362:
450:
738:, and then stored for later analysis on magnetic tape or hard disk. At that later time, the data is correlated with data from other antennas similarly recorded, to produce the resulting image. Using this method it is possible to synthesise an antenna that is effectively the size of the Earth. The large distances between the telescopes enable very high angular resolutions to be achieved, much greater in fact than in any other field of astronomy. At the highest frequencies, synthesised beams less than 1
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635:. This group used the principle of a sea-cliff interferometer in which the antenna (formerly a World War II radar) observed the Sun at sunrise with interference arising from the direct radiation from the Sun and the reflected radiation from the sea. With this baseline of almost 200 meters, the authors determined that the solar radiation during the burst phase was much smaller than the solar disk and arose from a region associated with a large
31:
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753:(telescopes in Europe, China, South Africa and Puerto Rico). Each array usually operates separately, but occasional projects are observed together producing increased sensitivity. This is referred to as Global VLBI. There are also a VLBI networks, operating in Australia and New Zealand called the LBA (Long Baseline Array), and arrays in Japan, China and South Korea which observe together to form the East-Asian VLBI Network (EAVN).
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279:. Jansky concluded that since the Sun (and therefore other stars) were not large emitters of radio noise, the strange radio interference may be generated by interstellar gas and dust in the galaxy, in particular, by "thermal agitation of charged particles." (Jansky's peak radio source, one of the brightest in the sky, was designated
401:, created a radiophysics group at the university where radio wave emissions from the Sun were observed and studied. This early research soon branched out into the observation of other celestial radio sources and interferometry techniques were pioneered to isolate the angular source of the detected emissions.
257:; the time it took for "fixed" astronomical objects, such as a star, to pass in front of the antenna every time the Earth rotated. By comparing his observations with optical astronomical maps, Jansky eventually concluded that the radiation source peaked when his antenna was aimed at the densest part of the
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Since its inception, recording data onto hard media was the only way to bring the data recorded at each telescope together for later correlation. However, the availability today of worldwide, high-bandwidth networks makes it possible to do VLBI in real time. This technique (referred to as e-VLBI) was
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In April 1933, closing in on nearly two years of study, Jansky read his breakthrough paper, "Electrical
Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin," before a meeting of the International Scientific Radio Union in Washington, DC. The strongest of the extraterrestrial waves, he found, emanate
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will add to each other while two waves that have opposite phases will cancel each other out. This creates a combined telescope that is the size of the antennas furthest apart in the array. In order to produce a high quality image, a large number of different separations between different telescopes
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crossing the view of his directional antenna. Continued analysis, however, showed that the source was not following the 24-hour daily cycle of the Sun exactly, but instead repeating on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes. Jansky discussed the puzzling phenomena with his friend, astrophysicist Albert
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Jansky died in 1950 at the age of 44, the result of a massive stroke stemming from his kidney disease. When that first 1933 paper was reprinted in
Proceedings of the IEEE in 1984, the editors noted that Jansky's work would mostly likely have won a Nobel prize, had the scientist not died so young.
992:
In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation
294:
After 1935, Jansky wanted to investigate the radio waves from the Milky Way in further detail, but Bell Labs reassigned him to another project, so he did no further work in the field of astronomy. His pioneering efforts in the field of radio astronomy have been recognized by the naming of the
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Radio astronomers use different techniques to observe objects in the radio spectrum. Instruments may simply be pointed at an energetic radio source to analyze its emission. To "image" a region of the sky in more detail, multiple overlapping scans can be recorded and pieced together in a
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The
Cambridge group of Ryle and Vonberg observed the Sun at 175 MHz for the first time in mid July 1946 with a Michelson interferometer consisting of two radio antennas with spacings of some tens of meters up to 240 meters. They showed that the radio radiation was smaller than 10
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from a region in
Sagittarius centered around right ascension 18 hours and declination β 20 degrees β in other words, from the direction of the galactic center. Jansky's discovery made the front page of the New York Times on 5 May 1933, and the field of radio astronomy was born.
272:
Jansky announced his discovery at a meeting in
Washington, D.C., in April 1933 and the field of radio astronomy was born. In October 1933, his discovery was published in a journal article entitled "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin" in the
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like Jansky, also detected radiowaves from the Sun. Both researchers were bound by wartime security surrounding radar, so Reber, who was not, published his 1944 findings first. Several other people independently discovered solar radio waves, including
324:
was inspired by Jansky's work, and built a parabolic radio telescope 9m in diameter in his backyard in 1937. He began by repeating Jansky's observations, and then conducted the first sky survey in the radio frequencies. On
February 27, 1942,
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are required (the projected separation between any two telescopes as seen from the radio source is called a "baseline") β as many different baselines as possible are required in order to get a good quality image. For example, the
647:
had been demonstrated by numerous groups in
Australia, Iran and the UK during World War II, who had observed interference fringes (the direct radar return radiation and the reflected signal from the sea) from incoming aircraft.
595:, VLA), and an image of the center section (VLBA) using a Very Long Baseline Array (Global VLBI) consisting of antennas in the US, Germany, Italy, Finland, Sweden and Spain. The jet of particles is suspected to be powered by a
247:
pen-and-paper recording system kept recording a persistent repeating signal or "hiss" of unknown origin. Since the signal peaked about every 24 hours, Jansky first suspected the source of the interference was the
940:
801:. This is because radio astronomy allows us to see things that are not detectable in optical astronomy. Such objects represent some of the most extreme and energetic physical processes in the universe.
