3167:
546:
636:
51:
663:, were harshly critical. Modern historians agree that Rafinesque was often hasty, and tried to claim credit properly due to other researchers. Scientists were troubled that his theory of evolution – long before Darwin – seemed to be based more on his speculation and exaggerations than on solid research. Despite all his faults, says Daniels, "he made enormous contributions to the natural history phase of American science...with the establishment of 34 genera and 24 species of American fishes." He was also a brilliant teacher at Transylvania University.
359:
193:. He wrote prolifically on such diverse topics as anthropology, biology, geology, and linguistics, but was honored in none of these fields during his lifetime. Indeed, he was an outcast in the American scientific community and his submissions were automatically rejected by leading journals. Among his theories were that ancestors of Native Americans had migrated by the Bering Sea from Asia to North America, and that the Americas were populated by black indigenous peoples at the time of European contact.
569:. He was the first to identify these as the "Ancient Monuments of America". He listed more than 500 such archaeological sites in Ohio and Kentucky. Rafinesque never excavated; rather, he recorded the sites visited by careful measurements, sketches, and written descriptions. Only a few of his descriptions were published, with his friend John D. Clifford's series "Indian Antiquities", eight long letters in Lexington's short-lived
3162:
299:, where he also gave private lessons in French, Italian, and Spanish. He was loosely associated with John D. Clifford, a merchant who was also interested in the ancient earthworks that remained throughout the Ohio Valley. Clifford conducted archival research, seeking the origins of these mounds, and Rafinesque measured and mapped them. Some had already been lost to American development.
905:
232:, Sicily, where he learned Italian. He became so successful in trade that he retired by age 25 and devoted his time entirely to natural history. For a time Rafinesque also worked as secretary to the American consul. During his stay in Sicily, he studied plants and fishes, naming many newly discovered species of each. He was elected a Fellow of the
426:
part of the great universal law of perpetual mutability in everything. Thus it is needless to dispute and differ about new genera, species and varieties. Every variety is a deviation which becomes a species as soon as it is permanent by reproduction. Deviations in essential organs may thus gradually become new genera.
654:
According to historian George
Daniels, Rafinesque was a brilliant but erratic naturalist who roamed the American wilderness. His style was offputting to the emerging professionalization of science and achievements were controversial at the time and by historians ever since. By 1820, he was virtually
425:
The truth is that
Species and perhaps Genera also, are forming in organized beings by gradual deviations of shapes, forms and organs, taking place in the lapse of time. There is a tendency to deviations and mutations through plants and animals by gradual steps at remote irregular periods. This is a
748:
Indice d'ittiologia siciliana ossia catalogo metodico dei nomi latini, italiani, e siciliani dei pesci, che si rinvengono in
Sicilia disposti secondo un metodo naturale eseguito da un appendice che contiene la descrizione di alcuni nuovi pesci siciliani. Opuscolo del signore C.S. Rafinesque
217:. By 14, he had taught himself Greek and Latin because he needed to follow footnotes in the books he was reading in his paternal grandmother's libraries. In 1802, at the age of 19, Rafinesque sailed to Philadelphia in the United States with his younger brother. They traveled through
537:, many scholars concurred with his analysis. They concluded that Rafinesque had been either the perpetrator, or perhaps the victim, of a hoax. Other scholars, writers, and some among the Lenape continue to find the account plausible and support its authenticity.
309:
Rafinesque started recording all the new species of plants and animals he encountered in travels throughout the state. He was considered an erratic student of higher plants. In the spring of 1826, he left the university after quarreling with its president.
334:. He was buried in a plot in what is now Ronaldson's Cemetery. In March 1924, what were thought to be his remains were transported to Transylvania University and reinterred in a tomb under a stone inscribed, "Honor to whom honor is overdue."
276:
was strongly criticized by fellow botanists, which caused his writings to be ignored. By 1818, he had collected and named more than 250 new species of plants and animals. Slowly, he was rebuilding his collection of objects from nature.
495:. Based on this, he produced an English translation of the tablets' contents. Rafinesque claimed the original tablets and transcription were later lost, leaving his notes and transcribed copy as the only record of evidence.
313:
He traveled and lectured in various places, and endeavored to establish a magazine and a botanic garden, but without success. He moved to
Philadelphia, a center of publishing and research, without employment. He published
2669:
Walam Olum; or, Red Score, the
Migration Legend of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians. A new translation, interpreted by linguistic, historical, archaeological, ethnological, and physical anthropological
571:
578:
Rafinesque's work was used by others. For instance, he identified 148 ancient earthworks sites in
Kentucky. All sites in Kentucky that were included by E. G. Squier and Davis in their notable
174:
and self-educated in France. He traveled as a young man in the United States, ultimately settling in Ohio in 1815, where he made notable contributions to botany, zoology, and the study of
288:, and stayed in Audubon's home for some three weeks. Audubon, although enjoying Rafinesque's company, took advantage of him by practical jokes involving fantastic, made-up species.
529:
account was largely or entirely a fabrication. Scholars have described its record of "authentic Lenape traditional migration stories" as spurious. After the publication in 1995 of
2318:
3287:
510:, an ethnologist who had worked extensively in Michigan and related territories, wrote to Squier saying that he believed the document might be fraudulent. In the 1950s, the
213:
about 1793. Rafinesque spent his youth in
Marseilles, and was mostly self-educated; he never attended university. By the age of 12, he had begun collecting plants for an
918:"Philology. Second letter to Mr. Champollion on the graphic systems of America, and the glyphs of Otolum or Palenque, in Central America – Elements of the glyphs".
