976:(ABR) administers professional certification in Diagnostic Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Medical Physics as well as subspecialty certification in neuroradiology, nuclear radiology, pediatric radiology and vascular and interventional radiology. "Board Certification" in diagnostic radiology requires successful completion of two examinations. The Core Exam is given after 36 months of residency. Although previously taken in Chicago or Tucson, Arizona, beginning in February 2021, the computer test transitioned permanently to a remote format. It encompasses 18 categories. A passing score is 350 or above. A fail on one to five categories was previously a Conditioned exam, however beginning in June 2021, the conditioned category will no longer exist and the test will be graded as a whole. The Certification Exam, can be taken 15 months after completion of the Radiology residency. This computer-based examination consists of five modules and graded pass-fail. It is given twice a year in Chicago and Tucson. Recertification examinations are taken every 10 years, with additional required continuing medical education as outlined in the Maintenance of Certification document.
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of their time interacting with patients. Compared to the healthcare provider who sends the patient to have images interpreted by a diagnostic radiologist, the radiologist usually does not know as much about the patient's clinical status or have as much influence on what action should be taken based on the images. Thus, the diagnostic radiologist reports image findings directly to that healthcare provider and often provides recommendations, who then takes the appropriate next steps for recommendations about medical management. Because radiologists undergo training regarding risks associated with different types of imaging tests and image-guided procedures, radiologists are the healthcare providers who generally educate patients about those risks to enable informed consent, not the healthcare provider requesting the test or procedure.
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693:), shortening exam times, wider, shorter magnet bores and more open magnet designs, have brought some relief for claustrophobic patients. However, for magnets with equivalent field strengths, there is often a trade-off between image quality and open design. MRI has great benefit in imaging the brain, spine, and musculoskeletal system. The use of MRI is currently contraindicated for patients with pacemakers, cochlear implants, some indwelling medication pumps, certain types of cerebral aneurysm clips, metal fragments in the eyes and some metallic hardware due to the powerful magnetic fields and strong fluctuating radio signals to which the body is exposed. Areas of potential advancement include functional imaging, cardiovascular MRI, and MRI-guided therapy.
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examinations after hours of usual operation, at night and on weekends. In these cases, the images can be sent across time zones (e.g. to Spain, Australia, India) with the receiving
Clinician working his normal daylight hours. However, at present, large private teleradiology companies in the U.S. currently provide most after-hours coverage employing night-working radiologists in the U.S. Teleradiology can also be used to obtain consultation with an expert or subspecialist about a complicated or puzzling case. In the U.S., many hospitals outsource their radiology departments to radiologists in India due to the lowered cost and availability of high speed internet access.
1173:(SIR) created a program named "Clinical Pathway in IR", which modified the "Holman Pathway" that was already accepted by the American Board of Radiology to including training in IR; this was accepted by ABR but was not widely adopted. In 2005 SIR proposed and ABR accepted another pathway called "DIRECT (Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Enhanced Clinical Training) Pathway" to help trainees coming from other specialities learn IR; this too was not widely adopted. In 2006 SIR proposed a pathway resulting in certification in IR as a speciality; this was eventually accepted by the ABR in 2007 and was presented to the
1083:, are often trained to undertake many of these opportunities in order to help meet demand. Radiographers often may control a "list" of a particular set of procedures after being approved locally and signed off by a consultant radiologist. Similarly, radiographers may simply operate a list for a radiologist or other physician on their behalf. Most often if a radiographer operates a list autonomously then they are acting as the operator and practitioner under the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2000. Radiographers are represented by a variety of bodies; most often this is the
1053:, as well as those who have completed higher training. Recruitment and selection into training post in clinical radiology posts in England, Scotland and Wales is done by an annual nationally coordinated process lasting from November to March. In this process, all applicants are required to pass a Specialty Recruitment Assessment (SRA) test. Those with a test score above a certain threshold are offered a single interview at the London and the South East Recruitment Office. At a later stage, applicants declare what programs they prefer, but may in some cases be placed in a neighbouring region.
763:. The positrons annihilate to produce two opposite traveling gamma rays to be detected coincidentally, thus improving resolution. In PET scanning, a radioactive, biologically active substance, most often F-FDG, is injected into a patient and the radiation emitted by the patient is detected to produce multiplanar images of the body. Metabolically more active tissues, such as cancer, concentrate the active substance more than normal tissues. PET images can be combined (or "fused") with anatomic (CT) imaging, to more accurately localize PET findings and thereby improve diagnostic accuracy.
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877:. On this basis, it is possible to assess the places where bio-materials are implanted into the bone for the purpose of guided bone regeneration. They take an intact bone image sample (region of interest, ROI, reference site) and a sample of the implantation site (second ROI, test site) can be assessed numerically/objectively to what extent the implantation site imitates a healthy bone and how advanced is the process of bone regeneration
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832:. The images provide maps that allow the clinician to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing disease. By minimizing the physical trauma to the patient, peripheral interventions can reduce infection rates and recovery times, as well as hospital stays. To be a trained interventionalist in the United States, an individual completes a five-year residency in radiology and a one- or two-year fellowship in IR.
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requiring an onsite reporting
Clinician. Laws and regulations concerning the use of teleradiology vary among the states, with some requiring a license to practice medicine in the state sending the radiologic exam. In the U.S., some states require the teleradiology report to be preliminary with the official report issued by a hospital staff radiologist. Lastly, a benefit of teleradiology is that it might be automated with modern
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1201:, whose aim is to support teaching, science, research and clinical practice in the field by hosting meetings, educational workshops and promoting patient safety initiatives. Furthermore, the Society provides an examination, the European Board of Interventional Radiology (EBIR), which is a highly valuable qualification in interventional radiology based on the European Curriculum and Syllabus for IR.
590:. The progression of pregnancies can be thoroughly evaluated with less concern about damage from the techniques employed, allowing early detection and diagnosis of many fetal anomalies. Growth can be assessed over time, important in patients with chronic disease or pregnancy-induced disease, and in multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.). Color-flow Doppler ultrasound measures the severity of
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328:, is a specially trained healthcare professional that uses sophisticated technology and positioning techniques to produce medical images for the radiologist to interpret. Depending on the individual's training and country of practice, the radiographer may specialize in one of the above-mentioned imaging modalities or have expanded roles in image reporting.
