Radu Golescu - Knowledge

917: 678: 566:: the eldest son, Nicolae, was born in 1772 or 1773, while Gheorghe "Iordache" followed in 1774 or 1775, with their more famous brother, Constandin "Dinicu", being the only one whose full date of birth is recorded (7 February 1777). Historian Vasile Novac indicates sources which identify Iordache's birth year as 1768 or 1770, making him the oldest; he also notes that Radu's one daughter, Ana, became the wife of a Great Ban, Mihalache Racoviță. Another son, Ianache, is almost entirely unknown except for passing records, which suggests that he served as a 1213: 31: 1305:, Iordache presented a set of proposals for political and social reform. Kiselyov read the project, upon which he struck out the demand for industrial development. In 1810–1820, Golescu's inn on Podul Calicilor was still one of only seven such institutions in Bucharest. Iordache's own failures as an entrepreneur resulted in it being split into two enterprises, auctioned off in 1833 and 1835, respectively. Known as Garni Inn, it was later bought by Johann Kloss. 445:), in which capacity he supported some of Caradja's most controversial practices. He and Iordache were ultimately sidelined in 1817, following Caradja's definitive clash with the nationalists. Ban Golescu died shortly after, with his funeral being the last public function attended by Caradja, who then fled Wallachia. The junior Golescus endorsed a return to their father's economic policies, trying to obtain support for them during the 1171:, Ban Radu was struck by the ambitious project, pointing out to Dinicu that there was no way to ensure its indoor lighting (to which Golescu Jr replied: "Father, I am building for the future"). The Ban was himself in beautification works, when, in July 1814, he proposed to Caradja that all inhabitants of every seventh home on Podul Mogoșoaiei be forced to maintain a streetlight candle. 357:—though he alternated this commitment with episodes of participation in Phanariote spoliation, and was vilified as such by Wallachia's taxpayers. Before his political ascent, he established reputation as a businessman and early capitalist, investing in lucrative exports and helping to expand his family manor in 815:. The latter alleged that Golescu wanted to have him take religious orders in order to confiscate his estate, and, with help from Habsburg authorities, crossed into Transylvania. Dudescu was financially ruined by this initiative, and returned willingly in 1805, when Golescu again took him into his direct care. 1332:("Golescu empties" or "Golescu strips one bare"); as noted in later scholarship, Iordache Golescu also renders this joke in his pamphlets, but without including the two words which addressed his own clan. The Ban's legal quarrels over the emerald ring are also mentioned, and used as a plot device, in 1132:), serving as such to April 1815, when Filipescu retook the office. In August 1814, he produced a letter of protest in which he claimed that, due to the confiscations and privations of war, Wallachians "no longer have anything". He himself still openly engaged in tax farming, paying Caradja 1 million 622:

Historian Constantin Dinu argues that Golescu was one of the "boyars most interested in developing capitalism, one in the a category of those who set up manufactures and advanced commercial life." Much of his life was spent on accumulating a personal wealth; in his last will, dated to February 1815,

1247:. Fixed sums were also allocated for three funds, one benefiting impoverished boyars, another destitute girls of marrying age, and finally one for ransoming debt-prisoners. He also demanded that a two-bed clinic be organized on his Golești estate, with services provided by the physician of Pitești. 1018:

in southern Muntenia; these communities had refused to pay government taxes, viewing themselves as under Russia's protection. In May 1808, both he and Văcărescu signed up to a French-language public protest, which asked the new authorities not to cut back on expenditures by eliminating eleven boyar

1023:

archives, calling him "very astute when it comes to business, but immeasurably thirsty for wealth, and mean-spirited." Owing to such verdicts, he was sidelined until February 1812, when he was promoted to the core of the Divan; this was after, and because, some of the boyars had spoken out against

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for the privilege of collecting the tithe, as well as taxes on mutton and wine, and making what was reportedly a hefty profit on this deal. Meanwhile, he protected his own retinue from visits by other tax collectors, and, by the time of his death, had registered 188 people as "known to be exempt"

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in the Wallachian military. Nicolae's father, Ilie, had joined Leurdeanu Golescu in his political endeavors and his eventual exile to Oltenia; at the time of Radu Jr birth, the latter region had been retaken by Wallachia, now under a Phanariote regime. From the Știrbeis, the boy inherited land in

1174:

During these years, Golescu-Șirbei alternated exploitation with philanthropy. Throughout his final decades, he sponsored the printing of books, including, in 1800, Iordache's papers and, in 1812, Constantin Vardalah's manual of physics. He also financed an edition from Rafail Monahul's book of

1040:, moving to Moldavia when Ypsilantis staged his return. In a letter preserved by the Austrian consulate, they defied the Prince, who had invited them back, demanding that Wallachia be placed under a boyar republic with a Russian governor. This project never came to fruition; under the 1073:, Dinicu and Iordache were in fact part of the opposition, a "Golescu party" whereby "the Wallachian boyars, having been turned from soldiers into courtiers," used their influence to undermine Caradja. In July 1813, Radu Golescu was assigned to a boyars' team which tried to contain " 412:. Chased out of the country in 1802, when parts of Wallachia were sacked by Pazvantoğlu, he spent some years in relative isolation, including after his return; his sons also took up politics, climbing into the middle and higher reaches of administrative boyardom. During the 1394:

endured as a name in local topography, despite the watermills being rebuilt in 1834, damaged (most likely by the floods of 1837), and finally discarded around 1870. Although the glass factory was sold by Nicolae in 1827, and much of the surrounding estates similarly lost,

1231:, being especially harsh on Filipescu, who was exiled. Noting this succession of events, Manuc also informs that Radu and Iordache Golescu were coarsely pressured into conformity by the Prince. Reappointed Great Ban for a while in 1818 (with Grigore Romaniti as the 472:

Despite his usage of the Golescu surname, Radu was only descended from that family through his mother Anița—she was daughter of Radu Leurdeanu Golescu, who had tried to seize the Wallachian throne for himself during the 1710s, before pledging himself to the

897:, to assist a token Wallachian expeditionary force, which supported the Ottoman Empire against the rebels. In 1799, with Mourouzis returning on the throne, Golescu proceeded to address matters of internal trade by establishing a glassmaking factory at 633:, his financial standing was precarious around 1800: he "was mixed up in lots of affairs, and owed quite a lot of debts." Though he lost Fundeni, which was sold back and forth between other families, he compensated with other purchases in Dâmbovița— 1235:), Golescu died on 8 October of that year; the date is remembered for being shortly before Caradja's hurried, and permanent, departure from Wallachia. His body was taken for burial in Golești, though a service was held at Bucharest on 11 October ( 1006:, describing him as an "honest patriot" who had lent money to the Wallachian state. In August 1811, alongside Isaac Ralet and Mihalache Manu, he petitioned General Steter, who commanded upon the Russian troops in Wallachia, to clamp down on the 769:

erupted in Wallachia, with Mourouzis heading the relief and containment effort—in April 1795, Golescu was personally instructed to disinfect parts of Bucharest. According to a court document of July 1795, Bucharest had a Golescu quarter (or

