506:
338:- especially if, as most scholars believe, Etruscan represents the pre-Indo-European base language of Italy and the Alps. Alternatively, if the Alpine indigenes previously spoke a language unrelated to Etruscan, they may have adopted Etruscan through processes other than mass immigration e.g. through cultural interchange with the Etruscans of the Po valley, or as a result of "elite-transfer" by an Etruscan elite that acquired political hegemony over the Alpine tribes.
2314:
2869:
31:
357:
1393:("light troops", probably a local militia) were stationed there. But these forces were mainly for security against external threats, not internal unrest. Strabo wrote that the Alpine tribes as a whole adapted easily to Roman rule and had not rebelled in the 33 years that had elapsed since the initial conquest.
461:
region. The Raetic inscriptions indicate that
Raetian survived as late as the 3rd century AD, suggesting the existence at that time of Raeti tribes, at least in northeast Italy, which had not converted to Celtic speech. In addition, the abundance of Celtic toponyms in the Rhaetian territory leads to
407:
Even if
Raetian was the ancestral language of the Raeti, there is considerable uncertainty as to how widely Raetian was spoken among the tribes by the time of Augustus (ruled 30 BC - AD 14). In the Alpine region as a whole, there is evidence that the non-Celtic elements had, by the time of Augustus,
613:
could be classified as Raeti (and whether such a classification was based on geographical location or language or cultural factors). In addition, there are considerable discrepancies in the names of tribes given by the sources. Some locations of the tribes recorded are uncertain, although most have
333:
But the traditional "migration theory" espoused by classical authors and, until the 1960s, by most modern scholars, is no longer considered the only possible explanation for socio-linguistic change. It is just as likely that the Raeti, if they spoke an
Etruscan-like language, were Alpine indigenes
247:, writing in AD 70, suggests that the people were named after "Raetus", a leader at the time of their supposed "expulsion" from the Po Valley. However, eponymous founders were a common, demonstrably fabricated, origin story. (The most famous illustration of this theory is the legend that the
266:
praises a person named 'Rhaetian' for the quality of wine grapes from the region. It is assumed from the context that he accounts it to a single person, and not the people in general. It would suggest that Virgil accounted
Rhaetus to be the god-father of the Rhaetian people.
166:, was probably related to Etruscan, but may not have derived from it. At least some of the Raeti tribes (those in northeastern Italy) probably continued to speak the Raetian language as late as the 3rd century AD. Others (those in Switzerland) were probably
448:
Further support for the hypothesis that the northern Raeti tribes converted to Celtic speech before the Roman imperial era is provided by the distribution of
Raetian inscriptions. These have been found mostly in northeastern Italy:
330:. If this historiography is correct, then the displacement from the Po valley would have taken place in the period 600-400 BC, when major migrations of Celtic tribes from Gaul resulted in the Celtisation of that entire region.
684:
language (e.g. Lejeune 1971, Koch 2008). As for the
Euganei, their linguistic classification is uncertain due to scanty evidence. It is possible that their speech was also related to Etruscan, possibly a sub-group of
574:), while West of that river, upper Bavaria was inhabited by Raeti. A contrary view is that the whole region between the Danube and the Alps was occupied by Vindelici, with the Raeti confined to the Alps themselves.
735:
inscription contains the names of 45 Alpine tribes. The Raetic tribes south of Meran were peacefully integrated into the Roman Empire, and therefore do not feature on the
Tropaeum Alpium. The
649:
respectively in
Augustus. However, the inscription text appears to identify the Rucinates as one of the 4 tribes of the Vindelici recorded as conquered. (But it is possible that the Strabo's
1449:). This represents some 5,000 recruits, an enormous levy from sparsely-populated Alpine valleys. It suggests that the Raeti were strongly attracted to a career in the Roman military. (See
255:, its supposed founder, while if Romulus ever existed at all (which most scholars doubt), then it would be far more likely that he derived his own name from an existing place name
2068:
680:. However, neither of Pliny's comments is fatal to the identification of the Lepontii and Camunni as Raeti. The Lepontic language has been definitively classified as a distinct
697:(whose language shares several similarities with Latin and the Italic languages, but also has some affinities with other IE languages, especially Germanic and Celtic).