1061:(FRCR) exam. This comprises a medical physics and anatomy examination. Following completion of their part 1 exam, they are then required to pass six written exams (part 2A), which cover all the subspecialities. Successful completion of these allows them to complete the FRCR by completing part 2B, which includes rapid reporting, and a long case discussion.
1181:(DR) training. The proposal was reworked, at the same time that overall DR training was being revamped, and a new proposal that would lead to a dual DR/IR specialization was presented to the ABMS and was accepted in 2012 and eventually was implemented in 2014. By 2016 the field had determined that the old IR fellowships would be terminated by 2020.
383:) are produced by transmitting X-rays through a patient. The X-rays are projected through the body onto a detector; an image is formed based on which rays pass through (and are detected) versus those that are absorbed or scattered in the patient (and thus are not detected). Röntgen discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895, and received the first
801:, with the most minimally invasive technique possible. Minimally invasive procedures are currently performed more than ever before. These procedures are often performed with the patient fully awake, with little or no sedation required. Interventional radiologists and interventional radiographers diagnose and treat several disorders, including
862:. The resultant image only contains the time-dependent differences between the two examined radiographs. The advantage of this technique is the precise determination of the dynamics of density changes and the place of their occurrence. However, beforehand the geometrical adjustment and general alignment of optical density should be done
474:) is given orally or rectally for evaluation of the GI tract. Iodine, in multiple proprietary forms, is given by oral, rectal, vaginal, intra-arterial or intravenous routes. These radiocontrast agents strongly absorb or scatter X-rays, and in conjunction with the real-time imaging, allow demonstration of dynamic processes, such as
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scans, MR scans and other digital-based imaging, there are many disease entities in which the classic diagnosis is obtained by plain radiographs. Examples include various types of arthritis and pneumonia, bone tumors (especially benign bone tumors), fractures, congenital skeletal anomalies, and certain kidney stones.
490:) more conspicuous. Additionally, in specific circumstances, air can be used as a contrast agent for the gastrointestinal system and carbon dioxide can be used as a contrast agent in the venous system; in these cases, the contrast agent attenuates the X-ray radiation less than the surrounding tissues.
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UK radiology registrars are represented by the
Society of Radiologists in Training (SRT), which was founded in 1993 under the auspices of the Royal College of Radiologists. The society is a nonprofit organisation, run by radiology registrars specifically to promote radiology training and education in
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fusion, largely practiced in academic and research settings, could potentially play a crucial role in fine detail of brain imaging, breast cancer screening, and small joint imaging of the foot. The technology recently blossomed after passing the technical hurdle of altered positron movement in strong
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and the PET Scanner, which detect the radiation emitted by the tracer in the body and display it as an image. With computer processing, the information can be displayed as axial, coronal and sagittal images (single-photon emission computed tomography - SPECT or
Positron-emission tomography - PET). In
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was often the only way to obtain a definitive diagnosis of the cause of severe abdominal pain which could not be otherwise ascertained from external observation. Continuing improvements in CT technology, including faster scanning times and improved resolution, have dramatically increased the accuracy
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The modern practice of radiology involves a team of several different healthcare professionals. A radiologist, who is a medical doctor with specialized post-graduate training, interprets medical images, communicates these findings to other physicians through reports or verbal communication, and uses
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Some radiologists, like teleradiologists, have no interaction with patients. Other radiologists, like interventional radiologists, primarily interact with patients and spend less time analyzing images. Diagnostic radiologists tend to spend the majority of their time analyzing images and a minority
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and multiple oblique planes with equal ease. MRI scans give the best soft tissue contrast of all the imaging modalities. With advances in scanning speed and spatial resolution, and improvements in computer 3D algorithms and hardware, MRI has become an important tool in musculoskeletal radiology and
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absorbs more of the sound waves. This results in fewer sound waves penetrating to organs and reflecting back to the transducer, resulting in loss of information and a poorer quality image. Ultrasound is also limited by its inability to image through air pockets (lungs, bowel loops) or bone. Its use
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In India a medical graduate must obtain a bachelors degree which requires 4.5 year of training along with 1 year internship followed by NEET PG examination which is one of the hardest examination in India. Then on the merit basis one must get into Radio diagnosis. Previous rank data shows only top
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Radiology is a field in medicine that has expanded rapidly after 2000 due to advances in computer technology, which is closely linked to modern imaging techniques. Applying for residency positions in radiology has become highly competitive. Applicants are often near the top of their medical school
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are passed through a digitizing machine before transmission, while CT, MRI, ultrasound and nuclear medicine scans can be sent directly, as they are already digital data. The computer at the receiving end will need to have a high-quality display screen that has been tested and cleared for clinical
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The basic technique is optical density evaluation (i.e. histogram analysis). It is then described that a region has a different optical density, e.g. a cancer metastasis to bone can cause radiolucency. The development of this is the digital radiological subtraction. It consists in overlapping two
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Spiral multidetector CT uses 16, 64, 254 or more detectors during continuous motion of the patient through the radiation beam to obtain fine detail images in a short exam time. With rapid administration of intravenous contrast during the CT scan, these fine detail images can be reconstructed into
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Veterinary radiologists are veterinarians who specialize in the use of X-rays, ultrasound, MRI and nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging or treatment of disease in animals. They are certified in either diagnostic radiology or radiation oncology by the
American College of Veterinary Radiology.
