:

Betances immersed himself in work, but later found time to write a short story in French,

346:

studies. There is also speculation that Prévost was a Freemason, as was Betances' father.

8: 5106: 4999: 4809: 4744: 4724: 4596: 1421: 1280: 1033: 893:' wishes to annex the country to the United States (in 1864), to later return, provoke a 866: 632: 421: 362:

While Ramón was in France, his father sought to move the family's registration from the "

172: 4591: 2479: 2174:

May the holy day of revolution for the Spanish Antilles come, and I will die satisfied!

1784: 878: 585: 5025: 4979: 4934: 4829: 4779: 4659: 3343: 2742: 2549: 2531: 2266: 2138: 2016: 1835: 1780: 1626: 1527:

in the affairs of a free Cuba, and vehemently attacked Cuban leaders who suggested the

1498: 998: 833: 641: 436: 269: 225: 4824: 4536: 1413:

in his final days. Betances stayed in New York from April 1869 through February 1870.

487: 281: 4919: 4714: 4664: 4407: 4337: 4207: 4189: 3603: 3002: 2078: 2063: 1996: 1935: 1918: 1723: 1687: 1531:

of Cuba by the United States. Some of his fears became reality years later, when the

1311: 1135: 1121: 1082: 984: 94: 4959: 4669: 3877: 3639:, he was not deported to Puerto Rico, but allowed to go on to New York City instead. 3029: 1683: 1366:

Eventually all these factors led the way to the abortive insurrection known as the "

894: 299:, and became a wealthy landowner. He owned 200 acres (0.8 km) of land, a small 5091:

Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

4526: 4402: 3416: 2866: 2517: 2289: 2250: 1516: 1351: 1127: 844:(who attempted to benefit personally from the event), in 1861. A third revolt, the 788: 769: 670: 479: 471: 209: 4904: 4621: 4546: 2331:

Betances' experiences handling the Mayagüez cholera epidemic led to another book,

1489:, a regional entity that would seek to preserve the sovereignty and well-being of 731:

later described the story of Lita and Betances in the story La Novia de Betances,

51: 5070: 5060: 4844: 4834: 4754: 4531: 4026: 3466: 3222: 2840: 2829: 2749: 2582: 2392: 2284: 2232: 1914: 1739: 1650: 1634: 1532: 1520: 1383: 1347: 1026: 765: 724: 705: 605: 2403:

in both French and Spanish for literary magazines in Paris, chiefly inspired by

405: 5040: 5020: 4839: 4709: 4384: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4169: 3550: 3347: 3299: 3196: 2976: 2659: 2012: 1867: 1859: 1847: 1597: 1436: 1240: 1070: 744:

After returning to Puerto Rico in 1859, Betances established a very successful

648: 367: 201: 165: 98: 4235: 2806:"White man, had you given me my liberty this disgrace would not had happened". 2722: 5144: 4954: 4914: 4859: 4631: 4186:

El Desterrado de París: Biografía del Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances (1827–1898)

3050:

Paul Estrade, Betances' French biographer, lists Cabo Rojo as her birthplace.

2339: 2228: 1947: 1790:

Betances was also a government representative for some of the governments of

1575: 1561: 1105: 1089: 942: 841: 749: 713: 709: 682: 597: 431:

At the time of his arrival in Paris, Betances witnessed the aftermath of the

221: 213: 3419:

while he was the British general consul in Haiti serves as evidence of this.

2988:

A plaque commemorating the event is located at the hospital's main entrance.

2883: 1638: 1625:

Soon after his return to France, Betances became the first secretary to the

1378:

and Saint Thomas, struggling to send reinforcements in time for the revolt.

4949: 4899: 4864: 4749: 3028:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico recinto de Humacao. Archived from 2202: 2142: 1830:

There is some speculation that the assassination of Spanish prime minister

1727: 1669: 1360: 1041: 686: 20: 4347: 3781: 1637:

partner on a failed enterprise that attempted to commercialize the use of

1253:

If not, Puerto Ricans – HAVE PATIENCE!, for I swear that you will be free.

567: 4789: 4774: 4694: 4301:

was created from a revision of this article dated 16 April 2008

4068: 4019: 2408: 2384: 2321: 1850: 1760: 1759:

attempted to coordinate support for the pro-independence movement in the

1502: 791:

Pedro Arroyo, Betances performed the first ever surgical procedure under

698: 410: 236: 76: 3559:] (mp3) (in Spanish). vozdelcentro.org: La Fundacion Voz del Centro. 3205:] (mp3) (in Spanish). vozdelcentro.org: La Fundacion Voz del Centro. 2399:

would become commonplace in Latin America in later years. He also wrote

1962:("And what's wrong with Puerto Ricans that they haven't yet rebelled?") 1929: 840:. Spain reannexed the country at the request of its then-dictator, Gen. 462:. He was the second Puerto Rican to graduate from the University (after 4064: 2351: 2343: 2325: 2224: 2216: 2099:"Doctor Ramón Emeterio Betances: Luchador por la libertad y los pobres" 2008: 1642: 1528: 1399: 1335: 923: 919: 792: 451:(sought from Spain by Puerto Rican politicians since 1810) in favor of 338:, but was forced to return to France (particularly to his native town, 300: 288: 265: 113: 4427: 1893:("We don't applaud it, but we don't cry over it, either"), and added: 1375: 1315: 193:. His charitable deeds for people in need, earned him the moniker of 2454: 2262: 2212:

other countries, led to the independence movements of Latin America.

