Rajendra I - Knowledge

3360: 1481:, and Vangala Desam in modern-day Bangladesh, and reached the Ganges. The Chola Indian Mainland expedition ended in 1022, and details of the countries conquered by his forces in the expedition were included in his Meikeerthi's from 1023. With the return of Rajendra Chola's forces to the Chola capital in 1022, the Royal Guru of Rajendra, Isaana Pandithar, built Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer temple at Kulampandel, Tamil Nadu. With his return, Rajendra claimed a new title, "Gangaikondaan", and gave the title "Gangaikonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Gangai) to his younger brother, who led the Gangetic expedition. Rajendra commenced the construction of a new city named "Gangaikonda Cholapuram", with a new Siva temple named "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem" and a large temple water tank called "Chola Gangam", where the holy water brought from the Ganges river was mixed. The Essalam Copper Plates of Rajendra state with the conquest of the Gangetic region, Rajendra constructed the new city of the Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the great Gangaikonda Choleswarer temple, and the sacred Cholagangam Tank at the Udaiyar Palaiyam region of Ariyalur district. In the temple " 3383: 1540: 3421: 2100:

intractable rebels whose allegiance, if any, was at best opportunistic, which proved a problem to both sides in the conflict, frustrating both the Sinhalese kings and the Cholas. Vijayabahu, from his base in Rohana, faced a similar difficulty; he had to contend with the hostility of local chiefs who regarded him as a more-significant threat than the Cholas to their independence. For that reason, the Cholas recruited nominal support from rebel chiefs in Rohana. Vijayabahu needed help consolidating a firm territorial base from which to launch a decisive campaign against the Cholas. On another front, the Cholas needed to eliminate similar opposition in the north. Gradually the wider conflict developed into a prolonged, back-and-forth struggle of raids and counter-raids; the forces of Vijayabahu advanced upon Polonnaruva, and then fell back to fortresses in Dakkhinadesa and Rohana to withstand retaliatory Chola attacks and sieges. Vijayabahu eventually defeated the Cholas and drove them out of the island restoring ancient Sri Lanka's sovereignty.

3407: 2089: 3187: 2499: 2270: 2060:, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V – about 1017 to 1018. But the Cholas never consolidated their control over the south of the island, which lacked large, prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation. Under Rajendra, the Chola's predatory expansion in Sri Lanka approached a point of diminishing returns. According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda's crown, queen and daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself, whom Rajendra took to India as a prisoner to India, where he died in exile in 1029. 1944: 2531: 1243: 2085:

across dhakkina principality. Prince Kassapa IV launched an unsuccessful raid into Pulattinagara but died because of a disease before he could consolidate his power to a second raid into Pulattinagara. A series of non-sinhalese ephemeral aspirants to the throne subsequently appeared and disappeared in Rohana without dislodging the Cholas from the north. Kassapa VI's mysterious death in 1040, however, brought an end to the war until the rise of Vijayabahu. His successor Mahalana-Kitti (1040–1042) tried to lead an revolt against the Cholas but failed.

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which he occupied) after having forcibly attacked Raṇaśura; Vangāḷa-deśā, where the rain water never stopped, (and from which) Gōvindacandra fled, having descended (from his) male elephant; elephants of rare strength, women and treasure, (which he seized) after having been pleased to put to flight in a hot battlefield the strong Mahipāla by the sound of a conch from the deep sea; Uttiralāḍam (on the shore of) the expansive ocean (producing) pearls; and the Gangā whose waters bearing flagrant flowers dashed against the bathing places (

2175:(He seized) Śakkarakkōţţam, whose warriors were brave; Madura-maṇḍalam destroyed in a trice, the prosperous city of Nāmaṇaik-kōṇam with its dense groves. Pañcap-paḷḷi whose warriors (bore) cruel bows, Māśunideśa with its green fields; a large heap of family-treasures with many (other) treasures (which he carried away), after having conquered Indraratha of the ancient race of the moon, together with (his) family, in a fight which took place at Ādinagar, (a city) whose fame knew no decline; Oḍḍa- 1290: 3015: 2992: 392: 1524:, on the eastern Sumatran mainland, followed by Ilamuridesam in northern Sumatra. The forces next sailed to Malaysia and captured Vallaipandur in modern-day north-east Malaysia and Kadarem in north-west Malaysia. From here, Rajendra's forces sailed north and captured the adjacent settlement Ilankasokam in south-east Thailand, followed by Mathamalingam, eastern Thailand and Thalaitakkolam in south-west Thailand. From here, the fleet departed to India, 3199: 1438:. He also captured its capital city Mannaikadakkam or Maleked on behalf of his father, which met this reversal after its initial capture by Rajaraja Cholan in 1006. With the death of Rajaraja Cholan I in 1014 CE and the ascension of Rajendra to the Chola throne in the same year. After a lapse of two years, in 1016, Rajendra sent a naval force to Sri Lanka and brought the Anuradhapura Kingdom under his control. Following an expedition to eastern 3395: 2890: 1756: 1317: 2469:, which were based on agriculture rather than coastal and long-distance trade. Sri Deva was enthroned as the new king and trading activities resumed. Deva sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028. The invasion was not followed by direct Cholan occupation, and the region was unchanged geo-politically, trade had considerable consequences. Tamil traders encroached on the Srivijayan realm that was traditionally controlled by 2007: 3032:. The name of the city Gangaikonda Cholapuram means "The City of the Conqueror of Ganga River" or "the town of the one who defeated the kings near the Ganga". The city has an artificial lake, which is filled with water from the Kollidam and Vellar rivers. The outer fortification in the city is wider than the inner one. The remains of the outer fortification consists of a mound encircling the palace. 2034:, which was renamed "Jananathamangalam", a title of Rajaraja. Chola official Tali Kumaran erected a Siva temple called Rajarajeshvara ("Lord of Rajaraja") in the town Mahatittha – modern Mantota, Mannar – which was renamed Rajaraja-pura. Chola-occupied territories on the island were named Mummudicholamandalam after Mummudi Chola or Rajaraja I, Rajendra's father. 1551:

Cholapuram". Some villages in present-day Tamil Nadu still bear the names Kidarankondan in Thiruvaarur and Ariyalur regions (present Gedaramkondan in Ariyalur) and Kadaramkonda Cholapuram (present Narasingpuram). With Rajendra's victories over Kadaram, Malaysia, in 1023, he built a Siva temple in northern Tamil Nadu and named it Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem.

46: 1485:" he built, the presiding deity of the Karuvarai (Sanctum Sanctorum) called the "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer" also known as "Peruvudaiyar" – the God Siva in the form of Lingam, the biggest Lingam among the Siva Temples in the world over, having a height of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a circumference of 20 ft (6.1 m). The 3054:

Rajendra states Dehejia must have involved the same artisans used by his father and transferred them from Thanjavur. Most or all of the Chola kings from Rajendra I had their coronations at Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Archaeological excavations have revealed fort walls and palace remains a few kilometres

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With the growing presence of Tamil guilds in the region, relations between Srivijaya and the Cholas improved. Chola nobles were accepted in the Srivijaya court, and in 1067, a Chola prince named Divakara or Devakala was sent as a Srivijayan ambassador to the Imperial Court of China. The prince, who

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island west of Kerala. In 1019, Rajendra sent another expedition against the Irrataipaadi Elaraiillakam, northern Karnataka and southern Maharashtra. With its new capital at Kalyani in northernmost Karnataka, which the Cholas lost again but recaptured after a battle at Musangi in eastern Karnataka.

3051:, Vishnu and other temples. These temples were destroyed in the late 13th and 14th centuries, except the Brihadishvara temple. The other Chola landmarks are evidenced by soil-covered mounds and excavated, broken pillar stumps and brick walls found over several kilometres from the surviving temple. 1280:

Rajendra was declared heir apparent and formally associated with his father in the administration of the Chola Empire in the final years of his father's reign (1012–1014). In 1018, Rajendra appointed his son Rajadhiraja as heir apparent or co-regent to the Chola throne, which Rajadhiraja occupied

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Rajendra also built a royal palace of burnt brick. The ceilings were covered with small, flat tiles laid in several courses in a fine lime mortar. The pillars were probably made of polished wood and were supported on granite bases; a few pillar bases have survived. Iron nails and clamps have been

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Despite the devastation, the Srivijaya mandala survived because the Chola attack was short and only meant to plunder so the invasion failed to install direct administration over Srivijaya. This invasion severely weakened the Srivijayan hegemony, and enabled the formation of regional kingdoms like

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I (1055–1110) descended from or claimed to be descended from the Sinhalese royal house, the House of Lambakanna II. By the age of seventeen, he had defeated his most-potent rivals in Rohana and was anxious to take on the Cholas. The crisis in the country left a few scattered, turbulent chiefs and

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which was difficult of approach on account of its dense forest defence; the good Kōśalai-nāḍu where Brahmins assembled; Taṇḍabutti in whose gardens bees abounded, (land which he acquired) after having destroyed Dharmapāla (in) a hot battle; Takkaṇalāḍam, whose fame reached (all) directions, (and

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kingdoms,which seems to have no effect in this conflict, 2 Sinhala dandanayakas by the names of Budha and Kiththi massacred the Chola garrisons (on behalf of Kassapa IV) in a 6 month long battle at Palatupana in Rohana. Leftover soldiers of the 95,000-strong Chola army escaped to Pulatthinagara

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In the eighth year of the reign of Kopparakesarivanmar sri Rajendra Sola Deva, who, while the goddess of Fortune, having become constant, increased, and while the goddess of the great Earth, the goddess of victory in battle and the matchless goddess of Fame, having become his great queens,

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With his triumph over the Kadaram, Rajendra assumed the new title "Kadaremkondaan", and one of his grandsons who led the Kadaram expedition was given the title "Kadaremkonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Kadarem). A region of the present-day Kudimallur, Tamil Nadu, was named "Kadarekonda

2338:, and requested aid from Rajendra. After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra, Tambralinga requested aid from Srivijaya, which Sangrama granted. This led to the Chola invasion of the Srivijiya Empire. This belligerence were partly influenced by religion; the Chola and 1554:

Following Rajendra's victories in the wars on the Indian mainland and near-overseas, he built two "magnificent & gigantic temples completely out of Granite stone" as living monuments of his forces' great valour and superior status in this region, which are included in the

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After a two-year lapse, Rajendra, with his capture of many regions of the Indian mainland, became more ambitious in conquering the northern and north-western parts of India. He commenced his war expedition in this direction in 1021, capturing Sakkarakkoattam in the south of

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An inscription of Rajendra I was found at the goddess Kali's Temple in Trincomalee, detailing his expansion of the shrine. Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 B.C. to C. 1200 A.D. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa.