609:
Although the ancient sources concur in ascribing an
Etruscan origin to the Raeti, they are less clear as to precisely which tribes attested in the region known as
519:
The evidence suggests that the original Roman district of Raetia et
Vindelicia, as established under Augustus, had as its eastern border (with the province of
539:). Its northern border with the "free" German tribes was defined by the course of the upper Danube. On the West, Raetia et Vindelicia included the whole of
416:) had become corrupted as a result of inhabiting the Alps. This may indicate that at least some of the tribes lost their ancestral Raetic tongue to Celtic.
200:
was named after these two peoples. The Raeti tribes quickly became loyal subjects of the empire and contributed disproportionate numbers of recruits to the
404:. The language has been called "Raetian" by linguists because it is deduced to have been spoken by the Raeti based on various sources of evidence.
1712:
577:
The latter view accords with Strabo, who records that the territory occupied by the Raeti tribes stretched from the upper reaches of the river
428:- speakers. The territories of the two peoples were combined for administrative purposes from an early stage and eventually, under the emperor
2288:
2150:
2110:
1254:
995:
748:
641:
as Raeti tribes. Of these, the first two are listed with the same spelling in Augustus' inscription while the latter two are probably the
2901:
2140:
2115:
1396:
The Raeti (and the Vindelici) were obliged to pay taxes to Rome. However, their combined territory was initially organised not as a full
2145:
2130:
2075:
1222:
771:
1180:
Tribe of the Vindelici, acc. to possible interpretation of Tropaeum Alpium inscription. Named as Raeti by Strabo, if they are same as
2135:
1189:
744:
2615:
783:
740:
2369:
493:-speaking). However, a Raetian origin for Romansch is uncertain, as Rhaeto-Romance languages appear most closely related to the
2414:
1961:
1701:
274:, a major goddess who was revered in northeast Italy and is attested in a number of inscriptions on votive tablets of the
2193:
1462:
1450:
1026:
Tribe of the Vindelici, acc. to possible interpretation of tropaeum Alpium inscription. Raeti, acc. to Strabo, if his
2911:
2891:
80:
1125:
177:
The Raeti were divided into numerous tribes, but only some of these are clearly identified in the ancient sources.
2568:
1365:
497:
group, strengthening the argument that at least some of the Raeti had adopted Celtic speech before Latinisation.
2027:
1978:
2906:
2529:
1386:
2364:
700:
In addition, it appears that "Raetia et Vindelicia" was also inhabited by a number of non-Raetic tribes. The
2896:
2451:
2359:
1894:
408:
been assimilated significantly by the influx of Celtic tribes and had adopted Celtic speech. According to
2519:
1445:(30 BC - AD 37) saw the formation of at least 10 auxiliary infantry regiments from the Raeti tribes (the
291:
2514:
2440:
2283:
462:
the conclusion that, by the time of the Roman conquest, many of the Rhaetians were heavily Celticized.
420:
also finds support in the Roman practice of twinning the Raeti with their neighbours to the North, the
46:
of Raetia, encompassing territories of what are now Switzerland, Tyrol and Germany south of the Danube.
751:. Taking those that did get named that inhabited the territories of Raetia et Vindelicia province and
2481:
2461:
2322:
2303:
2268:
2061:
2658:
1916:
1477:
505:
470:
298:
17:
2678:
2186:
690:
2499:
2494:
2006:
Recueil des inscriptions gauloises: II.1 Textes gallo-étrusques. Textes gallo-latins sur pierre
377:
2504:
2409:
2339:
2202:
2313:
180:
The Raeti tribes, together with those of their Celtic-speaking neighbours to the north, the
2741:
469:-speakers. It has been suggested that a surviving relic of the Raeti's Latin speech is the
712:
by Strabo, while a number of tribes in the region have plausible Celtic etymologies: e.g.