2000: 1967: 1871: 1699: 1657: 1548: 1482: 1292: 967: 601: 395: 384: 317: 152: 117: 2333:"El Cólera: Historia, Medidas Profilácticas, Síntomas y Tratamiento" 2122:, named in honor of Betances and Hartford's Puerto Rican community. 1092:—where Basora had previously gone—soon after. They soon founded the 264:). Betances' parents were Felipe Betanzos Ponce, a merchant born in 5128: 4106: 2870: 2249:(the common improvement and unity of the countries that formed the 1971: 1923: 1678:

shipments to the Cuban rebels, to ease their pain when infected by

1370:", whose date had to be brought forward to September 23, 1868. The 1323: 1319: 1236: 799: 547: 531: 516: 448: 417: 343: 330: 273: 217: 121: 2916:

Rodríguez Vázquez, Eduardo, Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el médico

2304: 1025:. The Junta would report to the then Minister of Foreign Affairs, 779:

An 1895 newspaper ad that has Betances endorsing Emulsión de Scott

416:). After an extended vacation in Puerto Rico, he went on to study 4422: 4412: 4224: 3628: 3624: 2852:

whether to grant permission for her burial at the local cemetery.

2459: 2347: 2201:"was the birth of Puerto Rican nationality, with Betances as its 2020: 1806: 1707: 1679: 1675: 1307: 1288: 954: 929:

Ruiz was a Freemason who invited Betances to join his lodge, the

784: 761: 745: 612: 581: 544: 543:

his hard work to save many Puerto Ricans from the ravages of the

513: 459: 413: 363: 351: 205: 24: 2328:

were not very different from modern-day theories on the matter.

1983: 1853:

once— gave at least one as a gift to one of his acquaintances).

1710:(where his family had properties) join an Antillean Federation. 1607: 493: 458:

In 1856, he graduated with the titles of Doctor in Medicine and

4417: 4326: 2400: 2376: 2313: 1819: 1662: 1458: 1404:, just two weeks after the Grito de Lares. He also lobbied the 1303: 1170:

It states that we are bad Spaniards. The government defames us.

1022: 870: 690: 512:

Betances returned to Puerto Rico in April 1856. At the time, a

102: 3225:

St. John Historical Society website, accessed on June 4, 2012.

2494:"Les détracteurs de la race noire et de la République d'Haiti" 937:. They both founded (or revived, depending on the source) the 857: 775: 657: 4382: 2308:

Plaque honoring Betances in front of his Mayagüez house, 2007

2146: 1956:"No quiero colonia, ni con España, ni con los Estados Unidos" 1791: 1494: 1462: 1006: 851: 837: 787:

procedures to Puerto Rico. With the assistance of Venezuelan

229: 2257:, likened Betances' revolutionary work to that performed by 1045:

Puerto Rico members, sincerely moved by Acosta's arguments.

764:

liver oil product that is still sold today, manufactured by

685:

between them), which were granted in Rome (then part of the

640:(waters of liberty). Similar events occurred in the city of 4103:"La sangre de Santa Águeda: Angiolillo, Betances y Cánovas" 3806:

Biografia del Dr.Ramón Emeterio Betances en Rincón del Vago

3195:

Eduardo Rodriguez Vazquez and Angel Collado Suarez (host).

1913:

Betances was awarded the rank of Chévalier (Knight) of the

1630: 1490: 1284: 1014: 1002: 958:

Casa de los Cinco Arcos (Betances' House) in Mayagüez, 2007

2498:

The detractors of the black race and the Republic of Haiti

1960:"¿Y qué les pasa a los puertorriqueños que no se rebelan?" 1615: 4228: 4168:

Acevedo, Ramón Luis (as told to Collado Schwarz, Angel),

3686:

Cuban author Frank Fernandez quotes a Betances source in

2953:

History of the Dominican Republic#Independence from Haiti

2869:

as an influence for his look: Mazzini wore black garb to

2492:

Betances also wrote one of the two prologues of the book

2103:"Doctor R. E. Betances, Fighter for Liberty and the Poor" 1895:"Los revolucionarios verdaderos hacen lo que deben hacer" 1302:

soon after his arrival in the country. He reportedly had

4115:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from 3724:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from 3692:(in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from 3552:

Betances Como Diplomatico de Puerto Rico y Cuba en Paris

3216:

A Report of the Earthquake of 1867, by Louis van Housel

2721:

Ojeda Reyes, Félix (as told to Collado Schwarz, Ángel),

2563:: All references are in Spanish unless otherwise noted. 2062:

alongside the Grito de Lares revolutionary flag and the

1682:

in the island battlefields. These efforts outlasted the

1670:

Support for Cuba's independence and José Maceo's freedom

820:

History of the Dominican Republic § Second Republic

357: 4018:

Further information on the book series is available at

3496:(in Spanish). Universidad de París VIII. Archived from 2820:, p. 49. The author quotes Salvador Brau on the matter. 2381:"Les Deux Indiens: Épisode de la conquéte de Borinquen" 1706:

as a mediator, and attempted to convince him of having

1318:), died of the same condition soon after (suggesting a 562: 280:

party of volunteers that tried to apprehend the pirate

3557:

Betances as a Puerto Rican and Cuban diplomat in Paris

3059: 1750:

to the leadership of the Cuban insurrection movement.