781:
A radio image of the central region of the Milky Way galaxy. The arrow indicates a supernova remnant which is the location of a newly discovered transient, bursting low-frequency radio source
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originally pioneered in Japan, and more recently adopted in
Australia and in Europe by the EVN (European VLBI Network) who perform an increasing number of scientific e-VLBI projects per year.
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inversions required, they used aperture synthesis to create a 'One-Mile' and later a '5 km' effective aperture using the One-Mile and Ryle telescopes, respectively. They used the
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Beginning in the 1970s, improvements in the stability of radio telescope receivers permitted telescopes from all over the world (and even in Earth orbit) to be combined to perform
540:, whereas a radio telescope "dish" many times that size may, depending on the wavelength observed, only be able to resolve an object the size of the full moon (30 minutes of arc).
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was also first detected using radio telescopes. However, radio telescopes have also been used to investigate objects much closer to home, including observations of the
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counterparts. For example, a 1-meter diameter optical telescope is two million times bigger than the wavelength of light observed giving it a resolution of roughly 0.3
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between 1897 and 1900. These attempts were unable to detect any emission due to technical limitations of the instruments. The discovery of the radio reflecting
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in size and also detected circular polarization in the Type I bursts. Two other groups had also detected circular polarization at about the same time (
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wavelengths at very high and dry sites, in order to minimize the water vapor content in the line of sight. Finally, transmitting devices on Earth may cause
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Radio astronomy has led to substantial increases in astronomical knowledge, particularly with the discovery of several classes of new objects, including
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Before Jansky observed the Milky Way in the 1930s, physicists speculated that radio waves could be observed from astronomical sources. In the 1860s,
477:'s surface are limited to wavelengths that can pass through the atmosphere. At low frequencies or long wavelengths, transmission is limited by the
291:
at the center of the galaxy at a point now designated as
Sagittarius A*. The asterisk indicates that the particles at Sagittarius A are ionized.)
4892:
3302:
2659:
1781:
Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Trippe, S.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center".
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in 1902, led physicists to conclude that the layer would bounce any astronomical radio transmission back into space, making them undetectable.
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734:. Instead of physically connecting the antennas, data received at each antenna is paired with timing information, usually from a local
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138:, as the resolving power of an interferometer is set by the distance between its components, rather than the size of its components.
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interferes with radio astronomy at higher frequencies, which has led to building radio observatories that conduct observations at
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in that the former is a passive observation (i.e., receiving only) and the latter an active one (transmitting and receiving).
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ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II β Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV β Table of Frequency Allocations
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in 1946. The first use of a radio interferometer for an astronomical observation was carried out by Payne-Scott, Pawsey and
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Window of radio waves observable from Earth, on rough plot of Earth's atmospheric absorption and scattering (or
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5002:
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Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst (1945). "Radiostraling uit het wereldruim. II. Herkomst der radiogolven".
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Earth's radio signal is mostly natural and stronger than for example Jupiter's, but is produced by Earth's
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410:
374:
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Melvin Skellett, who pointed out that the observed time between the signal peaks was the exact length of a
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image. The type of instrument used depends on the strength of the signal and the amount of detail needed.
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consist of widely separated radio telescopes observing the same object that are connected together using
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83:. Subsequent observations have identified a number of different sources of radio emission. These include
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2233:"A technological breakthrough for radio astronomy β Astronomical observations via high-speed data link"
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1876:"This Month in Physics History May 5, 1933: The New York Times Covers Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
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UnwantedEmissions.com A general reference for radio spectrum allocations, including radio astronomy.
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126:, that are either used singularly, or with multiple linked telescopes utilizing the techniques of
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involving the use of radio astronomy". Subject of this radiocommunication service is to receive
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691:. This not only increases the total signal collected, it can also be used in a process called
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near Cambridge in the 1950s. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as computers (such as the
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research officer, made the first detection of radio waves emitted by the Sun. Later that year
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in a strong magnetic field. Current thinking is that these are ions in orbit around a massive
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Science, Cold War and American State: Lloyd V. Berkner and the Balance of Professional Ideals
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The New Astronomy: Opening the Electromagnetic Window and Expanding Our View of Planet Earth
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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems β Article 1.58, definition:
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170:, the world's first radio telescope, which was used to discover radio emissions from the
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23.6β24
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The difficulty in achieving high resolutions with single radio telescopes led to radio
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Today the "jansky" is the unit of measurement for radio wave intensity (flux density).
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The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years after Jansky's Discovery.
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1976:
1943:
1836:"Precessing jets in Sagittarius A β Gas dynamics in the central parsec of the galaxy"
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Radio telescopes may need to be extremely large in order to receive signals with low
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A Single Sky: How an International Community Forged the Science of Radio Astronomy.
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primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
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526:" in proportion to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation being observed,
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71:. The first detection of radio waves from an astronomical object was in 1933, when
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1620:(October 1933). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
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exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations
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Orchiston, W. (2005). "Dr Elizabeth Alexander: First Female Radio Astronomer".