372:, an extinct tongue known only from a series of inscriptions, written in a variant of the
158:
and took refuge in the valleys of the Alps. But it is likely that they were predominantly
8:
2610:
2539:
2534:
1262:
686:
677:
376:. This tongue is commonly regarded by most philologists to be related to Etruscan, a non-
351:
201:
185:
124:
and the Alpine regions of northeastern Italy. After the Roman conquest, the province of
2653:
2604:
2223:
2179:
2047:
1905:
1431:
921:
752:
681:
560:
556:
232:"the people". However, it is unclear whether the Rhaetians had a similar endonym or if
159:
1410:
of the Raeti, Vindelici and the Poenine Valley". It was apparently not before emperor
150:
Ancient sources characterise the Raeti as Etruscan people who were displaced from the
2868:
2701:
2648:
2557:
2549:
2434:
2399:
2349:
1957:
1697:
1515:
478:
373:
43:
2591:
2562:
2489:
2389:
2326:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2210:
1401:
1051:
976:
865:
482:
425:
369:
361:
347:
167:
163:
57:
1414:(ruled 41-54), that the district became a full province with the official name of
758:
of N. Italy, and eliminating those tribes considered probably Celtic by scholars (
2693:
2586:
2509:
2379:
2374:
2278:
2258:
1901:
1472:
1118:
970:
813:
736:
732:
694:
490:
368:
The Raeti are believed by many scholars to have spoken, originally at least, the
307:
275:
244:
2716:
2597:
2524:
2354:
2334:
2298:
1745:
1438:
1397:
1231:
872:
540:
474:
466:
393:
193:
2885:
2811:
2673:
2581:
2575:
2456:
2253:
2028:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317717346_Monumenta_Linguae_Raeticae
1423:
1354:
531:) from its confluence with the Danube as far South as, and then by the river
509:
Map showing the Roman district (probably not yet a full province by then) of
494:
417:
113:
101:
1349:
The Raeti, together with their probably Celtic neighbours to the North, the
566:
The Vindelici were, according to Ptolemy, confined to the East of the river
2872:
2791:
2683:
2663:
2344:
2293:
1442:
1427:
1376:
1299:
960:
660:
Against Strabo, Pliny considers the Lepontii as a Celtic tribe akin to the
626:
571:
543:
and the upper Rhine valley and then a long tract westwards along the upper
248:
189:
278:
people. One Raetic votive tablet, from the same region, contains the word
2668:
2643:
2243:
1927:
1881:
1320:
904:
528:
450:
296:
The earliest mention of the Raeti in surviving ancient sources is in the
121:
2171:
485:
languages. Romansch survives today in a few valleys of the Swiss canton
360:
Linguistic map of Italy ca. 600 BC, showing the putative area where the
2625:
1406:
1372:
1281:
1020:
880:
548:
2836:
2821:
2796:
2766:
2736:
2404:
2238:
2120:
2100:
1381:
1371:
Until ca. AD 100, the region was garrisoned, on its western edge (at
1350:
1316:
1171:
1140:
1035:
980:
914:
787:
779:
767:
721:
713:
709:
421:
315:
311:
270:
It has also been suggested that the name Raeti may be connected with
181:
151:
109:
2711:
589:
in northern Italy. The Raeti were bounded in the East by the Celtic
2851:
2846:
2841:
2826:
2806:
2638:
2633:
2424:
2384:
2273:
2160:
2155:
1938:
1912:
1411:
1361:
1357:
1309:
1129:
1110:
1062:
775:
661:
630:
618:
614:
been established securely by placename and personal-name evidence.
598:
590:
465:
During the centuries of Roman rule, the Raeti became predominantly
454:
429:
401:
397:
334:
who had spoken it as long as, if not longer than, the Etruscans of
323:
303:
171:
30:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2746:
2721:
2419:
2248:
2105:
1273:
1198:
987:
952:
942:
795:
759:
669:
622:
594:
563:
was roughly similar to the northern border of present-day Italy.
