Rail transport - Knowledge

1372: 3241: 2019: 2030:. Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains provide long-distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services, operating with a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right-of-way requirements, and service frequency. Service frequencies are often expressed as a number of trains per hour (tph). Passenger trains can usually be into two types of operation, intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours). 845: 3426: 1259: 2333: 837: 3517: 1703: 44: 3580: 3019: 712: 8432: 3795: 2840: 492: 117: 2568: 3559: 3601: 2290: 1507: 2916:, altering train schedules or routes) must be closely followed. In addition, passenger safety during maintenance work (inter-track fencing, proper storage of materials, track work notices, hazards of equipment near states) must be regarded at all times. At times, maintenance access problems can emerge due to tunnels, elevated structures, and congested cityscapes. Here, specialised equipment or smaller versions of conventional maintenance gear are used. 3434:

between public cost and a given railway system's performance, and also reveal differences in the value that countries receive in return for their public cost. Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland capture relatively high value for their money, while Luxembourg, Belgium, Latvia, Slovakia, Portugal, Romania, and Bulgaria underperform relative to the average ratio of performance to cost among European countries.

2342: 3706: 3643: 3622: 1549: 1021: 3809: 2070: 3454: 3664: 3685: 3475: 3496: 3538: 973:, enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to the era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron. Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads. The Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel, which caused the steel to become brittle with age. The 2186: 2801:

government agency or company – with open access to the tracks for any company that meets safety requirements. In such cases, the state may choose to provide the tracks free of charge, or for a fee that does not cover all costs. This is seen as analogous to the government providing free access to roads. For passenger operations, a direct subsidy may be paid to a public-owned operator, or

3781: 2887:, the trains run on dedicated railway lines without any level crossings. This is an important element in the safety of the system as it effectively eliminates the potential for collision with automobiles, other vehicles, or pedestrians, and greatly reduces the probability of collision with other trains. Another benefit is that services on the inter-city network remain punctual. 2536: 3064:

stations, clocks in public places, and pocket watches for railway workers and travellers. Trains followed exact schedules and never left early, whereas in the premodern era, passenger ships left whenever the captain had enough passengers. In the premodern era, local time was set at noon, when the sun was at its highest; this changed with the introduction of standard

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promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24, brakemen at 25, freight conductor at 27, and passenger conductor at age 57. White-collar career paths likewise were delineated: educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters, acquiring additional knowledge, experience, and

3072:, were essential for train crews, the maintenance workers, the station personnel, and for the repair and maintenance crews. The structure of railway timetables were later adapted for different uses, such as schedules for buses, ferries, and airplanes, for radio and television programmes, for school schedules, and for factory time clocks. 969:. The softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years. Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to the replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all-iron rails. The introduction of the 2313:, bridges and tunnels – all of which can greatly increase the capital expenditures required to develop a right-of-way, while significantly reducing operating costs and allowing higher speeds on longer radius curves. In densely urbanised areas, railways are sometimes laid in tunnels to minimise the effects on existing properties. 2928:

train service, origination/destination, seasonal impacts), a line's capacity (length, terrain, number of tracks, types of train control), trains throughput (max speeds, acceleration/ deceleration rates), and service features with shared passenger-freight tracks (sidings, terminal capacities, switching routes, and design type).

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South Africa, northern Africa and Argentina have extensive rail networks, but some railways elsewhere in Africa and South America are isolated lines. Australia has a generally sparse network befitting its population density but has some areas with significant networks, especially in the southeast. In

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Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing trend to split up railway companies, with companies owning the rolling stock separated from those owning the infrastructure. This is particularly true in Europe, where this arrangement is required by the European Union. This has allowed open access by any

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services are intercity rail services that have top speeds higher than conventional intercity trains but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure to support trains that can operate safely

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An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from SNCF of France after World War II. The company conducted trials at AC 50 Hz, and established it as a standard. Following SNCF's successful trials, 50 Hz, now also called industrial frequency was adopted as standard for

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A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local

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and from Europe, especially Britain. About 10 percent of the funding came from the government, particularly in the form of land grants that were realized upon completion of a certain amount of trackage. The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds, and by 1860, New York was the

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A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along the track. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load, although non-revenue cars exist for the railway's own use, such as for

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founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. Sulzer had been manufacturing diesel engines since 1898. The Prussian State Railways ordered a diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the

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Hiring, firing, and wage rates were set not by foremen, but by central administrators, to minimize favouritism and personality conflicts. Everything was done by the book, whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance, and exactly

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the energies of a generation, for it required all the new machinery to be created – capital, banks, mines, furnaces, shops, power-houses, technical knowledge, mechanical population, together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits, ideas, and institutions to fit the

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Historically, railways have been considered central to modernity and ideas of progress. The process of modernization in the 19th century involved a transition from a spatially oriented world to a time-oriented world. Timekeeping became of heightened importance, resulting in clock towers for railway

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where capacity is disaggregated into unlinked trips over individual route segments, railway capacity is fundamentally considered a network system. As a result, many components are causes and effects of system disruptions. Maintenance must acknowledge the vast array of a route's performance (type of

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The electrification system provides electrical energy to the trains, so they can operate without a prime mover on board. This allows lower operating costs, but requires large capital investments along the lines. Mainline and tram systems normally have overhead wires, which hang from poles along the

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Periodically, ballast must be removed and replaced with clean ballast to ensure adequate drainage. Culverts and other passages for water must be kept clear lest water is impounded by the trackbed, causing landslips. Where trackbeds are placed along rivers, additional protection is usually placed to

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Spikes in wooden ties can loosen over time, but split and rotten ties may be individually replaced with new wooden ties or concrete substitutes. Concrete ties can also develop cracks or splits, and can also be replaced individually. Should the rails settle due to soil subsidence, they can be lifted

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use under-riding magnets which attract themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway and this line has achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances. Due to their heightened speeds, route alignments for

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Due to these benefits, rail transport is a major form of passenger and freight transport in many countries. It is ubiquitous in Europe, with an integrated network covering virtually the whole continent. In India, China, South Korea and Japan, many millions use trains as regular transport. In North

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amounts to about 8.8 kWh (32 MJ), equating to an average of 441 Wh (1,590 kJ) per passenger-km. This compares to a modern train with an average occupancy of 20% and a consumption of about 8.5 kW⋅h/km (31 MJ/km; 13.7 kW⋅h/mi), equating to 21.5 Wh (77 kJ)

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required many trainloads of munitions a day. Conversely, owing to their strategic value, rail yards and bridges in Germany and occupied France were major targets of Allied air raids during World War II. Rail transport and infrastructure continues to play an important role in present-day conflicts

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than other dominant modes of transport. If the railway company is state-owned, the state may simply provide direct subsidies in exchange for increased production. If operations have been privatised, several options are available. Some countries have a system where the infrastructure is owned by a

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specialized for the type of goods. Freight trains are very efficient, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency. However, their use can be reduced by lack of flexibility, if there is need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the points of pick-up and delivery.

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has the end passenger car equipped with a driver's cab so that the engine driver can remotely control the locomotive. This allows one of the locomotive-hauled train's drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the front of the train each time the train changes direction. A

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The development of railroads led to the emergence of private-sector careers for both blue-collar workers and white-collar workers. Railroading became a lifetime career for young men; women were almost never hired. A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop labourer, be

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According to the 2017 European Railway Performance Index for intensity of use, quality of service and safety performance, the top tier European national rail systems consists of Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Austria, Sweden, and France. Performance levels reveal a positive correlation

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which generate low friction, trains are uniquely susceptible to collision since they frequently operate at speeds that do not enable them to stop quickly or within the driver's sighting distance; road vehicles, which encounter a higher level of friction between their rubber tyres and the road

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to Austria during the 1840s angered locals because of the noise, smell, and pollution caused by the trains and the damage to homes and the surrounding land caused by the engine's soot and fiery embers; and since most travel did not occur over long distances, few people utilized the new line.

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Railroads form an efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market; their development thus was beneficial to many aspects of a nation's economy, including manufacturing, retail and wholesale, agriculture, and finance. By the 1940s, the United States had an

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required for the signalman to operate switches and signal equipment. These are placed at various intervals along the route of a railway, controlling specified sections of track. More recent technological developments have made such operational doctrine superfluous, with the centralization of

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Railway tracks are laid upon land owned or leased by the railway company. Owing to the desirability of maintaining modest grades, in hilly or mountainous terrain rails will often be laid in circuitous routes . Route length and grade requirements can be reduced by the use of alternating

2997:, electric trains seem to be on average 20 times more efficient than automobiles for transportation of passengers, if we consider energy spent per passenger-distance with similar occupation ratios. Considering an automobile with a consumption of around 6 L/100 km (47 mpg 3142:

dominant financial market. The British invested heavily in railroads around the world, but nowhere more than in the United States; the total bond value reached about $ 3 billion by 1914. However, in 1914–1917, the British liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies.

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are special inter-city trains that operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways, the limit being regarded at 200 to 350 kilometres per hour (120 to 220 mph). High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia.

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The use of different track gauges in different regions of the world, and sometimes within the same country, can impede the movement of passengers and freight. Often elaborate transfer mechanisms are installed where two lines of different gauge meet to facilitate movement across the

2757:, operate as tenants on the freight lines. Consequently, operations must be closely synchronized and coordinated between freight and passenger railroads, with passenger trains often being dispatched by the host freight railroad. Due to this shared system, both are regulated by the 2444:

The track guides the conical, flanged wheels, keeping the cars on the track without active steering and therefore allowing trains to be much longer than road vehicles. The rails and ties are usually placed on a foundation made of compressed earth on top of which is placed a bed of

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to separate the platform from train tracks. These prevent unauthorised incursion on to the train tracks which can result in accidents that cause serious harm or death, as well as providing other benefits such as preventing litter build up on the tracks which can pose a fire risk.

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in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. The locomotive weight was 95 tonnes and the power was 883 kW with a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through the mid-1920s. The

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in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. By the middle of the nineteenth century most european countries had military uses for railways.

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and tunnelling requirements). Since lateral forces act on curves, curvatures are designed with the highest possible radius. All these features are dramatically different from freight operations, thus justifying exclusive high-speed rail lines if it is economically feasible.

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through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of multiple-unit train control in 1897. By the early 1900s most street railways were electrified.

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These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side until well into the early 19th century. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became the standard for railways.

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surface, have much shorter braking distances. Most forms of train control involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for each section of a rail network to the train crew. Not all methods require the use of signals, and some systems are specific to

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in the early 19th century also was crucial for the development and operation of railroad networks. If bad weather disrupted the system, telegraphers relayed immediate corrections and updates throughout the system. Additionally, most railroads were single-track, with

1753:. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short-haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines. 1233:. This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, and much of Europe. The first public railway which used only steam locomotives, all the time, was 3414:

In 2010, annual rail spending in China was ¥840 billion (US$ 173 billion in 2019), from 2014 to 2017 China had an annual target of ¥800 billion (US$ 164 billion in 2019) and planned to spend ¥3.5 trillion (US$ 30 trillion in 2019) over 2016–2020.

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Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than those common in other industries at the time. Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads. The leading American innovators were the

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examined it in 1888 and described it as a "Priestman oil engine mounted upon a truck which is worked on a temporary line of rails to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes." In 1894, a 20 hp (15 kW) two axle machine built by

3042:, due to increased preference of other modes, particularly automobiles and airplanes. However, implementing new and improved ways such as making it easily accessible within neighborhoods can aid in reducing commuters from using private vehicles and airplanes. 1068:. Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston, raising the possibility of a smaller engine that might be used to power a vehicle. Following his patent, Watt's employee 3050:, in Tibet, partly running over permafrost territory. Western Europe has the highest railway density in the world and many individual trains there operate through several countries despite technical and organizational differences in each national network. 2114:

translates to higher horsepower-to-ton ratios (e.g. 20 horsepower per short ton or 16 kilowatts per tonne); this allows trains to accelerate and maintain higher speeds and negotiate steep grades as momentum builds up and recovered in downgrades (reducing

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Rail corrugation is a common issue with transit systems due to the high number of light-axle, wheel passages which result in grinding of the wheel/rail interface. Since maintenance may overlap with operations, maintenance windows (nighttime hours,

3134:. Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories: in 1860, the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $ 1.8 billion; in 1897, it reached $ 10.6 billion (compared to a total national debt of $ 1.2 billion). 940:

in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron, usually simply referred to as "iron", was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But iron was expensive to produce until

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is a yard which is exclusively used for loading and unloading cargo. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing tickets and food. Smaller stations typically only consist of a

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is a driverless, grade-separated train that serves only a few stations, as a shuttle. Due to the lack of uniformity of rapid transit systems, route alignment varies, with diverse rights-of-way (private land, side of road, street median) and

921:, Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge rails. Jessop became a partner in the Butterley Company in 1790. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was 2471:. This reduces the forces tending to displace the track and makes for a more comfortable ride for standing livestock and standing or seated passengers. A given amount of superelevation is most effective over a limited range of speeds. 6756: 5668: 1961:

motors. Under certain conditions, electric locomotives are the most powerful traction. They are also the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the

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in 1807. Horses remained the preferable mode for tram transport even after the arrival of steam engines until the end of the 19th century, because they were cleaner compared to steam-driven trams which caused smoke in city streets.