1939:
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Introduction To "Electrical Disturbances Apparently Of Extraterrestrial Origin"
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1643:(July 1998). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
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235:, he was assigned the task to investigate static that might interfere with
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2134:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 334. pp. 71β92.
608:
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27:
Subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies
1990:
Kellerman, K. I. (1999). "Grote Reber's Observations on Cosmic Static".
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31.3β31.5
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500:. Because of this, many radio observatories are built at remote places.
306:
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4270:
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are a type of supernova remnant that shows highly synchronous emission.
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1688:(October 1935). "A note on the source of interstellar interference".
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to vastly increase resolution. This technique works by superposing ("
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in a ground-breaking paper published in 1947. The use of a sea-cliff
481:, which reflects waves with frequencies less than its characteristic
338:
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232:
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radio astronomy service / radio astronomy radiocommunication service
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Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
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2736:
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134:. The use of interferometry allows radio astronomy to achieve high
112:
3187:
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1339:
22.21β22.5
1330:
15.35β15.4
1321:
14.47β14.5
1312:
10.68β10.7
3612:
3045:
3031:
2352:"The Earth is a Strong Radio Source even without Man's Tinkering"
2181:
828:
636:
347:
2508:
Explorers of the Southern Sky: A History of Australian Astronomy
2448:
2410:
Gart Westerhout (1972). "The early history of radio astronomy".
1011:
the frequency bands are allocated (primary or secondary) to the
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3632:
3237:
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3054:
3026:
3021:
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25 550β25 650
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568:(ALMA), many antennas linked together in a radio interferometer
467:
370:
300:
201:. Several attempts were made to detect radio emission from the
100:
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88:
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and Australian engineer, radiophysicist, and radio astronomer
417:. The radio astronomy group in Cambridge went on to found the
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2911:
2807:
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2166:. Cambridge University: Department of Physics. Archived from
1963:
Southworth, G.C. (1945). "Microwave radiation from the Sun".
1170:
1 400β1 427 EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
985:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
489:
486:
474:
398:
4204:
1882:. American Physical Society (May 2015) Volume 24, Number 5.
716:
has 27 telescopes giving 351 independent baselines at once.
213:
in 1896 and a centimeter wave radiation apparatus set up by
3233:
2906:
2901:
2633:
2615:
2583:
Green Bank, WV: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1983.
2263:
The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1034: Region 3
1031: Region 2
1028: Region 1
704:
700:
425:) became capable of handling the computationally intensive
84:
2071:
Report of the Investigation of the "Norfolk Island Effect"
227:
made the discovery of the first astronomical radio source
4380:
2926:
1780:
823:
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in the 1950s and was later hypothesized to be emitted by
249:
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in the early 1930s. As a newly hired radio engineer with
202:
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Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
2647:
Visualization of Radio Telescope Data Using Google Earth
2546:
Introduction to Solar Radio Astronomy and Radio Physics.
2537:
Jobn D. Kraus, Martt; E. Tiuri, and Antti V. RΓ€isΓ€nen,
749:(with telescopes located across North America) and the
639:
group. The Australia group laid out the principles of
591:), a radio image of same galaxy using interferometry (
91:, as well as entirely new classes of objects, such as
2590:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
1588:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
2657:
Improving Radio Astronomy Images by Array Processing
2472:
The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy
2096:
Alexander, F.E.S. (1946). "The Sun's radio energy".
1671:
along with an explanatory preface by W.A. Imbriale,
1371:
993:
might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
745:
The pre-eminent VLBI arrays operating today are the
719:
703:
from the different telescopes on the principle that
385:, where ionospheric research had taken place during
2506:Raymond Haynes, Roslynn Haynes, and Richard McGee,
2208:"East Asia VLBI Network and Asia Pacific Telescope"
1000:
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
205:including an experiment by German astrophysicists
3633:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
2595:Cosmic Noise: A History of Early Radio Astronomy.
2565:Joseph Lade Pawsey and Ronald Newbold Bracewell,
239:transatlantic voice transmissions. Using a large
4984:
2075:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
2056:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
1726:Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology: Volume 1
2409:
1536:
276:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
3519:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
2625:Reber Radio Telescope β National Park Services
1505:
1503:
1019:
532:have to be much larger in comparison to their
4220:
3203:
2690:
2616:nrao.edu National Radio Astronomy Observatory
2604:. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1982.
2581:Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy.
989:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
812:and solar activity, and radar mapping of the
773:Radio object with continuous optical spectrum
627:converted radar antenna (broadside array) at
3509:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
2704:
2488:Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016,
1512:World of Scientific Discovery on Karl Jansky
441:(3C) Cambridge Catalogues of Radio Sources.
3303:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1539:"Radio waves from outside the solar system"
1500:
918:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
907:
556:Radio telescope Β§ Radio interferometry
397:that had carried out wartime research into
4227:
4213:
3210:
3196:
2766:
2697:
2683:
2413:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1962:
1753:Viewing the Constellations with Binoculars
955:radio astronomy radiocommunication service
861:have jets of charged particles which emit
413:developed the technique of Earth-rotation
2274:
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1989:
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395:Telecommunications Research Establishment
317:, world's first parabolic radio telescope
118:Radio astronomy is conducted using large
3623:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
3460:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
1458:WΓΌrzburg radar#Post-war use in astronomy
1020:
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607:, developed by British radio astronomer
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2451:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde
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959:International Telecommunication Union's
957:) is, according to Article 1.58 of the
760:
543:
14:
4985:
2307:from the original on 12 September 2009
2016:
1886:from the original on 14 September 2021
1749:
1684:
1639:
1616:
1594:from the original on 29 September 2021
877:can also show diffuse radio emission;
522:is a function of the diameter of the "
4208:
4124:Cosmic microwave background radiation
3861:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
3583:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
3191:
2678:
1833:
806:cosmic microwave background radiation
109:cosmic microwave background radiation
4966:
4189:
3837:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
3731:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
2642:Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers
2541:, 2nd ed, Cygnus-Quasar Books, 1986.