3352:
3096:
Stuckey, Ronald L. (1971). "The first public auction of an
American herbarium including an account of the fate of the Baldwin, Collins, and Rafinesque herbaria".
1607:
264:
3292:
355:
over more familiar names. The quantity of new taxa he produced, both plants and animals, has made
Rafinesque memorable or even notorious among biologists.
1337:
530:
2204:
3387:
2410:
1123:
1289:
655:
an outcast in the scientific community as all the important publications rejected his submissions. The two leading
American scientists of the day,
2134:
378:
only after his arrival in Sicily. After studying the specimens collected by the Lewis and Clark expedition, he assigned scientific names to the
3297:
1318:
502:
was widely accepted by ethnohistorians as authentically Native American in origin, but as early as 1849, when the document was republished by
1899::"This page of Demotic has letters and numbers, these represented by strokes meaning 5 and dots meaning unities as the dots never exceed 4."
3347:
580:
318:, of which only eight issues were printed (1832–1833). He also gave public lectures and continued publishing, mostly at his own expense.
595:
studies. The latter were based on linguistic data, which he extracted from printed sources, mostly those of travelers. He designated as
3282:
3377:
2953:"С. S. Rafinesque as a carcinologist: an annotated compilation of the information on Crustacea contained in the works of that author"
3182:
1946:
455:". He believed that evolution had occurred "by gradual steps at remote irregular periods." This has been compared to the concept of
3367:
3357:
3342:
326:
Rafinesque died of stomach and liver cancer in Philadelphia on 18 September 1840. The cancer may have been induced by Rafinesque's
3187:
3382:
2086:
Ambrose, Charles T. (2010b). "The curious death of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783–1840): the case for the maidenhair fern".
2859:
3372:
3362:
3267:
2877:
1283:
628:
could lead to deciphering the ancient script. In 1832, he was the first to partly decipher ancient Maya. He explained that its
3064:
2929:
2848:
2816:
2793:
2774:
2727:
2706:
2657:
2570:
2543:
2451:
2273:
2246:
2181:
2169:
2142:
233:
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foundered near the coast of Connecticut, he lost all his books (50 boxes) and all his specimens (including more than 60,000
2350:
1886:
3337:
3237:
1615:
3041:
2605:
1956:
3053:
The Crimsoned Hills of Onondaga: Romantic Antiquarians and the Euro-American Invention of Native American Prehistory
3327:
3222:
3138:
2623:Örstan, Aydin (2014). "Two early nineteenth-century uses of the term "evolution" to denote biological speciation".
3232:
3227:
2861:
The Life and Writings of Rafinesque: Prepared for the Filson Club and read at its Meeting, Monday, April 2, 1894
3307:
3247:
2562:
2356:
2161:
1334:
810:
3317:
3312:
3252:
3242:
2808:
2238:
1173:
1146:
483:(also known by English speakers as the Delaware Indians). It told of their migration to the lands around the
3217:
2698:
2593:
2443:
2088:
545:
375:
303:
3332:
3322:
2761:
A comprehensive work which contains all of Rafinesque's malacological writings, including all his plates.
2625:
2509:
2292:
1121:
Betts, Edwin M. (1944). "The Correspondence between Constantine Samuel Rafinesque and Thomas Jefferson".
716:
1282:
3302:
3202:
2957:
2673:
1020:
668:
511:
17:
2756:
The complete writings of Constantine Smaltz Rafinesque [sic] on recent & fossil conchology
978:
974:
970:
966:
258:
2489:
696:
after Rafinesque. He felt indebted to the naturalist, who had inspired his work and given Nuttall's
521:
Since the late 20th century, studies especially in linguistic, ethnohistorical, archaeological, and
2979:
2535:
2420:
1896:
1315:
1278:
835:
432:
379:
135:
2597:
2049:
Ambrose, C. T. (2010a). "Darwin's historical sketch – an American predecessor: C. S. Rafinesque".
228:
In 1805, Rafinesque returned to Europe with his collection of botanical specimens, and settled in
3272:
3013:
2897:
2750:
2327:
708:
702:
585:
554:
292:
2462:
1397:
553:
Rafinesque made a notable contribution to North American prehistory with his studies of ancient
209:; his mother, M. Schmaltz, was of German descent and born in Constantinople. His father died in
3277:
2494:
2415:
2265:
1098:
635:
456:
443:
Rafinesque's evolutionary theory appears in a two-page article in the 1833 spring issue of the
269:
179:
3033:
2647:
2153:
1775:
1744:
2746:
2717:
2690:
2554:
2226:
2126:
1429:
352:
248:. After their son died in 1815, he left her and returned to the United States. When his ship
2585:
2257:
370:
Rafinesque applied to join one of the western scientific expeditions organized by President
3257:
3212:
3207:
2588:
Algonquian Spirit: Contemporary Translations of the Algonquian Literatures of North America
1948:
Identification guide to the mesopelagic fishes of the central and south east Atlantic Ocean
31:
2767:
Fitzpatrick's Rafinesque: A Sketch of His Life with Bibliography, revised by Charles Boewe
50:
8:
2586:
2308:
2284:
1641:
1049:
487:. Rafinesque claimed he had obtained wooden tablets engraved and painted with indigenous
296:
281:
245:
3134:
3007:
1803:
Walam Olum: or, Red Score, The Migration Legend of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians.