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asset, railways must keep up with periodic inspection and maintenance to minimise the effect of infrastructure failures that can disrupt freight revenue operations and passenger services. Because passengers are considered the most

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began to replace the Bessemer process near the end of the 19th century, improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs. Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails, becoming standard for all railways.

750:) using wooden rails, hauled by horses, started appearing in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and from mines and soon became popular in Europe. Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by 4849: 781:, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about one-half mile (800 m) away. A funicular railway was also made at 1966:

and the supporting infrastructure, as well as the generating station that is needed to produce electricity. Accordingly, electric traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail.

1526:, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high-voltage national networks. 758:. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons 5092:

In one sense a dock authority was the earliest user of an oil-engined locomotive, for it was at the Hull docks of the North Eastern Railway that the Priestman locomotive put in its short period of service in

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is an intracity system built in large cities and has the highest capacity of any passenger transport system. It is usually grade-separated and commonly built underground or elevated. At street level, smaller

6531:"ANNEX to Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail" 6908: 6501: 1202:

machine. Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive

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to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the

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signalling operations to regional control rooms. This has been facilitated by the increased use of computers, allowing vast sections of track to be monitored from a single location. The common method of

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prevent streambank erosion during times of high water. Bridges require inspection and maintenance, since they are subject to large surges of stress in a short period of time when a heavy train crosses.

953:, which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails. The next important development in iron production was 6268:

Lytton, Henry D (1 April 1983). "Bombing Policy in the Rome and Pre-Normandy Invasion Aerial Campaigns of World War II: Bridge-Bombing Strategy Vindicated – and Railyard-Bombing Strategy Invalidated".

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transport, functioning at speeds up to and above 300 km/h (190 mph), has been built in Japan, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China), the

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Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to Somewhere: Rethinking American Transportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.

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A small double cylinder engine has been mounted upon a truck, which is worked on a temporary line of rails, in order to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes, on tramways

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in the northeast of England, which became the first public steam railway in the world in 1825, although it used both horse power and steam power on different runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive

6564: 1491:. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide 6699: 1522:

line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed the

824:, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in the Americas was built in 4297: 6763: 1060:, powering cotton mills and a variety of machinery; the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low-pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder, which required a separate 5660: 2967:

In addition, the presence of track guiding the wheels allows for very long trains to be pulled by one or a few engines and driven by a single operator, even around curves, which allows for

2482:(common crossing), check rails and two switch rails. The switch rails may be moved left or right, under the control of the signalling system, to determine which path the train will follow. 1628:

electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the

6586: 2716:, with trains only operating out from one direction. Smaller stations normally serve local residential areas, and may have connection to feeder bus services. Large stations, in particular 1480:

developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in

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American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association Committee 24 – Education and Training. (2003). Practical Guide to Railway Engineering. AREMA, 2nd Ed.

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are private railroad companies chartered by their respective national governments. As private passenger services declined because of competition from cars and airlines, they became

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integrated national market comparable in size to that of Europe, but free of internal barriers or tariffs, and supported by a common language, financial system, and legal system.

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The ballast also serves as a means of drainage. Some more modern track in special areas is attached directly without ballast. Track may be prefabricated or assembled in place. By

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have argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the

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A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. These are used for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul passenger trains. A

2650:(AC). The most common DC voltages are 600 and 750 V for tram and rapid transit systems, and 1,500 and 3,000 V for mainlines. The two dominant AC systems are 2620:

divides the track into zones guarded by combinations of block signals, operating rules, and automatic-control devices so that only one train may be in a block at any time.

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addition to the previously existing east–west transcontinental line in Australia, a line from north to south has been constructed. The highest railway in the world is the

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Jean Denis G.G Lepage, Military Trains and Railways: an illustrated history, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2017. Print. pp. 9-11.

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new scale and suit the new conditions. The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways, and no one knew it better than the generation itself.

2851:, the fatality risk for passengers and occupants on European railways is 28 times lower when compared with car usage (based on data by EU-27 member nations, 2008–2010). 1919:

on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons, although many are preserved in working order by

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high-speed rail tend to have broader curves than conventional railways, but may have steeper grades that are more easily climbed by trains with large kinetic energy.

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and wheel than in road transport, leading to greater energy efficiency. Trains have a smaller frontal area in relation to the load they are carrying, which reduces

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means of mechanized land transport. The tracks provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train can roll with a relatively low level of friction.

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represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low or even zero transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs allow trains to handle

1110:, but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use. 6666: 6491: 2855:

Some trains travel faster than road vehicles. They are heavy and unable to deviate from the track, and have longer stopping distances. Possible accidents include

2789:). Freight revenue may be sold per container slot or for a whole train. Sometimes, the shipper owns the cars and only rents the haulage. For passenger transport, 6909:"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Consolidated Financial Statements With Report of Independent Auditors" 6876: 2464:, additional wear and tear on rolling stock caused by the small surface gap at the joints between rails can be counteracted; this also makes for a quieter ride. 1340:

opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first tram line in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric

4555: 3274:, allowing for the quick and efficient transport of large numbers of reservists to their mustering-points, and infantry soldiers to the front lines. So-called 3208:" and as such developed their franchised bus system and road infrastructure in comprehensive alignment with their rail services. China's large cities such as 1832:

Traditionally, trains are pulled using a locomotive. This involves one or more powered vehicles being located at the front of the train, providing sufficient

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Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than a short section. The 106 km

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Although steam and diesel services reaching speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) were started before the 1960s in Europe, they were not very successful.

1297:. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the 2050:

are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds.

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warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains. Another method used to increase safety is the addition of

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Rail transport can be important for military activity. During the 1860s, railways provided a means for rapid movement of troops and supplies during the

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and usually operate at higher speeds, steeper grades, and higher capacity/frequency, their lines are especially important. Inspection practices include

2422:. Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. 2823:

of Amtrak either with a cash entrance fee or relinquishing their locomotives and rolling stock. The government subsidises Amtrak by supplying start-up

1320:, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 volts DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with an 6695: 2441:

which defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures.

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Christopher R. Gabel, "Railroad Generalship: Foundations of Civil War Strategy" (Army Command And General Staff College, Combat Studies Inst, 1997)

1500: 1495:, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with 4293: 3873: 2781:

revenue (for passenger transport) and shipment fees for cargo. Discounts and monthly passes are sometimes available for frequent travellers (e.g.

8468: 8156: 6593: 5764: 1660: 1469:, were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor 676:

from around 600 BC. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Paved trackways were also later built in

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Precursors of railways driven by human or animal power have existed since antiquity, but modern rail transport began with the invention of the

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and other engines small enough to fit under the coach. There are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains.

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train operator to any portion of the European railway network. In the UK, the railway track is state owned, with a public controlled body (

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at each level. Being very hard to replace, they were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care.

765:

There are many references to their use in central Europe in the 16th century. Such a transport system was later used by German miners at

5070: 3220:

recognize rail transit lines as the framework and bus lines as the main body to their metropolitan transportation systems. The Japanese

3038:

America, freight rail transport is widespread and heavily used, but intercity passenger rail transport is relatively scarce outside the

7101: 6129:

Hu, Hua; Gao, Yun-Feng; Liu, Zhi-Gang; Yang, Xiao-Guang (2010). "Effect of integrated multi-modal transit information on modal shift".

5302: 4369: 4459: 2908:

or walking inspection. Curve maintenance especially for transit services includes gauging, fastener tightening, and rail replacement.

2478:– are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track. Laid similar to normal track, a point typically consists of a 1775:

in its design. While high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service.

5695: 5022: 3823: 3005:) of fuel, the average car in Europe has an occupancy of around 1.2 passengers per automobile (occupation ratio around 24%) and that 1836:

to haul the weight of the full train. This arrangement remains dominant for freight trains and is often used for passenger trains. A

4153: 3422:

are subsidized by around ₹260 billion (US$ 5 billion in 2019), of which around 60% goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips.

6198: 1675:" switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929. 1403: 559:

and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety.

474: 466: 5811:

Schivelbusch, G. (1986) The Railway Journey: Industrialization and Perception of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Oxford: Berg.

4618: 3240: 5884: 3762: 2379: 2359: 2988: 1336:, England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883, 887:

colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by

6536:(Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment). Brussels: European Commission. 2013. pp. 6, 44, 45. Archived from 6073:

Alfred D. Chandler and Stephen Salsbury. "The railroads: Innovators in modern business administration." in Bruce Mazlish, ed.,

3288: 3184:

what their rank and pay would be. By the 1880s, career railroaders began retiring, and pension systems were invented for them.

2375: 2363: 617:. Following some decline due to competition from cars and airplanes, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to 520: 5107:

From Steam to Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry

4972: 8789: 8078: 6959: 6945: 6179: 6146: 5539: 5339: 5216: 5172: 5147: 5122: 4940: 4912: 4762: 4535: 4504: 4439: 4400: 4353: 4328: 4260: 3292: 2371: 1682:

became the first North American railway to use diesels in mainline service with two units, 9000 and 9001, from Westinghouse.

470: 6641: 4130: 4040: 4004: 2018: 8070: 5717: 5272: 3893: 3883: 3192:

Railways contribute to social vibrancy and economic competitiveness by transporting multitudes of customers and workers to

2026:

A passenger train stops at stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a

614: 462: 5594: 9297: 8461: 3971:

Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on

6670: 4063: 5235: 1278:(batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery-electric locomotive. Davidson later built a larger locomotive named 3351:

There has also been some opposition to the development of railway networks. For instance, the arrival of railways and

655:

since prehistoric times. In some cases, they were narrow and in pairs to support only the wheels. That is, they were

6370:

Bryant, Chad (April 2009). "Into an Uncertain Future: Railroads and Vormärz Liberalism in Brno, Vienna, and Prague".

6104: 4551: 3152: 2766: 2551:

are in use on the world's railroads. These devices use technologies that vary from a simplistic paddle and switch to

1601: 1337: 5408: 3769:

was around US$ 1.4 billion. By 2018, appropriated funding had increased to approximately US$ 1.9 billion.

9262: 8283: 8202: 7248: 6997: 3311:

expansion, indicative of the U.S. transportation policy post-World War II, which instead encourages development of

2655: 2651: 1985:

are built to run as diesel–electric on unelectrified sections and as electric locomotives on electrified sections.

1345: 1325: 1234: 458: 4393:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

1087:. This used high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large 6788: 5365: 3878: 3868: 2758: 2043: 1610: 1220: 571: 1856:. Multiple units have a driver's cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to build 586:

costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city.

8454: 7094: 3113:

The impact can be examined through five aspects: shipping, finance, management, careers, and popular reaction.

2942: 2629: 2303: 1978: 1954: 1633: 1283: 1253: 849: 310: 150: 90: 6980: 5571: 2202:

Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to its efficiency and to reduce road traffic.

7887: 7255: 6351:

Squires, G. Ed. (2002) Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Institute Press.

2993:

Considering only the energy spent to move the means of transport, and using the example of the urban area of

2806: 2743: 2724:

for the city, and have transfer available between rail services, and to rapid transit, tram or bus services.

2401: 2269:

much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in

1768: 1426: 1392: 1298: 403: 3224:

was built to meet the growing traffic demand in the "heart of Japan's industry and economy" situated on the

2582:

box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches.

1664: 1240:

Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century.