2076: – also known as Vikramabahu – and reigned in Rohana from 1029 to 1040 while attempting to organise a campaign of liberation and unification.He became the king of Rohana after the 11–12 years of Chola rule in Rohana. Taking advantage of uprisings in the 2138:. Rajendra accepted the help of the Paramaras and the Kalachuris, with whom Indraratha had a bitter enmity, and Rajendra took advantage of this situation. The combined armies defeated Indraprastha, who was probably killed. The Chola army eventually reached the 1909:

rejoiced-that in his extended lifetime, conquered with his great war-like army Idaiturai-nadu, Vanavasi shut in by a fence of continuous forests; Kollipakkai, whose walls were surrounded by sulli trees; Mannaikkadakkam whose fortification was unapproachable.

1532:, the southern Myanmar (Burma) seaport city Magpapaalam, and returned to Chola country. The Chola south-east Asian expedition ended in 1024, and details of the lands conquered by his forces in this expedition were included in his Meikeerthan early silver 2521:

upon her husband's death. Her remains were interred in the same tomb at Brahmadesam. It adds the queen's brother Madhuranthaka Parakesari Velan, who was a general in Rajendra's army, constructed a watershed at the same place in memory of his sister.

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and queen Vanathi, who is also called Thiripuvāna Mādēviyār. Rajendra had a younger brother named Araiyan Rajarajan, who became a commanding general of a Chola army, and at least three sisters; the younger sister was Kundavai (not to be confused with

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Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 B.C., according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie

1559:. The two granite temples were built to commemorate their triumphs far overseas and as monuments of the Chola's achievements in South-East Asia and the high status of the Medieval Chola Empire in the world history of that period (1025 CE). 2053:

into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura, including the south-eastern province Rohana, was incorporated into the Chola Empire. According to the Sinhalese chronicle

1965:, who fled his capital and was later restored to the throne by Raja Raja I as a tribute-paying subordinate. Initially, Jayasimha II was successful because Rajendra was busy with his campaigns in Sri Lanka. In 1021, after the demise of the 3359: 1512:. The Kadaremkonda Cholaeswarem Siva temple in Kudimallur in Vellore district – present-day Bhimeswara temple near Kalavai – was built to commemorate Rajendra's victory over Kadarem and many regions of present-day Malaysia. 1089:

and his queen Vanavan Mahadevi and assumed royal power as co-regent with his father in 1012 until his father died in 1014, when Rajendra ascended to the Chola throne. During his reign, the Chola Empire reached its zenith in the

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Rajendra appointed his son Rajadhiraja as heir apparent to the Chola throne in 1018. Large military expeditions, like the Pandya and Chalukya wars, were carried out by Rajadhiraja. The prominent officials of the time were:

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in southern Sumatra, which was captured. After that, the fleet captured the adjacent settlement Malaiyur. From there, the fleet sailed to the nearby island Bangha and captured Mevilibangham. The fleet then sailed to

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The king Rajendra Chola, generous as Karpaga tree that gives whatever one wants, went with his army, conquered and ruled and protected the land, where Ganges flows and Kadaram. He belongs to the lineage of Vikrama

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into South-East Asia, and for the next century, Tamil trading companies from southern India dominated the region. Rajendra's expedition is mentioned in corrupted form as Raja Chulan in the medieval Malay chronicle

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On the third Regnal year of Rajendra Chola – the conqueror of the East country, Ganges and Kadaram; this stone inscription was made to record the tax exemption grant given by Rajendra, the one who surrendered to

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Rajendra I had many queens; Tribhuvana or Vanavan Mahadevi, Mukkokilan, Panchavan Mahadevi, Puteri Onangki and Viramahadevi, the last of whom committed sati upon Rajendra's death. He had seven sons; Rajarajan,

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lands increased the role of the temples and village assemblies. Committees like (tank committee) and totta-variam (garden committees) were active, and the temples had vast resources in land, men and money.

1184:, and one of the centres of trade and commerce in the empire for several centuries. The city was remarkable for its artificial lake, extensive fortifications, moats surrounding the imperial palace, and the 3698: 2068:

11–12 years after the Chola conquest of Rohana, Prince Kassapa, son of Mahinda, hid in Rohana, where Chola forces unsuccessfully searched for him. Soon after the death of Mahinda, Kassapa assumed the

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Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers

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interpreted Rajendra's campaign to "bring the waters of the Ganges into Chola territory" as a pilgrimage to the Ganges river. This theory has been refuted by later historians, the most notable being

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According to the Siddanta Saravali of Trilochana Sivacharya, Rajendra Chola I was a poet who composed hymns to praise the god Siva. A commentary on the same work says Rajendra brought several

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and several other coastal areas. Emporia refers to exporting goods according to their demand, arose, making trade within the Empire profitable and helped maintain the Chola military. The

1267:), the queen of Chalukya-Vimaladitya; and a daughter called Mahadevi. Other significant members of the royal household include queen mother Dantisakti Vitanki—alias Lokamahadevi. The 1125:. As Emperor, Rajendra completed the conquest of Anuradhapura and brought a large portion of Sri Lanka under imperial rule. Rajendra expanded Chola rule by defeating the kingdoms of 1539: 5141: 3929:"Trade and Statecraft in the Age of Cōlas. By Kenneth R. Hall. New Delhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications, 1980. Pp. viii, 238. Acknowledgements, Appendices, Bibliography, Index" 2490:

launched a naval raid to help Srivijaya reclaim Kedah. Virarajendra reinstated the Kedah king at the request of the Srivijayan Maharaja, and Kedah accepted Srivijayan sovereignty.

2408:. The Chola invasion was the end of Srivijaya. Srivijaya's maritime power declined under the Chola attack. Chola forces conquered large portions of Srivijaya, including its ports 1414:

On his father's behalf Rajaraja I, Rajendra I started his wars on the Indian mainland when he was a co-regent for his father in an expedition in 1012 with the capture of

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and foreign trade. Sometimes, Chola naval expeditions led to plunder and conquest as far as South-east Asia. While Srivijaya controlled two major naval choke points the

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district – the present-day Kadambavanesvara temple near Erumbur – was built to commemorate the victory of Rajendra's forces over Sri Vijaya and many regions of

1211:. This link allowed Rajendra to incorporate Chinese vessels into the Chola military. These networks also extended west; the Cholas engaged in the spice trade with 5168: 1536:

of 1025. With Rajendra's victory over Sri Vijaya(m) of Sumatra in 1023, he built a Siva Temple at Erumbur, Tamil Nadu, and named it Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem.

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in the north and the other in a north-westerly direction. At the same time, he stationed himself at Sakkarakkoattam until the two expeditions were complete.

684: 2213:. The military nature of the campaign is suggested by the last line of the Thiruvalangadu plates, which state the king erected the Cholaganga tank as a 3406: 2626: 2614: 3976:

Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay. Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia p. 230

2562:(The Chola who took the Ganges river). After his successful South-East Asian campaign, he gained the title "Kadaram Kondan" (He who took Kedah). 1988:'s army in Vengi and routed the rulers in battle. Vengi was later the site of the coronation of Rajendra's nephew following his victories in the 3126:

Rajendra built a large tank named Cholagangam in his capital city Gangaikonda Cholapuram, and it was described as the liquid pillar of victory.

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to .Southeast Asia by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.170

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region countries towards the Ganges river in the north from Sakkarakkoattam; they captured the regions of Odda Vishayam and Thandabuththi in

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New forms of trade emerged during Rajendra's such as the commercial system called "emporia", this was after the Chola's had gained control of

3218: 2312:, Srivijaya had cordial relations with the Chola Empire during the reign of Rajaraja Chola I, leading to Mara Vijayatungavarman building the 2198: 1958:. From 992 CE to 1008 CE, during the reign of Rajaraja I, Rajendra raided and annexed several towns, such as Rattepadi, Banavasi and Toanur. 1166: 3221:. Donations were made to the temple to celebrate the king's birthday in Maargali. An inscription at Umamahesvara temple in Konerirajapuram, 3412: 3114:

Rajendra developed an efficient water management system from the village level upwards. The increase in royal patronage, and the number of

3074:, which is located further along the complex inland along Konesar Road, benefitted from Rajendra. The Kali temple is mentioned in the book 2264: 1701: 1146: 2995: 1185: 3290: 3039:, which became the capital for the next 250 years. Rajendra I built several temples using plans and infrastructure recommended in Tamil 3232:, built by his father and later developed by Rajendra, include inscriptions describing many donations to the temple made by Rajendra. 1145:("Twelve Thousand Islands and the Ocean Where Three Waters Meet"). These islands were later used as strategic naval bases. During his 3213:

Several inscriptions of Rajendra commemorating his reign and conquests have been found. An inscription at Adhipuriswara temple in

1981: 987: 31: 5176: 3538:, N. Sethuraman, 1978, p. 5, "Calendar System alone must be employed to fix the accession date of a Hindu king Rajendra Chola". 5418: 5288: 5248: 5213: 5020: 4993: 4903: 4855: 4424: 3644: 3614: 3584: 3485: 3229: 4700:

Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions by Hermann Kulke, K Kesavapany, Vijay Sakhuja p.305

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at Thanjavur. There has been general disagreement among historians on the nature of the expedition. Early scholars such as

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Rajendra I's overseas war expedition commenced in 1023; a large fleet of ships with Chola warriors was sent to Sri Vijaya,

3086:, describing the origins of the world, Lanka and Koneswaram based on puranic legends, is lost. The historical literature 2954: 2151: 2088: 1820: 1381: 4307: 4011: 2150:, Dharmapala of Dandabhukti. The Chola army went on to raid eastern Bengal – modern-day Bangladesh – defeated 5267: 3991:(1961), "The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Cola", Artibus Asiae 24 (3/4), pp. 338-342, Artibus Asiae Publishers 2926: 2879: 1961:

In 1015, Jayasimha II became the king of Western Chalukyas. He tried to recover the losses suffered by his predecessor

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and invaded Srivijaya, attacking several places in modern-day Malaysia and Indonesia. The Cholas sacked the capital

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A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206, Volume 4, Part 1, A comprehensive history of India, K. K. Dasgupta

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district, refers to donations by Alvar Parantakan Kundavai-Pirattiyar during the third year of Rajendra's reign.