949:
904:
783:
3262:
3115:
2518:
2437:
2397:
2389:
2213:
2190:
2113:
1274:
1144:
Boewe, Charles (1980). "Editing Rafinesque holographs: the case of the short letters".
1132:
387:
285:
205:, a suburb of Constantinople. His father, F. G. Rafinesque, was a French merchant from
256:). Settling in New York, Rafinesque became a founding member of the newly established
162:; 22 October 1783 – 18 September 1840) was a French early 19th-century
3176:
3147:
3070:
3060:
3037:
3026:
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2844:
2812:
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2723:
2702:
2677:
2653:
2611:
2601:
2566:
2539:
2447:
2269:
2242:
2231:
2165:
2138:
2105:
2074:
2066:
1952:
1423:
1155:
994:
888:
656:
507:
190:
2401:
2117:
597:
189:, who excelled in various fields of knowledge, as a zoologist, botanist, writer and
3171:
3107:
2997:
2974:
2952:
2916:
Clifford, John D.; Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (2000). Boewe, Charles E. (ed.).
2634:
2474:
2379:
2314:
2097:
2058:
880:
Medical Flora, a Manual of the Medical Botany of the United States of North America
843:
562:
522:
371:
1745:"Principles of the Philosophy of New Genera and new species of Plants and Animals"
1084:
1031:
985:
940:
931:
869:
860:
792:
756:
3098:
2754:
2370:
1484:
1341:
1322:
1058:
1040:
1005:
959:
878:
851:
774:
765:
758:
Caratteri di Alcuni Nuovi Generi e Nuove Specie di Animali e Piante della Sicilia
746:
676:
625:
492:
358:
331:
327:
158:
3143:
801:
3021:
2970:
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2346:
687:
484:
418:
175:
171:
167:
83:
79:
2479:
225:, where he made the acquaintance of most of the young nation's few botanists.
3196:
3074:
3056:
2070:
629:
558:
348:
316:
The Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, a Cyclopædic Journal and Review
253:
3092:(Reprints Rafinesque's autobiography and the books by Call and Fitzpatrick.)
2873:
2615:
2101:
2681:
2559:
California Desert Flowers: an Introduction to Families, Genera, and Species
2436:
Houston, Stephen D.; Stuart, David; Chinchilla Mazariegos, Oswaldo (2001).
2109:
2078:
1159:
721:
621:
503:
218:
210:
101:
2638:
2062:
1945:
Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United (1 August 2020).
2865:
692:
641:
617:
592:
566:
488:
2522:
2217:
2194:
1931:
George H. Daniels, "Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel" in John A. Garraty,
1074:
624:
in nature, Rafinesque was probably first to insist that studying modern
3119:
3087:
2826:
Boewe, Charles (2004). "C. S. Rafinesque and Ohio Valley Archaeology".
2745:
2532:
A Sea Without Fish: Life in the Ordovician Sea of the Cincinnati Region
2393:
2384:
2365:
2127:"A Curse on Transylvania. Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky"
726:
606:
575:(1819–1820). Clifford died suddenly in 1820, ending his contributions.
475:
206:
186:
1136:
2975:"A supplementary note on the carcinological work of C. S. Rafinesque"
610:
602:
451:
are not fixed; they gradually change through time. He used the term "
411:
395:
363:
214:
128:
3152:
3111:
3156:
2580:
Oestreicher, David M. (2005). "The Tale of a Hoax: Translating the
1107:
794:
Analyse de la Nature ou tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
731:
660:
452:
222:
163:
2435:
2131:
Haunted Halls of Ivy: Ghosts of Southern Colleges and Universities
1908:
996:
A Life of Travels and Researches in North America and South Europe
535:
The Anatomy of the Walam Olum: A 19th Century Anthropological Hoax
2695:
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque: a Voice in the American Wilderness
2505:
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque: A Voice in the American Wilderness
448:
229:
2898:"Evolution Before Darwin: The Musings of Constantine Rafinesque"
2328:"Evolution Before Darwin: The Musings of Constantine Rafinesque"
480:
202:
75:
1851:
841:
1819: "Dissertation on Water-Snakes", published in the London
2202:
Boewe, Charles (1987). "Who's buried in Rafinesque's tomb?".
890:
American manual of the grape vines and the art of making wine
2179:
Belyi, Vilen V. (1997). "Rafinesque's linguistic activity".
518:, as "a worthy subject for students of aboriginal culture".
3135:
Constantine Samuel Rafinesque Papers, 1815–1834 and undated
2868:
Publications, no. 10. Louisville, KY: John P. Morton.
2025:
2013:
2001:
832:
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
818:
1818: Description of three new genera of fluviatile fish,
812:
Florula ludoviciana; or, A flora of the state of Louisiana
588:, were first identified by Rafinesque in his manuscripts.
185:
Rafinesque was an eccentric and erratic genius. He was an
182:, in addition to work he had already completed in Europe.
2834:. Barnardsville, NC: Center for Ancient American Studies.
1688:
1453:
284:, Rafinesque made the acquaintance of fellow naturalist
459:. He also held that the same processes apply to humans.