520:
486:
442:
381:
356:
335:
252:
221:
205:
129:
117:
35:
1782:
Strabo IV.6.8-9; Pliny III.20.133-6; Tropaeum Alpium inscription
108:
tribes, whose language and culture were related to those of the
2466:
2394:
2125:
2095:
1934:
1923:
1467:
1240:
1161:
1095:
1083:
1014:
898:
845:
791:
763:
586:
536:
458:
389:
385:
271:
237:
197:
144:
133:
125:
39:
66:
2856:
2816:
2801:
2751:
2726:
2706:
2471:
2446:
2429:
2263:
2084:
2009:
1736:
Heidelberg: Indogermanische Bibliothek, Lehr- und Handbücher.
1328:
578:
544:
319:
155:
1635:
Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: 3, Volume 1
2831:
2731:
1890:
1153:
935:
693:, akin to that of their close neighbours, the Celts or the
582:
409:
380:
which is best documented in the central Italian regions of
327:
105:
72:
857:
581:
in northern Switzerland to as far south as the cities of
2053:
1516:"The Internet Classics Archive | The Georgics by Virgil"
798:), the following list of possible Raeti tribes results:
112:. Before the Roman conquest, they inhabited present-day
412:, the "sound" of the Raeti's original Etruscan tongue (
240:(a name used by outsiders to describe the Rhaetians).
1422:
in the later 1st century), while the Poenine Valley (
1135:
Named as Raeti by Strabo. Celtic, according to Pliny
81:
515:, as it stood in AD 14, with some Raeti tribal names
322:. This account of Raeti origins is supported by the
69:
63:
424:, who are regarded by most historians to have been
60:
1954:Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains
306:, written before 146 BC. The Raeti, according to
2883:
1426:, Switz.) was separated to join the province of
128:was formed, which included parts of present-day
1632:
341:
2022:Marchesini, Simona and Roncador, Rosa (2015):
1437:According to the epigraphic record, the early
188:in 15 BC and their territories annexed to the
27:Historic ethnic confederation of Alpine tribes
2187:
2069:
689:. Alternatively their language may have been
672:people of northeast Italy, together with the
162:Alpine people. Their language, the so-called
2289:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
551:. To the South, its border with the Italian
38:(ruled 117 – 138 AD), showing, on the upper
2003:
1992:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Placenames
1637:. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 240.
1389:). In addition, Roman auxiliary forces and
228:, the root of which appears to be Etruscan
2194:
2180:
2076:
2062:
1750:Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
1360:' stepsons and senior military commanders
170:-speaking by the era of the Roman emperor
2201:
1972:Cambridge Ancient History (1996): Vol X,
1956:(LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020),
1694:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
1385:until AD 9, when it was destroyed in the
445:cohorts were established under Augustus.
220:is uncertain. It has similarities to the
1999:Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army
504:
355:
29:
1430:. Raetia was governed by an equestrian
1078:Identified as Illyrian tribe by Strabo
392:, and also in other Italian regions of
14:
2884:
2175:
2057:
1368:in a two-pronged campaign in 15 BC.
143:is uncertain. The Roman province of
1070:upper valley of fl. Aenus (r. Inn)
24:
2902:Historical ethnic groups of Europe
1463:Alpine regiments of the Roman army
1451:Alpine regiments of the Roman army
1057:Neighbours to Genaunes and Breuni
432:(ruled 41-54), as the province of
25:
2923:
2041:
1375:from ca. AD 15), by at least one
1344:
653:were actually another tribe, the
282:, which may refer to this deity.
211:
2867:
2616:English words of Etruscan origin
2490:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
2312:
2037:("Raetic Inscriptions") (online)
1647:Barrington Atlas maps 18, 19, 39
1400:but a military district under a
1126:Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
56:
34:The Roman empire in the time of
2569:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
2370:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
1857:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1755:
1739:
1726:
1717:
1706:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1633:Cowles Prichard, James (1841).
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
438:. In addition, a pair of joint
2530:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
2505:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
1791:Barrington Atlas Maps 18,19,39
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1532:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1387:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
555:(administrative districts) of
314:driven into the Alps from the
147:was named after these people.
13:
1:
1990:Faliyeyev, Alexander (2007):
1870:
1304:Identified as Raeti by Pliny
1249:Identified as Raeti by Pliny
803:LIST OF POSSIBLE RAETI TRIBES
2535:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
2360:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
1979:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
1683:Pliny the Elder III.20.134-5
720:("fight" or "warriors") and
676:of the neighbouring valley,
625:(who gave their name to the
500:
342:Ethno-linguistic affiliation
259:, rather than vice versa.).