1143:). Treasury records noted that the Saxons of Șotânga owned no property of their own, and therefore owed no tax. Golescu instead made a point of collecting personal debts, and had one of his Saxon women-workers, Lisabeta, held in the 1154:

As reported in letters by Manuc Bei, who was by the Caradja's exiled enemy, this was a time of great corruption and spoliation, to which Golescu acquiesced, having himself paid 600 thaler in bribes for promotion to the office of

1032:

Ypsilantis himself had fled to safety in Transylvania, while some of the boyars freely moved between Austrian and newly Russian-conquered territory; many, including Golescu, denounced Ypsilantis and declared themselves loyal to

2784: 513:. Golescu-Știrbei was an educated man by 18th-century standards: probably home-schooled, he preserved his manuscript textbooks, in the Greek original. These show that he was taught geography, geometry, arithmetic, 599:, purchased from Neculae Cocoș). His activities also included surveying the city's property boundaries, settling disputes between boyar Grigore Greceanu and the local burghers. He first held the rank of Great 2726:

Studiĭ și documente cu privire la Istoria Romînilor. Vol. VIII. Scrisorĭ de boierĭ și negustorĭ oltenĭ și muntenĭ cătră casa de negoț sibiiană Hagi Pop. Publicate cu note genealogice asupra maĭ multor familiĭ

1355:, where he had a son, Georges de Golesco, from his marriage to Joséphine Body. A lawyer and novelist, the latter died without heirs, as did his writer sister, Hélène de Golesco. In Wallachia and later in the 1263:

only reserved venom, harsh words of scorn, for any parvenus that made their way into the nobility." He was left some of his father's core estates, including Leordeni, as well as the main Bucharest inn, while

1239:: 29 September), being the last public function attended by the fugitive Prince. Golescu's last will provided for the upkeep of Wallachia's poor, to whom he transferred revenue from a bridge toll over the 2981: 2809: 2881: 2871: 939:, in Habsburg Transylvania, where he is known to have been followed by Dinicu. His departure was prompted by Pazvantoğlu, who had stormed into Oltenia. Upon his return (from what was by then the 1328:

includes mention of Golescu's unpopularity during his time with Caradja, when regular folk, subjected to harsh taxation policies, circulated a diddle mocking several boyars, including the line

1118:, Constantin Samurcaș). Golescu only served to August, when he was replaced by Constantin Crețulescu—Samurcaș continued in his role to 1815. That same year, Golescu was again attested as Great 1386:, inherited the manor after Dinicu's death, and displayed Radu's original portrait in its dining hall. Abandoned and falling into disrepair, the complex was restored in the early 1940s by the 361:. Especially in his final decade, Golescu reinvested much of his wealth into the social uplift of peasant communities, building several rural schools and sponsoring the printing of books. 1151:. During his final years, he defended this inheritance with a series of lawsuits, claiming that a banker had stolen Elena's emerald ring, from her deposit, and presented him with a fake. 1107:-and-inn on that same street to be used as a provisional hospital. The plague continued to kill Wallachians, including, in September 1813, members of the Great Ban's own household. 811:. He had various dealings with the eponymous Dudescu boyars, and, around 1801, collected rent for Safta Dudescu's inn. Around that time, he acted as a tutor for his orphaned nephew 584: 369: 562:

From his marriage to Zoița or Zinca, daughter of Costache Florescu, Golescu-Știrbei had four sons and a daughter. One version of their succession is provided by literary historian

481:, one of the major political intriguers of the mid-to-late 17th century. The latter had also built a long-standing manor in Golești, which was the clan's eponymous estate, on 1287:

broke out in Wallachia, with Vladimirescu as its leader. The latter used the Golescu manor as his last base of operations; this is where he was captured by a rival warlord,

1186: 541:). His early political climb was tied to administrative functions in Dâmbovița: he probably first entered the administrative service around August 1782, when, as a titular 615:, when Târgoviște was under an Ottoman military administration, and that the events most likely took place in January or February 1788; she notes that, in March, the new 990:, abruptly ending Ypsilantis' first reign. Golescu remained in place, as the third-oldest member of the administrative Divan, and cooperated with the new regime: he and 1399:

endures as an informal name for the area outside Șotânga. The Garni Inn was finally condemned and demolished in 1894. Its replacement, the Nierscher Arcade, was itself

959:, where they became fluent in Greek and possibly French as well; at least from 1804, Dinicu pursued a career in the administrative boyardom, being himself named as the 1343:

By then, the Ban's sons had noted children of their own. Iordache's six surviving children (from a total 23, born to him from his second wife Maria Bălăceanu) include

1048:, who took the throne in late 1812. On 17 October, just as the last Russian troops were leaving Bucharest, Georgios Argyropoulous took over as Caradja's regent (or 669:. As Golescu himself put it, the inn had been "bought and refurbished" by him, probably around 1800; it emerged as "one of the city's most important and spacious". 312: 1255:

As summarized by scholar Constanța Vintilă-Ghițulescu, Iordache remained "an active participant on the political scene, between the reigns of Princes Caradja and

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Mihalache Lahovari. In parallel, Dinicu also built himself a townhouse, on land located near Stejarul Church. Competed in 1815, it was the Wallachian example of

1092: 1069:, the progressive educationist. In early 1813, Caradja left an official document praising Iordache for his dedication and faith. As noted by literary historian 2971: 1368: 1088: 991: 722: 1168: 1126:, who would later play a major part in the anti-Phanariote struggles. From at least July 1814, Golescu the elder replaced Constantin Filipescu as treasurer ( 860:

merchants: Spirea Cazoti, Mihai Chiriță, and Ioan "Ianache" Scufa. At the same time, Golescu endorsed Hangerli's very controversial tax on cowherds, called

1375:

Alexandru Racoviță, with whom she lived in Oltenia during the 1830s. Through them, Ban Radu was the maternal great-grandfather of Scottish Romanian artist

812: 2976: 2632: 2095: 1070: 916: 563: 2961: 1190: 556: 316: 229: 1321: 1044:, Russia allowed the Ottomans and Phanariotes to return as leaders in both Wallachia and Moldavia. Radu's own public career peaked again under Prince 2966: 1364: 955:. Possibly around this time, he became personally invested in the education of his younger boys. Iordache and Dinicu received their education at the 909:, for whom he provided additional housing. His involvement in land speculation continued in August 1800, when he bought off Scufa's property outside 742: 704: 552: 495:; it was revived and settled by the early-18th-century Radu, known in some records just as "Radu Leurdeanu". Radu Sr died in 1731 at his home in the 477:; Anița's brother Constantin had died childless, making Radu Jr an inheritor of the boyar estate. Radu was also the maternal great-great-grandson of 342: 868:

to act as judge at a trial opposing them to the Prince. His expertise in geometry was acknowledged in 1798, when he was asked to draw up a plan of