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The major advantage of teleradiology is the ability to use different time zones to provide real-time emergency radiology services around-the-clock. The disadvantages include higher costs, limited contact between the referrer and the reporting
Clinician, and the inability to cover for procedures
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One disadvantage is the patient has to hold still for long periods of time in a noisy, cramped space while the imaging is performed. Claustrophobia (fear of closed spaces) severe enough to terminate the MRI exam is reported in up to 5% of patients. Recent improvements in magnet design including
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The introduction of computed tomography in the early 1970s revolutionized diagnostic radiology by providing front-line clinicians with detailed images of anatomic structures in three dimensions. CT scanning has become the test of choice in diagnosing some urgent and emergent conditions, such as
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Plain radiography was the only imaging modality available during the first 50 years of radiology. Due to its availability, speed, and lower costs compared to other modalities, radiography is often the first-line test of choice in radiologic diagnosis. Also despite the large amount of data in CT
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In Europe the field followed its own pathway; for example in
Germany the parallel interventional society began to break free of the DR society in 2008. In the UK, interventional radiology was approved as a sub-specialty of clinical radiology in 2010. While many countries have an interventional
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The training programme lasts for a total of five years. During this time, doctors rotate into different subspecialities, such as paediatrics, musculoskeletal or neuroradiology, and breast imaging. During the first year of training, radiology trainees are expected to pass the first part of the
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plane, with coronal and sagittal images produced by computer reconstruction. Radiocontrast agents are often used with CT for enhanced delineation of anatomy. Although radiographs provide higher spatial resolution, CT can detect more subtle variations in attenuation of X-rays (higher contrast
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Teleradiology is the transmission of radiographic images from one location to another for interpretation by an appropriately trained professional, usually a radiologist or reporting radiographer. It is most often used to allow rapid interpretation of emergency room, ICU and other emergent
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Nuclear medicine imaging involves the administration into the patient of radiopharmaceuticals consisting of substances with affinity for certain body tissues labeled with radioactive tracer. The most commonly used tracers are technetium-99m, iodine-123, iodine-131, gallium-67, indium-111,
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Following completion of residency training, radiologists may either begin practicing as a general diagnostic radiologist or enter into subspecialty training programs known as fellowships. Examples of subspeciality training in radiology include abdominal imaging, thoracic imaging,
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1068:(CCT), many fellowship posts exist in specialities such as neurointervention and vascular intervention, which would allow the doctor to work as an Interventional radiologist. In some cases, the CCT date can be deferred by a year to include these fellowship programmes.
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Interventional radiology (IR or sometimes VIR for vascular and interventional radiology) is a subspecialty of radiology in which minimally invasive procedures are performed using image guidance. Some of these procedures are done for purely diagnostic purposes (e.g.,
394:, to reduce scatter, and strike an undeveloped film, which is held tightly to a screen of light-emitting phosphors in a light-tight cassette. The film is then developed chemically and an image appears on the film. Film-screen radiography is being replaced by
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After finishing a six-year study of medicine and passing the emergency medicine internship, MDs can apply for radiology residency. Radiology is a five-year post-graduate programme that involves all fields of radiology with final board exam.
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in medical imaging has developed mostly within the last 30 years. The first ultrasound images were static and two-dimensional (2D), but with modern ultrasonography, 3D reconstructions can be observed in real time, effectively becoming "4D".
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to image the body. In CT, an X-ray tube opposite an X-ray detector (or detectors) in a ring-shaped apparatus rotate around a patient, producing a computer-generated cross-sectional image (tomogram). CT is acquired in the
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signal generated as the nuclei return to their baseline states. The radio signals are collected by small antennae, called coils, placed near the area of interest. An advantage of MRI is its ability to produce images in
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rankers take radiology which means if one‘s score is less, one might get other branches but not radiology. The radiology training course is a post graduate 3-year program (MD/DNB Radiology) or a 2-year diploma (DMRD).
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is involved, but the quality of the images obtained using ultrasound is highly dependent on the skill of the person (ultrasonographer) performing the exam and the patient's body size. Examinations of larger,
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406:. In the two latest systems, the X-rays strike sensors that converts the signals generated into digital information, which is transmitted and converted into an image displayed on a computer screen. In
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Because ultrasound imaging techniques do not employ ionizing radiation to generate images (unlike radiography, and CT scans), they are generally considered safer and are therefore more common in
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Thrall JH, Li X, Li Q, Cruz C, Do S, Dreyer K, Brink J (March 2018). "Artificial
Intelligence and Machine Learning in Radiology: Opportunities, Challenges, Pitfalls, and Criteria for Success".
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Bittersohl B, Freitas J, Zaps D, Schmitz MR, Bomar JD, Muhamad AR, Hosalkar HS (May 2013). "EOS imaging of the human pelvis: reliability, validity, and controlled comparison with radiography".
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imaging, in which a fluorescent screen and image intensifier tube is connected to a closed-circuit television system. This allows real-time imaging of structures in motion or augmented with a
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In film-screen radiography, an X-ray tube generates a beam of X-rays, which is aimed at the patient. The X-rays that pass through the patient are filtered through a device called a grid or
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Currently, a shortage of radiologists in the UK has created opportunities in all specialities, and with the increased reliance on imaging, demand is expected to increase in the future.
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is involved in the care of patients before and after imaging or procedures, including administration of medications, monitoring of vital signs and monitoring of sedated patients. The
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function. The excretory function of the kidneys, iodine-concentrating ability of the thyroid, blood flow to heart muscle, etc. can be measured. The principal imaging devices are the
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interventions. Radiographic images, fluoroscopy, and ultrasound modalities are used for guidance, and the primary instruments used during the procedure are specialized needles and
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in the digestive tract or blood flow in arteries and veins. Iodine contrast may also be concentrated in abnormal areas more or less than in normal tissues and make abnormalities (
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Comparison of changes in dental and bone radiographic densities in the presence of different soft-tissue simulators using pixel intensity and digital subtraction analyses
969:), one year of internship, and four years of residency training. After residency, most radiologists pursue one or two years of additional specialty fellowship training.
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1026:, the Uniformed Services University, and the University of South Carolina School of Medicine offer an introduction to radiology during their respective MD programs.
610:, embedded deep in one of the inner veins of the legs, can be found via ultrasound before it dislodges and travels to the lungs, resulting in a potentially fatal
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Radiology is an extremely competitive speciality in the UK, attracting applicants from a broad range of backgrounds. Applicants are welcomed directly from the
1011:, nuclear medicine, emergency radiology, breast imaging and women's imaging. Fellowship training programs in radiology are usually one or two years in length.