2881:(Electronic reproduction , Kentuckiana Digital Library)
2366:"The Medicine and Medicinal Plants of C. S. Rafinesque"
1219:
1068:
Celestial Wonders and Philosophy of the Visible Heavens
706:
Nutt. (California plumeseed or California chicory) and
700:
a positive review. The genus now contains two species,
498:
For over a century after Rafinesque's publication, the
1676:
1316:
Discovering Lewis & Clark: biography of Rafinesque
616:
Although mistaken in his presumption that the ancient
479:, a purported migration and creation narrative of the
447:(a journal founded by himself). Rafinesque held that
3288:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2843:. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society.
2649:
History of Science in United States: An Encyclopedia
1755:
1724:
1712:
1700:
2841:
The Life of C.S. Rafinesque, A Man of Uncommon Zeal
2310:
Rafinesque: a Sketch of his Life, with Bibliography
1635:
1633:
549:
Examples of calculating the value of Mayan numerals
3025:
2917:
2915:
2786:Mantissa: A Supplement to Fitzpatrick's Rafinesque
2230:
2205:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1857:
1664:
1608:"Why Do Taxonomists Write the Meanest Obituaries?"
1531:
1529:
1380:
1378:
1025:Original Theory, or New Hypothesis of the Universe
609:. Others later also used the term to identify the
469:In 1836, Rafinesque published his first volume of
291:In 1819, Rafinesque became professor of botany at
2467:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
1252:
1250:
1248:
1124:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1051:The American Monuments of North and South America
735:; the genus is now in the family Rafinesquinidae.
417:Rafinesque proposed a theory of evolution before
410:Rafinesque was one of the first to use the term "
366:is one of many species first named by Rafinesque.
3194:
2552:
1983:
1909:Houston, Stuart & Chinchilla Mazariegos 2001
1773:
1742:
1630:
1103:La-Hwi-Ne-Ski: Career of an Eccentric Naturalist
540:
3353:Deaths from stomach cancer in the United States
3168:Works by or about Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
3081:
2530:Meyer, David L.; Davis, Richard Arnold (2009).
1526:
1375:
1111:, chronicles the life and times of Rafinesque.
776:Précis des Découvertes et Travaux Somiologiques
2802:
2783:
2764:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1767:
1736:
1245:
725:in honor of Rafinesque for a number of fossil
239:
178:. He also contributed to the study of ancient
893:. Philadelphia: Printed for the author. 1830.
964:. Philadelphia: H. Probasco. 5 October 2023.
374:, but received notice of appointment to the
3293:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
2579:
2487:
2306:
2031:
2019:
2007:
1822:
1811:
1791:
1535:
1520:
1508:
1471:
1447:
1435:
1384:
1369:
1357:
1303:
1290:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1273:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1256:
581:Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
440:that acknowledged the ideas of Rafinesque.
414:" in the context of biological speciation.
201:Rafinesque was born on 22 October 1783, in
159:[kɔ̃stɑ̃tinsamɥɛlʁafinɛsk(ə)ʃmalts]
30:"Raf." redirects here. For other uses, see
3005:
2645:
2529:
1995:
1892:
1694:
1642:"Constantine Rafinesque: Eccentric Genius"
1421:
1225:
917:
834:1, 417–422. (Read 1 and 8 December 1818) (
436:published in 1861, Charles Darwin added a
27:French polymath and naturalist (1783–1840)
2478:
2411:"An "odd fish" who swam against the tide"
2383:
2151:
1971:
719:and J. M. Clarke proposed the genus name
572:Western Review and Miscellaneous Magazine
421:. In a letter in 1832, Rafinesque wrote:
3388:French expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
3009:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
2969:
2947:
2715:
2666:
2439:The Decipherment of Ancient Maya Writing
2363:
2325:
2124:
2085:
2048:
1806:
1779:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
1761:
1749:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
1730:
1682:
1569:
1547:
1348:, April 1985; accessed 17 November 2010.
1262:
1192:
1105:, which appears in his 2011 collection,
933:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
920:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
903:
634:
632:represent fives and ones, respectively.
544:
445:Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge
357:
3095:
3006:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1833).
2991:
2408:
2282:
1944:
1920:
1403:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1398:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter R"
1236:
1234:
1214:
491:, together with a transcription in the
330:years before with a mixture containing
176:prehistoric earthworks in North America
14:
3195:
3153:Works by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
3144:Works by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
3020:
2688:
2622:
2553:Morhardt, Sia; Morhardt, Emil (2004).
2488:Jackson, Brittany; Rose, Mark (2009).
2463:"Making sense of the native Caribbean"
2345:
1833:
1718:
1706:
1670:
1658:
1459:
1284:"Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel"
862:Ancient History, or Annals of Kentucky
712:A. Gray (desert chicory or plumeseed).
591:Rafinesque also made contributions to
151:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz
62:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz
3298:French emigrants to the United States
3050:
2938:
2920:John D. Clifford's Indian Antiquities
2838:
2825:
2460:
2258:"Introduction: reprinting Rafinesque"
2255:
2233:John D. Clifford's Indian antiquities
2224:
2201:
2178:
1881:
1869:
1845:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1558:
1240:
1143:
1120:
1093:
1033:Genius and Spirit of the Hebrew Bible
1007:New Flora and Botany of North America
234:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
157:
3188:Fishes first described by Rafinesque
2857:
2502:
1390:
1231:
1203:
785:Principes Fondamentaux de Somiologie
274:or A Flora of the State of Louisiana
3084:Rafinesque. Autobiography and Lives
3002:(Indexes Rafinesque's plant names.)