1620: 734: 4206:. Da Capo Press Inc. New York, United States, 1971. ( 3023: 2884:"Leyendas de Puerto Rico : La novia de Betances" 2199:, using an often-quoted phrase that dates from 1868, 1930:

Efforts to counter the U.S. annexation of Puerto Rico

623:. Since buying the freedom of slave children cost 50 3928: 2743:

El doctor Ramón Emeterio Betances, higienista social

2507: 1950:, so as to show goodwill towards the United States. 424:

from 1848 until 1855, with a short interlude at the

2180:Article written in the Cuban revolutionary monthly 2145:linking downtown Ponce and Puerto Rico highway 14, 1753: 1633:and London. At one time Betances attempted to be a 1359:(which was to be shared by both), but the ship was 1132:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

1115: 4479:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation 4188:, Ediciones Puerto, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2001. ( 3801: 3799: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3168:, p. 103. The original manuscript is owned by the 2066:in the plaza, which is also named after Betances. 1666:Dominican government to be able to reimburse him. 1085:, but only after the expulsions (September 1867). 1064: 992: 813: 5261:Puerto Rican people of Dominican Republic descent 4227:hosted by Angel Collado Schwarz (all in Spanish, 3902: 3053: 2223:Betances is considered a pioneer of Puerto Rican 1995:Betances died at 10:00 a.m., local time, in 5142: 4110: 4101:Cuban author Frank Fernandez states in his book 3719: 3687: 3627:Virgin Islands) when the American ambassador in 3469:, Primera Hora (online edition), April 14, 2007. 2383:(The Two Indians: an episode of the conquest of 2356: 2125:There is an plaza and mural in the south end of 1999:on Friday, September 16, 1898. His remains were 1322:predisposition to it), that Betances had used a 1010: 4005:Estrade and Ojeda gave conferences at both the 3796: 3448: 2641:Felix Ojeda Reyes speculates this in his book, 1649:revolt, which had another Puerto Plata native, 1248:That way we will be Spanish, and not otherwise. 854:valley in the northeastern part of Hispaniola. 195:El Padre de los Pobres (The Father of the Poor) 191:Padre de la Patria (The Father of the Homeland) 31: and the second or maternal family name is 4238:– with Félix Ojeda Reyes, Betances' biographer 2834:, El Nuevo Día, online edition, March 25, 2007 2026:As early as in February 1913, poet and lawyer 1338:kept shaking the island for close to a month. 1141: 600:(a close friend who later became the official 502: 212:. He had established a successful surgery and 16:Puerto Rican independence advocate (1827–1898) 4368: 4338:Ramón Emeterio Betances – Library of Congress 3715: 3713: 3711: 3064:. Carmenlobo.blogcindario.com. Archived from 2152: 2015:policy payout and two parcels of land in the 1310:obstruction, both of which deteriorated into 1295:to help the Puerto Rican independence cause. 1123:"Los Diez Mandamientos de los hombres libres" 494:Father's death and family's economic problems 216:practice. Betances was also an abolitionist, 3995:(image) (in French). griahal.hypotheses.org. 3285:, p. 128. See note at end of next paragraph. 1713: 905: 428:for specific courses in the summer of 1852. 3660: 3658: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 1230:These are the Ten Commandments of Free Men. 1019:"Junta Informativa de Reformas de Ultramar" 507: 447:, he rejected Puerto Rican aspirations for 4375: 4361: 4223:From "La Voz del Centro", a collection of 4164: 4162: 4160: 4069:Historia de la Insurrección de Lares, 1871 3708: 3494:"Pasión dominicana del Doctor Betances..." 3298:, p. 128. Betances claimed in a letter to 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2466:El Partido Liberal, su progreso y porvenir 2239: 2227:. His ideas resulted from his exposure to 1733: 292:following the Grito de Lares years later. 50: 4248:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el literario 4170:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el literario 4063:A quote deriding the Grito but using the 3854:, published after her death in June 1923. 3848:Have me incinerated, have my body burned" 3062:"Quién conoce a Simplicia Jiménez Carlo?" 3060:Nicole Cecilia Delgado (August 9, 2006). 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2468:(translation from the French original by 2458:, translation from the Latin original by 1770: 1645:, in both commercial and military terms. 1539:" part of the Cuban constitution (1901). 268:(in the part that would later become the 4469:Hostosian National Independence Movement 4309:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 4292: 3655: 3547:Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis 3545:Dr. Paul Estrade, Professor Emeritus of 3491: 3228: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2303: 1982: 1904: 1900: 1805: 1606: 953: 856: 774: 631:if the child had not, Betances, Basora, 584:, inspired not only on written works by 566: 394: 306: 4449:Independence Association of Puerto Rico 4157: 2958: 2113: 1616:Diplomatic and revolutionary activities 1457:), Betances spent a short interlude in 1225:The right to choose our own authorities 889:because of his opposition to president 627:if the child had been baptized, and 25 441:"an old soldier of the French Republic" 5143: 5112:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío 5056:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s 4506:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional 4242:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances: el médico 4067:analogy appears in Peres Moris, José, 3460:"Reunirán legado completo de Betances" 3251:Ojeda Reyes, Félix and Estrade, Paul, 2704: 1881:, and Puerto Rican liberals headed by 1096:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico 580:Betances believed in the abolition of 443:. Inspired by the proclamation of the 5081:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954) 4356: 4007:University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez 3931:"Obra diseñada y creada por Héctor A" 2568: 2236:and the social makeup of the island. 