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Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the expansion of Islam 7th-11 centuries

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recovered from this palace site. A tunnel links the palace and the temple's inner first prakaara to the north.

3003: 2911: 2421: 2001: 1777: 1600: 1338: 884: 1977:, the son of Vimaladitya and Chola princess Kundavai. Rajendra helped his nephew Rajaraja defeat Vijayaditya. 3157: 3104:

in its description of Koneswaram as one of the nine most-important and sacred sites in the world for Hindus.

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The exact birth date of Rajendra I is unknown; it is speculated he was born around 971 CE. He was the son of

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Indian History with Objective Questions and Historical Maps Twenty-Sixth Edition 2010, South India page 59

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Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 Volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History

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traders, and the Tamil guilds' influence increased on the Malay Peninsula and the north coast of Sumatra.

4756:. Published on behalf of the Place Names Society of India by Geetha Book House, 1984 - India. p. 89. 4322:

Kenneth R. Hall (October 1975), "Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I",

3165: 3152: 2907: 2462: 2405: 2365:, the Malacca Strait's north-west opening was controlled from Kedah on the Malay Peninsula side and from 2321: 2260: 2096: 1773: 1722: 1649: 1529: 1334: 1126: 980: 959: 2269: 2243:

from Bengal were taken to Chola country, where Rajendra granted them lands. They eventually settled in

3752: 3245: 2922: 2416:(now Singapore). The Chola invasion furthered the expansion of Tamil merchant associations such as the 2023: 1788: 1349: 919: 904: 391: 208: 3394: 1943: 1430:

and captured it in 1013. In 1014, Rajendra led a war against the Irratiapaadi ElaraIiakam in northern

4103: 2081: 924: 4844:"Excavation at Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the imperial capital of Rajendra Chola, and its significance" 3108: 3018: 2517:

recorded this information in an inscription, which states Rajendra's queen Viramahadevi committed

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Kingdom in modern-day Malaysia and southern Thailand. Chola forces captured the last ruler of the

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Rajendra fought Jayasimha in the Battle of Maski. Rajendra led a 900,000-strong army and defeated

5438: 5423: 5408: 5142:"Rajendra Chola: Maharashtra to dedicate Tamil emperor Rajendra Chola's portrait to Mazgon Docks" 4741:. Published on behalf of the Place Names Society of India by Geetha Book House, 1984. p. 89. 3447: 3191: 2900: 2707: 2630: 2510: 2309: 1938: 1766: 1669: 1659: 1590: 1584: 1327: 1106: 5364:Śrīnidhiḥ: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture by K. R. Srinivasan, K. V. Raman 2530: 5234: 3457: 3452: 3374: 3088: 2999: 2220:

The Chola expedition to the Ganges had a long-lasting influence. According to R. D. Banerji, a

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After his successful campaign for the Ganges river in North India, Rajendra gained the title

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Rajendra established Gangaikonda Cholapuram as his capital from the mediaeval Chola capital

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was a major ally and trading partner, and helped the Cholas expand their networks as far as

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

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Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia

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chief who accompanied Araiyan Rajarajan on his campaign settled in Bengal and founded the

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towards the Ganges river. In Kalinga, the Chola forces defeated Indraratha, ruler of the

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Co-Regent of the Chola Empire under his brother Rajendra II from 1056 C.E. to 1060 C.E.

1813: 1374: 5327: 3956: 3829: 3753:"10 Rajendra Chola's Naval Expedition and the Chola Trade with Southeast and East Asia" 3734: 3726: 3175: 2795: 2622: 2487: 2483: 2229: 2069: 1242: 801: 731: 704: 694: 614: 343: 281: 5390: 5334: 5303: 5284: 5263: 5244: 5209: 5016: 4989: 4959: 4921: 4899: 4878: 4851: 4717: 4678: 4420: 4385: 4060: 3960: 3948: 3821: 3768: 3738: 3718: 3640: 3610: 3580: 3481: 3063: 2860: 2856: 2756: 2634: 2618: 2610: 2470: 2446: 2402: 2305: 2135: 2114: 2038: 2011: 1974: 1966: 1955: 1857: 1544: 1231: 1200: 857: 674: 664: 273: 252: 3800:

Kramrisch, Stella; Boner, Alice; Sarma, Sadasiva Rath; Das, Rajendra Prasad (1975).

3164:, and from it, the ancestry of several South-East Asian royal families is traced to 5373: 5359: 3940: 3813: 3760: 3710: 2703: 2313: 1985: 1889: 1004: 909: 889: 654: 624: 554: 4658:

Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana by Alaka Chattopadhyaya p.91

4412: 1973:, Jayasimha supported Vijayaditya VII's claim to the throne against the claims of 1426:

in western Tamil Nadu. He then directed his attention to Kollipaakkai in northern

5329:

An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History (Sources and Studies in World History)

5278: 5238: 5224: 5203: 4711: 4672: 4531:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations 600-1400

3634: 3322: 2518: 2335: 2155: 584: 545: 35: 4439:

The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World by Lincoln Paine p.866

4025: 3503:"Rajendra Chola Birth Anniversary: Local Holiday Announced in Ariyalur District" 3281:

The state government of Maharashtra proposed to dedicate Rajendra's portrait to

4979: 4250:

Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta (2000) . The Cōlas. Madras: University of Madras. p.208

3988: 3928: 3600: 3256: 2390: 2358: 2077: 1897: 1630: 1427: 1259: 1224: 1118: 1102: 894: 849: 492: 447: 358: 316: 78: 30:

Parakesari Varman, Yuddhamalla, Mummudi Cholan, Gangai Kondan, Kadaram Kondan,

3944: 3764: 2770:

Chola Emperor, from 1052 C.E. to 1064 C.E., Retains his father's possessions.

2193:

To celebrate his victory in the Ganges, Rajendra constructed a new capital at

1477:, Kosala Naadu in northern Chhattisgarh, Thakkana Laadam and Uttara Laadam in 5402: 3952: 3825: 3722: 3576:

Sejarah Melayu: sebagai karya sastra dan karya sejarah : sebuah antologi

3282: 3040: 2727: 2582: 2398: 2327: 2248: 1918: 1865: 1707: 1626: 1415: 1181: 1114: 914: 833: 741: 501: 403: 338: 301: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5087: 4925: 4544:

Power and Plenty: Trade, War, and the World Economy in the Second Millennium

4286:

Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India by Professor S.K. Tiwari p.161

4203: 4201: 4199: 3857: 3855: 2486:. During the Kedah rebellion, Srivijaya asked the Cholas for help. In 1068, 1984:

at the Battle of Maski in 1019 and 1020. On the eastern front, Rajendra led

1860:. He conquered the Chalukyan territories of Yedatore – a large part of 4825: 4823: 4419:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 142–143. 3658: 3656: 3437: 3214: 3170: 3161: 3079: 3029: 3014: 2991: 2864: 2638: 2625:. Rajarajan was the eldest of the seven but died before reaching thirteen. 2535: 2449:

of Srivijaya also coincided with the return voyage of the Buddhist scholar

2378: 2362: 2339: 2317: 2225: 2159: 2027: 1853: 1463: 1459: 1294: 1274: 1216: 1208: 1204: 1110: 1095: 1078: 1008: 939: 791: 722: 634: 594: 510: 483: 413: 187: 96: 60: 45: 3168:(Alexander the Great). through Rajendra (Raja Chulan, Raja Cholan) in the 2813:) from 1067 C.E. to 1070 C.E.; Put down several rebellions in Kadaram and 5084: 4196: 3852: 3840: 3129: 3067: 2434: 2425: 2394: 2331: 2244: 2206: 2139: 2031: 2015: 1962: 1869: 1450: 1435: 1173: 1158: 1134: 761: 574: 438: 4820: 4609:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations

3675: 3673: 3671: 3653: 2633:. Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar and Ammangadevi (queen of eastern Chalukya 2276:

issued by Rajendra I that declared the collection of revenue to build a

2167: 1487: 1176:

and captured a great deal of wealth, which he used to build the city of

34:

Kula Kaalan, Chalukya Chudaamani, Thelagaramari (Thelungu Kula Kaalan),

5348: 5040:. Thomson Press (India), 1975 - Hindu temples - 424 pages. p. 301. 4583:

History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000-1800

4349: 3833: 3730: 3442: 3071: 2914: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2417: 2232:

might have descended from soldiers of the Chola army. According to the

2176: 2121:

was built by Rajendra to celebrate his success in the Ganges Expedition

2073: 1881: 1852:

Rajendra led campaigns from 1002 CE; these include the conquest of the

1780: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1614: 1419: 1341: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1289: 1212: 1086: 899: 644: 474: 465: 320: 191: 155: 114: 5066: 3198: 2585:. Rajendra assumed other titles to commemorate his conquests, such as 5349:

Khmer Commercial Development and Foreign Contacts under Sūryavarman I

4850:. Singapore: Institute of south-east Asian Studies. pp. 96–100. 4493:

Between Two Oceans: A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971

4491:

Murfett, Malcolm H.; Miksic, John; Farell, Brian; Chiang, Ming Shun.