2788:. Providence, RI: M & S Press.
2154:"The early peripatetic naturalists"
1785:
514:published a "retranslation" of the
24:
3348:Deaths from cancer in Pennsylvania
2941:Rafinesque in Lexington, 1819–1826
2738:
1933:Encyclopedia of American Biography
1639:
1325:; accessed : 17 November 2010
739:
25:
3399:
3283:Botanists active in North America
3128:
2158:California's Frontier Naturalists
1114:
613:of indigenous Caribbean peoples.
3378:19th-century American zoologists
3160:
3139:Smithsonian Institution Archives
2858:Call, Richard Ellsworth (1895).
1776:"Complexions of Mankind &c."
1774:Rafinesque, C.S. (Summer 1833).
1743:Rafinesque, C.S. (Spring 1833).
729:species then belonging to genus
645:was named in Rafinesque's honor.
49:
3368:19th-century American botanists
3358:French people of German descent
3343:Transylvania University faculty
2769:. Weston, MA: M & S Press.
2719:The Delaware Indians: A History
2503:Long, Michael (2005). "Review:
2285:"Deciphering Maya: a Time Line"
2041:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1938:
1925:
1914:
1902:
1875:
1863:
1839:
1827:
1796:
1652:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1552:
1541:
1514:
1502:
1477:
1465:
1441:
1415:
1363:
1351:
1328:
302:He was elected a member of the
3383:19th-century French zoologists
2563:University of California Press
2283:Chaddha, Rima (8 April 2008).
2162:University of California Press
2152:Beidleman, Richard G. (2006).
1951:. Food & Agriculture Org.
1858:Clifford & Rafinesque 2000
1309:
1297:
1208:
1197:
1186:
815:. New York: C. Wiley & Co.
601:, the ancient language of the
351:of plants, many of which have
13:
1:
3373:19th-century French botanists
3363:19th-century Mesoamericanists
3268:Proto-evolutionary biologists
3183:Fishes sketched by Rafinesque
3177:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
3082:Sterling, K. B., ed. (1978).
2809:University of Tennessee Press
2667:Voegelin, C. F., ed. (1954).
2364:Flannery, Michael A. (1998).
2319:Historical Department of Iowa
2239:University of Tennessee Press
2229:. In John D. Clifford (ed.).
1606:Payne, Ansel (7 April 2016).
1179:
1147:Filson Club History Quarterly
1086:Pleasure and Duties of Wealth
752:. Messina. 70 pp. + 2 plates.
679:; it has since been moved to
541:Study of prehistoric cultures
462:
43:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
3032:. New York: Knopf. pp.
2924:. Univ. of Tennessee Press.
2803:Boewe, Charles, ed. (2003).
2784:Boewe, Charles, ed. (2001).
2765:Boewe, Charles, ed. (1982).
2722:. Rutgers University Press.
2699:University Press of Kentucky
2594:University of Nebraska Press
2444:University of Oklahoma Press
2262:A C. S. Rafinesque Anthology
2125:Barefoot, Daniel W. (2004).
2089:Journal of Medical Biography
1984:Morhardt & Morhardt 2004
990:(two volumes). Philadelphia.
883:(two volumes). Philadelphia.
405:
376:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition
304:American Antiquarian Society
196:
136:Author abbrev. (botany)
7:
3159:(public domain audiobooks)
2943:. Lexington, KY: Bur Press.
2896:Chambers, Kenton L (1992).
2626:Archives of Natural History
2510:Indiana Magazine of History
2326:Chambers, Kenton L (1992).
2307:Fitzpatrick, T. J. (1911).
2182:Anthropological Linguistics
2051:Archives of Natural History
1167:
1010:(four parts). Philadelphia.
347:Rafinesque published 6,700
240:Career in the United States
10:
3404:
2992:Merrill, Elmer D. (1949).
2958:Zoologische Verhandelingen
2674:Indiana Historical Society
2260:. In Charles Boewe (ed.).
1646:Discover Lewis & Clark
1422:Rafinesque, C. S. (1836).
1335:"The oddest of characters"
1174:Rafinesque's big-eared bat
1001:1836: "The World", a poem.
669:white-spotted lantern fish
584:(1848), completed for the
512:Indiana Historical Society
342:
280:In the summer of 1818, in
29:
3338:Scientists from Marseille
3238:American Mesoamericanists
2646:Rothenberg, Marc (2012).
2584:". In Brian Swann (ed.).
2555:"Asteraceae (Compositae)"
2480:10.1163/13822373-90002665
1961:– via Google Books.
649:
259:Lyceum of Natural History
144:
134:
124:
117:
109:
90:
57:
48:
41:
3051:Sloan, De Villo (2008).
2980:Zoologische Mededelingen
2716:Weslager, C. A. (1989).
2689:Warren, Leonard (2004).
2536:Indiana University Press
1321:31 December 2013 at the
1293:. New York: D. Appleton.
942:Herbarium Rafinesquianum
433:On the Origin of Species
430:In the third edition of
380:black-tailed prairie dog
321:
180:Mesoamerican linguistics
3328:French Mesoamericanists
3223:American carcinologists
2939:Dupre, Huntley (1945).
2839:Boewe, Charles (2011).
2652:. New York: Routledge.
2266:McFarland & Company
2256:Boewe, Charles (2005).
2225:Boewe, Charles (2000).