1483:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1476:
848:thought to be a radio wave emitting
433:to map the radio sky, producing the
115:, was made through radio astronomy.
3829:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
3217:
2579:D.T. Wilkinson and P.J.E. Peebles,
2503:. Cambridge University Press, 1985.
1933:
1868:
503:
419:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
79:reported radiation coming from the
24:
3663:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
2749:
2510:. Cambridge University Press 1996.
2481:. Cambridge University Press 1990.
2434:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb12724.x
2397:
1579:
25:
5019:
3499:Australia Telescope Compact Array
3321:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
3264:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
2609:
2597:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
2572:Kristen Rohlfs, Thomas L Wilson,
2515:The Evolution of Radio Astronomy.
1965:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1590:. American Astronomical Society.
1153:MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
871:often show diffuse radio emission
732:very-long-baseline interferometry
726:Very-long-baseline interferometry
720:Very-long-baseline interferometry
4965:
4954:
4953:
4724:Southern African Large Telescope
4188:
4179:
4178:
2077:, Radio Development Laboratory.
1479:"Pre-History of Radio Astronomy"
1388:
1374:
393:along with other members of the
3553:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
3421:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
2555:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
2532:Introduction to Radio Astronomy
2382:
2370:
2319:
2239:from the original on 2008-12-03
2225:
2214:from the original on 2021-04-28
2200:
2188:from the original on 1 May 2021
2174:
2156:
2089:
2062:
2058:, Radio Development Laboratory.
2043:
2010:
1983:
1956:
1927:
1916:from the original on 2020-08-07
1902:
1827:
1519:from the original on 2012-01-21
1489:from the original on 2020-06-15
1055:
583:An optical image of the galaxy
369:first recognised evidence of a
111:, regarded as evidence for the
3653:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
3489:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
2621:The History of Radio Astronomy
2522:Radio Astronomy and Cosmology.
2479:Modern Cosmology in Retrospect
1774:
1743:
1716:
1678:
1610:
1530:
1470:
1404:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
566:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
13:
1:
4234:
2019:"175 MHz-Strahlung der Sonne"
1750:KambiΔ, B. (6 October 2009).
1463:
1143:406.1β410 FIXED
1116:322β328.6 FIXED
444:
141:Radio astronomy differs from
5008:Astronomical sub-disciplines
4103:Gravitational-wave astronomy
3681:Primeval Structure Telescope
2517:Neale Watson Academic, 1973.
2257:Shields, Gregory A. (1999).
1977:10.1016/0016-0032(45)90163-3
1813:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075
1638:Reprinted 65 years later as
1026:
707:that coincide with the same
599:in the center of the galaxy.
498:radio-frequency interference
461:of electromagnetic radiation
411:Cavendish Astrophysics Group
375:Cambridge University Library
7:
4015:Christiaan Alexander Muller
3881:Vermilion River Observatory
3789:Algonquin Radio Observatory
3254:Astronomical interferometer
2798:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
2637:Goddard Space Flight Center
2602:Classics in Radio Astronomy
1367:
1007:In line to the appropriate
886:cosmic microwave background
623:on 26 January 1946 using a
550:Astronomical interferometry
233:Bell Telephone Laboratories
77:Bell Telephone Laboratories
10:
5024:
3355:Large Millimeter Telescope
2793:Very-high-energy gamma ray
2600:Woodruff T. Sullivan III,
2593:Woodruff T. Sullivan III,
2586:Woodruff T. Sullivan III,
2486:Essential Radio Astronomy.
2069:Alexander, F.E.S. (1945).
2050:Alexander, F.E.S. (1945).
1729:. Wiley-VCH. p. 163.
1702:10.1109/JRPROC.1935.227275
1634:10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458
1292:satellite (Earth-to-space)
1257:SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
967:radiocommunication service
933:Green Bank radio telescope
770:
764:
723:
553:
547:
507:
243:, Jansky noticed that his
150:
4948:
4740:
4717:Large Binocular Telescope
4682:Extremely Large Telescope
4675:Extremely large telescope
4648:
4531:
4471:
4392:
4354:
4315:
4308:
4242:
4174:
4111:
4073:
3927:
3892:
3779:
3744:
3643:Murchison Widefield Array
3563:Green Bank Interferometer
3471:
3387:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
3293:
3278:
3270:Astronomical radio source
3225:
3151:
3078:
3007:
2935:
2887:
2829:
2806:
2783:
2712:
2630:Radio Telescope Developed
2484:James J. Condon, et al.:
2052:Long Wave Solar Radiation
1783:The Astrophysical Journal
1659:10.1109/JPROC.1998.681378
1445:(radio instrument on the
1356:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1298:
1261:
1226:
1196:
1169:
1142:
1115:
1080:
1072:
1038:
767:Astronomical radio source
197:, and could exist at any
187:electromagnetic radiation
4689:Gran Telescopio Canarias
3853:Onsala Space Observatory
3845:Nançay Radio Observatory
3821:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3721:Very Long Baseline Array
3397:Sardinia Radio Telescope
2706:Electromagnetic spectrum
2574:Tools of Radio Astronomy
2259:"A brief history of AGN"
2036:10.1002/phbl.19470030508
1586:Hirshfeld, Alan (2018).