856:), also urging Hangerli to curb imports and prop up local factories. His activity at the Department resulted in the co-option as councilors of the 1316:

in 1943. According to Anghelescu, they may in fact be the Ban's own works. Other than contributions by his own sons, he has preserved a legacy in

2729: 2685: 1696: 1376: 1313: 485:'s southern border. The name of "Golescu" had been used sporadically by various members of the clan, the first one of whom was a 16th-century 2911: 2876: 658: 1122:, but "of the Upper Land". Before his replacement with Isaac Ralet, he gave a minor regional appointment in Oltenia to the young soldier 2769:

Andrei Pănoiu, "Patrimoniu. Cîteva date din catagrafiile secolului al XIX-lea despre morile de pe Argeș, Rîul Doamnei și Dîmbovița", in

420:, though he was marginalized within the administrative apparatus of Russian-occupied Wallachia. As an adversary of the returning Prince 2338: 1209:. It is also possible, but not certain, that the boys' school established by Ban Radu for the peasants of Golești dates back to 1814. 2946: 2664:

S. Columbeanu, "Caracterul exploatării feudale a țărănimii în deceniile anterioare răscoalei lui Tudor Vladimirescu (1800—1820)", in

1128: 441: 629:("never have I squandered , but have only added to them, so much so that one could say I've doubled them"). As noted by historian 927:

Golescu first rose to the Great Banship in 1799, and endured as such in 1800, by which time his son, Nicolae (sometimes known as

2916: 1658:

Anghelescu, p. XII. See also Iorga (1906), pp. 37, 38, 40, 41, 42; Nițulescu, p. 162; Potra, p. 126; Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 266

1418:

Marinella Lörinczi Angioni, "Coscienza nazionale romanza e ortografia: il romeno tra alfabeto cirillico e alfabeto latino", in

591:—including new frescoes by Popa Ioan Zugravu. An inscription in the princely church, dated August 1785, credits him as a Great 2956: 2838: 2680: 708: 1291:. The three Golescu brothers were committed to the late Ban's economic agenda into the late 1820s, as Wallachia experienced 1276:, was bequeathed the Golești manor. He reestablished his father's school there, but was only able to keep it functional to 819: 784: 452: 2802:

Arhiva senatorilor din Chișinău și ocupația rusească dela 1806—1812. IV: Amănunte asupra Țerii Românești dela 1808 la 1812

943:) in 1804, he focused on expanding his manor in Golești, but also became a benefactor of various schools—including one in 761:. He complained to the Prince that he had been cheated on by the debtors; although the vineyards were entirely located in 611:, which put an end to his tenure ("I never saw him again"). Historian Gabriela Nițulescu believes that this refers to the 1083:

Constantin Suțu reviewed reports of any local outbreaks, also conceiving of a project (never undertaken) to sanitize the

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chased out Mavrogenes, and left the country occupied until 1791. The Habsburgs governed using a revamped version of the

661:

merchant, Constantin Hagi Pop; an employer of skilled immigrant workers, he opened up a number of shops, and an inn, on

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Almaș, p. 81; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, pp. 190, 301; Fotino, pp. 9, 14–17; Vintilă-Ghițulescu, pp. 89–90, 98–99, 112

994:, together with Ivan Meshchersky, formed an investigative triumvirate which looked into abuse by Ypsilantis' Muntenian 726: 700: 2951: 2652: 1292: 1110:

In June 1813, Caradja made Radu Golescu his Great Ban, as a replacement for Argyropoulous, but without moving him to

979: 695:. The following year, he participated in the reopening of Târgoviște church, with a ceremony also attended by Prince 612: 607:

to late 1787. Notes left by Târgoviște burgher Dumitrache al Popii Gheorghe suggest that Golescu was detained by the

413: 387: 2931: 2896: 346: 788: 2901: 1351:. Arăpilă's elder brother, Dimitrie, was apolitical, and published one work of philosophy; he spent his life in 2941: 2936: 2906: 2712:

Ion Ionașcu, "Politica fiscală a lui Ioan-Vodă Caragea oglindită în corespondența inedită a lui Manuc-Bei", in

1312:, which were carved into stone near his fountain in Golești, and which were first translated into Romanian by 1348: 1236: 1099:. In June 1813, he endorsed a six-year monopoly for the pharmacist Lorenz Dampner, who had opened up shop on 956: 791:

and Nicolae Filipescu, called for a relaxation of fiscal pressures. They persuaded Mourouzis to denounce the

787:. In July 1796, during the final stages of Mourouzis' reign, Golescu, alongside members of the Divan such as 456: 684:

appearing inside a clinic, showing treatment of the sick in 18th-century Wallachia. From a 1706 manuscript,

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of "the Lower Land", in which capacity he collected and distributed funds resulting from the auctioning of

677: 335: 1077:"; according to Iorgulescu, this was Caradja's attempt at "buying off" the Golescus. Specifically, he and 634: 510: 2700:

Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe. Vol. II: Epoca fanarioților, până la restabilirea domniilor pământene

1284: 1221: 1019:

ranks. His own good faith was questioned in Russian sources, with one anonymous report, preserved by the

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At an unspecified moment in 1798, Hangerli was confronted by the threat of a marauding mercenary leader,

358: 191: 439:. Rewarded with a second and third terms at the Banship, he was later briefly the Wallachian treasurer ( 2830: 2323:

Matei Cazacu, "Droit de patronat et généalogie: le cas de la famille Florescu (XVIe–XIXe siècles)", in

1041: 935:

of Pitești. Along with other boyars, Radu had to flee from Wallachia in 1802, and lived for a while at

800: 405: 299: 795:

for confiscating crops directly from the tenant farmers, at harvest-time. On 7 August, still a Great

1978:

Ilie Corfus, "Însemnările cronicarului Gr. Andronescu despre vechea gospodărire a Bucureștilor", in

2891: 2274:

Florian Georgescu, "Regimul construcțiilor în București în deceniile IV–V din sec. al XIX-lea", in

1159:. In December 1815, he spent 40,000 thaler on purchasing a Bucharest townhouse previously owned by 518: 397: 47: 869: 1087:

on its lower course. In 1815, this experience allowed him to contribute directly towards funding

641:(before 1815). At some point before 1816, he and his cousin Sandu Golescu set up two watermills ( 279: 2762:

Vasile Novac, "Activitatea politică și culturală a lui Gheorghe Golescu (1768? 1770?–1848)", in

2152:, "Ravagiile epidemiilor de ciumă și holeră și instituirea cordonului carantinal la Dunăre", in 1969:

Anghelescu, pp. XV–XIX. See also Almaș, p. 80; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 300; Novac, p. 474

1164: 971: 948: 580: 421: 1096: 2843:

Leila Zamani, "Calea Rahovei 3 și 5. De la Hanul Golescu la Pasajul Comercial Nirescher", in

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Cristina Boțoghină, "Pictorul Nicolae Grant (1868–1950) — vlăstar din neamul Goleștilor", in

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in 1812 (alongside Iordache Florescu and Anica Soutzos-Florescu), as well as a benefactor of

1037: 1007: 730: 377: 1147:. A habitual litigator, he was also a claimant to the estate held by Elena, a member of the 852:. Specifically, he supported bringing in traders as advisers in the Army Supply Department ( 808: 2866: 2861: 2748:

Lăcrămioara Manea, "Tipărituri românești brașovene păstrate în fonduri nord-dobrogene", in

2218: 1344: 1297: 1228: 1227:

In late 1816 and early 1817, Caradja directed his persecution among the boyar champions of

1084: 902: 845: 841: 765:, his claim was addressed by an inquiry headed by the Oltenian Banship. Shortly after, the 447: 354: 350: 1201:. In November 1815, he bought a forest outside Șotânga, which he knew to be frequented by 952: 880: 409: 8: 2886: 1317: 1205:

drifters. He then organized it into a village for both the Rudari and Saxons, calling it

1198: 1074: 718: 696: 436: 998:. In January 1809, alongside other boyars, he signed a letter of recommendation for the 905:

who "live in his houses". The "German" staff also included Transylvanian Romanians from

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The future Great Ban was born on 3 May 1746, from Anița's marriage to Nicolae Șirbei, a

1324:'s rhyming chronicle—it depicts him as a servile figure at Hangerli's court. Memoirist 1288: 1212: 1144: 1123: 807:) of the Wallachian hospitals and quarantine facilities, which had been established at 725:, located on his lands and established by his Leurdeanu ancestors, but curated by the 30: 2834: 2676: 2648: 2226: 2196: 2014: 1273: 1034: 849: 474: 328: 221: 1360: 1066: 1024:

Russian policies, and had then been sent into internal exile, vacating their seats.

799:, Golescu stood on a jury that reviewed the land dispute between I. Cioranu and the 435:, who tasked the former Ban with sanitation work, which was supposed to contain the 2827:

Evgheniți, ciocoi, mojici. Despre obrazele primei modernități românești (1750–1860)

2805: 1387: 1256: 1055: 1020: 1011: 944: 906: 864:. He was still seen as a champion for the common man, and asked by the citizens of 496: 2613: 2507:

Almaș, pp. 80, 81; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, pp. 190, 508; Iorga (1906), p. XLIX

2185: 1015: 595:(a title he no longer held in January 1786, as shown by his deed to the estate of 386:(sheriff), in which capacity he served until being deposed by the Ottomans in the 2695: 2644: 2618: 2168: 1449:

Almaș, pp. 77–78; Fotino, pp. 3–5; Iorga (1906), pp. XLVII–XLVIII; Urechia, p. 34

1333: 1100: 940: 837: 681: 588: 514: 478: 373: 2820:

Documente inedite din domnia lui Alexandru Constantin Moruzi. 1793—1796. Memoriu

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Gh. N. C., "Monumente istorice. Mănăstirea Arnota zidită de Mateiu Basarab", in

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Documente privind istoria Romîniei. Răscoala din 1821. Vol. I. Documente interne

776:), in which Grigorie Bujoreanu and boyar Barbucică acted as the plague wardens. 758: 646: 572:

and died before 1815 (though one document may prove that he was alive in 1821).

2636: 1302: 987: 884: 766: 746: 596: 534: 417: 339: 320: 234: 1390:, through the National Co-operative Institute. To the north of that landmark, 1240: 757:, and bought from Mourouzis the right to collect winemakers' taxes throughout 2855: 2815: 2719: 1688: 630: 482: 332: 1492:

Almaș, p. 78. See also Anghelescu, p. XI; Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 256

551:) over the entire Dâmbovița, he was called upon to settle a dispute between 306:

statesman, entrepreneur and philanthropist; he was the maternal grandson of

2797: 2776: 1352: 1148: 1045: 910: 898: 608: 432: 323:. His life, as well as his participation in government, coincided with the 2018: 2790:

Mihai Sorin Rădulescu, "Goleștii din Belgia. Contribuții epistolare", in

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Novac, pp. 474, 487. See also Nițulescu, pp. 163–164; Zamani, pp. 202–203

1383: 921: 754: 734: 492: 1400: 865: 803:

monastery of Târgoviște. Some days before, he had been named caretaker (

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descended from Stroe Leurdeanu. By September 1794, Golescu, now a Great

2149: 857: 526: 324: 308: 836:]), in which capacity he carried out an inspection of Bucharest's 650: 499:—namely, Oltenia, which was then administered as a Habsburg province. 349:, and, like his sons, tended to side with the early manifestations of 302:: Радꙋ̆л or Ръдуканꙋ̆л Голєскꙋ̆л; 3 May 1746 – 8 October 1818), was a 2737:

Corespondență diplomatică și rapoarte consulare austriece (1798–1812)

2703: 1340:("Upstarts Old and New"), which is one of the first Romanian novels. 1325: 1194: 1139: 1104: 1079: 1003: 891:

suggests that Golescu was called upon by Hangerli, who appointed him

738: 662: 504: 392: 390:. From 1794, he received a role as foreign-policy overseer, or Great 382: 303: 179: 163: 2013:, pp. 39–40. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice E. Marvan, 1931. 2011:

Istoria orașului Călărași (Ialomița). Dela origine până la anul 1852

1628:

Almaș, p. 78; Anghelescu, p. XII; Fotino, pp. 4–5; Nițulescu, p. 162

1359:, Arăpilă's political efforts were supported by Dinicu's four sons: 1347:("Golescu the Arab", or "Golescu the Black"), a major figure in the 1268:

took over the glassmaking business. Dinicu, who was appointed Great

1167:, and had uniquely large rooms; according to an anecdote relayed by 951:. Also that year, he was widowed—Zoița died at the family estate in 936: 638: 626:

n-am prăpădit , ci încă om adăugat, încât pociu zice că le-am îndoit

1244: 1050: 999: 983: 893: 822:(1796–1797) recognized Golescu's merits. By May 1797, he was Great 762: 543: 530: 425: 1900:

Nițulescu, pp. 159, 162–163. See also Novac, p. 487; Potra, p. 126

575:

Radu's political advancement was manifest in 1784, when he became

1309: 1217: 1111: 654: 568: 401: 250: 159: 51: 2882:

19th-century military personnel of the Principality of Wallachia

2872:

18th-century military personnel of the Principality of Wallachia

872:

estate, a disputed Ypsilantis fief. In 1800, he commissioned in

2982:

Romanian people in the Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)

1202: 1181: 1133: 1061:

Iordache also participated in the national government, as both

873: 848:—according to Novac, he was inspired to do so by echoes of the 772: 713: 666: 538: 522: 487: 2759:, Vol. 6, Issues 1–2, January–February 1995, pp. 159–164. 1597: 1595: 672: 364:

Golescu's rise began in the early 1780s, when he took over as

1938: 1936: 1843: 1841: 975: 603:

at some point before August 1786, while still serving as the

451:

regime in the 1820s and '30s. Radu's many grandsons embraced

2755:

Gabriela Nițulescu, "Banul Radu Golescu și Târgoviștea", in

2627:

Acte și documente din trecutul farmaciei în țările româneștĭ

2223:

Hronograf (1764-1815). (Cronicile medievale ale României, X)

431:

Golescu returned to Wallachia under the subsequent reign of

2743:, Vol. XXV, Issues 1–3, January–March 1939, pp. 77–84. 1926: 1924: 1592: 2671:

Gheorghe Crutzescu (contributor: Virgiliu Z. Teodorescu),

1933: 1838: 1833:

Aromânii: Comerț, Industrie, Arte, Expansiune, Civilizație

1562: 1560: 1371:. Their sister, Ana (1805–1878), was married to Craiova's 1527: 1525: 1379:, who painted a copy of his ancestor's portrait in 1946. 1065:

and caretaker of the schools, emerging as a protector of

883:, who had established a basis south of Wallachia, in the 832: 1921: 1054:), assigning leading positions in the Divan to Golescu, 876:

a world map, which included a smaller map of Wallachia.

1557: 408:

assisting the Ottomans against the rebellious warlord,

2154:

Analele Academiei Române. Memoriile Secțiunii Istorice

1869: 1867: 1522: 2359: 2357: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1818: 1816: 1761: 1759: 1636: 1634: 1585: 1583: 1581: 2692:. Bucharest: National Co-operative Institute, 1943. 1864: 1774:

Urechia, pp. 724, 730. See also Anghelescu, p. XIII

1693:

Ceva despre ocupațiunea austriacă în anii 1789—1791

1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 583:, ordered him to carry out restoration work on the 2354: 1850: 1813: 404:. During these terms, he was also head of a token 345:. Himself educated in Greek, Golescu was a native 1835:, p. 468. Focșani: Tipografia Cartea Putnei, 1936 1756: 1631: 1578: 657:, hay, and maize, which he sold abroad through a 491:, also named Radu Golescu, who had served Prince 2853: 2471:Zamani, pp. 202–204. See also Potra, pp. 126–127 1666: 1664: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1510:Anghelescu, p. XIII. See also Novac, pp. 474–475 1470: 913:and sold it as allotments to various merchants. 2408:Almaș, p. 79; Anghelescu, p. XIII; Fotino, p. 5 1301:regime. In his dealings with the new governor, 745:also weighing in the fact that Golescu was not 2845:București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie 2822:. Bucharest: Lito-tipografia Carol Göbl, 1895. 2792:București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie 2480:Anghelescu, p. XIV. See also Fotino, pp. 22–23 2399:Anghelescu, p. XIII. See also Almaș, pp. 78–79 2276:București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie 1980:București. Materiale de Istorie și Muzeografie 624: 396:, and, in 1799–1800, served his first term as 2972:Prisoners and detainees of the Ottoman Empire 2675:. Bucharest: Biblioteca Bucureștilor, 2011. 2098:, "Tudor Vladimirescu și Dinicu Golescu", in 1912: 1661: 1534: 1243:, as well as that of his three watermills in 1103:. In August, he and his colleagues ordered a 887:. A consular report by the Habsburg diplomat 779:By January 1796, Golescu had been made Great 2764:Argesis. Studii și Comunicări. Seria Istorie 2668:, Vol. XIV, Issue 3, 1961, pp. 571–589. 2314:Anghelescu, p. XIII; Manea, pp. 137–138, 141 2074:Almaș, pp. 79–80. See also Novac, p. 476–477 1440:Almaș, p. 78. See also Anghelescu, pp. IX–XI 974:, in 1805 Golescu ruled exemptions from the 579:of Wallachia's military. In 1785 his liege, 2600:Zamani, pp. 204–207. See also Potra, p. 128 2325:Hrisovul. Anuarul Facultății de Arhivistică 2175:, Vol. III, Issue 13, May–June 1924, p. 216 844:(1797–1799), Golescu advanced the cause of 673:Under Mourouzis, Hangerli, and the Russians 424:, he opted to go into his second exile, to 2977:Wallachian refugees in the Austrian Empire 2661:, Vol. I, Issue 1, 2019, pp. 327–334. 2091: 2089: 1575:Anghelescu, p. XI; Iorga (1906), p. XLVIII 29: 2962:Founders of Romanian schools and colleges 2164: 2162: 1554:Anghelescu, p. XV. See also Novac, p. 474 1216:Great Ban Radu's fountain, and dedicated 717:. In December 1793, Golescu asked Prince 467: 455:, with most of them playing parts in the 2967:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Romania 1211: 915: 737:. His request was denied as contrary to 676: 2629:. Bucharest: Tipografia Speranța, 1904. 2444:Anghelescu, pp. XIV, XIX; Fotino, p. 11 2086: 315:, as well as the father of the writers 2854: 2673:Podul Mogoșoaiei. Povestea unei străzi 2498:Novac, pp. 475, 485; Rădulescu, p. 210 2159: 653:. Radu was a major producer of honey, 2810:Institutul de Arte Grafice Carol Göbl 2794:, Vol. XXVII, 2013, pp. 205–220. 2171:, "Banii și Caimacamii Craiovei", in 1847:Anghelescu, p. XII; Gane, pp. 157–158 1114:(where he was represented by his own 920:Pitești in the late 18th century, by 840:. While serving under the new Prince 619:were Greceanu and Ioniță Caramanlău. 2912:19th-century Romanian businesspeople 2877:19th-century Romanian civil servants 2847:, Vol. XXVI, 2012, pp. 202–207. 2785:Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică 2752:, Issues 4–5/2016, pp. 135–142. 2635:, "Dinicu Golescu în vremea sa", in 1382:Dinicu's children and their mother, 509:Dâmbovița, including the village of 2766:, Vol. XIV, 2005, pp. 469–498. 2730:Atelierele Grafice Socec & Comp 1295:, followed by the Russian-inspired 901:in Dâmbovița, initially staffed by 854:Departamentul Epitropiei Obștirilor 727:Wallachian Orthodox church province 691:In 1788, Golescu-Știrbei was again 13: 2716:, Vol. VIII, 1966, pp. 45–82. 2287:Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 184 2140:Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 156 1308:Ban Golescu is the subject of two 1193:—commissioning in 1817 its silver 711:; Golescu was assigned to it as a 701:Habsburg invasion in November 1789 14: 2993: 2296:Crutzescu & Teodorescu, p. 37 1220:in Greek, at the family manor in 416:, Golescu pledged himself to the 35:Anonymous contemporary portrait, 2947:Romanian hospital administrators 2771:Revista Muzeelor și Monumentelor 2594: 2585: 2576: 2564: 2555: 2546: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2474: 2465: 1027: 18:Wallachian statesman (1746–1818) 2781:Istoricul hanurilor bucureștene 2773:, Issue 8/1985, pp. 58–62. 2456: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2402: 2393: 2384: 2375: 2366: 2345: 2330: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2211: 2202: 2178: 2156:, Vol. XXVII, 1944–1945, p. 367 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2107: 2077: 2068: 2059: 2050: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2003: 1994: 1985: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1945: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1825: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1747: 1738: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1682: 1673: 1652: 1643: 1622: 1613: 1604: 1569: 1548: 1513: 1504: 2825:Constanța Vintilă-Ghițulescu, 2616:, "Neamul Goleștilor (I)", in 1801:Iorga (1906), pp. XXIX, XLVIII 1792:Iorga (1906), pp. XXXVIII–XXIX 1495: 1486: 1461: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1412: 978:for the Bucharest bakers. The 709:Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 376:; he remained associated with 368:, also overseeing work on the 1: 2917:19th-century Romanian farmers 2714:Studii și Articole de Istorie 2643:, pp. V–LXI. Bucharest: 2606: 1349:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 1277: 1197:, which contains the hand of 457:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 353:; he was especially prone to 113: 36: 2957:Romanian patrons of the arts 2217:Nicolae Stoicescu, notes to 1982:, Vol. VI, 1968, pp. 132–133 1697:Librăriile Socec & Comp. 1519:Nițulescu, pp. 159, 160, 161 1422:, Issue 5, April 1982, p. 81 1259:. Proud of his lineage, the 1058:, and Constantin Bălăceanu. 785:other boyar ranks and titles 462: 7: 2735:"Dări de seamă. I. Nistor, 2622:, May 1971, pp. 74–81. 2552:Boțoghină, pp. 327–328, 333 2516:Rădulescu, pp. 210–211, 217 1601:Nițulescu, pp. 159, 160–161 1179:. He was additionally a co- 10: 2998: 2666:Studii. Revistă de Istorie 2543:Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 112 1991:Rosetti, pp. 191, 199, 201 1942:Anghelescu, pp. XIV, XVIII 1695:, p. 221. Bucharest etc.: 1293:another Russian occupation 1285:large-scale peasant revolt 963:of Pitești in March 1811. 2922:Romanian agriculturalists 2489:Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 61 2417:Vintilă-Ghițulescu, p. 60 1345:Alexandru Golescu-Arăpilă 1272:by Caradja's replacement 1250: 613:Russo-Turkish War of 1787 406:Wallachian military force 388:Russo-Turkish War of 1787 275: 267: 259: 249: 220: 198: 186: 169: 146: 142: 132: 122: 109: 101: 93: 85: 75: 65: 57: 46: 28: 23: 2952:Romanian philanthropists 2305:Anghelescu, pp. XIII–XIV 1930:Anghelescu, pp. XI, XIII 1467:Anghelescu, pp. VI, VIII 1406: 1320:through his mentions in 986:under occupation by the 947:, and another in one in 828:vel vornic al obștirilor 519:Ancient Greek literature 290:, historically known as 213:(died 1804) 2932:Romanian industrialists 2897:Logothetes of Wallachia 2184:"59. 