4450:

Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka

3867: 3801: 3668: 3332: 3222: 3036: 3007: 2818: 2814: 2748: 2458: 2433:, and Malay princes have names ending with Cholan or Chulan, such as 2297: 2293: 2281: 2221: 2056: 2026:

commanded an army that invaded Sri Lanka and sacked the capital city

1893: 1727: 1606: 1516: 1505: 1478: 1454: 1431: 1269: 1150: 1122: 1082: 1012: 954: 949: 929: 183: 132: 4713:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

4674:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

4337:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

3817: 3714: 3347:

by Bharathika which covers the war history and lifetime achievements

2889: 2277: 1755: 1316: 4318: 4316: 4259:

Ancient Indian History and Civilization by Sailendra Nath Sen p.281

3048: 2347: 2343: 2240: 2237: 2143: 2050: 1873: 1665: 1470: 1446: 1423: 1220: 1189: 1138: 864: 604: 564: 456: 380: 4951: 4108:. Mangalore, British India: Department of Archeology, Mysore State 4105:

Epigraphia Carnatica: Volume X: Inscriptions in the Kolar District

3190:

Inscriptions dating to Rajendra's 18th regional year (c.1032 CE).

2450: 3572: 3370: 2578: 2413: 2301: 2273: 1926: 1921:

kingdoms. He appointed one of his sons as viceroy with the title

1885: 1861: 1711: 1509: 1251: 934: 422: 296: 4313: 3984: 3982: 3699:"The Politics of Plunder: The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon" 3096:) chronicles the Tamil settlement in Batticaloa; it follows the 2049:

in the south in 1017. Chola raids were launched southwards from

1113:, earning him his first victories. He quelled rebellions in the 5300:

Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Chola Power

5169:"Age Of Empires 2: Definitive Edition - Best Campaigns, Ranked" 5053:

Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070

5038:

Middle Chola Temples: Rajaraja I to Kulottunga I, A.D. 985-1070

3884: 3882: 3636:

The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300

3312: 3044: 2574: 2547: 2543: 2503: 2442: 2386: 2366: 2354: 2131: 2006: 1929:

as the headquarters in charge of both Pandya and Chera/Kerala.

1914: 1877: 1690: 1686: 1521: 1474: 1439: 1193: 1130: 1043: 137: 2809:

Chola Emperor from 1065 C.E. to 1070 C.E. and King of Kadaram(

2573:, a title used by Tamil kings who ruled the three kingdoms of 5380: 5237:(1992). "The Cōḷas". In R. S. Sharma; K. M. Shrimali (eds.). 4918:

An outline of the cultural history and principles of Hinduism

3979: 3536:

The Imperial Pandyas: Mathematics Reconstructs the Chronology

3366: 3111:

in Trincomalee. It attracted many pilgrims during his reign.

2810: 2438: 2382: 1970: 1948: 1901: 1731: 1497: 1247: 1154: 1070: 5205:

A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations

4846:. In Kulke, Hermann; K., Kesavapany; Sakhuja, Vijay (eds.). 4161: 3879: 3579:. Pusat Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. p. 67. 2445:

in north Sumatra. The Chola invasion led to the fall of the

4026:"PLACE OF TOURIST INTEREST IN THANJAVUR DISTRICT – A STUDY" 2482:

was the nephew of Rajendra Chola, was enthroned in 1070 as

2466: 1162: 50:

Sculpture of Rajendra I represented as Lord Chandikeswara (

4808: 2022:

Under his father Rajaraja I, Rajendra Chola I's commander

1094:; it extended its reach via trade and conquest across the 1081:

Emperor who reigned from 1014 and 1044 CE. He was born in

5280:

Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy

4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 3549:"Sri Vijaya-Malayu 1299, Singapore and Sumatran Kingdoms" 3291:

Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition: Dynasties of India

1734:), and other surrounding kingdoms occupied by the Cholas 1453:

islands, and the same year captured Sandimaaththivu, the

5353:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4766: 4751: 4736: 4487: 4485: 4324:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

4173: 4033:

Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research

3781: 1913:

In 1018 and 1019 CE, Rajendra invaded and conquered the

1504:

The Vijayamkonda Cholaeswarem Siva temple of Erumbur in

1105:, with which he fought in several campaigns against the 5008: 2702:

Chola Emperor from 1044 C.E. to 1052 C.E.; Died in the

2546:

from the banks of the Ganges river and settled them in

5222: 5103: 4503: 4501: 4381:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History

4225: 4213: 4207: 4149: 3861: 3846: 3799: 3679: 3662: 2441:. One record of Rajendra describes him as the King of 5257: 4829: 4752:

Place Names Society of India. Madhav N. Katti (ed.).

4737:

Place Names Society of India. Madhav N. Katti (ed.).

4696: 4694: 4482: 4145:

Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, page 70

3024:

Rajendra Chola I built several sites. Rajendra built

2372: 2146:. The Chola army also defeated the last ruler of the 5324: 5012:

Brunei: From the Age of Commerce to the 21st Century

3516: 3514: 3512: 2509:

Rajendra I died in 1044 in Brahmadesam, present-day

5071:

Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Archaeology

4498: 1019:; 26 July 971 CE – 1044 CE), often referred to as 5326: 5276: 5050: 5035: 4691: 4677:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. p. 163. 4359:(3/4), pp. 338–342. Artibus Asiae Publishers. 3873: 2838:Queen of Kodumbalur King Elangovel Thrichirapalli 2353:The Cholas are known to have benefitted from both 1888:. He also conquered Kollipakkai, located north of 4985:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800 4647:Al-Hind: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest 4350:"The Overseas Expeditions of King Rājendra Chola" 3606:Singapore and the Silk Road of the Sea, 1300_1800 3509: 1562: 1165:, achieving imperial dominance in the region and 1101:In his early years, Rajendra was involved in the 5400: 4790:Temples of South India by V.V. Subba Reddy p.118 4594:Kulke, Hermann; Kesavapany, K.; Sakhuja, Vijay. 4462:Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41 4377: 4079:Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 32 4023: 3906:"Valanchulivanar, varalaaru aivum aivu varlarum" 3899: 3897: 2377:In 1025 CE, Rajendra's Chola forces crossed the 1167:strengthening Indian influence in Southeast Asia 5240:A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 5233: 4167: 3888: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3523:Sri Brihadisvara: The Great Temple of Thānjavūr 3500: 2346:, while Tambralinga and Srivijaya Empires were 2254: 4978: 4771:. People's Publishing House, 1992. p. 14. 4048: 4046: 3639:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. pp. 364–365. 3599: 3573:S. Amran Tasai; Djamari; Budiono Isas (2005). 2393:on the Malay Peninsula. Rajendra also invaded 2130:In 1019 CE, Rajendra's forces marched through 1469:The second expedition went to Uttarapatha and 5229:(2nd revised ed.). University of Madras. 4877:. Columbia University Press. pp. 79–81. 3894: 3628: 3626: 1954:Rajendra Chola I fought several battles with 1668:, then annexed the Raichur district from the 981: 4666: 4664: 4277:The Cambridge Shorter History of India p.145 4127: 4125: 4123: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3685: 3315:covers the life and achievements of Rajendra 3261:Marayan Arumoli "Uttama Chola" Brahmamarayan 2265:South-East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I 2045:in northern Sri Lanka. Rajendra invaded the 1740: 5055:. Thomson Press (India), 1975. p. 269. 4952:Balai Seni Lukis Negara (Malaysia) (1999). 4799: 4268:West Bengal District Gazetteers: Nadīa p.63 4043: 3520: 2525: 1995: 1442:in 1017, Rajendra captured Kudamalai Nadu. 1237: 1059: 1032: 4920:(1 ed.). Colombo: Stangard Printers. 4915: 4622:Aryatarangini, the Saga of the Indo-Aryans 4471: 4469: 3623: 2751:(Polonnaruwa) from 1024 C.E. to 1059 C.E. 2569:(Chola with three crowns) from his father 2125: 1589:Cholas annexed several territories of the 1462:. Then, he sent part of his forces to the 1230:Rajendra Chola I was succeeded by his son 988: 974: 44: 5297: 5201: 5166: 4814: 4661: 4179: 4120: 3994: 3903: 3787: 3388:Entrance of Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple 3145:Ottakoothar, Vikrama Cholan Ula, verse 18 2974:Learn how and when to remove this message 2103: 1840:Learn how and when to remove this message 1401:Learn how and when to remove this message 5009:Marie-Sybille de Vienne (9 March 2015). 4804:. Ennes Publications, 1980. p. 128. 3972: 3970: 3802:"New Light on the Sun Temple of Konarka" 3294:contains a five-chapter campaign titled 3250:Yadava Bhima "Uttama Chola" Miladudaiyar 3197: 3185: 3013: 2990: 2529: 2497: 2288: 2268: 2188: 2113: 2087: 2005: 1942: 1538: 1445:In 1018, Rajendra's forces captured the 1288: 1241: 1196:across South-East Asia and South India. 1192:but welcomed Buddhism and built several 4870: 4754:Studies in Indian place names, Volume 6 4739:Studies in Indian place names, Volume 6 4570:Ancient Indian History and Civilization 4466: 4417:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 4238: 4219: 4155: 3926: 3696: 2641:) are the known daughters of Rajendra. 2228:. It is believed the Karnata people of 2142:kingdom of Bengal, where they defeated 5401: 5208:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 4955:Seni dan nasionalisme: dulu & kini 4411: 4052: 4024:Jeyabalakrishnan, P. (December 2017). 3632: 1947:Rajendra in Battle, Kolaramma Temple, 1932: 1635:Cholas annexed the Cheras and Pandyas 4716:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. 4709: 4670: 4378:Craig A. Lockard (27 December 2006). 4326:18 (3), pp. 318-336, Brill Publishers 4053:Melton, J. Gordon (15 January 2014). 3967: 3478:A Textbook of Medieval Indian History 3426:Sculptures at Gangaikonda Cholapuram 3230:Rajarajeswaramudaiya Mahadevar Temple 2629:died in 1021 during the war with the 2513:district, Tamil Nadu. Rajendra's son 2330:started a war against the kingdom of 1284: 1172:Rajendra conducted a war against the 4542:Findlay, Ronald; O'Rourke, Kevin H. 4101: 3274:India's merchant navy training ship 3257:Dandanayakan Narakkan Krishnan Raman 3028:to commemorate his victory over the 2912:adding citations to reliable sources 2883: 2251:, forming the Sivacharya community. 2037:During his reign, Rajendra's father 1896:. An excerpt from an inscription in 1884:. Rajendra erected a Siva temple at 1778:adding citations to reliable sources 1749: 1339:adding citations to reliable sources 1310: 3475: 3325:in which Rajendra's the protagonist 13: 5318: 5167:Rodrigues, Lucas (13 April 2023). 5117:"Press release, President address" 4841: 3933:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 3268: 2880:List of Chola Temples in Bangalore 2873: 2373:Other campaigns in South-East Asia 1745: 14: 5450: 5347:R. Hall, Kenneth (October 1975). 4635:India and Malaya Through the Ages 4384:. Cengage Learning. p. 367. 3927:Mabbett, I. W. (September 1982). 3217:district gives his natal star as 3082:, which is set in the 1660s. The 5223:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri (1955) . 4509:Southeast Asia: Past and Present 3501:Karthik, Deepak (19 July 2022). 3480:. Primus Books. pp. 46–49. 3419: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3358: 2888: 2600:(Crest Jewel of the Chalukyas). 1754: 1723:Conquest of the Srivijaya Empire 1315: 390: 222:Brahmadesam, Tamil Nadu, India 5194: 5160: 5134: 5109: 5059: 5044: 5029: 5002: 4972: 4945: 4936: 4909: 4891: 4864: 4835: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4760: 4745: 4730: 4703: 4652: 4639: 4627: 4614: 4601: 4588: 4575: 4562: 4549: 4536: 4523: 4514: 4455: 4442: 4433: 4415:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 4405: 4371: 4362: 4342: 4329: 4301: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4185: 4138: 4095: 4082: 4073: 4017: 3920: 3793: 3745: 3697:Spencer, George W. (May 1976). 3525:. Nile Books, 1998. p. 19. 3181: 2899:needs additional citations for 2717:Tiribhuvana( Vanavan Mahadevi) 2453:from Sumatra to India in 1025. 2199:Gangaikonda Choleeswarar Temple 2110:Chola expedition to North India 2030:. The new Chola capital was at 1990:Chola expedition to North India 1923:Jatavarman Sundara Chola-Pandya 1765:needs additional citations for 1605:Cholas annexed the entirety of 1528:capturing Manakkavaarem in the 1326:needs additional citations for 1234:, who ruled from 1044 to 1054. 5258:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam (1975). 4767:R. S. Sharma, K. M. Shrimali. 3593: 3566: 3541: 3529: 3494: 3469: 3253:Gangaikonda Chola Miladudaiyar 3135:mentions Rajendra's conquests: 2476: 2236:of Trilocana Sivacharya, many 2002:Chola conquest of Anuradhapura 1856:and the campaigns against the 1563:Rajendra's conquest chronology 1491:mentions Rajendra's conquests: 1133:, and subduing the islands of 1: 5333:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 5325:Schmidt, Karl Ludwig (1997). 5243:. People's Publishing House. 4102:Rice, Benjamin Lewis (1994). 3463: 3335:set in the period of Rajendra 3302: 2550:and across the Chola Empire. 2217:("liquid pillar of victory). 2215:Ganga-jalamayam jayasthambham 1298: 1188:. Rajendra was a follower of 1143:Munnir Palantivu Pannirayiram 527: 428: 233:Tribhuvana (Vanavan Mahadevi) 5419:11th-century Indian monarchs 5277:M. G. S. Narayanan (2013) . 4988:. NUS Press. pp. 147–. 3757:Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa 3703:The Journal of Asian Studies 3609:. NUS Press. pp. 147–. 3235: 2730:from 1018 C.E. to 1021 C.E. 2255:Campaigns in South-East Asia 2063: 1557:UNESCO World Heritage Series 1543:Coin of Rajendra containing 16:Chola emperor from 1014–1044 7: 5104:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 5015:. NUS Press. pp. 47–. 4958:. Balai Seni Lukis Negara. 4710:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 4671:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 4295: 4208:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3862:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3847:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3680:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3663:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 1955 3431: 3153:Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain 3107:Rajendra also expanded the 2826:Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar 2534:Sculpture of Rajendra with 2406:Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman 2328:Khmer Emperor Suryavarman I 2322:Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman 2261:Chola invasion of Srivijaya 2097:Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa 1706:Cholas annexed the city of 1530:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1254:crowning Lord Chandikeswara 960:Legendary early Chola kings 207:, Chola Empire (modern day 10: 5455: 5202:Karashima, Noboru (2014). 4874:Art of the Imperial Cholas 4830:S.R. Balasubrahmanyam 1975 3759:. 2009. pp. 168–177. 