7:
2520:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
1734:Manuel de la langue vénète.
1456:
292:Ancient history of Trentino
10:
2928:
2525:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
2515:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
2441:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
2284:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2024:Monumanta Linguae Raeticae
1875:
1007:(r. Isar) (Bavarian Alps)
739:for instance mentions the
345:
289:
285:
139:The etymology of the name
2865:
2692:
2624:
2548:
2480:
2462:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
2321:
2310:
2304:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
2269:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2209:
2091:
2083:
2033:Zavaroni, Adolfo (2001):
1946:
728:("valley") respectively.
604:
184:, were subjugated by the
2912:Tribes conquered by Rome
2892:Ancient peoples of Italy
2659:National Etruscan Museum
2510:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
2016:Ó Hógain, Dáithi (2006)
1917:The Histories (Polybius)
1483:
1478:Rhaeto-Romance languages
489:(most of which is today
471:Rhaeto-Romance languages
440:Raetorum et Vindelicorum
2679:Tumulus of Montefortini
1984:Cornell, T. J. (1995):
1732:Michel Lejeune (1974),
1418:(abbreviated to simply
1286:Vennones, Vennonienses
597:and in the West by the
216:The origin of the name
174:(ruled 30 BC – AD 14).
2500:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
2495:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
1986:The Beginnings of Rome
1966:Alfoldy, Geza (1974):
1713:LinguistList: Lepontic
1560:Pliny the Elder III.20
1404:officer, attested as "
1353:, were subdued by the
516:
378:Indo-European language
365:
251:derives its name from
47:
2907:History of Vorarlberg
2410:Monterozzi necropolis
2203:Etruscan civilization
2035:Le Iscrizioni Retiche
1997:Holder, Paul (1980):
1145:Runicates, Rucantii?
508:
473:, which includes the
359:
326:-era Roman historian
243:The Roman geographer
88:; spelling variants:
33:
2742:Civita di Bagnoregio
2415:Mythological figures
2004:Lejeune, M. (1988).
1551:Polybius XXXIV.10.18
1416:Raetia et Vindelicia
1289:upper valley of fl.
1194:Ruigusci, Rucantii?
512:Raetia et Vindelicia
435:Raetia et Vindelicia
198:Raetia et Vindelicia
2897:Ancient Switzerland
2611:Tyrsenian languages
2540:Roman-Etruscan Wars
2452:Terracotta warriors
2048:Raetic inscriptions
1974:The Augustan Empire
1863:Holder (1980) 223-4
1773:O Hogain (2006) 174
1692:John T. Koch (ed.)
1596:Alfoldi (1974) 24-5
1115:Lepontii, Lepontes
827:(main valley/river)
805:
687:Tyrsenian languages
664:and classifies the
352:Tyrsenian languages
202:imperial Roman army
186:Imperial Roman army
2654:Monteleone Chariot
2605:Tabula Cortonensis
2385:Haruspex/Extispicy
2224:Villanovan culture
1906:Naturalis Historia
967:Civitas Camunnorum
801:
753:Venetia et Histria
708:are classified as
682:Continental Celtic
668:as a tribe of the
561:Venetia et Histria
557:Gallia Transpadana
517:
366:
224:of the Etruscans:
48:
2879:
2878:
2649:Impasto (pottery)
2400:Liver of Piacenza
2350:Chimera of Arezzo
2169:
2168:
1962:978-1-716-30027-1
1752:. Publisher Bern.
1702:978-1-85109-440-0
1587:Cornell (1995) 44
1505:Pliny N.H. III.20
1496:Cornell (1995) 44
1447:cohortes Raetorum
1342:
1341:
1269:Brescia province
1148:? between rivers
924:(upper valley of
617:Strabo names the
547:valley as far as
374:Etruscan alphabet
44:imperial province
16:(Redirected from
2919:
2871:
2592:Lemnian language
2563:Cippus Perusinus
2482:Military history
2316:
2234:Founding of Rome
2229:Padanian Etruria
2196:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2013:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1743:
1737:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1696:ABC-CLIO (2005)
1690:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1526:
1520:classics.mit.edu
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1402:Roman equestrian
1276:, acc. to Pliny
1042:Upper valley of
1003:upper valley of
990:, acc. to Pliny
977:Brescia Province
852:upper valley of
806:
800:
657:, in Augustus).