2149:, which is named "Avenida Betances". 1891:"No aplaudimos pero tampoco lloramos" 1825: 1596:), four streets away from the city's 1355:Rican and Dominican revolutionaries, 1332:Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami 1165:throws upon us a terrible accusation. 962:Betances met his lifelong companion, 783:Betances introduced new surgical and 739: 557:University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez 282:Roberto Cofresí y Ramírez de Arellano 208:in Puerto Rico, and one of its first 5251:19th-century Puerto Rican physicians 5206:19th-century Puerto Rican historians 4389:Independence movement in Puerto Rico 4218: 3589: 2220:to Betances and his political work. 1941:Betances was willing to accept some 1779:uprising, which became known as the 1185:The right to vote on all impositions 1049:meeting at the Hacienda El Cacao in 981:street, south of the city's center. 949: 621:Roman Catholic Cathedral of Mayagüez 563:Exile from and return to Puerto Rico 311: 256:in the building that now houses the 5241:Puerto Rican independence activists 3954: 3903:rincondelvago.com (June 14, 2005). 2865:, pp. 50–53. Later he would credit 2157: 1694:, the later military leader of the 1621:Diplomat for the Dominican Republic 1542: 988:(Father of the Puerto Rican Nation) 735:Return to Mayagüez and second exile 390: 141:María del Carmen Alacán de Montalvo 13: 5176:People of the Spanish–American War 5171:People from Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico 4279: 4178: 2545:List of revolutions and rebellions 795:in Puerto Rico, in November 1862. 426:Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier 184:Puerto Rican independence movement 14: 5277: 5256:19th-century Puerto Rican writers 5231:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 4260: 3549:and Angel Collado Suarez (host). 3346:was an observer of the election; 2132: 2118:There is an elementary school in 2084: 1426:"The Antilles for the Antilleans" 1396:Cuba, which had started with the 1243:that they have sold us until now. 824:History of the Dominican Republic 806:" according to his contemporary, 484:Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau 4383: 4325: 4291: 4244:– with Eduardo Rodríguez Vázquez 2524: 2510: 2161: 1754:Betances and Tomás Estrada Palma 1448: 1415: 1149: 1116:The Ten Commandments of Free Men 262:"Betances' Cradle Masonic Lodge" 162:Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán 151: 44:Ramón Emeterio Betances y Alacán 5226:Knights of the Legion of Honour 5186:Military history of Puerto Rico 4459:Puerto Rican Independence Party 4254:Betances, El Grito y St. Thomas 4144: 4131: 4095: 4086: 4073: 4057: 4031: 4012: 3999: 3980: 3944: 3922: 3896: 3870: 3857: 3832: 3811: 3770: 3757: 3740: 3680: 3671: 3642: 3612: 3596:Historia militar de Puerto Rico 3576: 3563: 3538: 3525: 3512: 3485: 3472: 3435: 3422: 3405: 3392: 3383: 3370: 3357: 3332: 3319: 3306: 3288: 3275: 3258: 3209: 3188: 3175: 3170:Puerto Rican Independence Party 3158: 3145: 3132: 3119: 3106: 3093: 3080: 3044: 3017: 2991: 2982: 2977:Betances, El Grito y St. Thomas 2945: 2932: 2919: 2910: 2897: 2876: 2855: 2845: 2832:Cobijo de las aguas de libertad 2823: 2810: 2794: 2781: 2768: 2755: 2736: 2727: 2691: 2077:According to Puerto Ricans and 2003:soon after and entombed at the 1797: 1435:Speech to the Masonic Lodge of 1065:Organizer of the Grito de Lares 1057:Nadie puede dar lo que no tiene 993:Seeds for revolt in Puerto Rico 964:Simplicia Isolina Jiménez Carlo 814:Exile in the Dominican Republic 617:Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria 575: 403:In 1846, Betances obtained his 5211:Puerto Rican military officers 4995:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach 4627:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado 4464:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 3415:, p. 184. A letter written to 2678: 2665: 2648: 2635: 2622: 2609: 2596: 2587: 2414: 2342:; another deals with surgical 2129:, named in honor of Betances. 2032:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1390: 379:("whitish", a legal term) but 342:) for not having finished his 242: 1: 5181:Puerto Rican ophthalmologists 5161:Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat alumni 5016:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition 4930:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila 4690:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia 4542:María de las Mercedes Barbudo 3929:Proyecto Salón Hogar (1999). 