1537:Jansky, Karl G. (1933).
1184:SPACE RESEARCH (passive)
908:International regulation
892:radio/microwave emission
747:Very Long Baseline Array
431:Cambridge Interferometer
373:, in 1967 (exhibited at
4998:Observational astronomy
4784:Astrology and astronomy
4494:Gravitational radiation
4083:Submillimetre astronomy
3695:Australia, South Africa
3547:Event Horizon Telescope
2669:What is Radio Astronomy
2632:β a brief history from
2140:10.1007/1-4020-3724-4_5
2098:Radio & Electronics
1013:radio astronomy service
951:Radio astronomy service
850:supermassive black hole
819:Other sources include:
335:George Clark Southworth
107:. The discovery of the
4703:Hubble Space Telescope
3805:Green Bank Observatory
3691:Square Kilometre Array
2754:
2569:Clarendon Press, 1955.
2528:Roger Clifton Jennison
2477:Bruno Bertotti (ed.),
1723:BeluseviΔ, R. (2008).
1022:Allocation to services
977:or celestial objects.
947:
936:
924:
855:Active galactic nuclei
786:
600:
576:
569:
473:Observations from the
462:
378:
318:
174:
53:
4807:Astroparticle physics
4542:Australian Aboriginal
4098:High-energy astronomy
3985:Sebastian von Hoerner
3593:Long Wavelength Array
3539:European VLBI Network
3479:Allen Telescope Array
3379:Qitai Radio Telescope
2753:
2499:Robin Michael Green,
2356:Geophysical Institute
2023:Physikalische BlΓ€tter
1992:Astrophysical Journal
1840:Astrophysical Journal
945:
930:
915:
863:synchrotron radiation
780:
751:European VLBI Network
673:radio interferometers
582:
575:
563:
516:signal-to-noise ratio
452:
364:
309:
158:
33:
5003:Astronomical imaging
4799:Astronomers Monument
4731:Very Large Telescope
4278:Astronomical symbols
4166:Solar radio emission
3955:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
3813:Haystack Observatory
3347:Green Bank Telescope
3331:Effelsberg Telescope
1834:Brown, R.L. (1982).
1760:. pp. 131β133.
981:Frequency allocation
965:(RR), defined as "A
946:Jupiter radio-bursts
931:Antenna 110m of the
916:Antenna 70 m of the
761:Astronomical sources
544:Radio interferometry
383:Cambridge University
367:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
295:fundamental unit of
128:radio interferometry
4872:List of astronomers
4285:Astronomical object
4139:Pulsar timing array
3945:Edward George Bowen
3935:Elizabeth Alexander
3797:Arecibo Observatory
3701:Submillimeter Array
3603:Low-Frequency Array
3573:Korean VLBI Network
3439:Southern Hemisphere
3350:(West Virginia, US)
2839:Extreme ultraviolet
2501:Spherical Astronomy
2426:1972NYASA.198..211W
2285:1999PASP..111..661S
2235:. 26 January 2004.
2184:. 7 December 2016.
2083:1945rdlr.book.....A
2017:Schott, E. (1947).
2004:1999ApJ...525C.371K
1852:1982ApJ...262..110B
1805:2009ApJ...692.1075G
1555:1933Natur.132...66J
1414:Gamma-ray astronomy
1361:and other services
1352:and other services
1343:and other services
1334:and other services
1325:and other services
1316:and other services
1307:and other services
1287:Radiodetermination-
1252:RADIODETERMINATION-
900:and bounces at the
844:, with one portion
687:, or other type of
352:Elizabeth Alexander
241:directional antenna
189:is associated with
179:James Clerk Maxwell
168:Holmdel, New Jersey
164:directional antenna
4858:Physical cosmology
4119:Aperture synthesis
4088:Infrared astronomy
4025:Joseph Lade Pawsey
3995:Kenneth Kellermann
3965:Nan Dieter-Conklin
3673:One-Mile Telescope
3452:Parkes Observatory
2844:Vacuum ultraviolet
2755:
2662:2011-04-04 at the
2562:. Routledge, 2000.
2558:Allan A. Needell,
2551:David P.D. Munns,
2520:David L. Jauncey,
2182:"VLBI at the ATNF"
1934:Hey, J.S. (1975).