2102:10.1258/jmb.2010.010001
1792:Jackson & Rose 2009
1489:Americanantiquarian.org
709:Rafinesquia neomexicana
703:Rafinesquia californica
586:Smithsonian Institution
337:
293:Transylvania University
3233:American malacologists
3228:American entomologists
2805:Profiles of Rafinesque
2759:. Bailliere Brothers;
1996:Meyer & Davis 2009
1340:8 January 2009 at the
1099:John Jeremiah Sullivan
1078:(Amenities of Nature).
912:
767:Specchio delle Scienze
646:
550:
508:Henry Rowe Schoolcraft
457:punctuated equilibrium
428:
367:
3308:French carcinologists
3248:American phycologists
3179:, by Clark Kimberling
2996:. Jamaica Plain, MA:
2639:10.3366/anh.2014.0255
2461:Hulme, Peter (1993).
2409:Gilbert, Bil (1999).
2352:The Origin of Species
2063:10.3366/anh.2010.0002
1042:Alsographia Americana
907:
853:Ichthyologia Ohiensis
673:Collettia rafinesquii
638:
548:
423:
361:
155:French pronunciation:
3318:French malacologists
3313:French entomologists
3253:American taxonomists
3243:American mycologists
2994:Index Rafinesquianus
2830:. Monograph Series.
2691:"Kentucky 1819–1826"
2507:by Leonard Warren".
2473:(3&4): 189–220.
2423:on 25 September 2009
2241:. pp. i–xxxii.
2164:. pp. 111–160.
987:The American Nations
565:, especially in the
471:The American Nations
384:Cynomys ludovicianus
262:. In 1817, his book
3218:American biologists
1462:, pp. 133–135.
681:Diaphus rafinesquii
630:bar-and-dot symbols
400:Odocoileus hemionus
392:Peromyscus leucopus
297:Lexington, Kentucky
282:Henderson, Kentucky
265:Florula Ludoviciana
3333:French taxonomists
3323:French mycologists
3028:John James Audubon
2751:George W. Tryon Jr
2701:. pp. 79–99.
2565:. pp. 29–80.
2490:"Walam Olum Hokum"
2385:10.1007/bf02861293
2137:. pp. 73–78.
1935:(1974) pp 886–887.
1618:on 2 November 2019
1094:In popular culture
913:
797:. Palermo, 223 pp.
690:named a new genus
647:
551:
388:white-footed mouse
368:
286:John James Audubon
104:, Pennsylvania, US
3303:French biologists
3203:French zoologists
3148:Project Gutenberg
3066:978-1-60497-503-1
2931:978-1-57233-099-3
2850:978-1-60618-922-1
2818:978-1-57233-225-6
2807:. Knoxville, TN:
2795:978-0-87730-016-8
2776:978-0-87730-011-3
2729:978-0-8135-1494-9
2708:978-0-8131-2316-5
2659:978-1-135-58318-7
2572:978-0-520-24003-2
2545:978-0-253-35198-2
2453:978-0-8061-3204-4
2275:978-0-7864-2147-3
2268:. pp. 1–14.
2264:. Jefferson, NC:
2248:978-1-57233-099-3
2171:978-0-520-23010-1
2144:978-0-89587-287-6
1640:Reveal, James L.
1438:, pp. 21–22.
1346:American Heritage
951:A Life of Travels
926:(2): 40–44. 1832.
803:Autikon Botanikon
675:in his honour by
657:Benjamin Silliman
563:Hopewell cultures
531:David Oestreicher
525:suggest that the
504:Ephraim G. Squier
438:Historical Sketch
244:Rafinesque had a
148:
147:
119:Scientific career
94:18 September 1840
16:(Redirected from
3395:
3172:Internet Archive
3164:
3163:
3123:
3091:
3086:. New York, NY:
3078:
3047:
3031:
3017:
3001:
2998:Arnold Arboretum
2988:
2966:
2944:
2935:
2923:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2876:. Archived from
2854:
2835:
2822:
2799:
2780:
2760:
2733:
2712:
2685:
2672:. Indianapolis:
2663:
2642:
2619:
2591:
2576:
2549:
2526:
2499:
2484:
2482:
2457:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2419:. Archived from
2405:
2387:
2360:
2355:(3rd ed.).
2342:
2332:
2322:
2315:Des Moines, Iowa
2303:
2301:
2299:
2279:
2252:
2236:
2221:
2198:
2175:
2148:
2121:
2082:
2035:
2032:Fitzpatrick 1911
2029:
2023:
2020:Fitzpatrick 1911
2017:
2011:
2008:Fitzpatrick 1911
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1942:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1890:
1884:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1823:Oestreicher 2005
1820:
1809:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1614:. Archived from
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1536:Fitzpatrick 1911
1533:
1524:
1521:Fitzpatrick 1911
1518:
1512:
1509:Fitzpatrick 1911
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1481:
1475:
1474:, pp. 27–28
1472:Fitzpatrick 1911
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1450:, pp. 22–24
1448:Fitzpatrick 1911
1445:
1439:
1436:Fitzpatrick 1911
1433:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1385:Fitzpatrick 1911
1382:
1373:
1372:, pp. 15–17
1370:Fitzpatrick 1911
1367:
1361:
1358:Fitzpatrick 1911
1355:
1349:
1332:
1326:
1313:
1307:
1304:Fitzpatrick 1911
1301:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1271:
1260:
1257:Fitzpatrick 1911
1254:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1163:
1140:
1060:Sylva Telluriana
965:
961:Flora Telluriana
927:
909:Atlantic Journal
899:American Florist
894:
844:Literary Gazette
523:textual analyses
473:. This included
372:Thomas Jefferson
273:
161:
156:
97:
71:
69:
53:
39:
38:
21:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3193:
3192:
3161:
3131:
3126:
3112:10.2307/1218245
3067:
3055:. Amherst, NY:
3044:
3022:Rhodes, Richard
2971:Holthuis, L. B.