8870: 8746: 8311: 8273: 7205: 7118: 6789:"The evolution of public funding to the rail sector in 5 European countries – a comparison" 4431:

Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society

2742:) running, maintaining and developing the track, while Train Operating Companies have run the trains since 2595:

is a system used to control railway traffic safely to prevent trains from colliding. Being guided by fixed

2212:

reduces costs. Containers can easily be transshipped between other modes, such as ships and trucks, and at

2034:

are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a

1772: 1387:, the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using a 6018:

Jenks, Leland H. (1951). "Capital Movement and Transportation: Britain and American Railway Development".

2142:

are upgraded trams that have step-free access, their own right-of-way and sometimes sections underground.

875:

A system was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates, which came to be known as

844: 743:. The line is still operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway. 593:

began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by

8357: 7449: 7347: 5492: 4036: 3923: 3284: 3156: 2467:

On curves, the outer rail may be at a higher level than the inner rail. This is called superelevation or

2209: 2164: 1360: 990: 903:, a double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London. 258: 253: 8799: 8680: 8321: 8212: 8135: 8120: 7243: 5191:, Lemp, Hermann, "Controlling mechanism for internal-combustion engines", issued 1915-09-28 5114: 3913: 3138: 2027: 1679: 1641: 1564: 1434: 1329: 1309: 1293:, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple 1267: 1156: 1025: 513: 305: 5744: 5516: 5514: 5188: 1949:

in the locomotive converts the high-voltage low-current power to low-voltage high current used in the

932:

Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The

8985: 8782: 8253: 8243: 8089: 7980: 7087: 6172:

The Shinkansen High-Speed Rail Network of Japan: Proceedings of an IIASA Conference, June 27–30, 1977

3918: 3908: 3888: 3833: 3130:

Financing of railroads provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private (non-governmental)

2802: 2351: 1982: 1609:

operated three experimental units of different designs since late 1925, though only one of them (the

1454: 1061: 872:

could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use that allowed for switching.

642: 606: 418: 413: 408: 270: 127: 35: 17: 3425: 2220:(wagon-load), where the cargo had to be loaded and unloaded into the train manually. The intermodal 1371: 1258: 9219: 8278: 5790: 5511: 4446:

RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.

3928: 2310: 1974: 1761: 1430: 1191:, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the 433: 369: 165: 31: 6461: 5631: 1636:

control systems. In 1914, world's first functional diesel–electric railcars were produced for the

574:, opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the 9292: 9287: 9257: 8970: 8811: 8509: 8382: 8342: 8288: 7011:

Imperial Technology and 'Native'Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850–1920

7002:

Freeman, Michael. "The Railway as Cultural Metaphor: 'What Kind of Railway History?' Revisited."

6312: 4600: 4461:

The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport

2956:. The track distributes the weight of the train evenly, allowing significantly greater loads per 2848: 2530: 2514: 2208:

have become widely used in many places for general freight, particularly in North America, where

2083: 1718: 1181: 925:

in 1796. Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers.

590: 438: 398: 320: 6850: 6096: 4904: 2547:

The inspection of railway equipment is essential for the safe movement of trains. Many types of

1449:

West, a distance of 280 km (170 mi). Using experience he had gained while working for

1205: 965:

or charcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron was a soft material that contained slag or

9129: 8953: 8885: 8700: 8040: 8020: 7764: 7759: 7511: 6399:"Can urban rail transit systems alleviate air pollution? Empirical evidence from Beijing: XXXX" 4823: 4161: 3316: 2952:

A typical modern wagon can hold up to 113 tonnes (125 short tons) of freight on two four-wheel

2596: 2461: 2383: 2322: 2262: 2180: 1888: 1649: 1568: 1523: 1496: 1225: 958: 950: 914: 732: 659:

or tracks. Some had grooves or flanges or other mechanical means to keep the wheels on track.

428: 325: 194: 132: 6830: 6537: 3068:. Printed timetables were a convenience for travellers, but more elaborate timetables, called 2617: 1100:. Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in 9109: 9089: 8855: 8397: 8377: 8192: 8025: 7685: 7367: 7173: 6293: 5110: 4527: 4521: 3393: 3340: 3278:

were or are constructed for a primarily military purpose. The Western Front in France during

3205: 3164: 3069: 2876: 2387: 2103: 1938: 1656: 1466: 1458: 1313: 1294: 946: 579: 506: 443: 7021: 6062:

The man who found the money: John Stewart Kennedy and the financing of the western railroads

5306: 4377: 4071:

Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference

1543: 9059: 8775: 8514: 8504: 8494: 8372: 8337: 8065: 8035: 7990: 7801: 7680: 7394: 7357: 7178: 4468: 3858: 3245: 3076: 2796:

Governments may choose to give subsidies to rail operation, since rail transport has fewer

2700:

Platforms are used to allow easy access to the trains, and are connected to each other via

2518: 1645: 1349: 1136: 1053: 910: 836: 802: 747: 697: 448: 5691: 5033: 2486:

by specialized machinery and additional ballast tamped under the ties to level the rails.

2418:(ties) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or 2332: 2167:

has similar-sized cars to accommodate curves in the trans-Hudson tunnels. San Francisco's

1671:. General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in the 1930s (the famous " 1477: 1308:

demonstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. The world's first electric tram line,

8: 9134: 8906: 8685: 8590: 8557: 8412: 8392: 8207: 7902: 7781: 7574: 7569: 7265: 7215: 7163: 6119:

Hong Kong Information Services Department of the Hong Kong SAR Government. Hong Kong 2009

3843: 3711: 3267: 3263: 2972: 2824: 2647: 2601: 2540: 2390: 2232: 1942: 1926: 1837: 1668: 1572: 1450: 1422: 1356: 1249: 974: 922: 900: 798: 549: 423: 221: 177: 6195: 4429: 848:

A cast iron fishbelly edge rail manufactured by Outram at the Butterley Company for the

9242: 9179: 9165: 9119: 9049: 8615: 8166: 7967: 7594: 7399: 7382: 7305: 7041: 7031: 6496: 6285: 6152: 6089: 6043: 6035: 5987: 5979: 5931: 5923: 5390: 5382: 4897: 4108: 3259: 3084:

and signals to allow lower priority trains to be sidetracked and have scheduled meets.

3039: 2968: 2905: 2860: 2750: 2592: 2587: 2556: 2517:, have invested heavily to unify their rail networks. China is developing a modernized 2099: 1989: 1813: 1697: 1577: 1492: 1396: 1384: 1376: 1305: 1080: 825: 789:

some time before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the

669: 381: 67: 5876: 5760: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 3958:

According to , railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas

3734:

received 94.9 billion roubles (around US$ 1.4 billion) from the government.

1596: 1481: 1176:

only. This was accomplished by the distribution of weight between a number of wheels.

610: 89:. It is used for about 8% of passenger and freight transport globally, thanks to its 9247: 8992: 8713: 8125: 7791: 7726: 7692: 7317: 7260: 7143: 6955: 6175: 6142: 6100: 6047: 5991: 5935: 5857: 5595:"Intermediate report on the development of railway safety in the European Union 2013" 5545: 5535: 5449: 5394: 5345: 5335: 5212: 5168: 5143: 5118: 4936: 4908: 4758: 4531: 4500: 4494: 4435: 4396: 4349: 4324: 4256: 4203: 3848: 3352: 3275: 2946: 2355: 2156: 2123: 2059: 1970: 1817: 1784: 1702: 1539: 1446: 1442: 1188: 1161: 1128: 1057: 892: 817: 794: 751: 594: 556: 545: 43: 6156: 5570:(statistical database). Eurostat, European Commission. 20 April 2014. Archived from 5467: 3270:

Throughout the 20th century, rail was a key element of war plans for rapid military

801:, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. It ran from 9204: 9174: 9169: 8840: 8751: 8718: 8675: 8665: 8638: 8436: 8352: 8316: 8306: 8263: 8258: 8238: 8233: 8115: 8060: 8030: 7521: 7481: 7419: 7300: 7285: 7280: 7200: 7158: 7110: 6410: 6379: 6277: 6233: 6228:

Stevenson, D. (1 February 1999). "War by Timetable? The Railway Race Before 1914".

6134: 6027: 5971: 5915: 5906:

Jenks, Leland H. (1944). "Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development".

5847: 5756: 5439: 5374: 5245: 5066: 4976: 4395:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91. 4100: 3800: 3731: 3320: 3131: 3047: 2864: 2694: 2559:. Their use has avoided many rail accidents over the 70 years they have been used. 2510: 2468: 2457: 2398: 2367: 2244: 2240: 2221: 2205: 2159:

trains are designed with extremely short cars to negotiate the sharp curves in the

1920: 1892: 1868: 1790: 1765: 1621: 1438: 1290: 1106: 1076: 1041: 1015: 970: 563: 496: 347: 248: 231: 4281:

Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008

4239:

Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008

1820:(engineer in North America) controls the locomotive or other power cars, although 1433:, Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using 1355:

The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile section of the

720: 9252: 9124: 9079: 9019: 8921: 8845: 8835: 8756: 8741: 8708: 8648: 8610: 8600: 8585: 8575: 8567: 8151: 7985: 7821: 7642: 7526: 7496: 7439: 7327: 7312: 6297: 6202: 5525: 5239: 4750: 4184: 4030: 3996: 3419: 3328: 3324: 3027: 3006: 2812: 2717: 2685: 2579: 2548: 2475: 2259:

to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transition between road and rail.

2094: 2031: 2013: 1852:

is a single, self-powered car, and may be electrically propelled or powered by a

1730: 1715: 1691: 1488: 1230: 1215: 1069: 1049: 937: 888: 755: 652: 618: 598: 300: 295: 280: 94: 5721: 5604:(report). Safety Unit, European Railway Agency & European Union. p. 1. 4126: 3092:

Scholars have linked railroads to successful nation-building efforts by states.

3018: 2697:. Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities. 2453:

as the ground settles over time under the weight of the vehicles passing above.

1363:(B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to 711: 9114: 9099: 9024: 8997: 8926: 8728: 8690: 8658: 8620: 8580: 8367: 8268: 8248: 8084: 8005: 7796: 7721: 7650: 7444: 5531: 4614: 3863: 3564: 3409: 3304: 2971:

in both manpower and energy use; by contrast, in road transport, more than two

2961: 2913: 2896: 2709: 2643: 2506: 2499: 2426: 2270: 2213: 2160: 2152: 2111: 1963: 1958: 1950: 1930: 1904: 1857: 1833: 1794: 1757: 1734: 1625: 1462: 1407: 1165: 1114: 906: 896: 622: 567: 315: 189: 86: 82: 6383: 6138: 6031: 5962:

Chandler, Alfred D. (1954). "Patterns of American Railroad Finance, 1830–50".

5919: 5852: 5835: 5661:"What is Rail Transport? Definition of Rail Transport, Rail Transport Meaning" 5349: 3752: 2839: 2805:

tender may be held, and a time-limited contract awarded to the lowest bidder.

1487:

In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the

540:

than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer

9281: 9214: 9209: 9199: 9160: 9104: 9012: 9007: 8975: 8958: 8825: 8807: 8653: 8630: 8547: 8524: 8486: 8417: 8362: 7957: 7942: 7922: 7917: 7660: 7546: 7429: 7389: 7377: 7270: 7136: 7055:

The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective

6237: 5861: 5549: 5453: 4074: 3972: 3786: 3748: 3365: 3197: 3177: 3160: 2868: 2797: 2790: 2782: 2721: 2689: 2667: 2567: 2446: 2438: 2411: 2130: 2051: 2047: 1912: 1853: 1588: 1399: 1364: 1321: 1275: 1173: 1147:

using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first

1140: 1123: 857: 626: 533: 364: 290: 285: 263: 212: 172: 160: 116: 78: 71: 6091:

Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century

5232: 2672: 9144: 9094: 9074: 9034: 8936: 8916: 8901: 8880: 8875: 8865: 8670: 8643: 8542: 8532: 8499: 8431: 8402: 8387: 8187: 8171: 8161: 8130: 8110: 8094: 8055: 8015: 8010: 7995: 7952: 7675: 7454: 7362: 7275: 7190: 7153: 5521: 5329: 4207: 3903: 3898: 3814: 3794: 3271: 3081: 3023: 2924: 2778: 2739: 2437:. In addition to the rail gauge, the tracks will be laid to conform with a 2434: 2415: 2256: 2225: 2147: 2116: 2074: 2039: 1899:

before leaving via the chimney or smoke stack. In the process, it powers a

1872: 1842: 1821: 1797:

to preserve and maintain old railway lines for services of tourist trains.