961:(board) examination scores. Diagnostic radiologists must complete prerequisite undergraduate education, four years of medical school to earn a medical degree (
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and then a five-year residency program. Some radiologists may elect to complete a one or two-year fellowship for further sub-specialization in fields such as
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Kaufman JA, Reekers JA, Burnes JP, Al-Kutoubi A, Lewis CA, Hardy BW, Kuribayashi S (August 2010). "Global statement defining interventional radiology".
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Teleradiology requires a sending station, a high-speed internet connection, and a high-quality receiving station. At the transmission station, plain
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are usually administered by swallowing or injecting into the body of the patient to delineate anatomy and functioning of the blood vessels, the
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After obtaining medical licensure, German radiologists complete a five-year residency, culminating with a board examination (known as
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Medical ultrasonography uses ultrasound (high-frequency sound waves) to visualize soft tissue structures in the body in real time. No
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Kaufman JA (November 2014). "The interventional radiology/diagnostic radiology certificate and interventional radiology residency".
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the sensors shape a plate, but in the EOS system, which is a slot-scanning system, a linear sensor vertically scans the patient.
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New Oral
Surgery Materials for Bone Reconstruction—A Comparison of Five Bone Substitute Materials for Dentoalveolar Augmentation
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Noise in subtraction images made from pairs of intraoral radiographs: a comparison between four methods of geometric alignment
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and any internal organ damage. Extensive internal bleeding or injury to the major organs may require surgery and repair.
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Some medical schools in the US have started to incorporate a basic radiology introduction into their core MD training.
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Fast-Versus Slow-Resorbable
Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials—Texture Analysis after 12 Months of Observation
1087:. Collaboration with nurses is also common, where a list may be jointly organised between the nurse and radiographer.
866:. Another possibility of radiographic image analysis is to study second order features, e.g. digital texture analysis
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the most modern devices, nuclear medicine images can be fused with a CT scan taken quasisimultaneously, so the
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2259:"The new Interventional Radiology/Diagnostic Radiology dual certificate: "higher standards, better education""
1037:. Qualifications for radiographers vary by country, but many radiographers now are required to hold a degree.
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Basic research Textural entropy as a potential feature for quantitative assessment of jaw bone healing process
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information can be overlaid or coregistered with the anatomical structures to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Using fractal dimension to evaluate alveolar bone defects treated with various bone substitute materials
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2008:"A Pilot Study of Comprehensive Ultrasound Education at the Wayne State University School of Medicine"
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Italian radiologists complete a four-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program.
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Radiologists in Singapore complete a five-year undergraduate medicine degree followed by a one-year
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Dutch radiologists complete a five-year residency program after completing the six-year MD program.
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and usefulness of CT scanning, which may partially account for increased use in medical diagnosis.
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and is used by cardiologists for dynamic evaluation of the heart, heart valves and major vessels.
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1940:"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging — School of Medicine at the University of Virginia"
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the UK. Annual meetings are held by which trainees across the country are encouraged to attend.
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resolution). CT exposes the patient to significantly more ionizing radiation than a radiograph.
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Siragusa DA, Cardella JF, Hieb RA, Kaufman JA, Kim HS, Nikolic B, et al. (November 2013).
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medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies such as those mentioned above.
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are two applications of low energy projectional radiography, used for the evaluation for
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and guide their treatment, within the bodies of humans and other animals. It began with
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magnetic field thus affecting the resolution of PET images and attenuation correction.
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470:(GI tract). Two radiocontrast agents are presently in common use. Barium sulfate (BaSO
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Influence of General Mineral Condition on Collagen-Guided Alveolar Crest Augmentation
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Comparative Analysis of Three Bone Substitute Materials Based on Co-Occurrence Matrix
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The fusion technology has gone further to combine PET and MRI similar to PET and CT.
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1354:"Radiographic image interpretation by Australian radiographers: a systematic review"
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2547:
2466:
1475:
1437:
1286:
668:
627:
337:
261:
31:
1861:
1700:
1514:
1030:
also integrates imaging material into their curriculum early in the first year.
530:
three-dimensional (3D) images of carotid, cerebral, coronary or other arteries.
4167:
3125:
3079:
2892:
2822:
2641:
2222:
1804:
1734:"Radiological images and machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects"
1661:
1000:
681:
657:
547:
459:
180:
2274:
1477:
Fundamentals of Computerized Tomography: Image Reconstruction from Projections
1279:
1248:: equipment that uses x-rays to produce an image feed displayed on a TV screen
858:
radiographs of the same examined region and subtracting the optical densities
4254:
3799:
3768:
3756:
3751:
3509:
3404:
3208:
2997:
2992:
2854:
2794:
2697:
2461:
1255:
897:
740:
detail is limited in these studies, nuclear medicine is useful in displaying
677:
619:
455:
425:
321:
62:
2183:
1608:
1225:: the use of ionizing electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, in medicine
874:
4182:
4035:
4030:
3937:
3761:
3746:
3680:
3213:
3198:
3024:
2749:
2599:
2584:
2530:
2407:
2358:
2292:
2240:
2191:
2156:
1873:
1812:
1777:
1718:
1669:
1526:
1422:
1387:
1338:
1076:
1034:
760:
745:
690:
543:
487:
429:
391:
317:
2349:
2332:
1219:: improving access to radiology resources in poor and developing countries
867:
797:
The basic concept behind interventional radiology is to diagnose or treat
320:, also known as a "radiologic technologist" in some countries such as the
4105:
3660:
3492:
3482:
3462:
3452:
3394:
3389:
3358:
3072:
3017:
2914:
2769:
2744:
2562:
1414:
1261:
1162:
Training for interventional radiology occurs in the residency portion of
907:
814:
791:
733:
475:
447:
441:
417:
372:
289:
269:
58:
are imaging techniques that use X-rays, gamma rays, or similar radiation.