3400:Ruins of Rajendra's Palace 3351: 2986: 2877: 2863:; Mother of Chola Emperor 2596:Rajendra I bore the title 2258: 2201:, which is similar to the 2107: 2024:Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan 2018:was expanded by Rajendra. 1999: 1936: 920:Great Living Chola Temples 905:Chola art and architecture 286:Arulmoli Nangaiyar Piranar 209:Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu 5387: 5378: 5370: 5298:Vasudevan, Geeta (2003). 4802:Tamil Epigraphy: A Survey 4348:*Majumdar, R. C. (1961). 3945:10.1017/s0022463400008882 3765:10.1355/9789812309389-015 3553:www.eresources.nlb.gov.sg 3246:Vallavaraiyar Vandyadevar 2603: 2553: 2296:was a kingdom centred in 1741:Battles in southern India 1664:Cholas raid and demolish 1648:Cholas annexed region of 1617:becomes his puppet ruler 386: 376: 364: 354: 350: 334: 326: 312: 307: 295: 251: 227: 215: 198: 175: 171: 161: 151: 143: 130: 120: 110: 102: 94: 84: 74: 66: 59: 43: 28: 23: 5302:. Abhinav Publications. 5067:"SIVAN KOIL – SIVAPURAM" 5051:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam. 5036:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam. 4477:The History of Singapore 4133:A History of South India 4090:A History of South India 3633:Thapar, Romila (2003) . 3278:was named in his honour. 3109:Pathirakali Amman Temple 3102:Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam 3098:Dakshina Kailasa Puranam 3062:Rajendra also developed 3047:texts. These included a 3019:Pathirakali Amman Temple 2644: 2526:Personal life and family 2493: 1996:Conquest of Anuradhapura 1483:Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem 1273:of Rajendra's birth was 1238:Early life and ascension 1147:South-East Asia campaign 5429:Indian military leaders 5358:(3), pp. 318–336. 4871:Dehejia, Vidya (2013). 4633:Singam, S. Durai Raja. 3874:M. G. S. Narayanan 2013 3476:Sen, Sailendra (2013). 3448:List of Indian monarchs 3204:Chokkanathaswamy temple 3192:Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu 2565:He inherited the title 2304:, and was ruled by the 2126:Conflict with the Palas 2043:Kingdom of Anuradhapura 1644:Conquest of the Kalinga 1297:at its greatest extent 5283:. Kerala: CosmoBooks. 4916:Sivaratnam, C (1964). 4131:See Sastri, K. A. N., 4088:See Sastri, K. A. N., 3458:List of Tamil monarchs 3453:History of south India 3375:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 3210: 3195: 3148: 3089:Mattakallappu Manmiyam 3084:Thirukonasala Mahatyam 3021: 3011: 3002:was modeled after the 3000:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 2747:Chola Governor of the 2726:Chola Governor of the 2591:Irattapadikonda Cholan 2539: 2506: 2502:Rajendra Praying to a 2369:on the Sumatran side. 2310:Mara Vijayatungavarman 2308:. During the reign of 2285: 2211:K. A. Nilakanta Sastri 2186: 2122: 2119:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 2104:Conquest of the Ganges 2093: 2092:Seal of the Rajendra I 2047:Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 2019: 1951: 1911: 1681:Conquest of the Ganges 1547: 1502: 1418:in modern-day central 1308: 1255: 1121:vassal states, and in 945:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 615:Parantaka II (Sundara) 52:Gangaikonda Cholapuram 4982:(30 September 2013). 4842:S., Vasanthi (2009). 4568:Sen, Sailendra Nath. 3603:(30 September 2013). 3264:Talaigrama Indaladeva 3202:Tamil Inscription at 3201: 3189: 3174:such as the Sumatran 3137: 3026:Gangaikondacholapuram 3017: 2994: 2749:Mummudichola Mandalam 2533: 2501: 2289:Invasion of Srivijaya 2272: 2203:Brihadeeswarar Temple 2195:Gangaikondacholapuram 2189:Gangaikondacholapuram 2173: 2171:of Rajendra I reads: 2117: 2091: 2009: 1946: 1906: 1864:district between the 1601:Conquest of Sri Lanka 1542: 1493: 1292: 1245: 1180:, the capital of the 1178:Gangaikondacholapuram 865:Rajahnate of Sanmalan 327:Years of service 5260:Middle Chola Temples 4335:Munoz, Paul Michel. 4168:K. A. N. Sastri 1992 3889:K. A. N. Sastri 1992 3413:Bhaktavatsala Temple 3345:Ulagam Vendra Cholan 3207:Bangalore, Karnataka 2908:improve this article 2806:1070 C.E. (aged 68) 2767:1064 C.E. (aged 67) 2744:1059 C.E. (aged 64) 2723:1021 C.E. (aged 27) 2699:1052 C.E. (aged 58) 2621:, Rajamahendran and 2148:Kamboja Pala dynasty 1969:king Vimaladitya of 1774:improve this article 1611:Anuradhapura Kingdom 1335:improve this article 625:Aditya II (Karikala) 5148:. 29 September 2016 5121:Government of India 5106:, pp. 226–227. 4832:, pp. 241–249. 4448:Andaya, Leonard Y. 4210:, pp. 199–200. 3864:, pp. 195–196. 3849:, pp. 186–187. 3665:, pp. 194–195. 3339:Gangai Konda Cholan 3166:Iskandar Zulkarnain 3158:Alexander the Great 3150:The Malay-language 3094:Batticaloa Manmiyam 3004:Brihadisvara Temple 2996:Brihadisvara Temple 2738:Panchavan Mahadevi 1939:Chalukya–Chola wars 1933:Chola–Chalukya wars 1585:Chalukya–Chola wars 1281:from 1018 to 1044. 1265:Kundavai Pirattiyar 1186:Brihadisvara Temple 1141:, which he renamed 1092:Indian subcontinent 1011:: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; 372:Tribhuvana Mahadevi 5146:The Times of India 4581:Gunn, Geoffrey C. 3904:Kamalakkannan, S. 3876:, p. 115-118. 3211: 3196: 3156:was written about 3133:Vikrama Cholan Ula 3055:from this temple. 3022: 3012: 2800:Mukkokilan Adigal 2761:Mukkokilan Adigal 2693:Mukkokilan Adigal 2675:Mukkokilan Adigal 2637:and the mother of 2598:Chalukya-Chudamani 2540: 2507: 2488:Virarajendra Chola 2484:Kulothunga Chola I 2461:and its successor 2348:Mahayana Buddhists 2286: 2158:, and invaded the 2123: 2094: 2070:Sinhalese monarchy 2020: 1952: 1876:in north-western 1548: 1309: 1285:Military conquests 1256: 1109:and the rulers of 1025:Gangaikonda Cholan 1021:Rajendra the Great 406:Kings and Emperors 242:Panchavan Mahadevi 179:Madhurantaka Chola 5397: 5396: 5391:Rajadhiraja Chola 5388:Succeeded by 5290:978-81-88765-07-2 5262:. Thomson Press. 5250:978-81-7007-121-1 5215:978-0-19-809977-2 5022:978-9971-69-818-8 4995:978-9971-69-574-3 4904:978-955-1266-72-1 4857:978-981-230-938-9 4800:N. Subrahmanian. 4620:Kalyanaraman, A. 4507:Sar Desai, D. R. 4426:978-0-8248-0368-1 3646:978-0-14-302989-2 3616:978-9971-69-574-3 3586:978-979-685-524-7 3521:Ē. Kē Cēṣāttiri. 3487:978-9-38060-734-4 3319:Gangapuri Kavalan 3309:Vengayin Maindhan 3064:Koneswaram temple 2984: 2983: 2976: 2958: 2871: 2870: 2861:Rajaraja Narendra 2855:Queen Consort of 2708:western Chalukyas 2635:Rajaraja Narendra 2631:Western Chalukyas 2560:Gangaikonda Chola 2447:Sailendra Dynasty 2403:Sailendra Dynasty 2306:Sailendra dynasty 2234:Siddhantasaravali 2136:Somavamsi dynasty 2012:Koneswaram temple 1975:Rajaraja Narendra 1967:Eastern Chalukyan 1956:Western Chalukyas 1858:Western Chalukyas 1850: 1849: 1842: 1824: 1738: 1737: 1670:Western Chalukyas 1660:Battle of Musangi 1591:western Chalukyas 1545:Devanagari script 1411: 1410: 1403: 1385: 1201:Strait of Malacca 1107:Western Chalukyas 1029:Kaṅkaikoṇṭa Cōḻaṉ 998: 997: 925:Solesvara Temples 885:Ganges Expedition 870: 869: 858:Rajahnate of Cebu 826:Related dynasties 810: 809: 713: 712: 518: 517: 398: 397: 368:Vanavan Mahadevi 202:1044 CE (aged 73) 147:1017 CE – 1044 CE 106:1012 CE – 1014 CE 95:Co-Regent of the 70:1014 CE – 1044 CE 5446: 5374:Rajaraja Chola I 5371:Preceded by 5368: 5367: 5360:Brill Publishers 5344: 5332: 5313: 5294: 5273: 5254: 5230: 5219: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5179:on 21 April 2023 5175:. Archived from 5164: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4913: 4907: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4818: 4817:, pp. 21–24 4815:Vasudevan (2003) 4812: 4806: 4805: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4668: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4612: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4579: 4573: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4540: 4534: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4505: 4496: 4489: 4480: 4473: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4375: 4369: 4366: 4360: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4327: 4320: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4260: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4194: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4153: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4050: 4041: 4040: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4009: 3992: 3986: 3977: 3974: 3965: 3964: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3901: 3892: 3886: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3518: 3507: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3473: 3423: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3362: 3146: 3070:. The temple to 2979: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2916: 2892: 2884: 2857:eastern Chalukya 2714:Manukula Kesari 2704:Battle of Koppam 2649: 2648: 2617:, Sanga Varman, 2587:Mudigonda Cholan 2389:on Sumatra, and 2324:succeeded Mara. 2314:Chudamani Vihara 1986:Rajaraja Chola I 1880:and the capital 1845: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1782: 1758: 1750: 1702:Conquest of Pegu 1625:Conquest of the 1567: 1566: 1406: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1343: 1319: 1311: 1303: 1300: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1037: 1034: 990: 983: 976: 910:Chola literature 890:Chola government 830: 829: 728: 727: 551: 550: 536: 532: 529: 433: 430: 419: 418: 400: 399: 394: 346:(1014 – 1044 CE) 341:(992 – 1014 CE) 48: 21: 20: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5384: 5376: 5341: 5321: 5319:Further reading 5316: 5310: 5291: 5270: 5251: 5235:K. A. N. Sastri 5216: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5180: 5165: 5161: 5151: 5149: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5049: 5045: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4977: 4973: 4966: 4950: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4914: 4910: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4858: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4765: 4761: 4750: 4746: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4619: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4589: 4580: 4576: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4550: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4506: 4499: 4490: 4483: 4475:Abshire, Jean. 4474: 4467: 4460: 4456: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4347: 4343: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4197: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4121: 4111: 4109: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4051: 4044: 4028: 4022: 4018: 4010: 3995: 3987: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3925: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3908:. varalaaru.com 3902: 3895: 3887: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3818:10.2307/3250236 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3775: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3715:10.2307/2053272 3695: 3686: 3682:, pp. 228. 