1617: 1606: 1411: 1287: 1199: 1192: 1148: 1118: 1045: 933: 869: 790: 648: 491: 453: 243: 6216:

Railroads and Rifles: soldiers, technology, and the unification of Germany

5273:"Rail freight in the next decade: Potential for performance improvements?" 1072:

produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year.

9069: 9029: 8941: 8736: 8595: 8407: 8045: 7907: 7877: 7867: 7655: 7622: 7602: 7459: 7220: 5444: 5427: 5412: 3933: 3606: 3522: 3279: 3193: 3101: 2976: 2828: 2820: 2612: 2571: 2479: 2430: 2198: 2001: 1981:, diesel-mechanical or diesel–hydraulic but diesel–electric is dominant. 1946: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1653: 1592: 1552: 1506: 1388: 1195: 1135:

in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive was light enough to not break the

1097: 962: 677: 184: 8446: 6131:

13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems

4720:"First in the world: The making of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway" 2749:

In the U.S., virtually all rail networks and infrastructure outside the

2289: 9226: 9192: 9187: 9139: 9064: 9039: 8980: 8946: 8830: 8605: 8347: 8217: 7937: 7932: 7852: 7754: 7632: 7612: 7564: 7531: 7501: 7466: 7409: 7337: 7332: 7295: 7225: 7210: 7185: 7168: 7131: 6415: 6398: 6289: 6039: 5983: 5927: 5386: 4112: 3828: 3221: 2884: 2872: 2856: 2713: 2705: 2688:

serves as an area where passengers can board and alight from trains. A

2636: 2608: 2419: 2394: 2274: 2266: 2252: 2139: 2035: 1997: 1934: 1916: 1707: 1581: 1519: 1511: 1101: 1093: 1040:, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, patented a design for a 1037: 942: 865: 810: 786: 740: 570:

at the beginning of the 19th century. The first passenger railway, the

552: 359: 354: 226: 199: 8767: 6795: 864:

to the upper surface of the wooden rails. This allowed a variation of

840:

A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon; the tracks are plateways.

8965: 8931: 8911: 8860: 8850: 8552: 8537: 8050: 8000: 7947: 7862: 7816: 7786: 7776: 7716: 7670: 7627: 7617: 7536: 7506: 7491: 7434: 7290: 7148: 5426:

Guan, Xueyi; Qin, Jin; Mao, Chenghui; Zhou, Wenliang (January 2023).

4496:

Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History

3248:

on the way to the front in August 1914. The message on the car reads

3217: 3201: 3065: 2786: 2701: 2236: 2228: 2078: 2055: 1993: 1880: 1789:

Since 1980, rail transport has changed dramatically, but a number of

1672: 1629: 1415: 1144: 954: 918: 884: 880: 861: 778: 728: 715:

A 16th-century minecart, an early example of unpowered rail transport

689: 155: 52: 7471: 6281: 5975: 5950:

Industry comes of age: Business, labor, and public policy, 1860–1897

5428:"A Literature Review of Railway Pricing Based on Revenue Management" 5378: 4104: 3368:

caused a reduction in "most of the air pollutants concentrations (PM

2341: 1559:

co-production: world's first functional diesel–electric railcar 1914

1548: 1020: 9002: 8820: 7882: 7872: 7857: 7847: 7826: 7806: 7771: 7749: 7711: 7702: 7665: 7579: 7352: 7322: 7079: 6987:

The world's railways: the history and development of rail transport

6838:

Includes both "Railway subsidies" and "Public Service Obligations".

6431: 3959: 3938: 3213: 2920: 2844: 2552: 2450: 2449:

to distribute the load from the ties and to prevent the track from

2429:(used on approximately 70% of the world's existing railway lines), 2278: 2248: 2155:(sharp or broad curves, steep or gentle grades). For instance, the 2143: 1908: 1896: 1845:

is a vehicle used for the haulage of either passengers or freight.

1333: 1271: 1088: 1084: 1065: 982: 876: 806: 782: 766: 724: 701: 693: 656: 583: 537: 480: 5834:

Cermeño, Alexandra L.; Enflo, Kerstin; Lindvall, Johannes (2021).

5720:. American Public Transportation Association. 2007. Archived from 3315:

at the periphery of metropolitan areas, contributing to increased

2069: 1406:. The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the 739:

haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a

8197: 8074: 7912: 7842: 7744: 7584: 7556: 7486: 7476: 7372: 6545:

2008 data is not provided for Italy, so 2007 data is used instead

5745:"The effects of new public projects to expand urban rail transit" 3648: 3627: 3585: 3459: 3312: 3308: 3209: 2753:

are privately owned by freight lines. Passenger lines, primarily

2677: 2575: 2087: 2063: 2022:

Interior view of a high-speed bullet train, manufactured in China

1849: 1746: 1556: 1266:

The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist

1029: 998: 994: 774: 770: 664: 6492:"Govt defends fare hike, says rail subsidy burden was too heavy" 6462:"China plans to spend $ 115 billion on railways in 2017: Xinhua" 5836:"Railroads and Reform: How Trains Strengthened the Nation State" 5689: 5165:

Soviet Locomotive Technology During Industrialization, 1928—1952

3387: 2251:

for road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a

2231:

industry, reducing shipping costs significantly. In Europe, the

1710:, introduced in 1964, triggered the intercity train travel boom. 9084: 7897: 7892: 7811: 7516: 7342: 7195: 5655: 5653: 5057:

Thomson, William (4 May 1888), "Priestmans' Petroleum Engine",

3766: 3690: 3669: 3480: 3031: 2994: 2816: 2754: 2217: 1900: 1317: 1210: 673: 376: 48: 7069:

Blood, iron, and gold: How the railroads transformed the world

6320:

International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology

6095:. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp. 4660:"'Puffing Billy' locomotive | Science Museum Group Collection" 7607: 5629: 4899:

Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture

3543: 3501: 3336: 3332: 3225: 2953: 2194: 2185: 1806: 1726: 1722: 1470: 1172:

Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by

1169: 1132: 1002: 852:

in 1831; these are smooth edge rails for wheels with flanges.

821: 793:

to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. The

662:

For example, evidence indicates that a 6 to 8.5 km long

602: 541: 275: 238: 75: 5650: 4091:

Fraser, P. M. (December 1961). "The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria".

1213:-wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive 1052:, hitherto used to pump water out of mines, and developed a 891:

for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his

30:"Railway" and "Railroad" redirect here. For other uses, see 7972: 7927: 7541: 7404: 6080: 5032:, vol. 202, p. 254, 24 April 1956, archived from 4819: 4782:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156. 4526:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 3229: 2957: 2635:

line. Grade-separated rapid transit sometimes use a ground

2168: 2135: 1895:

to create pressurized steam. The steam travels through the

1884: 1876: 1667:). The first regular used diesel–electric locomotives were 1341: 986: 773:, England, perhaps from the 1560s. A wagonway was built at 736: 605:

in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities

342: 6977:

Railway Empire: How the British Gave Railways to the World

6696:"Spanish railways battle profit loss with more investment" 6432:"Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness" 4253:

Lancashire Railways – The History of Steam

3780: 3429:

European rail subsidies in euros per passenger-km for 2008

2535: 1453:

on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that

961:(patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of 7126: 6667:"Facts and arguments in favour of Swiss public transport" 4467:. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from 4055: 3854:

History of tram and light rail transit systems by country

2607:

The signalling process is traditionally carried out in a

4949: 2883:

On many high-speed inter-city networks, such as Japan's

2777:

The main source of income for railway companies is from

913:

and flanged wheels successfully for an extension to the

735:

in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a

6818: 6816: 5520: 3026:-pulled lumber train crossing the drawbridge along the 2931: 1624:

electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable

1484:(France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898. 1473:: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies. 1113:

The first commercially successful steam locomotive was

5743:

Baum-Snow, Nathaniel; Kahn, Matthew E. (August 2000).

5305:. The Environmental Blog. 3 April 2007. Archived from 4864: 4294:"Huntingdon Beaumont's Wollaton to Strelley Waggonway" 1184:

in London, and is the oldest locomotive in existence.

1056:

in 1769 capable of powering a wheel. This was a large

4198:

Lee, Charles E. (1943). "The Evolution of Railways".

3384:, and CO) but had little effect on ozone pollution." 3010:

per passenger-km, 20 times less than the automobile.

2410:

Track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored

1824:

and some rapid transits are under automatic control.

6813: 6254:(London: Blandford Press, 1972); Bishop and Davies, 5833: 5789:. Xinhua News Agency. 24 August 2005. Archived from 5003: 4991: 4876: 4778:

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81:. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of 4970: 2038:. Some lines also provide over-night services with 6088: 5140:Deutsches Lok-Archiv: Diesellokomotiven 4. Auflage 4896: 3116: 1953:that power the wheels. Modern locomotives may use 1941:. In locomotives that are powered by high-voltage 1616:A significant breakthrough occurred in 1914, when 1286:Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two 4930: 4499:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press. 4233:Warren Allison, Samuel Murphy and Richard Smith, 2989:Energy efficiency in transportation § Trains 2509:. Countries with multiple gauges in use, such as 2146:systems are elevated, medium-capacity systems. A 1567:for railway use included a prototype designed by 762:("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks. 9279: 7062:The Historical Guide to North American Railroads 6722:"GB rail industry financial information 2014–15" 5363:"The Inception of the English Railway Station". 4966: 4964: 4848:. Transport for London.gov.uk. 15 October 2017. 4235:An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck 3874:List of countries by rail transport network size 3331:. These arrangements revalue city spaces, local 3095: 2054:serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily 1510:A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in 1375:Passengers waiting to board a tube train on the 5527:The Complete Book of North American Railroading 4894: 4581:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9. 4376:. Stephenson Locomotive Society. Archived from 621:and rising fuel prices, as well as governments 5592: 5468:"Shipping Tariffs | Old Dominion Freight Line" 5425: 4693:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 20–22. 4688: 4643: 4523:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics 3398:Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index 3307:and along their arteries. This contrasts with 576:1830 opening of the first intercity connection 8783: 8462: 7095: 7046:Pirie, Gordon. "Tracking railway histories." 6611:"Efficiency indicators of Railways in France" 6561:"the 2017 European Railway Performance Index" 5787:"New height of world's railway born in Tibet" 5742: 5334:(Fifth ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 5211:. Milwaukee WI: Kalmbach Books. p. 409. 4961: 4933:Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization 3388:Modern rail as economic development indicator 3053: 1595:and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer 1379:in the early 1900s (sketch by unknown artist) 514: 6555: 6553: 6128: 5718:"Public Transportation Ridership Statistics" 4370:"Surrey Iron Railway 200th – 26th July 2003" 3249: 3204:has recognized rail as "the backbone of the 1988:Alternative methods of motive power include 1243: 1154:This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive 668:paved trackway transported boats across the 6869: 6781: 6659: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6519: 6310: 6304: 4451: 4343: 4296:. Nottingham Hidden History. 30 July 2013. 3839:Environmental design in rail transportation 3364:A 2018 study found that the opening of the 3303:Railways channel growth towards dense city 2827:and making up for losses at the end of the 2524: 1929:draw power from a stationary source via an 1079:was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by 683: 8790: 8776: 8469: 8455: 7102: 7088: 6563:. Boston Consulting Group. 18 April 2017. 6397:Guo, Shihong; Chen, Liqiang (March 2019). 6313:"New coefficients of rail transport usage" 5710: 5632:"Railroad Fuel Efficiency Sets New Record" 5242:, abbreviations.com, accessed 19 July 2020 4786: 4648:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 12. 4151: 2062:provide quick access from city centres to 2042:. Some long-haul trains have been given a 1533: 1402:. This was the first major railway to use 706: 521: 507: 8476: 6851:"Government support for Russian Railways" 6550: 6414: 6227: 5851: 5443: 5206: 4748: 4519: 4421: 4283:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 70–84. 4255:. Newbury: Countryside Books. p. 5. 4241:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 52–69. 3824:Combined cycle powered railway locomotive 2765:recommended practices for track work and 2521:to move goods by rail to Western Europe. 1009: 831: 582:. The adoption of rail transport lowered 6516: 6311:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (December 2015). 6169: 5961: 5327: 5162: 5104: 3424: 3239: 3017: 2838: 2671: 2566: 2534: 2493: 2288: 2184: 2068: 2017: 1977:. The energy transmission may be either 1903:that transmits power directly through a 1701: 1547: 1505: 1465:motors and, because of the absence of a 1370: 1257: 1198:where he worked to allow him to build a 1024:A replica of Trevithick's engine at the 1019: 949:in 1784. In 1783 Cort also patented the 843: 835: 710: 74:, which usually consist of two parallel 42: 8797: 6914:. Amtrak. 28 January 2019. p. 33. 6396: 5822:When the Facts Change: Essays 1995–2010 5056: 4593:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive" 4457: 4064:"Railways in the Greek and Roman world" 3295:also influenced the course of the war. 2425:Rail gauges are usually categorized as 2293:Map of world railway network as of 2022 578:in England, was a key component of the 14: 9280: 7018:Railways then and now: a world history 6429: 6369: 6267: 5690:Publicada por João Pimentel Ferreira. 5137: 4777: 4706:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 4691:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 4646:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways 4576: 4415: 4390: 4318: 4312: 4090: 2809:amounted to €73 billion in 2005. 1756:High-speed trains normally operate on 1638:Königlich-Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen 8771: 8450: 7083: 6943: 6857:from the original on 26 November 2018 6702:from the original on 24 November 2020 6442:from the original on 4 September 2015 6430:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (1 July 2013). 6086: 6017: 5905: 5874: 5638:from the original on 26 November 2013 5009: 4997: 4955: 4882: 4870: 4703: 4697: 4492: 4427: 4300:from the original on 27 November 2022 4250: 4061: 4043:from the original on 17 November 2023 1075:The first full-scale working railway 7109: 6921:from the original on 3 November 2019 6889:from the original on 4 February 2016 6603: 6333:from the original on 31 October 2020 5840:British Journal of Political Science 5564:"Statistics database for transports" 5499:from the original on 23 January 2018 5283:from the original on 1 February 2021 5187: 4846:"A brief history of the Underground" 4664:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk 4202:(2nd ed.). London. p. 16. 4152:Kriechbaum, Reinhard (15 May 2004). 4133:from the original on 20 October 2021 4024: 4022: 3894:List of railway industry occupations 3884:List of railroad-related periodicals 3145: 3137:Funding came from financiers in the 2982: 2932:Social, economic, and energy aspects 2474:Points and switches – also known as 1425:electric locomotive was designed by 909:had earlier used a form of all-iron 536:on rails generally encounters lower 5630:American Association of Railroads. 5611:from the original on 29 August 2017 5023:"Motive power for British Railways" 4197: 4093:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4028: 4007:from the original on 1 October 2023 3346: 3298: 3125: 2712:. Some large stations are built as 2611:, a small building that houses the 2171:operates large cars on its routes. 2007: 1544:Dieselisation § Rail transport 1274:in Scotland, and it was powered by 24: 8274:Transit-oriented development (TOD) 6969: 6472:from the original on 23 March 2023 6250:Denis Bishop and W. J. K. Davies, 6075:The Railroad and the Space Program 5887:from the original on 18 March 2017 5767:from the original on 14 March 2022 5671:from the original on 13 April 2021 5593:Vojtech Eksler, ed. (5 May 2013). 5331:The geography of transport systems 5090:, vol. 17, 1963, p. 25, 4935:. Alpha Publications. p. 67. 4816:"Richmond Union Passenger Railway" 4558:from the original on 27 March 2009 4182:Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover), 4119: 3254:("From Munich via Metz to Paris"). 3087: 2623: 2460:rails together to form lengths of 1685: 1096:ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in 70:using wheeled vehicles running in 25: 9309: 7075: 6877:"FY15 Budget, Business Plan 2015" 6829:. pp. 44, 45. Archived from 6734:from the original on 9 March 2016 5698:from the original on 8 April 2015 5209:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide 4852:from the original on 12 June 2018 4321:Landmarks of the Niagara Frontier 4019: 3997:"History, Invention, & Facts" 3962:is safe only on a per-mile basis. 3187: 3153:Western Railroad of Massachusetts 2284: 2189:Bulk cargo of minerals on a train 2174: 1563:Earliest recorded examples of an 8430: 8284:Transportation demand management 6901: 6843: 6749: 6714: 6688: 6627: 6579: 6567:from the original on 31 May 2020 6504:from the original on 9 July 2023 6484: 6454: 6423: 4749:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966). 4670:from the original on 19 May 2023 4621:from the original on 3 June 2020 4615:"Steam train anniversary begins" 4434:. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 3807: 3793: 3779: 3742: 3737: 3704: 3683: 3662: 3641: 3620: 3599: 3578: 3557: 3536: 3515: 3494: 3473: 3452: 3251:Von München über Metz nach Paris 3235: 3058: 2340: 2331: 2224:of cargo has revolutionized the 2216:. Containers have succeeded the 1346:Richmond Union Passenger Railway 1326:Berlin-Lichterfelde West station 1235:Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1139:track and solved the problem of 490: 115: 7038:150 years of main line railways 6390: 6363: 6354: 6345: 6261: 6244: 6221: 6208: 6188: 6163: 6122: 6113: 6067: 6054: 6020:The Journal of Economic History 6011: 5998: 5955: 5942: 5908:The Journal of Economic History 5899: 5868: 5827: 5814: 5805: 5779: 5736: 5683: 5623: 5586: 5556: 5485: 5460: 5419: 5401: 5356: 5321: 5295: 5265: 5225: 5200: 5181: 5156: 5131: 5098: 5080: 5050: 5015: 4924: 4888: 4838: 4808: 4799: 4771: 4742: 4730:from the original on 2 May 2020 4712: 4682: 4652: 4637: 4607: 4585: 4570: 4552:"Early Days of Mumbles Railway" 4544: 4513: 4486: 4409: 4384: 4362: 4337: 4286: 4269: 4244: 4227: 4214: 4073:. pp. 8–19. Archived from 4069:. In Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.). 3965: 3879:List of countries by rail usage 3869:International Union of Railways 3289:sabotage of railways in Belarus 3170: 3117:Shipping freight and passengers 2759:Federal Railroad Administration 2350:Left: Railway turnouts; Right: 2297: 1955:three-phase AC induction motors 1863: 1793:continue to operate as part of 1778: 1721:was introduced in 1964 between 1229:, which entered in and won the 1221:Stockton and Darlington Railway 860:Company began to fix plates of 572:Stockton and Darlington Railway 544:. Power is usually provided by 4903:. Simon Publications. p. 4346:Railwaymen, Politics and Money 4191: 4176: 4154:"Die große Reise auf den Berg" 4145: 4084: 3989: 3952: 2979:and makes the vehicle unsafe. 2890: 2815:and US passenger rail service 2630:Railway electrification system 2304:Right-of-way (property access) 2239:. Other types of cars include 1669:switcher (shunter) locomotives 1348:, using equipment designed by 1344:were pioneered in 1888 on the 1284:Royal Scottish Society of Arts 1254:Railway electrification system 850:Cromford and High Peak Railway 13: 1: 7256:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit 7013:(Taylor & Francis, 2018). 6077:(MIT Press, 1965) pp. 127–162 5761:10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00085-7 4579:Our Home Railways, volume one 4277:The First Shropshire Railways 3982: 3443:Subsidy in billions of Euros 3244:German soldiers in a railway 3104:, a railroad network needed: 3096:Model of corporate management 2727: 2562: 2555:and laser scanning, and even 2028:guard/train manager/conductor 1937:. Some also or instead use a 1648:with electric equipment from 1613:) proved technically viable. 1602:Winterthur–Romanshorn railway 1530:main-lines across the world. 1393:City and South London Railway 1324:and the line was extended to 1299:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway 1083:, a British engineer born in 555:. While railway transport is 306:Passenger traffic terminology 8312:Passenger information system 7048:Journal of Transport History 7004:Journal of Transport History 6824:"European rail study report" 6762:. p. 30. Archived from 6669:. p. 24. Archived from 6252:Railways and War Before 1918 5881:The Education of Henry Adams 5328:Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (2020). 5207:Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973). 5105:Churella, Albert J. (1998). 3403: 3359: 2772: 2732: 2543:with dragging equipment unit 2354:control box guides elevated 1499:) in 1899 on the 40 km 1476:In 1894, Hungarian engineer 1338:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram 7: 7450:Demand-responsive transport 7348:Medium-capacity rail system 6994:The World the Railways Made 6947:Electric Railways 1880–1990 6794:. p. 6. Archived from 6592:. p. 2. Archived from 6256:Railways and War Since 1917 5964:The Business History Review 5749:Journal of Public Economics 4724:Science and Industry Museum 4160:(in German). Archived from 4037:International Energy Agency 3924:Railway systems engineering 3772: 3285:Russian invasion of Ukraine 3157:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 2793:income can be significant. 2661: 2235:has largely superseded the 1973:use a diesel engine as the 1361:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 991:Swansea and Mumbles Railway 723:wrote a description of the 10: 9314: 9298:Transportation engineering 8998:Transfer table (traverser) 8681:Cross-platform interchange 8213:Public transport timetable 7244:Passenger rail terminology 6944:Duffy, Michael C. (2003). 6937: 6587:"German Railway Financing" 5493:"EU Technical Report 2007" 5115:Princeton University Press 5073:– via Haithi Trust, 4973:"Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931)" 4931:Francis S. Wagner (1977). 4708:. Hamlyn Publishing Group. 4520:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982). 