51:
863:
859:
3741:
3504:
3499:
3467:
3160:
3045:
3012:
2784:
2734:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2692:
2682:
1898:"USMLE Scores and Residency Applicant Data, 2009: Diagnostic Radiology"
750:
741:
575:
1553:
The Sorcerer's Apprentice: How Medical Imaging Is Changing Health Care
759:(PET) scanning deals with positrons instead of gamma rays detected by
4068:
4004:
3457:
3233:
2975:
2970:
2834:
2687:
2651:
1589:
1369:
885:
881:
878:
798:
787:
648:
517:
273:
1177:(ABMS) in 2009, which rejected it because it did not include enough
911:
purposes. Reports are then transmitted to the requesting clinician.
4091:
2739:
2516:
1750:
930:
829:
661:
631:
618:
to minimize damage to surrounding tissues and in drainages such as
595:
168:
114:
3314:
1152:
375:(originally called roentgenographs, named after the discoverer of
4120:
3523:
3218:
2678:
2646:
2539:
2123:"The training and practice of radiology in India: current trends"
818:
767:
737:
721:
265:
1622:. UKRC & Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham. Archived from
1556:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85.
1199:
Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe
504:
4115:
2480:
821:
664:
630:
wards by non-invasively assessing for the presence of internal
615:
603:
479:
361:
325:
172:
1647:
353:
4142:
3353:
1080:
825:
729:
725:
713:
483:
451:
376:
313:
312:
imaging to perform minimally invasive medical procedures The
1400:
1184:
A handful of programs have offered interventional radiology
2485:
2204:
2095:
1590:"Magnetic Resonance, a critical peer-reviewed introduction"
717:
247:
241:
223:
244:
235:
421:
229:
983:(AOBR) and the American Board of Physician Specialties.
2330:
2207:"Requirements for training in interventional radiology"
1942:. Healthsystem.virginia.edu. 2012-02-17. Archived from
1352:
Murphy A, Ekpo E, Steffens T, Neep MJ (December 2019).
790:), while others are done for treatment purposes (e.g.,
578:
patients may have a decrease in image quality as their
2374:"Radiology training in United Kingdom: current status"
1403:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1351:
1325:
Blevins SJ (1994). "The role of the radiology nurse".
2333:"White Paper: Curriculum in Interventional Radiology"
2331:
Mahnken AH, Bücker A, Hohl C, Berlis A (April 2017).
2309:. The Society for Pediatric Radiology. Archived from
1188:
that focus on training in the treatment of children.
516:
CT imaging uses X-rays in conjunction with computing
256:
217:
844:
A radiologist interprets medical images on a modern
238:
226:
220:
1213:: use of a computer to produce images of the breast
1197:radiology society, there is also the European-wide
232:
2422:"Guidance on Training in Interventional Radiology"
1028:Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine
2307:"Pediatric Interventional Training Opportunities"
852:
622:. Small, portable ultrasound devices now replace
342:
4252:
2256:
2211:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
2010:. Jultrasoundmed.org. 2008-05-01. Archived from
1650:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology
1549:
848:(PACS) workstation. San Diego, California, 2010.
614:. Ultrasound is useful as a guide to performing
331:
1868:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1521:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1435:
1153:Specialty training for interventional radiology
272:(which is why its name has a root referring to
2252:
2250:
1790:
1617:"Intervention as an Extended Role: My Journey"
1550:Hillman, Bruce J.; Goldsmith, Jeff C. (2011).
1543:
1300:"Radiology — Diagnostic Specialty Description"
3330:
2501:
2371:
1859:
1289:. Webpage of the American Board of Radiology.
637:
2378:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
2127:Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery
1862:"Radiology Patient Safety and Communication"
1793:Journal of the American College of Radiology
1512:
1033:Radiographic exams are usually performed by
979:Certification may also be obtained from the
2247:
1860:Emmerson, Benjamin; Young, Michael (2023),
1731:
1682:
1318:
774:
3337:
3323:
2790:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
2508:
2494:
1967:. New York Medical College. Archived from
1442:(5th ed.). Harvard University Press.
846:picture archiving and communication system
357:Radiography of the knee using a DR machine
3131:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2397:
2348:
2282:
2257:Di Marco L, Anderson MB (February 2016).
2230:
2146:
2096:"The Society of Radiologists in Training"
1983:"Integrated ultrasound curriculum (iUSC)"
1767:
1749:
1708:
1377:
1020:Wayne State University School of Medicine
656:MRI uses strong magnetic fields to align
152:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
146:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4173:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
2470:) is being considered for deletion. See
2061:
2059:
1850:|date=2022-07-01 |access-date=2023-11-24
946:
921:
839:
647:
503:
360:
352:
190:
179:
2372:Kassamali RH, Hoey ET (December 2014).
2169:
2098:. Society of Radiologists in Training.
1513:Hermena, Shady; Young, Michael (2022),
1324:
981:American Osteopathic Board of Radiology
602:may be a warning sign for an impending
14:
4253:
1473:
1429:
1175:American Board of Medical Specialities
937:
538:(clots in the arteries of the lungs),
493:
284:), as well as others that do, such as
3318:
2489:
2120:
2056:
1596:from the original on 8 September 2013
1592:. European Magnetic Resonance Forum.
1570:from the original on 24 November 2023
1515:"CT-scan Image Production Procedures"
1358:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences
1166:, and has gone through developments.
1066:certificate of completion of training
835:
260:) is the medical specialty that uses
3269:
3030:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
1915:"A Day in the Life of a Radiologist"
1306:from the original on 26 October 2020
1085:Society and College of Radiographers
3344:
3279:
2390:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.10.10
2139:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4292.2014.11.04
2102:from the original on 15 August 2015
1732:Zhang Z, Sejdić E (February 2019).
1467:
1171:Society of Interventional Radiology
696:
24:
3980:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
3166:Medical Scientist Training Program
1614:
1439:Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology
1157:
1110:
25:
4282:
2474:to help reach a consensus. ›
2453:
1738:Computers in Biology and Medicine
1044:
4235:
4234:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3259:
3258:
1760:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.02.017
1685:"Machine learning and radiology"
1683:Wang S, Summers RM (July 2012).