3846:take this fiend away from me! 3430:Cuba: The pursuit for freedom 2555: 2379:, Betances writes his novel: 1987:Tomb of Dr. Betances next to 1239:time, as to remember all the 594:Secret Abolitionist Societies 5076:Truman assassination attempt 4454:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 4204:Cuba: The pursuit of freedom 3780:. NY Boricua. Archived from 2581:Dávila del Valle. Oscar G., 2318:"Des Causes de l'ávortement" 2108: 1832:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo 1656:Heureaux, however, became a 1264:Ten Commandments of Free Men 1220:Inviolability of the citizen 677:María del Carmen, nicknamed 422:Faculty of Medicine of Paris 23:, the first or paternal 7: 5066:San Juan Nationalist revolt 4675:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres 3966:Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico 3024:Oscar G. Davila Del Valle. 2503: 2362: 2034:), under the presidency of 861:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances 571:Dr. Ramón Emeterio Betances 559:is named after Dr. Basora. 503:First return to Puerto Rico 358:Legal "whitening" of family 247: 10: 5282: 5201:Puerto Rican abolitionists 4444:Union Party of Puerto Rico 4025:February 12, 2009, at the 3172:, which bought it in 1985. 2299: 2153:Political and sociological 2019:, Betances died almost in 1989:San Miguel Arcángel Church 1720:Román Baldorioty de Castro 1468:Santiago de los Caballeros 1068: 817: 18: 5246:19th-century male writers 5216:Puerto Rican nationalists 5120: 5099: 5008: 4798: 4770:María de Lourdes Santiago 4765:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana 4640: 4607:Antonio Valero de Bernabé 4514: 4487: 4436: 4395: 4250:– with Ramón Luis Acevedo 3962:"Ramón Emeterio Betances" 2470:Édouard René de Laboulaye 2193:Antonio Valero de Bernabé 2072: 1714:Betances and Máximo Gómez 1696:Cuban War of Independence 1554:6(bis), Rue de Châteaudun 1510:Cuban War of Independence 906:Second return to Mayagüez 828:Dominican Restoration War 453:Puerto Rican independence 150: 145: 135: 127: 109: 83: 58: 49: 42: 5266:19th-century journalists 5196:Puerto Rican journalists 4602:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg 4572:Francisco Ramírez Medina 4562:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 4256:– with Francisco Moscoso 2373:Alejandro Tapia y Rivera 2011:implies that, besides a 1978: 1975:they did until he died. 1870:religious procession in 1277:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna 1180:The abolition of slavery 508:Cholera epidemic of 1856 399:A younger Ramon Betances 258:"Logia Cuna de Betances" 5221:Puerto Rican scientists 5191:Puerto Rican columnists 5166:Puerto Rican Freemasons 5086:Cerro Maravilla murders 5031:Levantamiento de Ciales 4990:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff 4910:Tomás López de Victoria 4895:Andres Figueroa Cordero 4885:Carmelo Delgado Delgado 4705:José M. Dávila Monsanto 4567:Antonio Mattei Lluberas 4557:Francisco Gonzalo Marín 4552:Eugenio María de Hostos 4522:Ramón Emeterio Betances 4437:Political organizations 4343:Ramón Emeterio Betances 4332:Ramón Emeterio Betances 3221:April 25, 2013, at the 2839:August 5, 2010, at the 2436:Las cortesanas en París 2397:"indigenist literature" 2240:In the Greater Antilles 1734:Betances and José Martí 1587:Betances medical office 1487:Antillean Confederation 1455:Eugenio María de Hostos 1374:found Betances between 1161:The government of Mme. 975:Casa de los Cinco Arcos 808:Eugenio María de Hostos 476:Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud 131:Simplicia Jiménez Carlo 4985:Antonio Vélez Alvarado 4880:Isabel Freire de Matos 4870:Juan Antonio Corretjer 4820:Margot Arce de Vázquez 4650:Antonio Rafael Barceló 4577:José Gualberto Padilla 4515:19th century activists 4495:Cadets of the Republic 4488:Militant organizations 4287: 4267:Listen to this article 4152:El Desterrado de París 4139:El Desterrado de París 4111:José M. García Leduc. 4081:El Desterrado de París 3909:html.rincondelvago.com 3865:El Desterrado de París 3840:El Desterrado de París 3765:El Desterrado de París 3748:El Desterrado de París 3720:José M. García Leduc. 3688:José M. García Leduc. 3666:El Desterrado de París 3650:El Desterrado de París 3584:El Desterrado de París 3573:, pp. 324–326, 330–332 3571:El Desterrado de París 3533:El Desterrado de París 3520:El Desterrado de París 3480:El Desterrado de París 3465:March 4, 2016, at the 3445:, pp. 265–298, 328–333 3443:El Desterrado de París 3432:. p. 277. (in English) 3413:El Desterrado de París 3400:El Desterrado de París 3378:El Desterrado de París 3365:El Desterrado de París 3340:El Desterrado de París 3327:El Desterrado de París 3314:El Desterrado de París 3296:El Desterrado de París 3283:El Desterrado de París 3266:El Desterrado de París 3253:El Anciano Maravilloso 3183:El Desterrado de París 3166:El Desterrado de París 3153:El Desterrado de París 3140:El Desterrado de París 3127:El Desterrado de París 3114:El Desterrado de París 3101:El Desterrado de París 3088:El Desterrado de París 2940:El Desterrado de París 2927:El Desterrado de París 2905:El Desterrado de París 2863:El Desterrado de París 2818:El Desterrado de París 2802:El Desterrado de París 2789:El Desterrado de París 2776:El Desterrado de París 2763:El Desterrado de París 2748:April 1, 2007, at the 2699:El Desterrado de París 2686:El Desterrado de París 2673:El Desterrado de París 2656:El Desterrado de París 2643:El Desterrado de París 2630:El Desterrado de París 2617:El Desterrado de París 2604:El