8 iulie 1815", in 1566:Iorga (1906), p. XLVIII 721:for approval to donate 204:Zoița (Zinca) Floreasca 2902:Spatharii of Wallachia 2625:Nicolae I. Angelescu, 2591:Nițulescu, pp. 163–164 2462:Potra, pp. 34, 126–127 2327:, Vol. XV, 2009, p. 53 2104:, Issue 50/1978, p. 13 1619:Anghelescu, pp. XI–XII 1610:Nițulescu, pp. 160–161 1531:Anghelescu, pp. XIV–XV 1501:Nițulescu, pp. 161–162 1369:Alexandru Golescu-Albu 1224: 1165:cast-iron architecture 982:brought Wallachia and 972:Constantine Ypsilantis 924: 688: 625: 581:Michael Drakos Soutzos 468:Origins and early life 422:Constantine Ypsilantis 313:Radu Leurdeanu Golescu 97:Georgios Argyropoulous 2942:Romanian nationalists 2937:Wallachian innkeepers 2907:Stolnici of Wallachia 2278:, Vol. V, 1967, p. 41 2225:, p. 170. Bucharest: 2195:, p. 100. Bucharest: 2047:Rosetti, pp. 201, 263 1420:La Ricerca Folklorica 1357:United Principalities 1215: 919: 680: 105:Constantin Crețulescu 2561:Fotino, pp. 9–13, 18 2453:Fotino, pp. 6, 10–11 2342:, 29 June 1912, p. 1 2219:Dionisie Eclesiarhul 2131:Angelescu, pp. 43–44 2029:Rosetti, pp. 297–298 2000:Iorga (1906), p. 126 1810:Angelescu, pp. 38–40 1753:Urechia, pp. 387–388 1735:Urechia, pp. 748–749 1717:Urechia, pp. 635–636 1338:Ciocoii vechi și noi 1298:Regulamentul Organic 1229:Romanian nationalism 1089:Filantropia Hospital 903:Transylvanian Saxons 846:economic nationalism 842:Constantine Hangerli 820:Alexander Ypsilantis 741:, with Metropolitan 448:Regulamentul Organic 380:, especially as its 355:economic nationalism 351:Romanian nationalism 288:Radu Golescu-Știrbei 24:Radu Golescu-Știrbei 2927:Romanian beekeepers 2056:Iorga (1939), p. 82 1891:Iorga (1939), p. 78 1873:Anghelescu, p. XIII 1384:Zoe Farfara-Golescu 1318:Romanian literature 1199:Margaret the Virgin 1187:Țigănești Monastery 1169:Ulysse de Marsillac 1097:Grigore Brâncoveanu 1042:treaty of Bucharest 980:eastern war of 1806 789:Ienăchiță Văcărescu 719:Alexander Mourouzis 707:, presided upon by 697:Nicholas Mavrogenes 686:Cronica Frățietății 511:Produlești-Ghinești 117: October 1818 2372:Ionașcu, pp. 77–78 2363:Anghelescu, p. XIV 2247:Columbeanu, p. 582 2238:Columbeanu, p. 580 1861:Anghelescu, p. XII 1822:Novac, pp. 486–487 1708:Urechia, pp. 33–35 1401:demolished in 1984 1289:Giorgakis Olympios 1225: 1124:Tudor Vladimirescu 1093:Constantin Caracaș 925: 818:The short-reigned 813:Constantin Dudescu 739:Wallachian customs 689: 645:) at the mouth of 557:Stelea Monasteries 453:liberal radicalism 296:Răducanul Golescul 2839:978-973-50-4881-5 2704:Editura Ziarului 2681:978-606-8337-19-7 2633:Mircea Anghelescu 2582:Pănoiu, pp. 60–61 2534:Boțoghină, p. 328 2351:Nițulescu, p. 163 2227:Editura Academiei 2197:Editura Academiei 2173:Arhivele Olteniei 2096:Mircea Iorgulescu 2083:Novac, p. 475–476 2009:Pompei Samarian, 1960:Almaș, pp. 78, 80 1951:Anghelescu, p. XV 1765:Nițulescu, p. 159 1649:Pănoiu, pp. 58–61 1640:Nițulescu, p. 162 1589:Nițulescu, p. 161 1483:Anghelescu, p. XI 1274:Alexander Soutzos 1140:poslușnici știuți 1071:Mircea Iorgulescu 881:Osman Pazvantoğlu 850:French Revolution 753:, was engaged in 723:Vieroși Monastery 585:Old Princely Cort 564:Mircea Anghelescu 521:(with samples of 475:Habsburg Monarchy 410:Osman Pazvantoğlu 370:Old Princely Cort 285: 284: 255:Golescu (Știrbei) 2989: 2806:Romanian Academy 2757:Revista Istorică 2741:Revista Istorică 2690:Casa din Golești 2659:Analele Dobrogei 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2526: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2481: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2352: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2182: 2176: 2166: 2157: 2147: 2141: 2138: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2101:România Literară 2093: 2084: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2021: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1862: 1859: 1848: 1845: 1836: 1831:Anastase Hâciu, 1829: 1823: 1820: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1766: 1763: 1754: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1659: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1641: 1638: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1590: 1587: 1576: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1555: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1468: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1423: 1416: 1388:Romanian Kingdom 1282: 1279: 1191:Arnota Monastery 1101:Podul Mogoșoaiei 1075:Caragea's plague 1056:Grigore D. Ghica 1021:Governing Senate 957:Princely Academy 637:(July 1787) and 628: 497:Banat of Craiova 437:eponymous plague 414:war of 1806–1812 378:Dâmbovița County 230:Iordache Golescu 214: 176: 156: 154: 118: 115: 89:June–August 1813 41: 38: 33: 21: 20: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2892:Bans of Oltenia 2852: 2851: 2850: 2696:Constantin Gane 2645:Editura Minerva 2619:Magazin Istoric 2609: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435:Fotino, pp. 5–7 2434: 2430: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2381:Fotino, pp. 5–6 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2335: 2331: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2183: 2179: 2169:Ioan C. Filitti 2167: 2160: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2094: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065:Rosetti, p. 269 2064: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038:Rosetti, p. 199 2037: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1986: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1865: 1860: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744:Urechia, p. 637 1743: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1726:Urechia, p. 754 1725: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1579: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1535: 1530: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1458:Fotino, pp. 3–4 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1392:Morile Sandului 1365:Radu Constantin 1334:Nicolae Filimon 1330:Golescu golește 1280: 1253: 1145:debtors' prison 1085:Dâmbovița River 1035:Russian Emperor 1030: 992:Barbu Văcărescu 941:Austrian Empire 826:of the armies ( 743:Dositei Filitti 682:John Chrysostom 675: 667:Podul Calicilor 649:, just east of 643:Morile Sandului 515:Greek mythology 479:Stroe Leurdeanu 470: 465: 263:Nicolae Știrbei 245: 239:Ianache Golescu 216: 212: 208: 205: 194: 178: 174: 173:October 8, 1818 158: 152: 150: 116: 42: 39: 19: 12: 11: 5: 2995: 2985: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2849: 2848: 2841: 2823: 2813: 2795: 2788: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2746: 2745: 2744: 2733: 2717: 2710: 2693: 2683: 2669: 2662: 2655: 2637:Dinicu Golescu 2630: 2623: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2602: 2593: 2584: 2575: 2563: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2390:Ionașcu, p. 81 2383: 2374: 2365: 2353: 2344: 2329: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2280: 2267: 2265:Ionașcu, p. 66 2258: 2249: 2240: 2231: 2210: 2208:Ionașcu, p. 59 2201: 2177: 2158: 2142: 2133: 2124: 2115: 2106: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2040: 2031: 2022: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1932: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1863: 1849: 1837: 1824: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1681: 1679:Zamani, p. 202 1672: 1660: 1651: 1642: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1591: 1577: 1568: 1556: 1547: 1533: 1521: 1512: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1442: 1433: 1424: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1303:Pavel Kiselyov 1252: 1249: 1067:Gheorghe Lazăr 1029: 1026: 988:Russian Empire 885:Rumelia Eyalet 767:bubonic plague 731:Greek Orthodox 674: 671: 469: 466: 464: 461: 418:Russian Empire 321:Dinicu Golescu 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 271:Anița Goleasca 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 247: 246: 244: 243: 240: 237: 235:Dinicu Golescu 232: 226: 224: 218: 217: 210: 206: 203: 202: 200: 196: 195: 190: 188: 184: 183: 177:(aged 72) 171: 167: 166: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 87: 83: 82: 77: 73: 72: 67: 63: 62: 59: 55: 54: 44: 43: 34: 26: 25: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2994: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2846: 2842: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829:. Bucharest: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2816:V. A. Urechia 2814: 2811: 2807: 2804:. Bucharest: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783:. Bucharest: 2782: 2778: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2728:. Bucharest: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720:Nicolae Iorga 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2702:. Bucharest: 