4391:Landes, David. S. (1969). 3914:Passenger rail terminology 3761:In 2015, funding from the 3747:For rail subsidies in the 3746: 3407: 3139:Northeastern United States 3054:Social and economic impact 2986: 2744:privatization in the 1990s 2665: 2627: 2585: 2528: 2497: 2320: 2301: 2178: 2011: 1983:Electro-diesel locomotives 1827: 1804: 1782: 1771:that incorporates a large 1689: 1680:Canadian National Railways 1659:. They were classified as 1642:Royal Saxon State Railways 1634:diesel–electric locomotive 1565:internal combustion engine 1537: 1310:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway 1247: 1026:National Waterfront Museum 1013: 868:to be used. At first only 687: 640: 636: 29: 9235: 9153: 9048: 8986:ground-level power supply 8894: 8806: 8727: 8699: 8629: 8611:Switch / turnout / points 8601:Grand circle / roundabout 8566: 8523: 8485: 8426: 8330: 8297: 8244:Green transport hierarchy 8226: 8180: 8144: 8103: 7981:Automated fare collection 7966: 7835: 7735: 7701: 7641: 7593: 7555: 7418: 7234: 7117: 7009:Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita. 6384:10.1017/S0067237809000150 6372:Austrian History Yearbook 6139:10.1109/ITSC.2010.5625187 6032:10.1017/S0022050700085119 5920:10.1017/S002205070008400X 5853:10.1017/S0007123420000654 5568:epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu 5138:Glatte, Wolfgang (1993). 4975:. mszh.hu. Archived from 4971:Hungarian Patent Office. 4617:. BBC. 21 February 2004. 4554:. BBC. 15 February 2007. 4493:Fogel, Robert W. (1964). 3919:Rail transport by country 3909:Outline of rail transport 3889:List of railway companies 3834:Electric-steam locomotive 3725: 3339:values, and promotion of 3327:spaces, and depletion of 2936: 2834: 2803:public service obligation 2761:(FRA) and may follow the 2578:(seen here in 2009) is a 2557:ultrasonic audio analysis 2352:Chicago Transit Authority 2153:geometric characteristics 1915:(US main driver) or to a 1800: 1244:Electric power introduced 1180:is now on display in the 643:History of rail transport 615:the eastern United States 599:high-speed railway system 419:List of high-speed trains 36:Railroad (disambiguation) 8279:Transportation authority 6989:(Chartwell Books, 2001). 6683:6.3 billion Swiss francs 6436:Revue Analyse Financière 5163:Westwood, J. N. (1982). 4895:Andrew L. Simon (1998). 4704:Ellis, Hamilton (1968). 4632:iron master's tram rails 4458:Grübler, Arnulf (1990). 4428:Wells, David A. (1891). 4062:Lewis, M. J. T. (2001). 3945: 3929:Steam turbine locomotive 3013: 2941:Transport by rail is an 2769:standards for vehicles. 2525:Train inspection systems 2370:with east and westbound 2316: 2082:high-speed train at the 1875:that provides adhesion. 1762:continuously welded rail 1652:and diesel engines from 1044:. Watt had improved the 684:Pre-steam modern systems 32:Railway (disambiguation) 8971:Railway electrification 8343:Bus rapid transit creep 8289:Transportation planning 7071:(Public Affairs, 2011). 7028:World atlas of railways 6276:(2). Lexington: 53–58. 5088:Diesel Railway Traction 5071:2027/mdp.39015084630964 4689:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 4644:Hamilton Ellis (1968). 4348:. London: John Murray. 3763:U.S. federal government 3400:(known as BRTI Index). 3317:vehicle miles travelled 3100:According to historian 2964:and thus energy usage. 2849:European Railway Agency 2807:Total EU rail subsidies 2531:Train inspection system 2237:ordinary covered wagons 2084:Central Railway Station 1891:, boiling water in the 1871:are locomotives with a 1650:Brown, Boveri & Cie 1534:Diesel power introduced 1330:Volk's Electric Railway 1262:Lichterfelde tram, 1882 856:In the late 1760s, the 797:, completed in 1604 by 707:Wooden rails introduced 625:as a means of reducing 591:railway electrification 321:Railway nationalization 8041:Manual fare collection 8021:Farebox recovery ratio 7512:Personal rapid transit 6635:"The age of the train" 6238:10.1093/past/162.1.163 6133:. pp. 1753–1757. 6087:Licht, Walter (1983). 5524:; et al. (2009). 5303:"Environmental Issues" 5142:. Berlin: Transpress. 4919:Evian-les-Bains kando. 4577:Gordon, W. J. (1910). 4319:Porter, Peter (1914). 3757:Modern US rail history 3430: 3394:development economists 3255: 3250: 3163:in the 1850s, and the 3034: 2852: 2681: 2583: 2544: 2462:continuous welded rail 2378:lines and the looping 2294: 2190: 2181:Rail freight transport 2091: 2023: 1911:(US: wristpin) on the 1714:The first electrified 1711: 1569:William Dent Priestman 1560: 1524:rotary phase converter 1515: 1391:system in 1890 on the 1380: 1263: 1033: 1010:Steam power introduced 959:James Beaumont Neilson 915:Charnwood Forest Canal 853: 841: 832:Metal rails introduced 733:Hohensalzburg Fortress 721:Cardinal Matthäus Lang 716: 429:Longest train services 311:Named passenger trains 56: 9110:Platform screen doors 8398:Sustainable transport 8378:Passenger load factor 8193:Clock-face scheduling 8026:Free public transport 7878:Bus turnout (bus bay) 7575:Real-time ridesharing 7368:Platform screen doors 7050:35.2 (2014): 242–248. 7006:20.2 (1999): 160–167. 6757:"ProRail report 2015" 6698:. 17 September 2015. 6214:Dennis E. Showalter, 6201:7 August 2019 at the 6170:Straszak, A. (1977). 6006:Industry comes of age 5952:(1961) pp. 52, 68–74. 5875:Adams, Henry (1918). 5366:Architectural History 5277:Global Railway Review 5111:Princeton, New Jersey 5059:The Electrical Review 4757:. London: Routledge. 4597:National Museum Wales 4222:Early wooden railways 3753:Amtrak public funding 3428: 3341:mixed use development 3243: 3206:public transit system 3165:Pennsylvania Railroad 3075:The invention of the 3021: 2877:platform screen doors 2842: 2675: 2570: 2538: 2494:Gauge incompatibility 2358:north and southbound 2292: 2193:Freight trains carry 2188: 2104:Shanghai maglev train 2072: 2021: 1907:(US: main rod) and a 1729:in Japan. Since then 1705: 1551: 1509: 1459:power-to-weight ratio 1374: 1261: 1023: 993:, was opened between 847: 839: 714: 580:Industrial Revolution 538:frictional resistance 444:Platform screen doors 46: 9060:Anti-trespass panels 8747:Minimum curve radius 8714:Zig Zag / Switchback 8437:Transport portal 8373:Outline of transport 8066:Reduced fare program 8036:Integrated ticketing 7991:Contract of carriage 7802:Personal transporter 7358:Narrow-gauge railway 7206:Rail replacement bus 6985:Chant, Christopher. 6623:on 17 November 2015. 5948:Edward C. Kirkland, 5793:on 13 September 2005 5445:10.3390/math11040857 5238:19 July 2020 at the 4344:Vaughan, A. (1997). 4251:Jones, Mark (2012). 3859:History of transport 3268:Franco-Prussian Wars 3262:, as well as in the 3077:electrical telegraph 2722:public transport hub 2720:, serve as the main 2642:Power may be fed as 2541:Hot bearing detector 2519:Eurasian Land Bridge 1927:Electric locomotives 1646:Waggonfabrik Rastatt 1493:regenerative braking 1439:hydro-electric plant 1421:The first practical 1209:, also a successful 1162:Christopher Blackett 1054:reciprocating engine 981:The first passenger 698:Tramway (industrial) 497:Transport portal 449:Railway speed record 8907:Classification yard 8686:Interchange station 8591:Facing and trailing 8558:Classification yard 8413:Transport economics 8208:On-time performance 8203:Night (owl) service 7903:Interchange station 7782:Horse-drawn vehicle 7570:Flexible carpooling 7378:Metro/Rapid Transit 7067:Wolmar, Christian. 7053:Sawai, Minoru, ed. 6647:on 17 November 2015 5824:(2015) pp. 287–288. 5692:"Carro ou comboio?" 5231:STANDS4 LLC, 2020, 5167:. Macmillan Press. 4820:IEEE History Center 4796:, De Agostini, 2003 4279:in G. Boyes (ed.), 4237:in G. Boyes (ed.), 3844:Ground-effect train 2906:track geometry cars 2648:alternating current 2102:trains such as the 2100:Magnetic levitation 1990:magnetic levitation 1943:alternating current 1573:Sir William Thomson 1429:, then working for 1357:Baltimore Belt Line 1282:, exhibited at the 1250:Electric locomotive 975:open hearth furnace 923:Lake Lock Rail Road 901:Surrey Iron Railway 893:Butterley ironworks 799:Huntingdon Beaumont 651:have been made for 424:List of train songs 301:High-speed railways 254:Couplers by country 103:Part of a series on 9166:Motive power depot 9120:Signalling control 8616:Swingnose crossing 8167:Standing passenger 7430:Auto rickshaw taxi 7400:Suspension railway 7383:Rubber-tyred metro 7306:Heritage streetcar 7211:Share taxi/Taxibus 6673:on 26 October 2014 6497:The Times of India 6468:. 4 January 2017. 6416:10.1111/grow.12266 6230:Past & Present 5877:"The Press (1868)" 5694:. Veraveritas.eu. 5665:The Economic Times 5415:on 9 October 2014. 5309:on 11 January 2012 4958:, p. 120–121. 4826:on 1 December 2008 4751:"Davidson, Robert" 4032:The Future of Rail 3431: 3276:strategic railways 3260:American Civil War 3256: 3159:in the 1840s, the 3040:Northeast Corridor 3035: 2969:economies of scale 2861:railway signalling 2853: 2751:Northeast corridor 2682: 2593:Railway signalling 2588:Railway signalling 2584: 2545: 2414:to members called 2295: 2247:for livestock and 2233:sliding wall wagon 2191: 2127:at higher speeds. 2092: 2060:Airport rail links 2024: 1971:Diesel locomotives 1814:maintenance-of-way 1719:Tōkaidō Shinkansen 1712: 1578:Priestman Brothers 1561: 1516: 1501:Burgdorf–Thun line 1455:three-phase motors 1397:London Underground 1395:, now part of the 1385:London Underground 1381: 1377:London Underground 1332:opened in 1883 in 1306:Werner von Siemens 1264: 1081:Richard Trevithick 1034: 854: 842: 826:Lewiston, New York 717: 670:Isthmus of Corinth 601:was introduced in 595:diesel locomotives 259:Coupler conversion 68:means of transport 57: 9275: 9274: 8993:Railway turntable 8814: 8765: 8764: 8444: 8443: 8136:Transport network 8126:Non-revenue track 7792:Inclined elevator 7727:Inclined elevator 7693:Inclined elevator 7318:Higher-speed rail 7261:Airport rail link 7144:Bus rapid transit 7060:Trains Magazine. 6992:Faith, Nicholas. 6975:Burton, Anthony. 6961:978-0-85296-805-5 6599:on 10 March 2016. 6403:Growth and Change 6181:978-1-4831-8916-1 6148:978-1-4244-7657-2 6060:Saul Engelbourg, 6008:(1961) pp. 57–68. 5724:on 15 August 2007 5602:www.era.europa.eu 5541:978-0-7603-2848-4 5341:978-0-429-34632-3 5218:978-0-89024-026-7 5174:978-1-349-05013-0 5149:978-3-344-70767-5 5124:978-0-691-02776-0 4979:on 8 October 2010 4942:978-0-912404-04-2 4914:978-0-9665734-2-8 4873:, pp. 39–41. 4792:Renzo Pocaterra, 4780:Our Home Railways 4764:978-0-415-06042-4 4603:on 15 April 2011. 4537:978-0-521-27367-1 4506:978-0-8018-1148-7 4441:978-0-543-72474-8 4402:978-0-521-09418-4 4355:978-0-7195-5746-0 4330:978-0-665-78347-0 4262:978-1-84674-298-9 3849:Highway dimension 3723: 3722: 3353:steam locomotives 3323:, development of 3146:Modern management 3007:one litre of fuel 2983:Energy efficiency 2947:capital-intensive 2676:Goods station in 2241:refrigerator cars 2124:Higher-speed rail 1921:heritage railways 1869:Steam locomotives 1791:heritage railways 1785:Heritage railways 1540:Diesel locomotive 1447:Frankfurt am Main 1443:Lauffen am Neckar 1418:in south London. 1404:electric traction 1291:reluctance motors 1237:, built in 1830. 1189:George Stephenson 1129:Middleton Railway 1058:stationary engine 818:Middleton Railway 795:Wollaton Wagonway 752:Georgius Agricola 623:investing in rail 557:capital-intensive 531: 530: 249:Railway couplings 232:Steam locomotives 91:energy efficiency 27:Mode of transport 16:(Redirected from 9305: 9170:Railway workshop 8886:Transition curve 8856:Fastening system 8810: 8792: 8785: 8778: 8769: 8768: 8676:Spanish solution 8666:Terminal station 8639:Railway platform 8471: 8464: 8457: 8448: 8447: 8435: 8434: 8353:Destination sign 8317:Platform display 8307:Destination sign 8264:Transit district 8259:Street hierarchy 8239:Complete streets 8234:Airport security 8116:Cross-city route 8061:Proof-of-payment 8031:Free travel pass 7522:Public light bus 7482:Hackney carriage 7301:Heritage railway 7286:Elevated railway 7281:Cross-city route 7201:Public light bus 7159:Cross-city route 7111:Public transport 7104: 7097: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7057:(#Sringer, 2017) 6965: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6926: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6888: 6881: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6800: 6793: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6768: 6761: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6733: 6727:. 9 March 2016. 6726: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6707: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6680: 6678: 6663: 6657: 6656: 6654: 6652: 6646: 6640:. 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Sprague 1107:Catch Me Who Can 1077:steam locomotive 1042:steam locomotive 1016:Steam locomotive 971:Bessemer process 947:puddling process 653:wheeled vehicles 647:Smooth, durable 564:steam locomotive 523: 516: 509: 495: 494: 195:Gauge conversion 119: 100: 99: 93:and potentially 21: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9302: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9231: 9149: 9125:Structure gauge 9080:Defect detector 9052: 9044: 8890: 8846:Clip and scotch 8836:Breather switch 8802: 8796: 8766: 8761: 8757:Cant deficiency 8742:Ruling gradient 8723: 8709:Horseshoe curve 8695: 8625: 8586:Double junction 8576:Flying junction 8562: 8519: 8510:Quadruple track 8481: 8475: 8445: 8440: 8429: 8422: 8326: 8299: 8293: 8222: 8176: 8152:Checked baggage 8140: 8099: 7986:Bus advertising 7970: 7962: 7831: 7822:Trackless train 7765:Scooter-sharing 7760:Bicycle-sharing 7737: 7731: 7697: 7637: 7589: 7551: 7527:Pulled rickshaw 7497:Motorcycle taxi 7440:Combination bus 7421: 7414: 7328:Inter-city rail 7313:High-speed rail 7230: 7113: 7108: 7078: 6972: 6970:Further reading 6962: 6940: 6935: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6918: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6902: 6892: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6836:on 3 May 2013. 6833: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6801:on 4 March 2016 6798: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6769:on 3 March 2016 6766: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6750: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6705: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6676: 6674: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6604: 6596: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6551: 6543:on 3 May 2013. 