1686:Jansky, Karl Guthe
1641:Jansky, Karl Guthe
1618:Jansky, Karl Guthe
1419:Infrared astronomy
948:
937:
925:
875:Supernova remnants
787:
693:aperture synthesis
641:aperture synthesis
613:Joseph Lade Pawsey
601:
577:
570:
520:angular resolution
463:
415:aperture synthesis
379:
319:
175:
136:angular resolution
132:aperture synthesis
54:
4980:
4979:
4865:Quantum cosmology
4851:Planetary geology
4644:
4643:
4355:Celestial subject
4202:
4201:
4144:Radio propagation
4093:Optical astronomy
3990:Karl Guthe Jansky
3800:(Puerto Rico, US)
3775:
3774:
3567:West Virginia, US
3316:(Puerto Rico, US)
3313:Arecibo Telescope
3185:
3184:
2889:Visible (optical)
2544:Albrecht KrΓΌger,
2164:"Radio Astronomy"
2149:978-1-4020-3723-8
1767:978-0-387-85355-0
1736:978-3-527-40764-4
1365:
1364:
1265:MOBILE-SATELLITE
1230:MOBILE-SATELLITE
1200:MOBILE-SATELLITE
963:Radio Regulations
943:
904:back into space.
689:transmission line
666:James Stanley Hey
660:in Australia and
633:Sydney, Australia
427:Fourier transform
327:James Stanley Hey
315:Wheaton, Illinois
303:(Jy), after him.
166:(early 1930s) in
162:and his rotating
69:radio frequencies
65:celestial objects
59:is a subfield of
16:(Redirected from
5015:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4941:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4886:Medieval Islamic
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4786:
4779:
4772:
4770:Astroinformatics
4765:
4758:
4751:
4749:Archaeoastronomy
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4710:Keck Observatory
4705:
4698:
4691:
4684:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4637:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4605:Medieval Islamic
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4464:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4432:
4424:
4422:
4410:
4403:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4313:
4312:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4206:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4159:HD 164595 signal
4134:Odd radio circle
4112:Related articles
4030:Ruby Payne-Scott
3960:Arthur Covington
3950:Ronald Bracewell
3920:
3912:
3904:
3885:
3876:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3793:
3767:
3757:
3736:
3726:
3716:
3711:Very Large Array
3706:
3696:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3598:
3588:
3587:Argentina/Brazil
3578:
3568:
3558:
3543:
3534:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3433:
3429:Yevpatoria RT-70
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3363:Lovell Telescope
3359:
3351:
3343:
3335:
3326:
3317:
3308:
3291:
3290:
3280:Radio telescopes
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2576:. Springer 2003.
2567:Radio Astronomy.
2469:Gerrit Verschuur
2458:
2445:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2329:. Archived from
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2278:
2276:astro-ph/9903401
2269:(760): 661β678.
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2127:
2121:
2111:holdings at NLNZ
2105:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1938:(2nd ed.).
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1798:
1789:(2): 1075β1109.
1778:
1772:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1653:(7): 1510β1515.
1637:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1566:
1564:10.1038/132066a0
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1453:Radio Galaxy Zoo
1449:Jupiter orbiter)
1398:
1396:Astronomy portal
1393:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1270:(Earth-to-space)
1235:(Earth-to-space)
1205:(Earth-to-space)
1018:
1017:
944:
714:Very Large Array
621:Lindsay McCready
617:Ruby Payne-Scott
593:Very Large Array
529:radio telescopes
504:Radio telescopes
483:plasma frequency
207:Johannes Wilsing
124:radio telescopes
39:Very Large Array
21:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5012:
4993:Radio astronomy
4983:
4982:
4981:
4976:
4964:
4952:
4944:
4937:
4928:
4921:
4916:X-ray telescope
4914:
4907:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4736:
4729:
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4640:
4633:
4624:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4527:
4522:Multi-messenger
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4467:
4460:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4427:
4418:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4388:
4379:
4372:
4361:
4350:
4345:Space telescope
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4233:
4203:
4198:
4170:
4107:
4075:
4069:
4055:Gart Westerhout
3923:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3888:
3883:
3874:
3864:
3863:(PRAO ASC LPI,
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3771:
3765:
3755:
3740:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3694:
3684:
3675:
3666:
3656:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3616:
3606:
3596:
3586:
3576:
3566:
3556:
3541:
3532:
3522:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3482:
3472:Interferometers
3467:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3413:Usuda Telescope
3407:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3295:
3282:
3274:
3244:Radio telescope
3221:
3219:Radio astronomy
3216:
3186:
3181:
3147:
3074:
3049:
3035:
3003:
2931:
2883:
2825:
2802:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2708:
2703:
2671:β Radioastrolab
2664:Wayback Machine
2612:
2607:
2539:Radio Astronomy
2400:
2398:Further reading
2395:
2394:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2358:. June 23, 1983
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2128:
2124:
2094:
2090:
2067:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2015:
2011:
1988:
1984:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1889:
1887:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1832:
1828:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1721:
1717:
1683:
1679:
1615:
1611:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1434:X-ray astronomy
1424:Radar astronomy
1394:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1359:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1350:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1341:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1332:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1323:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1314:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1305:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1288:
1283:RADIONAVIGATION
1279:
1277:
1275:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1266:
1263:
1262:1 610.6β1 613.8
1253:
1248:RADIONAVIGATION
1244:
1242:
1240:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1231:
1228:
1227:1 610.6β1 613.8
1223:
1222:
1218:RADIONAVIGATION
1214:
1212:
1210:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1201:
1198:
1197:1 610.6β1 613.8
1183:
1181:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1171:
1156:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1154:
1144:
1129:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1127:
1117:
1100:Radio astronomy
1098:
1086:
1075:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1057:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1044:
983:
973:transmitted by
939:
910:
869:galaxy clusters
838:Galactic Center
783:GCRT J1745-3009
775:
769:
763:
728:
722:
662:Edward Appleton
558:
552:
546:
512:
510:Radio telescope
506:
447:
391:J. A. Ratcliffe
365:Chart on which
229:serendipitously
211:Julius Scheiner
185:had shown that
153:
144:radar astronomy
122:referred to as
113:Big Bang theory
57:Radio astronomy
28:
23:
22:
18:Radio Astronomy
15:
12:
11:
5:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4962:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4868:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4817:
4810:
4803:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4773:
4766:
4763:Astrochemistry
4759:
4752:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4699:
4696:Hale Telescope
4692:
4685:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4654:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4559:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4442:
4435:
4429:Visible-light
4425:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4370:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4317:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4251:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Interferometry
4126:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Bernard Lovell
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3940:John G. Bolton
3937:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3908:ESA New Norcia
3905:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3878:
3868:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3718:
3715:New Mexico, US
3708:
3698:
3688:
3678:
3670:
3660:
3650:
3640:
3630:
3620:
3610:
3600:
3597:New Mexico, US
3590:
3580:
3570:
3560:
3550:
3544:
3536:
3533:California, US
3526:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3486:
3483:California, US
3475:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3447:(South Africa)
3441:
3435:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3384:
3376:
3371:Ooty Telescope
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3318:
3310:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3251:
3241:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2969:
2964:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2666:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2610:External links
2608:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2548:Springer 1979.