370:Raetian language
362:Raetian language
348:Raetian language
164:Raetian language
84:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
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2882:
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2880:
2875:
2861:
2688:
2620:
2587:Raetic language
2544:
2476:
2380:Fanum Voltumnae
2375:Tiburtine Sibyl
2365:Etruscan League
2317:
2308:
2279:Servius Tullius
2259:Caelius Vibenna
2205:
2200:
2170:
2165:
2087:
2082:
2050:Adolfo Zavaroni
2044:
1949:
1902:Pliny the Elder
1895:Ab urbe condita
1878:
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1473:Raetic language
1459:
1391:leves armaturae
1347:
1272:A tribe of the
1246:Canton Grisons
1210:Canton Grisons
986:A tribe of the
971:Cividate Camuno
836:
831:
826:
821:
814:Tropaeum Alpium
810:
737:Tabula clesiana
733:Tropaeum Alpium
607:
503:
354:
344:
308:Pliny the Elder
294:
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262:Virgil in his
245:Pliny the Elder
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2335:Apollo of Veii
2331:
2329:
2319:
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2311:
2309:
2307:
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2301:
2299:Lars Tolumnius
2296:
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2266:
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2256:
2251:
2246:
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2207:
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2199:
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2158:
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2133:
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2123:
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2073:
2066:
2058:
2052:
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2043:
2042:External links
2040:
2039:
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2020:
2014:
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1995:
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1948:
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1800:Dio LIV.22.3-4
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1441:period of the
1439:Julio-Claudian
1398:Roman province
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1345:Roman conquest
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963:(river Oglio)
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939:
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873:Illyrian tribe
871:Identified as
869:
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828:
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606:
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541:Lake Constance
502:
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394:Emilia-Romagna
343:
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287:
284:
213:
212:Name etymology
210:
194:Roman province
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2924:
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2680:
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2674:Tomb of Orcus
2672:
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2576:Liber Linteus
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2457:Titus Larcius
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2255:
2254:Aulus Vibenna
2252:
2250:
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1911:
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1892:
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1885:Roman History
1883:
1880:
1879:
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1827:Strabo IV.6.9
1824:
1818:Strabo IV.6.9
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1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1764:
1758:
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1723:Scullard, 43.
1720:
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1709:
1703:
1699:
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1665:Strabo IV.6.8
1662:
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1653:
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1399:
1394:
1392:
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691:Indo-European
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495:Gallo-Romance
492:
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456:
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418:Celticisation
415:
414:sonum linguae
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132:south of the
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102:confederation
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91:
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53:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
2792:Poggio Colla
2684:Vicus Tuscus
2664:Negau helmet
2603:
2596:
2574:
2567:
2439:
2340:Architecture
2294:Lars Porsena
2034:
2023:
2017:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1985:
1973:
1967:
1953:
1952:A. Baruffi,
1937:
1926:
1920:(ca. 160 BC)
1915:
1904:
1893:
1887:(ca. 130 AD)
1884:
1859:
1850:
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1523:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1501:
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1443:Roman Empire
1436:
1428:Alpes Graiae
1419:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1377:Roman legion
1370:
1348:
1336:South Tyrol
1324:
1300:Saint Gallen
1290:
1236:
1214:
1202:
1181:
1167:
1157:
1149:
1119:Val d'Ossola
1103:South Tyrol
1091:
1043:
1027:
1010:
1004:
966:
961:Val Camonica
931:
928:- r. Rhine)
925:
894:
888:
853:
812:
802:
755:
730:
725:
717:
705:
701:
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673:
665:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:Val Camonica
616:
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576:
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524:
523:) the river
518:
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510:
464:
447:
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388:and western
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51:
49:
2669:Portonaccio
2644:Etruscology
2244:Tyrrhenians
1942:(ca. 29 BC)
1939:Georgics II
1931:(ca. 20 AD)
1928:Geographica
1909:(ca. 70 AD)
1898:(ca. 20 AD)
1882:Dio Cassius
1809:CAH X 538-9
1321:Val Venosta
1293:(r. Rhine)
1263:Val Trompia
1168:Sorviodunum
1092:fl. Isarcus
1000:Cotuantii?