2949:Holthuis, L. B.
2932:
2900:
2895:
2886:
2884:
2883:on 8 March 2005
2880:
2851:
2828:Ancient America
2819:
2796:
2777:
2741:
2739:Further reading
2736:
2730:
2709:
2660:
2608:
2573:
2546:
2454:
2426:
2424:
2371:Economic Botany
2347:Darwin, Charles
2330:
2297:
2295:
2276:
2249:
2172:
2145:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1893:Rafinesque 1832
1891:
1887:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1848:, p. xxiii
1844:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1695:Rothenberg 2012
1693:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1638:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1425:Life of Travels
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1342:Wayback Machine
1333:
1329:
1323:Wayback Machine
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1281:, eds. (1900).
1272:
1263:
1255:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1226:Rafinesque 1833
1224:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1170:
1117:
1096:
1063:. Philadelphia.
1054:. Philadelphia.
1045:. Philadelphia.
1036:. Philadelphia.
1019:1837: Notes to
958:
954:. Philadelphia.
945:. Philadelphia.
936:. Philadelphia.
887:
806:. Philadelphia.
742:
740:Published works
677:Anastasio Cocco
652:
626:Mayan languages
543:
493:Lenape language
467:
408:
345:
340:
332:maidenhair fern
328:self-medication
324:
267:
246:common-law wife
242:
199:
154:
105:
99:
95:
86:
73:
72:22 October 1783
67:
65:
64:
63:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3273:Pteridologists
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3150:
3141:
3130:
3129:External links
3127:
3125:
3124:
3106:(4): 443–459.
3093:
3079:
3065:
3048:
3042:
3018:
3003:
2989:
2987:(26): 279–281.
2967:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2913:
2893:
2855:
2849:
2836:
2823:
2817:
2800:
2794:
2781:
2775:
2762:
2753:, ed. (1864).
2747:Binney, Wm. G.
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2686:
2664:
2658:
2643:
2633:(2): 360–362.
2620:
2606:
2577:
2571:
2550:
2544:
2527:
2517:(3): 302–304.
2500:
2485:
2458:
2452:
2433:
2406:
2361:
2343:
2323:
2304:
2280:
2274:
2253:
2247:
2227:"Introduction"
2222:
2212:(2): 213–235.
2199:
2176:
2170:
2149:
2143:
2122:
2096:(3): 165–173.
2083:
2057:(2): 191–202.
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:, p. 200.
2024:
2022:, p. 197.
2012:
2010:, p. 158.
2000:
1988:
1976:
1972:Beidleman 2006
1964:
1957:
1937:
1924:
1913:
1901:
1885:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1810:
1795:
1784:
1766:
1754:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1697:, p. 466.
1687:
1675:
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1574:
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1540:
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1196:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1141:
1131:(5): 368–380.
1116:
1115:Correspondence
1113:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1071:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1017:
1011:
1002:
999:
991:
982:
979:Pars IV Et Ult
955:
946:
937:
928:
902:
901:
895:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
816:
807:
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762:
753:
741:
738:
737:
736:
713:
688:Thomas Nuttall
684:
651:
648:
542:
539:
485:Delaware River
466:
461:
419:Charles Darwin
407:
404:
349:binomial names
344:
341:
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241:
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172:Ottoman Empire
168:Constantinople
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98:(aged 56)
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84:Ottoman Empire
80:Constantinople
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26:
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3:
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3389:
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3384:
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3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3278:Teuthologists
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
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3109:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3057:Cambria Press
3054:
3049:
3045:
3043:0-375-41412-6
3039:
3035:
3030:
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3019:
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2607:0-8032-4314-6
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2595:
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2136:
2135:John F. Blair
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2119:
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2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1998:, p. 272
1997:
1992:
1985:
1980:
1974:, p. 139
1973:
1968:
1960:
1958:9789251330944
1954:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1934:
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1872:, p. xxv
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1866:
1859:
1854:
1847:
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1808:
1807:Voegelin 1954
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1770:
1763:
1762:Chambers 1992
1758:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1731:Ambrose 2010a
1727:
1721:, p. xv.
1720:
1715:
1709:, p. 31.
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1685:, p. 85.
1684:
1683:Weslager 1989
1679:
1672:
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1570:Barefoot 2004
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1549:
1548:Ambrose 2010b
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1275:Wilson, J. G.
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1228:, p. 85.
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1193:Flannery 1998
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2878:the original
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2466:
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2425:. Retrieved
2421:the original
2414:
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2375:
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2351:
2338:
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2309:
2296:. Retrieved
2288:
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2209:
2203:
2189:(1): 60–73.