6540: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6517: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6475: 6473: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6424: 6395: 6391: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6346: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6315: 6309: 6305: 6282:10.2307/1988491 6266: 6262: 6249: 6245: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6203:Wayback Machine 6193: 6189: 6182: 6168: 6164: 6149: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6085: 6081: 6072: 6068: 6059: 6055: 6016: 6012: 6003: 5999: 5976:10.2307/3111573 5960: 5956: 5947: 5943: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5883:. p. 240. 5873: 5869: 5832: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5780: 5770: 5768: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5688: 5684: 5674: 5672: 5659: 5658: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5542: 5530:. Minneapolis: 5519: 5512: 5502: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5424: 5420: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5379:10.2307/1568245 5373:: 63–76. 1961. 5362: 5361: 5357: 5342: 5326: 5322: 5312: 5310: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5246: 5240:Wayback Machine 5230: 5226: 5219: 5205: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5161: 5157: 5150: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5103: 5099: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5055: 5051: 5042: 5040: 5039:on 4 March 2014 5036: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4943: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4776: 4772: 4765: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4718: 4717: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4642: 4638: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4591: 4590: 4586: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4559: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4491: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4474:on 1 March 2012 4471: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4442: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4389: 4385: 4380:on 12 May 2009. 4368: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4274: 4270: 4263: 4249: 4245: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4200:Railway Gazette 4196: 4192: 4188:(1913), p. 156. 4185:De re metallica 4181: 4177: 4167: 4165: 4164:on 28 June 2012 4150: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4105:10.2307/3855873 4089: 4085: 4077: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4044: 4027: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3970: 3966: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3778: 3775: 3759: 3745: 3740: 3728: 3705: 3703: 3684: 3682: 3663: 3661: 3642: 3640: 3621: 3619: 3600: 3598: 3579: 3577: 3558: 3556: 3537: 3535: 3516: 3514: 3495: 3493: 3474: 3472: 3453: 3451: 3420:Indian Railways 3412: 3406: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3349: 3301: 3264:Austro-Prussian 3238: 3190: 3173: 3148: 3128: 3119: 3098: 3090: 3088:Nation-building 3061: 3056: 3032:Kuopio, Finland 3028:Savonia railway 3016: 3004: 3000: 2991: 2985: 2939: 2934: 2893: 2863:, and gates or 2837: 2813:Via Rail Canada 2775: 2735: 2730: 2710:level crossings 2686:railway station 2670: 2664: 2632: 2626: 2624:Electrification 2590: 2580:Midland Railway 2565: 2533: 2527: 2502: 2496: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2337: 2336: 2325: 2319: 2306: 2300: 2287: 2214:breaks of gauge 2210:double stacking 2183: 2177: 2163:. New Jersey's 2095:High-speed rail 2052:Commuter trains 2048:Regional trains 2016: 2014:Passenger train 2010: 1992:, horse-drawn, 1979:diesel–electric 1951:traction motors 1887:is burned in a 1866: 1858:electric motors 1838:push–pull train 1830: 1809: 1803: 1787: 1781: 1766:grade-separated 1731:high-speed rail 1716:high-speed rail 1694: 1692:High-speed rail 1688: 1686:High-speed rail 1661:DET 1 and DET 2 1597:Gebrüder Sulzer 1546: 1536: 1503:, Switzerland. 1482:Évian-les-Bains 1268:Robert Davidson 1256: 1246: 1231:Rainhill Trials 1070:William Murdoch 1050:Thomas Newcomen 1018: 1012: 951:rolling process 938:John Birkinshaw 889:Benjamin Outram 834: 756:De re metallica 731:railway at the 709: 704: 686: 645: 639: 630: 619:road congestion 527: 489: 386: 335:Special systems 330: 296:Inter-city rail 281:Passenger train 206: 161:Railway station 138: 137: 64:train transport 62:(also known as 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9311: 9301: 9300: 9295: 9293:Infrastructure 9290: 9288:Rail transport 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8691:Infill station 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8662: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8621:Level crossing 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8581:Level junction 8578: 8572: 8570: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8529: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8491: 8489: 8483: 8482: 8474: 8473: 8466: 8459: 8451: 8442: 8441: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8368:Land transport 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8271: 8269:Transit police 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8249:Rail subsidies 8246: 8241: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8221: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8182: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8121:Network length 8118: 8113: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8085:Ticket machine 8082: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8006:Fare avoidance 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7977: 7975: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7888:Ferry terminal 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7797:Moving walkway 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7768: 7767: 7762: 7752: 7747: 7741: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7722:Moving walkway 7719: 7714: 7708: 7706: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7651:Aerial tramway 7647: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7599: 7597: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7561: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7445:Cycle rickshaw 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7395:Street running 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7123: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7077: 7076:External links 7074: 7073: 7072: 7065: 7064:(3rd ed. 2014) 7058: 7051: 7044: 7034: 7024: 7014: 7007: 7000: 6990: 6983: 6971: 6968: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6939: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6900: 6868: 6842: 6812: 6780: 6748: 6713: 6687: 6658: 6626: 6602: 6578: 6549: 6515: 6483: 6453: 6422: 6409:(1): 130–144. 6389: 6362: 6353: 6344: 6303: 6260: 6243: 6220: 6207: 6187: 6180: 6162: 6147: 6121: 6112: 6105: 6079: 6066: 6053: 6026:(4): 375–388. 6010: 5997: 5970:(3): 248–263. 5954: 5941: 5898: 5867: 5846:(2): 715–735. 5826: 5813: 5804: 5778: 5755:(2): 241–263. 5735: 5709: 5682: 5649: 5622: 5585: 5574:on 3 June 2012 5555: 5540: 5532:Voyageur Press 5510: 5484: 5459: 5418: 5400: 5355: 5340: 5320: 5294: 5264: 5244: 5224: 5217: 5199: 5180: 5173: 5155: 5148: 5130: 5123: 5117:. p. 12. 5097: 5079: 5049: 5014: 5012:, p. 273. 5002: 5000:, p. 137. 4990: 4960: 4948: 4941: 4923: 4913: 4887: 4885:, p. 129. 4875: 4863: 4837: 4807: 4798: 4785: 4770: 4763: 4741: 4711: 4696: 4681: 4651: 4636: 4606: 4584: 4569: 4543: 4536: 4512: 4505: 4485: 4450: 4440: 4420: 4408: 4401: 4383: 4374:Early Railways 4361: 4354: 4336: 4329: 4323:. The Author. 4311: 4285: 4268: 4261: 4243: 4226: 4213: 4190: 4175: 4144: 4118: 4083: 4054: 4018: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3964: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3864:Hydrogen train 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3804: 3790: 3774: 3771: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3616: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3574: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3565:United Kingdom 3553: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3469: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3448: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3410:Rail subsidies 3408:Main article: 3405: 3402: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3358: 3348: 3345: 3305:agglomerations 3300: 3297: 3237: 3234: 3189: 3188:Transportation 3186: 3172: 3169: 3167:in the 1860s. 3147: 3144: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3015: 3012: 3002: 2998: 2987:Main article: 2984: 2981: 2962:air resistance 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2914:off-peak hours 2897:infrastructure 2892: 2889: 2869:Train whistles 2867:at crossings. 2836: 2833: 2774: 2771: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2666:Main article: 2663: 2660: 2628:Main article: 2625: 2622: 2586:Main article: 2564: 2561: 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2507:break of gauge 2500:Break of gauge 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2427:standard gauge 2349: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2321:Main article: 2318: 2315: 2302:Main article: 2299: 2296: 2286: 2285:Infrastructure 2283: 2179:Main article: 2176: 2175:Freight trains 2173: 2112:kinetic energy 2012:Main article: 2009: 2006: 1964:overhead lines 1959:direct current 1905:connecting rod 1865: 1862: 1834:tractive force 1829: 1826: 1816:purposes. The 1805:Main article: 1802: 1799: 1795:living history 1780: 1777: 1773:turning radius 1758:standard gauge 1735:United Kingdom 1690:Main article: 1687: 1684: 1626:direct current 1535: 1532: 1489:Lugano Tramway 1435:three-phase AC 1408:City of London 1276:galvanic cells 1245: 1242: 1182:Science Museum 1166:William Hedley 1127:built for the 1115:Matthew Murray 1104:, London, the 1011: 1008: 907:William Jessop 897:William Jessop 833: 830: 746:Wagonways (or 708: 705: 685: 682: 641:Main article: 638: 635: 628: 589:In the 1880s, 568:United Kingdom 529: 528: 526: 525: 518: 511: 503: 500: 499: 486: 485: 484: 483: 478: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 393: 392: 388: 387: 385: 384: 379: 374: 373: 372: 362: 357: 352: 351: 350: 337: 336: 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 316:Rail subsidies 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 246: 241: 236: 235: 234: 224: 216: 215: 208: 207: 205: 204: 203: 202: 197: 192: 190:Variable gauge 182: 181: 180: 170: 169: 168: 158: 153: 145: 144: 143:Infrastructure 140: 139: 136: 135: 130: 124: 121: 120: 112: 111: 109:Rail transport 105: 104: 87:road transport 83:land transport 60:Rail transport 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9310: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9228: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9161:Coaling tower 9159: 9158: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9130:Signal bridge 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9105:Loading gauge 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9013:refuge siding 9011: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8959:tramway track 8957: 8956: 8955: 8952: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8899: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8793: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8702: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8548:Refuge siding 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8488: 8487:Railway track 8484: 8480:track layouts 8479: 8472: 8467: 8465: 8460: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8449: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8425: 8419: 8418:Micromobility 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8363:Hail and ride 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8225: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7958:Transport hub 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943:Train station 7941: 7939: 7938:Taxicab stand 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7923:Park and ride 7921: 7919: 7918:Metro station 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7691: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661:Cable railway 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7390:Regional rail 7388: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7271:Commuter rail 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7174:Intercity bus 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7129: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6963: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6917: 6910: 6904: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6839: 6832: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6797: 6790: 6784: 6765: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6730: 6723: 6717: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6684: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6619: 6612: 6606: 6595: 6588: 6582: 6566: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6357: 6348: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6191: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6116: 6108: 6106:9780691047003 6102: 6098: 6093: 6092: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5817: 5808: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5686: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5654: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5522:EuDaly, Kevin 5517: 5515: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5228: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5190: 5184: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5159: 5151: 5145: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5101: 5094: 5089: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4994: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4952: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4802: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4715: 4707: 4700: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4655: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4588: 4580: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4516: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4497: 4489: 4470: 4463: 4462: 4454: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4424: 4418:, pp. 92 4417: 4412: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4194: 4187: 4186: 4179: 4163: 4159: 4158:der Tagespost 4155: 4148: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4023: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3975:'s DC system. 