905:South Tyrol
891:(r. Adige)
832:(Roman era)
809:Tribal name
678:Val Trompia
451:South Tyrol
384:, northern
364:was spoken.
264:Georgics II
122:Switzerland
42:river, the
2886:Categories
2702:Acquarossa
2626:Archeology
2151:Trumpilini
2111:Cosuanetes
1871:References
1763:Dictionary
1761:Faliyeyev
1623:Zavaroni 1
1525:2024-08-31
1432:procurator
1407:praefectus
1379:(probably
1373:Vindonissa
1325:fl. Atesis
1282:VENNONETES
1259:Trumplini
1255:TRUMPILINI
1227:Sarunetes
1217:in Strabo
1205:- r. Inn)
1090:valley of
1021:Oberbayern
1005:fl. Isaras
996:COSUANETES
926:fl. Rhenus
889:fl. Atesis
887:valley of
881:BRIXENETES
875:by Strabo
868:(Austria)
749:Tulliasses
643:Cosuanetes
633:, Italy),
549:Lake Leman
457:, and the
346:See also:
290:See also:
160:indigenous
120:, eastern
2837:Vetulonia
2822:Tarquinia
2797:Populonia
2767:Fescennia
2737:Cerveteri
2694:Key sites
2405:Mezentius
2239:Tyrrhenus
2141:Sarunetes
2121:Focunates
2116:Cotuantii
2101:Calucones
2018:The Celts
1854:CAH X 369
1845:CAH X 541
1836:CAH X 539
1674:CAH X 538
1605:Livy V.33
1578:Livy V.34
1569:Livy V.33
1382:legio XIX
1351:Vindelici
1317:Vinschgau
1237:Lapidaria
1172:Straubing
1141:RUCINATES
1054:(Austr.)
1046:(r. Inn)
1044:fl. Aenus
1036:FOCUNATES
1028:Cotuantii
981:Lombardia
915:CALUCONES
854:fl. Aenus
830:Main town
825:Territory
788:Nantuates
780:Ceutrones
768:Caturiges
722:Nantuates
714:Caturiges
674:Trumplini
647:Rucinates
635:Cotuantii
501:Territory
443:auxiliary
422:Vindelici
316:Po Valley
312:Etruscans
299:Histories
206:auxiliary
182:Vindelici
152:Po valley
110:Etruscans
100:) were a
2852:Volterra
2847:Volsinii
2842:Vie Cave
2827:Tuscania
2807:Rusellae
2639:Cuniculi
2634:Bucchero
2558:Alphabet
2550:Language
2435:Religion
2425:Poppilia
2274:Tanaquil
2161:Venostes
2156:Vennones
2146:Suanetes
2131:Rucantii
1994:(online)
1981:(online)
1913:Polybius
1748:(1959),
1540:San Zeno
1457:See also
1412:Claudius
1362:Tiberius
1358:Augustus
1310:VENOSTES
1223:SUANETES
1215:Rucantii
1199:Engadina
1182:Rucantii
1158:Danuvius
1130:Piemonte
1067:Genauni
1063:GENAUNES
907:(Italy)
837:district
822:variants
776:Sogionti
772:Brigiani
710:Illyrian
662:Taurisci
651:Rucantii
645:and the
639:Rucantii
631:Lombardy
619:Lepontii
599:Helvetii
591:Taurisci
553:regiones
483:Romanssh
479:Friulian
455:Trentino
430:Claudius
402:Lombardy
398:Campania
324:Augustan
304:Polybius
172:Augustus
18:Raetians
2787:Perusia
2782:Orvieto
2777:Norchia
2772:Fidenae
2762:Falerii
2757:Etruria
2747:Clusium
2722:Bologna
2717:Baratti
2420:Persius
2390:Jewelry
2327:society
2323:Culture
2249:Tarchon
2219:Origins
2211:History
2136:Rugusci
2106:Camunni
2012:: CNRS.