1494:from the original on 29 May 2024
1436:Novelline RA, Squire LF (1997).
1302:. American Medical Association.
951:
891:
213:
44:For industrial application, see
3737:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3299:
2414:
2365:
2324:
2299:
2198:
2163:
2114:
2088:
2025:
2000:
1989:from the original on 2012-03-13
1975:
1957:
1932:
1921:from the original on 2018-04-14
1907:
1890:
1880:from the original on 2024-05-28
1853:
1841:from the original on 2024-03-31
1827:
1784:
1725:
1676:
1641:
1582:
1533:from the original on 2024-02-28
1456:from the original on 2024-05-29
1280:The American Board of Radiology
3985:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3156:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
2590:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2067:"Vacancy / Clinical Radiology"
1985:. SpringerImages. 2011-03-25.
1506:
1394:
1345:
1292:
1273:
1252:International Day of Radiology
929:of a hand with calculation of
853:Plain, or general, radiography
542:(tearing of the aortic wall),
435:
343:Projection (plain) radiography
304:is the performance of usually
140:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine
13:
1:
3965:Radionuclide ventriculography
3439:Lower gastrointestinal series
3431:Upper gastrointestinal series
2459:
2429:Royal College of Radiologists
2038:Royal College of Radiologists
1267:
1059:Royal College of Radiologists
1005:interventional neuroradiology
558:
332:Diagnostic imaging modalities
4156:Optical coherence tomography
4078:Myocardial perfusion imaging
3666:Dental panoramic radiography
3136:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
2903:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2515:
1235:Radiologists Without Borders
1127:
987:cross-sectional/ultrasound,
757:Positron emission tomography
689:stronger magnetic fields (3
450:are special applications of
298:positron emission tomography
7:
1701:10.1016/j.media.2012.02.005
1204:
974:American Board of Radiology
803:peripheral vascular disease
592:peripheral vascular disease
387:for his discovery in 1901.
184:A radiologist interpreting
10:
4287:
3960:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3435:Small-bowel follow-through
2223:10.1016/j.jvir.2013.08.002
1805:10.1016/j.jacr.2017.12.026
1662:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.05.006
1480:(2nd ed.). Springer.
1474:Herman GT (14 July 2009).
1090:
895:
778:
700:
644:Magnetic resonance imaging
641:
638:Magnetic resonance imaging
562:
497:
439:
396:phosphor plate radiography
346:
335:
282:magnetic resonance imaging
202:Dr. Macintyre's X-Ray Film
186:magnetic resonance imaging
60:
50:
43:
29:
4230:
4209:
4201:Dynamic angiothermography
4181:
4137:
4086:
4063:
4053:
4018:
3945:
3935:
3926:
3869:Abdominal ultrasonography
3777:
3693:
3653:
3572:
3531:
3522:
3375:
3366:
3352:
3254:
3176:
3114:
2875:
2803:
2758:
2667:
2538:
2523:
2275:10.1007/s13244-015-0450-9
2121:Arora R (December 2014).
1191:
500:X-ray computed tomography
160:
125:
120:
108:
96:
78:
73:
4191:Non-contact thermography
3970:Radionuclide angiography
3822:Doppler echocardiography
3090:Transplantation medicine
2981:Clinical neurophysiology
2898:Obstetric anesthesiology
2818:Interventional radiology
2578:Digestive system surgery
2472:templates for discussion
1138:interventional radiology
1118:
1102:
1016:New York Medical College
997:interventional radiology
781:Interventional radiology
775:Interventional radiology
349:Projectional radiography
302:Interventional radiology
61:Not to be confused with
3975:Radioisotope renography
2961:Intensive care medicine
2935:Mass gathering medicine
2780:Maternal–fetal medicine
2184:10.1148/radiol.14141263
2033:"Specialty recruitment"
1246:X-ray image intensifier
565:Medical ultrasonography
366:Projectional radiograph
4010:Gastric emptying study
2553:Cardiothoracic surgery
1689:Medical Image Analysis
1079:, and less frequently
1024:Weill Cornell Medicine
934:
849:
653:
598:, for example, of the
513:
468:gastrointestinal tract
385:Nobel Prize in Physics
381:Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
369:
358:
205:
188:
56:industrial CT scanning
46:Nondestructive testing
3671:X-ray motion analysis
3554:X-ray microtomography
3473:Hysterosalpingography
3380:Pneumoencephalography
3204:Personalized medicine
3063:Reproductive medicine
2988:Occupational medicine
2942:Evolutionary medicine
2350:10.1055/s-0043-104773
2263:Insights into Imaging
947:Professional training
925:
873:or fractal dimension
843:
807:renal artery stenosis
651:
534:cerebral hemorrhage,
507:
398:but more recently by
364:
356:
200:
183:
4196:Contact thermography
3906:Emergency ultrasound
3844:Transcranial Doppler
3595:Abdominal and pelvis
3224:Traditional medicine
3184:Alternative medicine
3051:Addiction psychiatry
2865:Transfusion medicine
2860:Medical microbiology
2775:Gynecologic oncology
2627:Reproductive surgery
1965:"School of Medicine"
1415:10.2106/JBJS.K.01591
1327:Radiology Management
1229:Radiation protection
1179:diagnostic radiology
1051:Foundation Programme
1009:paediatric radiology
464:genitourinary system
4163:Confocal microscopy
4041:Indium-111 WBC scan
3864:Echoencephalography
3600:Virtual colonoscopy
3246:History of medicine
3229:Veterinary medicine
3036:Preventive medicine
2888:Adolescent medicine
2730:Infectious diseases
1799:(3 Pt B): 504–508.