3974: 3973:Thomas Edison 3968: 3961: 3960:air transport 3955: 3951: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3816: 3805: 3802: 3796: 3791: 3788: 3787:Trains portal 3782: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3749:United States 3743:United States 3738:North America 3735: 3733: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3471: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3385: 3367: 3366:Beijing Metro 3357: 3354: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3236:Military role 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3198:inner suburbs 3195: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3178:human capital 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161:Erie Railroad 3158: 3154: 3143: 3140: 3135: 3133: 3123: 3114: 3107: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3093: 3085: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3059:Modernization 3051: 3049: 3048:line to Lhasa 3043: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3011: 3008: 3001:; 39 mpg 2996: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2973:articulations 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2929: 2926: 2925:road networks 2922: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2902:crucial cargo 2898: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2843:According to 2841: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2798:externalities 2794: 2792: 2791:advertisement 2788: 2784: 2783:season ticket 2780: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2690:goods station 2687: 2680:, Switzerland 2679: 2674: 2669: 2668:Train station 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2439:loading gauge 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2412:perpendicular 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2334: 2324: 2314: 2312: 2305: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2263:Bulk handling 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2187: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138:can be used. 2137: 2132: 2131:Rapid transit 2128: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:specific name 2041: 2040:sleeping cars 2037: 2033: 2029: 2020: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:overhead wire 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913:driving wheel 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1854:diesel engine 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1822:people movers 1819: 1818:engine driver 1815: 1808: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717: 1709: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1678:In 1929, the 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589:Rudolf Diesel 1585: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1514:, Italy, 1901 1513: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:Walter Boveri 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457:had a higher 1456: 1452: 1451:Jean Heilmann 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Charles Brown 1424: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400:Northern line 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:overhead wire 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1200:steam-powered 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1178:Puffing Billy 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1157:Puffing Billy 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1007: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 957:developed by 956: 952: 948: 945:patented the 944: 939: 935: 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 871: 870:balloon loops 867: 863: 859: 858:Coalbrookdale 851: 846: 838: 829: 827: 823: 819: 814: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 713: 703: 699: 695: 691: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 649:road surfaces 644: 634: 632: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 587: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534:Rolling stock 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 504: 502: 501: 498: 493: 488: 487: 482: 479: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 395: 394: 390: 389: 383: 380: 378: 375: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365:Rapid transit 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 349: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 339: 338: 334: 333: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 291:Regional rail 289: 287: 286:Commuter rail 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Bogie (truck) 274: 272: 269: 265: 264:Dual coupling 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 245: 244:Railroad cars 242: 240: 237: 233: 230: 229: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 214: 213:rolling stock 210: 209: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 186: 183: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173:Railway track 171: 167: 164: 163: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 147: 146: 142: 141: 134: 133:Company types 131: 129: 126: 125: 123: 122: 118: 114: 113: 110: 107: 106: 102: 101: 98: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 55:in March 2006 54: 51:transporting 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9145:Wayside horn 9095:Interlocking 9075:Catch points 9035:Water trough 8937:Passing loop 8917:Pocket track 8902:Balloon loop 8866:Ladder track 8701:Hillclimbing 8671:Balloon loop 8543:Pocket track 8533:Balloon loop 8525:Rail sidings 8505:Double track 8500:Passing loop 8495:Single track 8477: 8428: 8403:Timing point 8388:Request stop 8331:Other topics 8188:Bus bunching 8172:Travel class 8131:Radial route 8111:Circle route 8095:Transit pass 8056:Penalty fare 8016:Fare evasion 8011:Fare capping 7996:Dead mileage 7953:Transit mall 7676:Gondola lift 7455:Microtransit 7363:People mover 7276:Circle route 7235: 7191:Open top bus 7154:Circle route 7068: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7037: 7036:Nock, O. S. 7027: 7026:Nock, O. S. 7017: 7016:Nock, O. S. 7010: 7003: 6993: 6986: 6976: 6946: 6923:. Retrieved 6903: 6891:. Retrieved 6871: 6859:. Retrieved 6845: 6837: 6831:the original 6803:. Retrieved 6796:the original 6783: 6771:. Retrieved 6764:the original 6751: 6744:£3.5 billion 6743: 6736:. Retrieved 6716: 6704:. Retrieved 6690: 6682: 6675:. Retrieved 6671:the original 6661: 6649:. Retrieved 6642:the original 6629: 6618:the original 6605: 6594:the original 6581: 6569:. Retrieved 6544: 6538:the original 6506:. Retrieved 6495: 6486: 6474:. Retrieved 6465: 6456: 6444:. Retrieved 6435: 6425: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6335:. Retrieved 6326:(6): 89–91. 6323: 6319: 6306: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6229: 6223: 6215: 6210: 6190: 6174:. Elsevier. 6171: 6165: 6130: 6124: 6115: 6090: 6082: 6074: 6069: 6061: 6056: 6023: 6019: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5949: 5944: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5889:. Retrieved 5880: 5870: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5821: 5816: 5807: 5795:. Retrieved 5791:the original 5781: 5769:. Retrieved 5752: 5748: 5738: 5728:10 September 5726:. Retrieved 5722:the original 5712: 5700:. Retrieved 5685: 5673:. Retrieved 5664: 5640:. Retrieved 5625: 5613:. Retrieved 5601: 5588: 5576:. Retrieved 5572:the original 5567: 5558: 5526: 5501:. Retrieved 5487: 5475:. Retrieved 5472:www.odfl.com 5471: 5462: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5413:the original 5403: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5330: 5323: 5311:. Retrieved 5307:the original 5297: 5285:. Retrieved 5276: 5267: 5227: 5208: 5202: 5183: 5164: 5158: 5139: 5133: 5106: 5100: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5074: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5041:, retrieved 5034:the original 5030:The Engineer 5029: 5017: 5010:Duffy (2003) 5005: 4998:Duffy (2003) 4993: 4981:. Retrieved 4977:the original 4956:Duffy (2003) 4951: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4898: 4890: 4883:Duffy (2003) 4878: 4871:Duffy (2003) 4866: 4854:. Retrieved 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4824:the original 4810: 4801: 4793: 4788: 4779: 4773: 4754: 4744: 4732:. Retrieved 4723: 4714: 4705: 4699: 4690: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4663: 4654: 4645: 4639: 4630: 4623:. Retrieved 4609: 4601:the original 4596: 4587: 4578: 4572: 4562:19 September 4560:. Retrieved 4546: 4522: 4515: 4495: 4488: 4476:. Retrieved 4469:the original 4460: 4453: 4445: 4430: 4423: 4411: 4392: 4386: 4378:the original 4373: 4364: 4345: 4339: 4320: 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4288: 4280: 4276: 4275:Peter King, 4271: 4252: 4246: 4238: 4234: 4229: 4221: 4216: 4199: 4193: 4183: 4178: 4166:. Retrieved 4162:the original 4157: 4147: 4135:. Retrieved 4121: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4075:the original 4070: 4057: 4045:. Retrieved 4031: 4029:IEA (2019). 4009:. Retrieved 4000: 3991: 3967: 3954: 3904:Mine railway 3899:Mega project 3815:Lists portal 3760: 3729: 3520: 3432: 3417: 3413: 3391: 3363: 3350: 3302: 3272:mobilization 3257: 3194:city centres 3191: 3182: 3174: 3171:Career paths 3149: 3136: 3129: 3120: 3112: 3099: 3091: 3074: 3070:train orders 3062: 3044: 3036: 2992: 2966: 2951: 2940: 2918: 2910: 2901: 2894: 2882: 2871:, bells, or 2854: 2821:shareholders 2811: 2795: 2776: 2748: 2740:Network Rail 2736: 2699: 2683: 2641: 2633: 2606: 2602:single track 2591: 2546: 2503: 2488: 2484: 2473: 2466: 2455: 2443: 2435:narrow gauge 2424: 2409: 2402:right of way 2391:intersection 2368:intersecting 2307: 2298:Right-of-way 2261: 2226:supply chain 2204: 2199:freight cars 2192: 2148:people mover 2129: 2122: 2117:cut and fill 2109: 2093: 2077: 2075:VR Class Sm3 2025: 1987: 1969: 1925: 1873:steam engine 1867: 1864:Motive power 1847: 1843:railroad car 1831: 1810: 1788: 1779:Preservation 1769:right-of-way 1755: 1713: 1695: 1677: 1637: 1618:Hermann Lemp 1615: 1607:Soviet Union 1586: 1562: 1528: 1517: 1486: 1478:Kálmán Kandó 1475: 1437:, between a 1420: 1412:River Thames 1410:, under the 1382: 1354: 1314:Lichterfelde 1312:, opened in 1304: 1288:direct-drive 1279: 1265: 1239: 1224: 1214: 1204: 1193:Killingworth 1186: 1177: 1155: 1153: 1149:rack railway 1122: 1112: 1105: 1074: 1046:steam engine 1035: 980: 966: 936:invented by 934:wrought iron 931: 927: 905: 874: 855: 815: 791:River Severn 764: 759: 754:in his work 745: 718: 663: 661: 646: 597:. The first 588: 561: 532: 211:Service and 108: 63: 59: 58: 40: 9070:Buffer stop 9030:Water crane 8942:Track gauge 8881:Tie/Sleeper 8737:Track gauge 8596:Grand union 8408:Transit map 8383:Public good 8300:and signage 8157:First class 8071:Smart cards 8046:Money train 7908:Kassel kerb 7868:Bus station 7656:Cable ferry 7623:Ocean liner 7603:Cable ferry 7460:Paratransit 7221:Transit bus 7216:Shuttle bus 7164:Express bus 7119:Bus service 6861:26 November 6773:22 February 6378:: 183–201. 6099:–263, 289. 5914:(1): 1–20. 5820:Tony Judt, 5432:Mathematics 4416:Landes 1969 4224:, pp. 8–10. 4129:. Funimag. 4099:: 134–138. 3934:Track gauge 3607:Netherlands 3523:Switzerland 3280:World War I 3102:Henry Adams 2977:fishtailing 2891:Maintenance 2829:fiscal year 2714:culs-de-sac 2706:footbridges 2702:underpasses 2613:lever frame 2572:Bardon Hill 2431:broad gauge 2388:Lake street 2380:Orange line 2356:Chicago 'L' 2275:hopper cars 2255:will allow 2157:Chicago 'L' 2140:Light rails 2002:gas turbine 1996:, gravity, 1975:prime mover 1947:transformer 1751:Netherlands 1743:Scandinavia 1739:South Korea 1593:Adolf Klose 1389:fourth rail 1295:commutators 1121:locomotive 1098:South Wales 963:coke (fuel) 899:opened the 895:. In 1803, 678:Roman Egypt 553:locomotives 459:Terminology 404:Attractions 391:Miscellanea 227:Locomotives 185:Track gauge 178:Maintenance 47:A train in 9282:Categories 9243:Industrial 9227:Water stop 9188:for trains 9180:Roundhouse 9154:Structures 9140:Train stop 9090:Guard rail 9065:Block post 9053:and safety 9050:Signalling 8981:third rail 8954:Rail track 8947:dual gauge 8831:Baulk road 8358:Dwell time 8348:Crush load 8298:Technology 8218:Short turn 8181:Scheduling 8145:Facilities 7933:Queue jump 7853:Bus garage 7755:Carsharing 7633:Water taxi 7613:Hovercraft 7565:Car jockey 7557:Carpooling 7532:Share taxi 7502:Marshrutka 7467:Dollar van 7410:Tram-train 7338:Light rail 7333:Interurban 7296:Heavy rail 7226:Trolleybus 7186:Marshrutka 7169:Guided bus 6925:3 November 6805:27 January 6651:27 January 6337:27 October 6298:1296644342 6004:Kirkland, 5675:27 January 5503:26 January 5438:(4): 857. 5409:"About Us" 5350:1133662497 5313:10 October 5287:27 January 5189:US 1154785 5043:11 October 4856:16 October 4830:18 January 4478:11 October 4047:2 December 4011:2 December 4001:Britannica 3983:References 3829:Derailment 3325:greenfield 3222:Shinkansen 3066:time zones 2999:‑imp 2895:As in any 2885:Shinkansen 2857:derailment 2728:Operations 2656:25 kV 2652:15 kV 2637:third rail 2609:signal box 2604:railways. 2563:Signalling 2420:rail gauge 2382:above the 2253:roadrailer 2245:stock cars 2036:dining car 1998:pneumatics 1935:third rail 1783:See also: 1760:tracks of 1708:Shinkansen 1582:Hull Docks 1538:See also: 1520:Valtellina 1512:Valtellina 1467:commutator 1248:See also: 1216:Locomotion 1137:edge-rails 1102:Bloomsbury 1094:Penydarren 1038:James Watt 1014:See also: 943:Henry Cort 811:Nottingham 787:Shropshire 741:treadwheel 688:See also: 550:electrical 409:By country 360:Interurban 355:Light rail 200:Dual gauge 151:Management 95:high speed 85:, next to 9193:for goods 9135:Tell-tale 8966:Rail yard 8932:Guide bar 8912:Headshunt 8895:Trackwork 8861:Fishplate 8851:Date nail 8812:(history) 8568:Junctions 8553:Rail yard 8538:Headshunt 8515:Crossover 8322:Timetable 8051:Paid area 8001:Exit fare 7968:Ticketing 7948:Tram stop 7863:Bus stand 7836:Locations 7817:Slope car 7787:Hyperloop 7777:Escalator 7738:transport 7717:Escalator 7705:transport 7671:Funicular 7628:Vaporetto 7618:Hydrofoil 7537:Songthaew 7507:Nanny van 7492:Limousine 7435:Boda boda 7291:Funicular 7266:Cable car 7149:Charabanc 6571:8 January 6438:. 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