1968:Noricum
1876:Ancient
1298:Canton
1274:Euganei
1213:May be
1190:RUGUSCI
1132:, It.)
1111:LEPONTI
1023:(Ger.)
988:Euganei
983:, It.)
957:Camuni
953:CAMUNNI
943:Grisons
941:Canton
922:Calanda
895:Brixina
811:(as on
796:Veragri
792:Sedunes
760:Medulli
745:Sinduni
706:Genauni
670:Euganei
666:Camunni
655:Rugusci
623:Camunni
595:Noricum
533:Isarcus
521:Noricum
487:Grisons
382:Tuscany
336:Etruria
310:, were
286:Origins
280:reithus
253:Romulus
226:Rasenna
222:endonym
208:corps.
154:by the
130:Germany
118:Austria
98:Rhaetii
36:Hadrian
2873:Portal
2712:Aleria
2467:Vegoia
2395:Lausus
2126:Isarci
2096:Breuni
1960:
1947:Modern
1935:Virgil
1924:Strabo
1700:
1468:Raetia
1420:Raetia
1366:Drusus
1291:Rhenus
1241:Zillis
1232:Albula
1162:Danube
1156:) and
1150:Isaras
1096:Isarco
1084:ISARCI
1075:Tirol
1015:Dorfen
899:Brixen
846:BREUNI
840:Notes
835:Modern
764:Ucenni
741:Anauni
726:nantu-
702:Breuni
695:Veneti
611:Raetia
605:Tribes
587:Verona
537:Eisack
491:German
459:Veneto
426:Celtic
390:Umbria
386:Latium
276:Veneti
272:Reitia
238:exonym
236:is an
192:. The
168:Celtic
145:Raetia
134:Danube
126:Raetia
106:Alpine
90:Rhaeti
40:Danube
2857:Vulci
2817:Spina
2802:Pyrgi
2752:Cumae
2727:Caere
2707:Adria
2472:Vulca
2447:Tages
2430:Raeti
2355:Coins
2264:Capys
2085:Raeti
2010:Paris
1484:Notes
1329:Adige
1327:- r.
1319:(It.
1203:Aenus
1201:(fl.
1197:Alta
1052:Tirol
1011:Turum
932:Curia
866:Tirol
784:Uberi
756:regio
724:from
718:catu-
716:from
579:Rhine
568:Licca
545:Rhone
525:Aenus
475:Ladin
467:Latin
320:Gauls
234:Raeti
230:rasna
218:Raeti
156:Gauls
141:Raeti
114:Tyrol
94:Rheti
52:Raeti
2832:Veii
2732:Ceri
2325:and
1958:ISBN
1891:Livy
1698:ISBN
1364:and
1154:Isar
1094:(r.
936:Chur
856:(r.
820:Name
747:and
731:The
704:and
637:and
585:and
583:Como
572:Lech
559:and
481:and
410:Livy
400:and
350:and
328:Livy
257:Roma
50:The
2345:Art
1453:).
1323:) (
858:Inn
593:of
529:Inn
302:of
204:'s
196:of
116:in
104:of
96:or
85:-ty
83:REE
2888::
2008:.
1518:.
1434:.
1331:)
1243:)
1184:)
1174:)
1164:)
1098:)
1017:)
973:)
938:)
901:)
860:)
794:,
790:,
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
766:,
762:,
743:,
629:,
621:,
601:.
477:,
453:,
396:,
136:.
92:,
73:aɪ
67:iː
2195:e
2188:t
2181:v
2077:e
2070:t
2063:v
2030:)
2026:(
1542:1
1528:.
1239:(
1170:(
1160:(
1152:(
1128:(
1013:(
979:(
969:(
934:(
897:(
817:)
570:(
535:(
527:(
76:/
70:t
64:r
61:ˈ
58:/
54:(
20:)
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