Desterrado de París 2486:Los viajes de Scaldado 2442:La Vierge de Borinquén 2309: 2255:Manuel Rodríguez Objío 2005:Père Lachaise Cemetery 1992: 1910: 1909:French Legion of Honor 1879:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta 1811: 1612: 1576:48.875814°N 2.341636°E 1406:United States Congress 1350:. Betances instructed 1298:However, Ruiz died in 959: 926:hospital in the city. 862: 780: 572: 435:and its backlash, the 400: 327:Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat 4945:Helen Rodríguez Trías 4925:Francisco Matos Paoli 4890:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco 4850:Rafael Cancel Miranda 4785:Carlos Alberto Torres 4685:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí 4641:20th and 21st century 4582:Lola Rodríguez de Tió 4396:Indigenous resistance 4286: 3600:Héctor Andrés Negroni 3068:on September 30, 2007 3032:on September 30, 2007 2830:Hechavarría, Mónica, 2540:List of Puerto Ricans 2430:Un premio de Luis XIV 2405:Alphonse de Lamartine 2307: 2271:Antonio José de Sucre 2127:Boston, Massachusetts 2120:Hartford, Connecticut 1986: 1970:(probably) or even a 1943:political concessions 1908: 1901:Legion of Honor award 1834:by Italian anarchist 1809: 1610: 1210:The right to assembly 1078:"Motín de Artilleros" 1051:Carolina, Puerto Rico 957: 860: 778: 729:Cayetano Coll y Toste 721:La Vierge de Boriquén 659:La vierge de Boriquén 570: 525:José Francisco Basora 468:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz 398: 336:Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 307:First years in France 254:Cabo Rojo Puerto Rico 252:Betances was born in 139:Felipe Betanzos Ponce 5036:Río Piedras massacre 4740:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 4720:Víctor Manuel Gerena 4655:Félix Benítez Rexach 4500:Boricua Popular Army 4334:at Wikimedia Commons 4318:More spoken articles 4184:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 4150:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 4137:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 4079:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 4045:on November 14, 2007 3763:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3746:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3664:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3648:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3582:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3569:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3531:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3518:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3478:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3441:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3352:United States Senate 3203:Betances as a doctor 3198:Betances como médico 3164:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3151:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3138:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3125:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3112:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3099:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 3086:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2975:Moscoso, Francisco, 2938:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2925:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2903:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2861:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2816:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2800:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2787:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2774:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2761:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2697:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2684:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2671:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2654:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2628:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2615:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2602:Ojeda Reyes, Félix, 2422:Toussaint Louverture 2209:Ramón Power y Giralt 2114:In the United States 1200:Freedom of the press 1013:), slave revolts in 986:"Padre de la Patria" 916:Hospital San Antonio 912:Hospital San Antonio 615:at the town church, 537:Hospital San Antonio 464:Pedro Gerónimo Goyco 200:Betances was also a 171:and designer of the 5236:Puerto Rican exiles 5107:Grito de Lares flag 5000:Olga Viscal Garriga 4975:Clemente Soto Vélez 4965:Vidal Santiago Díaz 4875:José Ferrer Canales 4810:Pedro Albizu Campos 4760:Ángel Rivero Méndez 4745:Antonio S. Pedreira 4730:Luis Lloréns Torres 4725:Edwin Irizarry Mora 4597:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 2999:"Masoneria en PR 2" 2476:Washington Haitiano 2028:Luis Lloréns Torres 1748:Tomás Estrada Palma 1581:48.875814; 2.341636 1571: / 1422:to be, or not to be 1281:Chincha Islands War 1190:Freedom of religion 1034:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 931:Logia Unión Germana 867:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 638:"aguas de libertad" 633:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 619:, which is now the 5026:Intentona de Yauco 4980:Griselio Torresola 4935:Ruth Mary Reynolds 4830:Casimiro Berenguer 4780:Alejandrina Torres 4735:Oscar López Rivera 4700:Pedro Ortiz Dávila 4617:Fernando Fernandez 4612:Manuel Zeno Gandía 4288: 4119:on August 10, 2007 3968:. October 17, 2021 3728:on August 10, 2007 3696:on August 10, 2007 3500:on August 13, 2007 3344:Frederick Douglass 2550:Revolutionary wave 2532:Puerto Rico portal 2424:, Les Deux Indiéns 2310: 2279:José de San Martín 2275:Bernardo O'Higgins 2259:Tadeusz Kościuszko 2184:, August 25, 1894 2017:Dominican Republic 1993: 1911: 1836:Michele Angiolillo 1826:The Cánovas Affair 1812: 1810:Betances at age 40 1781:Intentona de Yauco 1773:Intentona de Yauco 1686:, which ended the 1627:Dominican Republic 1613: 1499:Dominican Republic 1215:Right to bear arms 1038:José Julián Acosta 999:Dominican Republic 960: 863: 847:War of Restoration 834:Dominican Republic 781: 740:Doctor and surgeon 727:'s writing style. 