2701: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2686:George Fotino 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2653:973-21-0144-X 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2614:Dumitru Almaș 2612: 2611: 2597: 2588: 2579: 2573: 2567: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2513: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2468: 2459: 2450: 2441: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2348: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2277: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2214: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2186:Andrei Oțetea 2181: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2137: 2128: 2119: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1918:Novac, p. 487 1915: 1909:Potra, p. 180 1906: 1897: 1888: 1882:Novac, p. 475 1879: 1870: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1834: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1783:Potra, p. 118 1780: 1771: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1689:Nicolae Iorga 1685: 1676: 1670:Potra, p. 126 1667: 1665: 1655: 1646: 1637: 1635: 1625: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1596: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1572: 1563: 1561: 1551: 1545:Novac, p. 474 1542: 1540: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1464: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1431:Manea, p. 141 1428: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1377:Nicolae Grant 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1322:Zilot Românul 1319: 1315: 1314:George Fotino 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1177:Ușa pocăinții 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1028:Under Caradja 1025: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1002:and merchant 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 970:under Prince 969: 964: 962: 958: 954: 953:Bălcești-Gorj 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 923: 918: 914: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 895: 890: 889:Joseph Hammer 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 834: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 777: 775: 774: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 733:monastery on 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 687: 683: 679: 670: 668: 664: 660: 659:Transylvanian 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Dâmbovicioara 632: 631:Nicolae Iorga 627: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 573: 571: 570: 565: 560: 558: 554: 550: 547:and sheriff ( 546: 545: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 506: 500: 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 483:Muscel County 480: 476: 460: 458: 454: 450: 449: 444: 443: 438: 434: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 394: 389: 385: 384: 379: 375: 371: 367: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 341: 338:acting under 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 311: 310: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 281: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 252: 248: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 225: 223: 219: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 172: 168: 165: 161: 149: 145: 141: 138: 135: 131: 128: 125: 121: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 78: 74: 71: 68: 64: 60: 56: 53: 49: 45: 32: 27: 22: 16: 2844: 2826: 2819: 2801: 2798:Radu Rosetti 2791: 2780: 2777:George Potra 2770: 2763: 2756: 2750:Transilvania 2749: 2740: 2736: 2725: 2713: 2705: 2699: 2689: 2672: 2665: 2658: 2640: 2626: 2617: 2596: 2587: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2557: 2548: 2539: 2530: 2521: 2512: 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2347: 2337: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2275: 2270: 2261: 2256:Potra, p. 40 2252: 2243: 2234: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2172: 2153: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2122:Gane, p. 290 2118: 2113:Gane, p. 288 2109: 2099: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2010: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1832: 1827: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1749: 1740: 1731: 1722: 1713: 1704: 1692: 1684: 1675: 1654: 1645: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1571: 1550: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1463: 1454: 1445: 1436: 1427: 1419: 1414: 1396: 1391: 1381: 1372: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1307: 1296: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1254: 1232: 1226: 1206: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149:Ghica family 1138: 1127: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1091:, alongside 1078: 1062: 1060: 1049: 1046:John Caradja 1031: 995: 967: 965: 960: 932: 928: 926: 911:Curtea Veche 892: 878: 861: 853: 831: 827: 823: 817: 804: 796: 792: 780: 778: 771: 759:Argeș County 750: 712: 692: 690: 685: 647:Râul Doamnei 642: 621: 616: 609:Ottoman Army 604: 600: 592: 576: 574: 567: 561: 548: 542: 503: 501: 486: 471: 446: 440: 433:John Caradja 430: 391: 381: 365: 363: 307: 295: 291: 287: 286: 242:Ana Racoviță 175:(1818-10-08) 136: 126: 79: 69: 15: 2867:1818 deaths 2862:1746 births 1281: 1821 1241:Argeș River 1038:Alexander I 931:), was the 922:Luigi Mayer 755:tax farming 747:agnatically 735:Mount Athos 705:Boyar Divan 493:Radu Paisie 327:reigns, by 182:, Wallachia 157:May 3, 1746 123:Predecessor 94:Predecessor 66:Predecessor 40: 1800 2887:Treasurers 2856:Categories 2607:References 2150:Ion Nistor 1699:etc., 1911 1016:Lichirești 1008:Bulgarians 996:Ispravnici 838:drugstores 830: [ 793:Ispravnici 623:he notes: 617:Ispravnici 589:Târgoviște 577:Spatharios 527:Theocritus 374:Târgoviște 366:Spatharios 343:suzerainty 333:Hellenized 325:Phanariote 309:Spatharios 304:Wallachian 153:1746-05-03 137:Unattested 127:Unattested 80:Unattested 70:Unattested 2833:, 2015. 2831:Humanitas 2706:Universul 2647:, 1990. 2019:935464269 1373:Ispravnic 1326:Ion Ghica 1283:, when a 1270:Logothete 1237:Old Style 1195:reliquary 1105:metochion 1080:Postelnic 1004:Manuc Bei 961:Ispravnic 937:Kronstadt 933:Ispravnic 907:Porumbacu 858:Aromanian 751:Logothete 663:Bucharest 605:Ispravnic 549:Ispravnic 505:Polcovnic 463:Biography 398:Great Ban 393:Logothete 383:Ispravnic 180:Bucharest 164:Wallachia 133:Successor 102:Successor 76:Successor 61:1799–1800 48:Great Ban 2570:Fotino, 2339:Viitorul 2191:(eds.), 1397:Goleasca 1310:epigrams 1266:Deli-aga 1245:Leordeni 1233:Caimacam 1207:Goleasca 1175:ethics, 1116:Caimacam 1051:Caimacam 1000:Dragoman 984:Moldavia 966:Still a 949:Nămăești 929:Deli-aga 894:Serasker 866:Ploiești 801:Catholic 763:Muntenia 639:Ghimpați 593:Paharnic 544:Paharnic 531:Anacreon 426:Moldavia 317:Iordache 300:Cyrillic 280:Orthodox 276:Religion 2812:, 1909. 2787:, 1985. 2732:, 1906. 2709:, 1941. 2641:Scrieri 1257:Bibescu 1222:Golești 1218:epigram 1157:Vistier 1129:Vistier 1112:Craiova 1063:Stolnic 945:Slatina 899:Șotânga 862:văcărit 809:Dudești 805:Epitrop 729:, to a 655:beeswax 651:Pitești 597:Fundeni 569:Stolnic 442:Vistier 402:Oltenia 359:Golești 340:Ottoman 336:Princes 215: 211: 207: 192:Golești 160:Oltenia 52:Oltenia 2837: 2808:& 2739:", in 2679: 2651: 2572:passim 2229:, 1987 2199:, 1959 2189:et al. 2017: 1367:, and 1361:Ștefan 1261:Vornic 1251:Legacy 1203:Rudari 1182:ktitor 1161:Clucer 1134:thaler 1120:Vornic 968:Vornic 874:Vienna 870:Ulmeni 824:Vornic 797:Vornic 781:Vornic 773:mahala 714:Vornic 693:Clucer 601:Clucer 539:Pindar 537:, and 523:Hesiod 517:, and 488:Clucer 268:Mother 260:Father 199:Spouse 187:Burial 1407:Notes 1012:Serbs 976:tithe 553:Nucet 347:boyar 329:Greek 292:Radul 251:House 222:Issue 209: 110:Reign 86:Reign 58:Reign 2835:ISBN 2677:ISBN 2649:ISBN 2015:OCLC 1095:and 1010:and 699:. A 555:and 535:Bion 319:and 170:Died 147:Born 1353:Spa 1336:'s 1185:at 1014:of 833:sic 665:'s 587:of 400:of 372:of 331:or 294:or 162:?, 50:of 2858:: 2818:, 2800:, 2779:, 2722:, 2698:, 2688:, 2639:, 2356:^ 2221:, 2161:^ 2088:^ 1935:^ 1923:^ 1866:^ 1852:^ 1840:^ 1815:^ 1758:^ 1691:, 1663:^ 1633:^ 1594:^ 1580:^ 1559:^ 1536:^ 1524:^ 1472:^ 1403:. 1363:, 1278:c. 559:. 533:, 529:, 525:, 459:. 428:. 114:c. 37:c. 1137:( 298:( 155:) 151:(

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