3678: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3647: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3510: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3434: 3427: 3424: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3398: 3389: 3386: 3377: 3363: 3354: 3323:Vembu Vikiraman 3305: 3288:The video game 3271: 3269:Popular culture 3238: 3184: 3147: 3144: 2989: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2917: 2915: 2905: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2874:Work and legacy 2647: 2627:Manukula Kesari 2615:Manukula Kesari 2606: 2556: 2528: 2496: 2479: 2375: 2336:Malay Peninsula 2291: 2278:Buddhist Vihara 2267: 2259:Main articles: 2257: 2191: 2156:Chandra dynasty 2128: 2112: 2106: 2066: 2004: 1998: 1941: 1935: 1892:in present-day 1846: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1783: 1781: 1771: 1759: 1748: 1746:Early campaigns 1743: 1685:Cholas annexed 1565: 1413: 1407: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1344: 1342: 1332: 1320: 1301: 1287: 1240: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1054:(Middle Tamil: 1047: 1042:Bringer of the 1041: 1038: 1035: 1027:(Middle Tamil: 994: 965: 964: 880: 872: 871: 827: 812: 811: 725: 715: 714: 585:Rajaditya Chola 548: 546:Medieval Cholas 534: 530: 520: 519: 431: 416: 342: 319: 308:Military career 267:Manukula Kesari 223: 220: 203: 182: 180: 135: 55: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5452: 5442: 5441: 5439:Chola generals 5436: 5431: 5426: 5424:Hindu monarchs 5421: 5416: 5411: 5409:Chola emperors 5395: 5394: 5389: 5386: 5377: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5345: 5339: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5295: 5289: 5274: 5269:978-9060236079 5268: 5255: 5249: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5159: 5133: 5108: 5083: 5058: 5043: 5028: 5021: 5001: 4994: 4980:John N. Miksic 4971: 4964: 4944: 4935: 4908: 4890: 4883: 4863: 4856: 4834: 4819: 4807: 4792: 4783: 4774: 4759: 4744: 4729: 4722: 4702: 4690: 4683: 4660: 4651: 4638: 4626: 4613: 4600: 4587: 4574: 4561: 4548: 4535: 4522: 4513: 4497: 4481: 4465: 4454: 4441: 4432: 4425: 4413:Coedès, George 4404: 4390: 4370: 4361: 4341: 4328: 4312: 4300: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4241:, p. 417. 4224: 4222:, p. 416. 4212: 4195: 4184: 4182:, p. 132. 4180:Karashima 2014 4172: 4160: 4158:, p. 411. 4148: 4137: 4119: 4094: 4081: 4072: 4065: 4042: 4016: 3993: 3989:R. C. Majumdar 3978: 3966: 3939:(2): 411–413. 3919: 3893: 3878: 3866: 3851: 3839: 3792: 3790:, p. 370. 3788:Karashima 2014 3780: 3773: 3744: 3709:(3): 405–419. 3684: 3667: 3652: 3645: 3622: 3615: 3601:John N. Miksic 3592: 3585: 3565: 3540: 3528: 3508: 3493: 3486: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3380: 3378: 3365:Sculptures of 3364: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3341:by Balakumaran 3336: 3326: 3316: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3286: 3279: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3237: 3234: 3183: 3180: 3142: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817:but lost over 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2731: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2605: 2602: 2567:Mummudi Cholan 2555: 2552: 2527: 2524: 2511:Tiruvannamalai 2495: 2492: 2478: 2475: 2431:Sejarah Melaya 2374: 2371: 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3243: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3228:The walls of 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130:Ottakoothar's 3127: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3076:Birds of Prey 3073: 3069: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2978: 2975: 2967: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2925: – 2924: 2920: 2919:Find sources: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2897:This section 2895: 2891: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2775:Rajamahendra 2774: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2735:Sanga Varman 2734: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2689:Rajadhiraja I 2687: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2515:Rajadhiraja I 2512: 2505: 2500: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399:Gangga Nagara 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2363:Sunda Straits 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2249:Cauvery Delta 2246: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2101: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:Chera Perumal 1916: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1844: 1841: 1833: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1791: – 1790: 1786: 1785:Find sources: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1768: 1763:This section 1761: 1757: 1752: 1751: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698:1023–1025 CE 1697: 1696: 1692: 1689:(Bengal) and 1688: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1627:Chera Kingdom 1624: 1622:1018–1019 CE 1621: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434:and southern 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1405: 1402: 1394: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1352: – 1351: 1347: 1346:Find sources: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1324:This section 1322: 1318: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1296: 1291: 1282: 1278: 1276: 1275:Thiruvathirai 1272: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1246:Depiction of 1244: 1235: 1233: 1232:Rajadhiraja I 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149:, he annexed 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1069:Conqueror of 1057: 1053: 1045: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:/rɑːdʒeɪndrə/ 1002: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 971: 969: 968: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 915:Flag of Chola 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 879:Chola society 876: 875: 866: 863: 862: 859: 856: 855: 851: 848: 847: 843: 840: 839: 835: 834:Telugu Chodas 832: 831: 823: 822: 819: 816: 815: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 793: 790: 789: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 765: 763: 760: 759: 755: 753: 752:Kulothunga II 750: 749: 745: 743: 740: 739: 735: 733: 730: 729: 724: 719: 718: 708: 706: 703: 702: 698: 696: 693: 692: 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 676: 673: 672: 668: 666: 663: 662: 658: 656: 653: 652: 648: 646: 643: 642: 638: 636: 633: 632: 628: 626: 623: 622: 618: 616: 613: 612: 608: 606: 603: 602: 598: 596: 593: 592: 588: 586: 583: 582: 578: 576: 573: 572: 568: 566: 563: 562: 558: 556: 553: 552: 547: 542: 541: 538: 535: 848 CE 526:Interregnum ( 524: 523: 514: 512: 509: 508: 505: 503: 502:Kochchenganan 500: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 487: 485: 482: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 451: 449: 446: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 426: 424: 421: 420: 415: 410: 409: 405: 402: 401: 393: 389: 385: 382: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 337: 333: 330:992 – 1044 CE 329: 325: 322: 318: 315: 311: 306: 303: 300: 298: 294: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278:Rajamahendran 277: 275: 272: 269: 266: 264: 263:Rajadhiraja I 261: 258: 257: 256: 254: 250: 244: 241: 238: 235: 232: 231: 230: 226: 218: 214: 210: 206: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 178: 174: 170: 167: 166:Rajadhiraja I 164: 160: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 139: 134: 129: 126: 125:Rajadhiraja I 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 98: 93: 90: 89:Rajadhiraja I 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 61:Chola Emperor 58: 53: 47: 42: 39: 37: 33: 27: 22: 19: 5414:1040s deaths 5379: 5355: 5352: 5328: 5299: 5279: 5259: 5239: 5225: 5204: 5195:Bibliography 5183:24 September 5181:. Retrieved 5177:the original 5172: 5162: 5150:. Retrieved 5145: 5136: 5124:. Retrieved 5120: 5111: 5074:. Retrieved 5070: 5061: 5052: 5046: 5037: 5031: 5011: 5004: 4984: 4974: 4954: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4917: 4911: 4893: 4873: 4866: 4847: 4837: 4810: 4801: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4762: 4753: 4747: 4738: 4732: 4712: 4705: 4673: 4654: 4646: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4603: 4595: 4590: 4582: 4577: 4569: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4516: 4508: 4492: 4476: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4444: 4435: 4416: 4407: 4395:. Retrieved 4380: 4373: 4364: 4356: 4353: 4344: 4336: 4331: 4323: 4303: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4239:Spencer 1976 4220:Spencer 1976 4215: 4191: 4187: 4175: 4170:, p. 3. 4163: 4156:Spencer 1976 4151: 4144: 4140: 4132: 4110:. Retrieved 4104: 4097: 4089: 4084: 4075: 4059:. Abc-Clio. 4055: 4036: 4032: 4019: 3936: 3932: 3922: 3910:. Retrieved 3891:, p. 2. 