573: 437:June Days Uprising 401: 366:" to the "white" ( 270:Dominican Republic 226:Dominican Republic 87:September 16, 1898 5138: 5137: 5050:Ley de la Mordaza 4940:Germán Rieckehoff 4855:José Coll y Cuchí 4802:Nationalist Party 4715:Leopoldo Figueroa 4665:Americo Boschetti 4330:Media related to 4284: 4219:Secondary sources 4194:978-0-942347-47-0 3884:. October 2, 1898 3608:978-84-7844-138-9 2188: 2187: 2079:French historians 2064:Puerto Rican flag 2048:Luis Muñoz Rivera 2036:José Coll y Cuchí 1997:Neuilly-sur-Seine 1919:French government 1883:Luis Muñoz Rivera 1446: 1445: 1411:José Antonio Páez 1312:Fournier gangrene 1300:Valparaíso, Chile 1273: 1272: 1195:Freedom of speech 1146:and its aftermath 1136:French Revolution 1108:, and headed for 1102:Buenaventura Báez 1083:William H. Seward 979:Luis Muñoz Rivera 950:Simplicia Jiménez 891:Buenaventura Báez 758:Emulsión de Scott 325:(later named the 312:Primary education 210:social hygienists 159: 158: 95:Neuilly-sur-Seine 5273: 4592:Juan Ríus Rivera 4527:Mariana Bracetti 4387: 4377: 4370: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4329: 4308: 4306: 4295: 4294: 4285: 4275: 4273: 4268: 4172: 4166: 4155: 4148: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4041:. 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Archived from 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2880: 2874: 2873:for his country. 2867:Giuseppe Mazzini 2859: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2702: 2695: 2689: 2682: 2676: 2669: 2663: 2652: 2646: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2534: 2529: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2518:Biography portal 2515: 2514: 2513: 2480:Alexandre Pétion 2320:(The Causes for 2290:Valeriano Weyler 2251:Greater Antilles 2162: 1785:Juan Ríus Rivera 1595: 1594: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1583: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1543:Return to France 1517:Manifest Destiny 1416: 1352:Mariana Bracetti 1205:Freedom of trade 1150: 1128:Ten Commandments 1110:Charlotte Amalie 879:Gregorio Luperón 789:anesthesiologist 770:Spanish language 693:and died at the 671:leave of absence 586:Victor Schœlcher 480:Armand Trousseau 472:Jean Cruveilhier 391:Medicine studies 155: 90: 68: 66: 54: 40: 39: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5116: 5095: 5071:Utuado Uprising 5061:Jayuya Uprising 5004: 4845:Nemesio Canales 4835:Julia de Burgos 4825:Elías Beauchamp 4815:José S. Alegría 4801: 4794: 4755:Miguel Poventud 4642: 4636: 4537:Roberto Cofresí 4532:Mathias Brugman 4510: 4483: 4474:Socialist Front 4432: 4391: 4381: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4299:This audio file 4296: 4289: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4221: 4181: 4179:Primary sources 4176: 4175: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4136: 4132: 4122: 4120: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4078: 4074: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4027:Wayback Machine 4017: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3989:Plaque Betances 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3945: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3901: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3862: 3858: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3804: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3784:on July 8, 2007 3776: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3718: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3685: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3663: 3656: 3647: 3643: 3617: 3613: 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3568: 3564: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3490: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3467:Wayback Machine 3458: 3449: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3337: 3333: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3293: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3263: 3259: 3250: 3229: 3223:Wayback Machine 3214: 3210: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3163: 3159: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3035: 3033: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 3005:on May 13, 2007 2997: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2959: 2950: 2946: 2937: 2933: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2841:Wayback Machine 2828: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2782: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2750:Wayback Machine 2741: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2705: 2701:, pp. 