2186:
2180:
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2130:
2093:
2087:
2054:
2050:
2042:Bibliography
2027:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1986:, p. 71
1979:
1967:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1921:Chaddha 2008
1916:
1911:, p. 45
1904:
1888:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1836:, p. 91
1829:
1802:
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1661:, p. 98
1654:
1645:
1622:17 September
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1611:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1572:, p. 78
1565:
1554:
1543:
1538:, p. 42
1523:, p. 38
1516:
1511:, p. 34
1504:
1494:17 September
1492:. Retrieved
1488:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1424:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1392:
1387:, p. 19
1365:
1360:, p. 13
1353:
1345:
1330:
1311:
1306:, p. 12
1299:
1288:
1259:, p. 11
1221:
1215:Gilbert 1999
1210:
1199:
1188:
1154:(1): 37–49.
1151:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1085:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1024:
1015:Safe Banking
1014:
1006:
995:
986:
971:Pars Secunda
960:
950:
941:
932:
923:
919:
908:
898:
889:
879:
874:. Lexington.
870:
865:. Frankfort.
861:
856:. Lexington.
852:
842:
831:
827:
823:
819:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
747:
730:
722:Rafinesquina
720:
707:
701:
697:
691:
680:
672:
653:
640:
622:alphabetical
615:
596:
593:Mesoamerican
590:
579:
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570:
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470:
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383:
369:
346:
325:
315:
312:
308:
301:
290:
279:
263:
257:
249:
243:
227:
219:Pennsylvania
211:Philadelphia
200:
184:
150:
149:
118:
102:Philadelphia
96:(1840-09-18)
36:
3258:Bryologists
3213:1840 deaths
3208:1783 births
2866:Filson Club
2596:. pp.
2592:. Lincoln:
2495:Archaeology
2416:Smithsonian
2357:John Murray
1895:, pp.
1834:Warren 2004
1719:Darwin 1861
1707:Warren 2004
1671:Örstan 2014
1659:Warren 2004
1596:, p. 2
1584:, p. 1
1460:Rhodes 2004
1428:. pp.
1407:9 September
1004:1836–1838:
975:Pars Tertia
930:1832–1833:
911:(1832–1833)
877:1828–1830:
800:1815–1840:
693:Rafinesquia
642:Rafinesquia
618:Maya script
567:Ohio Valley
533:'s thesis,
489:pictographs
394:), and the
268: [
110:Nationality
3197:Categories
3088:Arno Press
3012:. p.
2965:(1): 1–43.
2905:Kalmiopsis
2582:Walam Olum
2335:Kalmiopsis
1882:Hulme 1993
1870:Boewe 2000
1846:Boewe 2000
1781:: 172–173.
1751:: 163–164.
1594:Boewe 2005
1582:Boewe 2005
1559:Boewe 1987
1241:Belyi 1997
1180:References
967:Pars Prima
871:Neogenyton
828:Exoglossum
788:. Palermo.
779:. Palermo.
770:. Palermo.
761:. Palermo.
727:brachiopod
717:James Hall
671:was named
639:The genus
607:Hispaniola
605:island of
555:earthworks
527:Walam Olum
516:Walam Olum
500:Walam Olum
476:Walam Olum
464:Walam Olum
207:Marseilles
187:autodidact
166:born near
68:1783-10-22
18:Rafinesque
3263:Mayanists
3137:from the
3075:183392534
2071:0260-9541
1434:Cited in
1279:Fiske, J.
1204:Long 2005
1101:'s essay
824:Sarchirus
715:In 1892,
686:In 1841,
611:ethnicity
603:Caribbean
453:mutations
412:evolution
406:Evolution
396:mule deer
364:mule deer
306:in 1820.
236:in 1808.
215:herbarium
197:Biography
129:Biologist
3157:LibriVox
3024:(2004).
2973:(1955).
2951:(1954).
2874:51849712
2616:58721152
2523:27792653
2402:23460522
2349:(1861).
2218:20092097
2195:30028974
2118:26537392
2110:20798419
2079:21137582
1612:Nautilus
1338:Archived
1319:Archived
1168:See also
1160:11616973
1108:Pulphead
836:BHL link
749:Schmaltz
732:Leptaena
661:Asa Gray
353:priority
223:Delaware
191:polyglot
164:polymath
3170:at the
3120:1218245
2887:13 June
2682:1633009
2670:studies
2394:4256022
820:Pomoxis
557:of the
449:species
386:), the
343:Biology
230:Palermo
170:in the
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3073:
3063:
3040:
3036:–135.
2928:
2911:: 5–9.
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2569:
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2298:18 May
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1039:1838:
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1013:1837:
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791:1815:
782:1814:
773:1814:
764:1814:
755:1810:
745:1810:
650:Legacy
481:Lenape
254:shells
203:Galata
125:Fields
113:French
76:Galata
3116:JSTOR
3099:Taxon
2901:(PDF)
2600:–41.
2519:JSTOR
2427:8 May
2398:S2CID
2390:JSTOR
2331:(PDF)
2214:JSTOR
2191:JSTOR
2114:S2CID
1401:(PDF)
1133:JSTOR
698:Flora
598:Taino
559:Adena
322:Death
272:]
250:Union
3071:OCLC
3061:ISBN
3038:ISBN
2926:ISBN
2889:2008
2870:OCLC
2845:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2790:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2678:OCLC
2654:ISBN
2612:OCLC
2602:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2429:2011
2300:2011
2289:NOVA
2270:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2166:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2106:PMID
2075:PMID
2067:ISSN
1953:ISBN
1805:See
1624:2017
1496:2017
1432:–49.
1409:2016
1156:PMID
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659:and
620:was
561:and
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338:Work
221:and
140:Raf.
91:Died
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