2542:
2535:
2525:
2524:Springer 1977.
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2482:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2446:
2420:(1): 211β218.
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2381:
2369:
2343:
2318:
2293:10.1086/316378
2249:
2224:
2199:
2173:
2170:on 2013-11-10.
2155:
2148:
2122:
2116:2016-07-23 at
2088:
2061:
2042:
2029:(5): 159β160.
2009:
1982:
1971:(4): 285β297.
1955:
1949:978-0080187617
1948:
1940:Pergamon Press
1936:Radio Universe
1926:
1901:
1867:
1861:10.1086/160401
1826:
1773:
1766:
1742:
1735:
1715:
1677:
1609:
1578:
1529:
1499:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1385:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1237:
1236:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1039:13 360β13 410
1036:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
982:
979:
909:
906:
894:
893:
882:
872:
865:
852:
846:Sagittarius A*
831:
826:
799:radio galaxies
765:Main article:
762:
759:
742:are possible.
740:milliarcsecond
724:Main article:
721:
718:
699:") the signal
645:interferometer
605:interferometry
548:Main article:
545:
542:
508:Main article:
505:
502:
446:
443:
356:Norfolk Island
313:'s Antenna at
152:
149:
120:radio antennas
93:radio galaxies
43:interferometer
36:Karl G. Jansky
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5020:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4972:
4963:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:Constellation
4818:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4647:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4595:
4592:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:Other methods
4470:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:Submillimetre
4405:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:Extragalactic
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4331:Observational
4328:
4325:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4195:
4187:
4185:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4065:Robert Wilson
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4050:Govind Swarup
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:John D. Kraus
4003:
4001:
4000:Frank J. Kerr
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Antony Hewish
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3882:
3879:
3872:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3781:Observatories
3778:
3763:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3732:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3712:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3689:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3634:
3631:
3624:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3584:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3461:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3339:Galenki RT-70
3337:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
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2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:9780691137797
2491:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2474:Springer 2015
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2333:on 2006-01-28
2332:
2328:
2322:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2118:archive.today
2115:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2025:(in German).
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1910:"Grote Reber"
1905:
1898:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Time smearing
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1386:
1383:
1372:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1278:AERONAUTICAL
1276:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1243:AERONAUTICAL
1241:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1213:AERONAUTICAL
1211:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
994:
990:
988:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
934:
929:
923:
919:
914:
905:
903:
899:
891:
887:
883:
880:
876:
873:
870:
866:
864:
860:
856:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
834:Sagittarius A
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
820:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
784:
779:
774:
768:
758:
754:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
727:
717:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:optical fiber
682:
678:
677:coaxial cable
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
574:
567:
562:
557:
551:
541:
539:
535:
531:
530:
525:
521:
518:. Also since
517:
511:
501:
499:
495:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
460:
457:) of various
456:
451:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Antony Hewish
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
292:
290:
286:
282:
281:Sagittarius A
278:
277:
270:
268:
264:
263:constellation
260:
256:
251:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
148:
146:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:that studies
62:
58:
52:
51:United States
48:
44:
40:
37:
32:
19:
4797:
4777:Astrophysics
4756:Astrobiology
4420:Far-infrared
4400:
4374:Local system
4309:Astronomy by
4299:... in space
4074:Astronomy by
4035:Arno Penzias
3975:Cyril Hazard
3617:South Africa
3408:(Uzbekistan)
3248:Radio window
3218:
2757:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2454:
2453:(in Dutch).
2450:
2417:
2411:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2331:the original
2327:"Conclusion"
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2266:
2262:
2252:
2241:. Retrieved
2227:
2216:. Retrieved
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2176:
2168:the original
2158:
2131:
2125:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2070:
2064:
2051:
2045:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1935:
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1904:
1895:
1890:21 September
1888:. Retrieved
1879:
1870:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1752:
1745:
1725:
1718:
1696:(10): 1158.