20, 29–30 2696: 2692: 2688:, pp. 14–17, 20 2683: 2679: 2670: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2640: 2636: 2627: 2623: 2614: 2610: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2580: 2569: 2558: 2530: 2525: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2417: 2389:"Louis Raymond" 2365: 2302: 2242: 2233:social activism 2160: 2155: 2135: 2116: 2111: 2087: 2075: 1981: 1932: 1915:Legion of Honor 1903: 1828: 1800: 1776: 1756: 1736: 1716: 1672: 1651:Ulises Heureaux 1635:venture capital 1623: 1618: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1557: 1545: 1533:Platt Amendment 1525:interventionism 1521:Monroe Doctrine 1479:"La Revolución" 1451: 1393: 1384:New York Herald 1348:Mathias Brugman 1148: 1118: 1073: 1067: 1027:Emilio Castelar 995: 990: 952: 908: 830: 816: 766:GlaxoSmithKline 742: 737: 725:Edgar Allan Poe 706:Francisco Oller 701:of that year). 667: 578: 565: 510: 505: 496: 488:Auguste Nélaton 433:1848 Revolution 393: 360: 323:"Collège Royal" 314: 309: 250: 245: 235:An adherent of 140: 105: 92: 88: 79: 70: 64: 62: 45: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5279: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5043: 5041:Ponce massacre 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5021:Grito de Lares 5018: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4960:Isolina Rondón 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4840:Blanca Canales 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4806: 4804: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4710:Elizam Escobar 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4670:Juan Mari Brás 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4392: 4380: 4379: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4311: 4297: 4290: 4278: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261:External links 4259: 4258: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4197: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4156: 4143: 4130: 4094: 4085: 4072: 4056: 4030: 4011: 3998: 3979: 3953: 3943: 3921: 3895: 3869: 3856: 3831: 3819:"PHVX: Photos" 3810: 3795: 3778:"ISH's Barrio" 3769: 3756: 3739: 3707: 3679: 3670: 3654: 3641: 3611: 3588: 3575: 3562: 3537: 3524: 3511: 3492:Paul Estrade. 3484: 3471: 3447: 3434: 3428:Thomas, Hugh. 3421: 3404: 3391: 3382: 3369: 3356: 3348:Charles Sumner 3331: 3318: 3305: 3300:Julio J. Henna 3287: 3274: 3257: 3227: 3208: 3187: 3174: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3092: 3079: 3052: 3043: 3016: 2990: 2981: 2957: 2944: 2931: 2918: 2909: 2896: 2875: 2854: 2844: 2822: 2809: 2793: 2780: 2767: 2754: 2735: 2726: 2703: 2690: 2677: 2675:, pp. 8, 17–19 2664: 2647: 2634: 2621: 2608: 2595: 2586: 2566: 2565: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2521: 2505: 2502: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2473: 2463: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2416: 2413: 2364: 2361: 2350:the size of a 2301: 2298: 2247:"Antillanismo" 2241: 2238: 2197:Grito de Lares 2186: 2185: 2177: 2176: 2159: 2158:In Puerto Rico 2156: 2154: 2151: 2134: 2133:In Puerto Rico 2131: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2095:Voz del Centro 2086: 2085:Complete works 2083: 2074: 2071: 2013:life insurance 1980: 1977: 1931: 1928: 1902: 1899: 1868:Roman Catholic 1827: 1824: 1799: 1796: 1775: 1769: 1755: 1752: 1735: 1732: 1715: 1712: 1704:Lord Gladstone 1688:Ten Years' War 1684:Pact of Zanjón 1671: 1668: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1598:Palais Garnier 1544: 1541: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1437:Port-au-Prince 1430: 1429: 1392: 1389: 1368:Grito de Lares 1357:"El Telégrafo" 1271: 1270: 1258: 1257: 1147: 1140: 1117: 1114: 1071:Grito de Lares 1066: 1063: 994: 991: 989: 983: 951: 948: 907: 904: 815: 812: 741: 738: 736: 733: 666: 656: 649:baptismal font 577: 574: 564: 561: 509: 506: 504: 501: 495: 492: 392: 389: 359: 356: 313: 310: 308: 305: 272:; the surname 249: 246: 244: 241: 202:medical doctor 174:Grito de Lares 167:Grito de Lares 157: 156: 148: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 129: 125: 124: 111: 107: 106: 99:Hauts-de-Seine 93: 91:(aged 71) 85: 81: 80: 71: 60: 56: 55: 47: 46: 43: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5278: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 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3379: 3376:Ojeda Reyes, 3373: 3366: 3363:Ojeda Reyes, 3360: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3338:Ojeda Reyes, 3335: 3328: 3325:Ojeda Reyes, 3322: 3315: 3312:Ojeda Reyes, 3309: 3301: 3297: 3294:Ojeda Reyes, 3291: 3284: 3281:Ojeda Reyes, 3278: 3271: 3267: 3264:Ojeda Reyes, 3261: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3199: 3191: 3184: 3181:Ojeda Reyes, 3178: 3171: 3167: 3161: 3154: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3122: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3047: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3004: 3000: 2994: 2985: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2948: 2941: 2935: 2928: 2922: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2826: 2819: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2739: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2700: 2694: 2687: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2619:, pp. 131–132 2618: 2612: 2605: 2599: 2590: 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