1258:for medical imaging
1223:Medical radiography
1211:Digital mammography
957:classes, with high
938:Patient Interaction
710:fludeoxyglucose (F)
588:obstetrical imaging
552:exploratory surgery
494:Computed tomography
408:digital radiography
400:digital radiography
286:computed tomography
70:
40:Radiology (journal)
4151:Optical tomography
4000:Dacryoscintigraphy
3995:Immunoscintigraphy
3634:Whole body imaging
3385:Dental radiography
3194:Molecular oncology
3151:Doctor of Medicine
3141:Master of Medicine
3058:Radiation oncology
2930:Emergency medicine
2883:Addiction medicine
2850:Clinical chemistry
2845:Clinical pathology
2637:Transplant surgery
2595:Orthopedic surgery
2573:Colorectal surgery
1629:on August 29, 2022
1285:2018-10-17 at the
1064:After achieving a
1057:Fellowship of the
935:
850:
836:Analysis of images
813:filter placement,
811:inferior vena cava
654:
612:pulmonary embolism
571:ionizing radiation
536:pulmonary embolism
514:
370:
359:
306:minimally invasive
206:
189:
134:Doctor of Medicine
127:Education required
68:
27:Branch of medicine
4248:
4247:
4210:Target conditions
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4049:
4048:
3990:Bone scintigraphy
3955:Scintimammography
3950:Cholescintigraphy
3795:contrast-enhanced
3689:
3688:
3649:
3648:
3639:Full-body CT scan
3539:General operation
3518:
3517:
3488:Angiocardiography
3312:
3311:
3146:Master of Surgery
3110:
3109:
3095:Tropical medicine
3041:Prison healthcare
2956:Hospital medicine
2920:Disaster medicine
2910:Aviation medicine
2725:Hospital medicine
2632:Surgical oncology
2617:Pediatric surgery
2611:
2558:Endocrine surgery
1487:978-1-84628-723-7
1449:978-0-674-01279-0
1164:medical education
817:tube placements,
708:thallium-201 and
624:peritoneal lavage
540:aortic dissection
257:rey-dee-ol-uh-jee
198:
178:
177:
36:radiation therapy
16:(Redirected from
4278:
4238:
4237:
4061:
4060:
3943:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3817:Echocardiography
3676:Hounsfield scale
3529:
3528:
3448:Cholecystography
3373:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3282:
3281:
3272:
3271:
3262:
3261:
2966:Medical genetics
2951:General practice
2828:Nuclear medicine
2703:Gastroenterology
2659:Vascular surgery
2609:
2536:
2535:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2486:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2438:on 6 August 2020
2437:
2431:. Archived from
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2073:. Archived from
2063:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
2029:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1771:
1753:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1370:10.1002/jmrs.356
1349:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1240:Radiosensitivity
1217:Global radiology
917:machine learning
703:Nuclear medicine
697:Nuclear medicine
685:neuroradiology.
600:carotid arteries
580:subcutaneous fat
446:Fluoroscopy and
432:, respectively.
294:nuclear medicine
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
199:
110:Activity sectors
71:
67:
21:
4286:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4271:Medical physics
4266:Medical imaging
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4226:
4205:
4177:
4125:
4111:PET mammography
4082:
4045:
4031:Gallium-67 scan
4026:Octreotide scan
4014:
3922:
3773:
3685:
3645:
3568:
3549:High-resolution
3514:
3478:Skeletal survey
3444:Cholangiography
3357:
3348:
3346:Medical imaging
3343:
3313:
3308:
3250:
3239:Chief physician
3172:
3117:
3106:
3100:Travel medicine
3085:Sports medicine
3068:Sexual medicine
3008:Palliative care
3003:Pain management
2947:Family medicine
2925:Diving medicine
2871:
2799:
2761:
2754:
2670:
2663:
2622:Plastic surgery
2568:General surgery
2548:Cardiac surgery
2529:
2527:
2519:
2514:
2475:
2456:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2370:
2366:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2255:
2248:
2217:(11): 1609–12.
2203:
2199:
2168:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1881:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1789:
1785:
1730:
1726:
1681:
1677:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1534:
1511:
1507:
1497:
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1472:
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1459:
1457:
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1430:
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1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1287:Wayback Machine
1278:
1274:
1270:
1207:
1194:
1160:
1155:
1130:
1121:
1113:
1111:The Netherlands
1105:
1097:Facharztprüfung
1093:
1047:
993:musculoskeletal
954:
949:
940:
900:
894:
855:
838:
783:
777:
705:
699:
669:radio frequency
652:MRI of the knee
646:
640:
567:
561:
502:
496:
473:
460:contrast agents
444:
438:
351:
345:
340:
338:Medical imaging
334:
278:ultrasonography
262:medical imaging
216:
212:
191:
165:
163:
128:
111:
99:
98:Occupation type
90:Roentgenologist
66:
59:
49:
42:
32:medical imaging
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
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4284:
4274:
4273:
4268:
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4204:
4203:
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4193:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4168:Endomicroscopy
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4147:
4145:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4124:
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4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4084:
4083:
4081:
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4074:
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4058:
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4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
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3987:
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3967:
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3946:
3940:
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3924:
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3470:
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3407:
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3387:
3382:
3376:
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3341:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
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3276:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
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3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3177:Related topics
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:Medical school
3122:
3120:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Sleep medicine
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
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2939:
2938:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2893:Anesthesiology
2890:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2823:Neuroradiology
2820:
2809:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:Obstetrics and
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2673:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2642:Trauma surgery
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2605:Otolaryngology
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2531:subspecialties
2521:
2520:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2455:
2454:External links
2452:
2450:
2449:
2413:
2364:
2343:(4): 309–311.
2323:
2298:
2246:
2197:
2162:
2113:
2087:
2055:
2024:
1999:
1974:
1971:on 2010-05-28.
1956:
1931:
1917:. 2017-12-28.
1906:
1889:
1852:
1826:
1783:
1724:
1675:
1640:
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1581:
1562:
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1466:
1448:
1428:
1409:(9): e58–1–9.
1393:
1364:(4): 269–283.