3869: 3842: 3809: 3805: 3795: 3783: 3756: 3747: 3706: 3702: 3635: 3605: 3595: 3575: 3568: 3556:. Retrieved 3552: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3496: 3477: 3471: 3438:Chola Empire 3344: 3338: 3329:Mannan Magal 3328: 3318: 3308: 3295: 3289: 3275: 3239: 3227: 3215:Chengalpattu 3212: 3182:Inscriptions 3171:Malay Annals 3169: 3162:Dhul-Qarnayn 3151: 3149: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3083: 3080:Wilbur Smith 3075: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049:Dharma Sasta 3034: 3030:Pala Dynasty 3023: 2970: 2961: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923:"Rajendra I" 2918: 2906:Please help 2901:verification 2898: 2865:Kulottunga I 2843:Ammangadevi 2796:Virarajendra 2785: 2706:against the 2659: 2639:Kulottunga I 2623:Virarajendra 2607: 2597: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2541: 2538:Inscriptions 2536:Middle Tamil 2508: 2504:Shiva Lingam 2480: 2455: 2430: 2412:, Kedah and 2379:Indian Ocean 2376: 2352: 2340:Khmer Empire 2326: 2318:Nagapattinam 2292: 2233: 2226:Sena Dynasty 2219: 2214: 2192: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2164: 2129: 2095: 2067: 2055: 2041:annexed the 2036: 2028:Anuradhapura 2021: 1982:Jayasimha II 1979: 1960: 1953: 1922: 1912: 1907: 1854:Rashtrakutas 1851: 1836: 1827: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1789:"Rajendra I" 1784: 1772:Please help 1767:verification 1764: 1597:993–1017 CE 1581:992–1008 CE 1553: 1549: 1533: 1525: 1514: 1503: 1494: 1486: 1468: 1464:Ganges river 1460:Chhattisgarh 1444: 1412: 1397: 1388: 1378: 1371: 1364: 1357: 1350:"Rajendra I" 1345: 1333:Please help 1328:verification 1325: 1305: 1295:Chola Empire 1279: 1268: 1257: 1229: 1217:North Africa 1205:Khmer Empire 1198: 1182:Chola Empire 1174:Pala dynasty 1171: 1142: 1111:Anuradhapura 1100: 1096:Indian Ocean 1055: 1051: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1009:Middle Tamil 1000: 999: 940:Melakadambur 852:of Karnataka 817: 802:Rajendra III 792:Rajaraja III 732:Kulothunga I 723:Later Cholas 705:Athirajendra 695:Virarajendra 685:Rajamahendra 595:Gandaraditya 525: 511:Perunarkilli 484:Killivalavan 414:Early Cholas 369: 339:Senathipathi 282:Virarajendra 270:Sanga Varman 245:Viramahadevi 190:(modern day 188:Chola Empire 97:Chola Empire 29: 18: 3276:TS Rajendra 3219:Tiruvadarai 3176:Minangkabau 3068:Trincomalee 2757:Rajendra II 2664:Death Date 2619:Rajendra II 2611:Rajadhiraja 2435:Raja Chulan 2426:Ainnurruvar 2395:Tambralinga 2342:were Hindu 2332:Tambralinga 2245:Kanchipuram 2207:V. Venkayya 2032:Polonnaruwa 2016:Trincomalee 1963:Satyashraya 1870:Tungabhadra 1730:, Kadaram ( 1451:Lakshadweep 1436:Maharashtra 1302: 1030 1159:Tambralinga 1017:Raja Chulan 842:Chodagangas 762:Rajaraja II 675:Rajendra II 665:Rajadhiraja 575:Parantaka I 439:Kulakkottan 344:Chakravarti 289:Ammangadevi 274:Rajendra II 205:Brahmadesam 181:26 July 971 152:Predecessor 133:Dakkinadesa 75:Predecessor 38:Konda Chola 5434:971 births 5403:Categories 5152:11 January 4391:0618386114 4339:p. 158-159 3812:(4): 306. 3464:References 3443:Chola Navy 3303:Literature 3078:(1997) by 3072:Bhadrakali 3043:and Agama 2934:newspapers 2878:See also: 2786:(Aged 60) 2781:1000 C.E. 2672:Rajarajan 2418:Manigramam 2197:and built 2165:The Tamil 2074:Kassapa VI 2039:Rajaraja I 1882:Manyakheta 1800:newspapers 1687:Vangadesam 1615:Kassapa VI 1420:Tamil Nadu 1361:newspapers 1306:Rajendra I 1260:Rajaraja I 1209:Song China 1135:Laccadives 1103:Chola Army 1087:Rajaraja I 1001:Rajendra I 900:Chola Navy 844:of Kalinga 655:Rajendra I 645:Rajaraja I 555:Vijayalaya 533: – c. 531: 200 475:Nalankilli 466:Nedunkilli 359:Rajaraja I 321:Chola Navy 317:Chola Army 239:Mukkokilan 192:Tamil Nadu 156:Kassapa VI 115:Rajaraja I 79:Rajaraja I 24:Rajendra I 5226:The Colas 5076:26 August 4931:Chitty... 3961:162962287 3953:0022-4634 3912:18 August 3826:0004-3648 3739:154741845 3723:1752-0401 3333:Sandilyan 3236:Officials 3223:Thanjavur 3178:royalty. 3120:bramadeya 3037:Thanjavur 3008:Thanjavur 2964:June 2023 2819:Srivijaya 2815:Sri Lanka 2803:1002 C.E 2784:1060 C.E 2696:994 C.E. 2678:988 C.E. 2477:Aftermath 2459:Kahuripan 2344:Shaivites 2298:Palembang 2294:Srivijaya 2282:Sriwijaya 2222:Kannadiga 2064:Aftermath 2057:Mahavamsa 1894:Telangana 1890:Hyderabad 1830:June 2023 1728:Srivijaya 1693:(Odisha) 1607:Sri Lanka 1573:Conquest 1517:Palembang 1506:Cuddalore 1479:Jharkhand 1455:Kavaratti 1432:Karnataka 1416:Aduthurai 1391:June 2022 1277:(Ardra). 1270:nakshatra 1151:Srivijaya 1123:Sri Lanka 1083:Thanjavur 1077:), was a 1013:Old Malay 955:Tiruvarur 950:Thanjavur 930:Poompuhar 836:of Andhra 806:1246–1279 796:1216–1256 786:1178–1218 776:1166–1178 766:1146–1173 756:1133–1150 746:1118–1135 736:1070–1120 709:1067–1070 699:1063–1070 689:1060–1063 679:1051–1063 669:1018–1054 659:1012–1044 427:205 BCE– 387:Signature 259:Rajarajan 184:Thanjavur 162:Successor 121:Successor 85:Successor 36:Rattapadi 32:Jayasimha 5173:TheGamer 4926:12240260 4397:23 April 4112:4 August 3558:3 August 3432:See also 3296:Rajendra 3143:— 3116:devadana 2852:Unknown 2849:Unknown 2846:Unknown 2835:Unknown 2832:Unknown 2829:Unknown 2778:Unknown 2764:997 C.E 2741:995 C.E 2720:994 C.E 2681:Unknown 2422:Ayyavole 2397:and the 2391:Malaiyur 2247:and the 2241:Brahmins 2238:Shaivite 2168:praśasti 2162:region. 2144:Mahipala 2051:Rajarata 1904:states: 1874:Banavasi 1868:and the 1719:1025 CE 1677:1023 CE 1672:Empire. 1666:Malkheda 1656:1020 CE 1640:1019 CE 1526:en route 1488:praśasti 1471:Gangetic 1447:Maldives 1424:Vanavasi 1304:, under 1221:Anatolia 1190:Shaivism 1139:Maldives 1137:and the 649:985–1014 605:Arinjaya 565:Aditya I 559:848–871? 457:Karikala 381:Hinduism 377:Religion 211:, India) 194:, India) 136:King of 131:King of 4310:, p 209 4298:, p 207 4014:, p 210 3834:3250236 3731:2053272 3371:Parvati 3352:Gallery 3209:, India 3194:, India 2987:Temples 2948:scholar 2655:Mother 2579:Pandyas 2571:Mummudi 2414:Tumasik 2383:Kadaram 2359:Malacca 2334:on the 2302:Sumatra 2274:Charter 2230:Mithila 2154:of the 2132:Kalinga 1927:Madurai 1886:Bhatkal 1866:Krishna 1862:Raichur 1814:scholar 1712:Myanmar 1650:Kalinga 1576:Result 1510:Sumatra 1375:scholar 1252:Parvati 1127:Kalinga 1119:Pandiya 1063: 1050:), and 1036: 935:Uraiyur 818:Related 742:Vikrama 639:971–987 629:966–971 619:950–980 609:955–956 599:949–962 589:935–949 579:907–955 569:871–907 423:Ellalan 313:Service 297:Dynasty 111:Emperor 5337: 5306: 5287: 5266: 5247: 5212: 5126:1 June 5019: 4992: 4962: 4924: 4902: 4881: 4854: 4720: 4681: 4649:p. 326 4611:p. 226 4572:p. 564 4559:p. 325 4533:p. 159 4423: 4388: 4308:Sastri 4296:Sastri 4135:, p166 4092:, p165 4063: 4012:Sastri 3959: 3951: 3832: 3824: 3771: 3737: 3729: 3721: 3643: 3613: 3583: 3484: 3313:Akilan 3045:sastra 2950: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2728:Cheras 2667:Notes 2658:Birth 2604:Family 2583:Cheras 2575:Cholas 2554:Titles 2548:Kanchi 2544:Saivas 2463:Kediri 2443:Lamuri 2387:Pannai 2367:Pannai 2355:piracy 2182:tirtha 2177:viṣaya 2160:Bastar 2078:Pandya 1915:Pandya 1878:Mysore 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1787: 1732:Keddah 1522:Pannai 1475:Odisha 1440:Kerala 1377: 1370: 1363: 1356: 1348: 1213:Arabia 1194:stupas 1131:Vengai 1044:Ganges 635:Uttama 365:Mother 355:Father 228:Spouse 216:Burial 138:Ruhuna 4624:p.158 4598:p. 71 4585:p. 43 4546:p. 69 4495:p. 16 4479:p. 17 4039:(12). 4029:(PDF) 3957:S2CID 3830:JSTOR 3735:S2CID 3727:JSTOR 3367:Shiva 3041:Vastu 2955:JSTOR 2941:books 2859:King 2811:Kedah 2660:Date 2652:Name 2645:Issue 2494:Death 2471:Malay 2465:, in 2451:Atiśa 2439:Perak 2410:Ligor 2082:Chera 1971:Vengi 1949:Kolar 1925:with 1902:Kolar 1900:from 1898:Tamil 1821:JSTOR 1807:books 1613:king 1570:Year 1498:Shiva 1382:JSTOR 1368:books 1248:Shiva 1155:Kedah 1115:Chera 1079:Chola 1071:Kedah 404:Chola 370:alias 302:Chola 253:Issue 144:Reign 103:Reign 67:Reign 5335:ISBN 5304:ISBN 5285:ISBN 5264:ISBN 5245:ISBN 5210:ISBN 5185:2023 5154:2018 5128:2016 5078:2023 5017:ISBN 4990:ISBN 4960:ISBN 4922:OCLC 4900:ISBN 4879:ISBN 4852:ISBN 4718:ISBN 4679:ISBN 4511:p.43 4452:p.35 4421:ISBN 4399:2012 4386:ISBN 4114:2015 4061:ISBN 3949:ISSN 3914:2020 3822:ISSN 3769:ISBN 3719:ISSN 3641:ISBN 3611:ISBN 3581:ISBN 3560:2023 3482:ISBN 3369:and 3118:and 3100:and 2927:news 2589:and 2581:and 2519:sati 2467:Java 2424:and 2385:and 2361:and 2263:and 2140:Pala 2080:and 2010:The 1917:and 1793:news 1708:Pegu 1691:Odda 1629:and 1534:kasu 1449:and 1422:and 1354:news 1293:The 1250:and 1223:and 1163:Pegu 1161:and 1129:and 1117:and 1060:lit. 1033:lit. 335:Rank 199:Died 176:Born 4942:p 9 3941:doi 3814:doi 3761:doi 3711:doi 3373:at 3331:by 3321:by 3311:by 3160:as 3066:in 3006:in 2998:at 2910:by 2437:of 2316:in 2280:in 2072:as 2014:in 1776:by 1337:by 1085:to 5405:: 5356:18 5351:, 5171:. 5144:. 5119:. 5086:^ 5069:. 4928:. 4822:^ 4693:^ 4663:^ 4500:^ 4484:^ 4468:^ 4357:24 4352:, 4315:^ 4227:^ 4198:^ 4122:^ 4045:^ 4035:. 4031:. 3996:^ 3981:^ 3969:^ 3955:. 3947:. 3937:13 3935:. 3931:. 3896:^ 3881:^ 3854:^ 3828:. 3820:. 3810:37 3808:. 3804:. 3767:. 3755:. 3733:. 3725:. 3717:. 3707:35 3705:. 3701:. 3687:^ 3670:^ 3655:^ 3625:^ 3551:. 3511:^ 2867:. 2821:. 2613:, 2593:. 2577:, 2420:, 2350:. 2320:. 2300:, 1992:. 1714:) 1609:, 1299:c. 1227:. 1219:, 1215:, 1169:. 1157:, 1153:, 1058:; 1031:; 1023:, 1015:: 1007:; 528:c. 429:c. 186:, 5343:. 5312:. 5293:. 5272:. 5253:. 5218:. 5187:. 5156:. 5130:. 5080:. 5025:. 4998:. 4968:. 4906:. 4887:. 4860:. 4726:. 4687:. 4429:. 4401:. 4116:. 4069:. 4037:4 3963:. 3943:: 3916:. 3836:. 3816:: 3777:. 3763:: 3741:. 3713:: 3649:. 3619:. 3589:. 3562:. 3505:. 3490:. 3298:. 3285:. 3092:( 3010:. 2977:) 2971:( 2966:) 2962:( 2952:· 2945:· 2938:· 2931:· 2904:. 2284:. 2184:) 1843:) 1837:( 1832:) 1828:( 1818:· 1811:· 1804:· 1797:· 1770:. 1710:( 1500:. 1404:) 1398:( 1393:) 1389:( 1379:· 1372:· 1365:· 1358:· 1331:. 1075:' 1066:' 1048:' 1039:' 1003:( 989:e 982:t 975:v 537:) 54:)

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