1344:
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1104:
1101:
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1046:
1045:United Kingdom
1043:
1001:neuroradiology
953:
950:
948:
945:
939:
936:
896:Main article:
893:
890:
854:
851:
837:
834:
779:Main article:
776:
773:
701:Main article:
698:
695:
642:Main article:
639:
636:
563:Main article:
560:
557:
548:diverticulitis
498:Main article:
495:
492:
471:
440:Main article:
437:
434:
347:Main article:
344:
341:
336:Main article:
333:
330:
176:
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161:
158:
157:
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106:
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92:
91:
88:
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4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
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4057:
4052:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
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4008:
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3996:
3993:
3991:
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3978:
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3931:
3929:
3925:
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3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
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3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Intravascular
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
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3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3769:Synthetic MRI
3767:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
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3706:
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3698:
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3692:
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3679:
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3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
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3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
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3609:
3608:
3605:
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3597:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Electron beam
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3511:
3510:Orbital x-ray
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
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3454:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:Bronchography
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3267:
3265:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3209:Public health
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:Allied health
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2998:Oral medicine
2996:
2994:
2993:Ophthalmology
2991:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Cytopathology
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2795:Urogynecology
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2698:Endocrinology
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2313:on 2021-05-16
2312:
2308:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:(2): 318–21.
2177:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2133:(6): 449–50.
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2077:on 2017-03-02
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2045:on 2017-03-03
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2014:on 2010-07-13
2013:
2009:
2003:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1946:on 2010-06-16
1945:
1941:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:(5): 933–51.
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:(8): 1147–9.
1655:
1651:
1644:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1563:9780195386967
1559:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1483:
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1478:
1470:
1455:
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1432:
1424:
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1408:
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1371:
1367:
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1359:
1355:
1348:
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1321:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:awareness day
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1187:
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1176:
1172:
1169:In 2000, the
1167:
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1158:United States
1150:
1146:
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1139:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:Radiographers
1073:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:radiographers
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
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3544:Quantitative
3214:Rural health
3199:Nanomedicine
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2681: /
2600:Hand surgery
2585:Neurosurgery
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318:radiographer
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264:to diagnose
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3879:renal tract
3854:Gynecologic
3786:Techniques
3757:restriction
3732:Angiography
3715:Neurography
3661:Fluoroscopy
3607:Angiography
3588:angiography
3532:Techniques:
3493:Aortography
3483:Angiography
3463:Cystography
3453:Mammography
3395:Myelography
3390:Sialography
3359:radiography
3284:Wikiproject
3073:Venereology
3018:Neonatology
2915:Dermatology
2770:Gynaecology
2762:gynaecology
2745:Pulmonology
2563:Eye surgery
2525:Specialties
2460:‹ The
1744:: 354–370.
1600:16 November
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1262:Electrogram
1186:fellowships
908:radiographs
815:gastrostomy
799:pathologies
792:angioplasty
734:gallbladder
476:peristalsis
448:angiography
442:Fluoroscopy
436:Fluoroscopy
418:Mammography
404:EOS imaging
373:Radiographs
368:of the knee
290:fluoroscopy
270:radiography
121:Description
84:Radiologist
69:Radiologist
52:Radiography
18:Radiologist
4255:Categories
4019:Full body:
3805:endoscopic
3779:Ultrasound
3708:functional
3505:Lymphogram
3500:Venography
3468:Arthrogram
3046:Psychiatry
3032:(PM&R)
3025:Phlebology
3013:Pediatrics
2840:Anatomical
2805:Diagnostic
2785:Obstetrics
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2720:Hematology
2715:Geriatrics
2708:Hepatology
2693:Cardiology
2683:Immunology
2317:2020-01-04
2106:8 February
2081:2017-03-02
2049:2017-03-02
2018:2012-08-03
1993:2012-08-03
1950:2012-08-03
1925:2018-03-15
1884:2023-11-24
1866:StatPearls
1845:2023-11-24
1751:1903.11726
1633:October 8,
1615:Parker D.
1537:2023-11-24
1519:StatPearls
1460:2016-01-08
1310:19 October
1268:References
1134:internship
738:anatomical
576:overweight
559:Ultrasound
518:algorithms
296:including
164:employment
148:(M.B.B.S.)
74:Occupation
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4222:Pregnancy
4101:Brain PET
4069:gamma ray
4005:DMSA scan
3859:Obstetric
3752:diffusion
3747:Sequences
3725:perfusion
3617:Pulmonary
3564:Cone beam
3458:Pyelogram
3234:Physician
3118:education
2976:Neurology
2971:Narcology
2835:Pathology
2813:Radiology
2688:Angiology
2652:Andrology
2477:Radiology
2172:Radiology
1498:8 January
1128:Singapore
995:imaging,
830:catheters
788:angiogram
660:(usually
466:, or the
274:radiation
209:Radiology
169:Hospitals
162:Fields of
103:Specialty
87:Physician
4240:Category
4092:positron
3612:Coronary
3264:Category
2740:Oncology
2671:medicine
2669:Internal
2517:Medicine
2462:template
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2359:28335057
2293:26746975
2241:24160820
2192:25340266
2157:25525575
2100:Archived
1987:Archived
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1531:archived
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1423:23636197
1388:31545009
1339:10139086
1304:Archived
1283:Archived
1205:See also
1144:Slovenia
933:analysis
931:bone age
682:sagittal
662:hydrogen
632:bleeding
616:biopsies
596:Stenosis
266:diseases
115:Medicine
4139:Optical
4121:PET-MRI
3901:Carotid
3896:Scrotal
3790:doppler
3720:Cardiac
3629:Thyroid
3573:Targets
3524:CT scan
3304:Outline
3274:Commons
3219:Therapy
3116:Medical
2679:Allergy
2647:Urology
2540:Surgery
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1091:Germany
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768:PET/MRI
722:thyroid
678:coronal
665:protons
510:CT scan
300:(PET).
173:Clinics
154:(MBChB)
4116:PET-CT
3891:Breast
3886:Rectal
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628:trauma
604:stroke
480:tumors
377:X-rays
326:Canada
292:, and
288:(CT),
204:(1896)
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4065:SPECT
3874:renal
3703:Brain
3654:Other
3354:X-ray
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2436:(PDF)
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1901:(PDF)
1817:S2CID
1746:arXiv
1627:(PDF)
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1254:: an
1119:India
1103:Italy
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314:nurse
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