1693:
1689:
1680:
1650:
1644:
1628:(10): 1387.
1625:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1598:21 September
1596:. Retrieved
1581:
1549:(3323): 66.
1546:
1542:
1532:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1491:. Retrieved
1472:
1446:
1440:
1382:Radio portal
1358:
1349:
1340:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1286:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1221:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1180:
1155:
1128:
1099:
1085: FIXED
1082:
1074:
1056:
1043: FIXED
1040:
1021:
1015:as follows.
1012:
1006:
991:
986:
984:
975:astronomical
954:
950:
949:
895:
818:
803:
788:
755:
744:
736:atomic clock
729:
670:
668:in the UK).
658:David Martyn
650:
624:
602:
527:
513:
472:
464:
387:World War II
380:
331:British Army
320:
297:flux density
293:
274:
271:
255:sidereal day
223:
215:Oliver Lodge
176:
142:
140:
117:
56:
55:
4844:Planetarium
4501:High-energy
4487:Cosmic rays
4439:Ultraviolet
4154:Wow! signal
4045:Martin Ryle
4040:Grote Reber
3970:Frank Drake
3911:(Australia)
3745:Space-based
3735:Netherlands
3607:Netherlands
3577:South Korea
3455:(Australia)
3405:Suffa RT-70
3172:Medium wave
2849:Lyman-alpha
2831:Ultraviolet
2770:wavelengths
2763:frequencies
2727:Ultraviolet
2104:(1): 16β17.
1846:: 110β119.
1299:10.6β10.68
1081:37.5β38.25
971:radio waves
697:interfering
654:arc minutes
609:Martin Ryle
538:arc seconds
459:wavelengths
403:Martin Ryle
354:working on
322:Grote Reber
311:Grote Reber
267:Sagittarius
225:Karl Jansky
191:electricity
160:Karl Jansky
73:Karl Jansky
4987:Categories
4837:Photometry
4814:Binoculars
4791:Astrometry
4652:telescopes
4549:Babylonian
4393:EM methods
4271:Astronomer
4076:EM methods
3296:telescopes
3294:Individual
3153:Wavelength
3009:Microwaves
2821:Hard X-ray
2816:Soft X-ray
2785:Gamma rays
2717:Gamma rays
2513:J.S. Hey,
2457:: 210β221.
2337:2006-03-29
2243:2008-07-22
2218:2015-06-16
1920:2010-04-09
1646:Proc. IEEE
1523:2010-04-09
1493:2010-04-09
1477:F. Ghigo.
1464:References
1409:Channel 37
1009:ITU Region
922:California
902:ionosphere
771:See also:
597:black hole
554:See also:
494:millimeter
479:ionosphere
445:Techniques
289:black hole
237:short wave
219:ionosphere
199:wavelength
47:New Mexico
41:, a radio
4909:Telescope
4515:Spherical
4462:Gamma-ray
4431:(optical)
4236:Astronomy
4060:Paul Wild
3893:Multi-use
3873:(SAORAS,
3647:Australia
3635:(MERLIN,
3627:Australia
3513:Australia
3503:Australia
3432:(Ukraine)
3424:(Ukraine)
3334:(Germany)
3167:Shortwave
3162:Microwave
2742:Microwave
2311:3 October
1796:0810.4674
1690:Proc. IRE
1622:Proc. IRE
987:Article 5
890:blackbody
842:Milky Way
681:waveguide
524:objective
437:(2C) and
344:E. Schott
339:Bell Labs
285:electrons
259:Milky Way
195:magnetism
183:equations
172:Milky Way
81:Milky Way
61:astronomy
4959:Category
4668:Category
4563:Egyptian
4480:Neutrino
4415:Infrared
4363:Galactic
4338:Sidewalk
4292:Glossary
4262:Timeline
4184:Category
4020:Jan Oort
3919:(Canada)
3903:(Canada)
3856:(Sweden)
3848:(France)
3792:(Canada)
3762:Spektr-R
3605:(LOFAR,
3585:(LLAMA,
3542:(Europe)
3531:(CARMA,
3521:(CHIME,
3511:(ASKAP,
3358:(Mexico)
3342:(Russia)
3226:Concepts
3177:Longwave
2937:Infrared
2737:Infrared
2660:Archived
2442:56034495
2404:Journals
2305:Archived
2301:18953602
2237:Archived
2212:Archived
2186:Archived
2114:Archived
1914:Archived
1884:Archived
1758:Springer
1710:51632813
1667:47549559
1592:Archived
1517:Archived
1487:Archived
1368:See also
867:Merging
89:galaxies
4971:Commons
4923:history
4893:Russian
4741:Related
4650:Optical
4635:Tibetan
4619:Serbian
4612:Persian
4556:Chinese
4533:Culture
4453:History
4324:Amateur
4255:History
4248:Outline
4194:Commons
3733:(WSRT,
3723:(VLBA,
3683:(PaST,
3625:(MOST,
3613:MeerKAT
3555:(GMRT,
3501:(ATCA,
3491:(ALMA,
3444:HartRAO
3416:(Japan)
3400:(Italy)
3382:(China)
3374:(India)
3305:(FAST,
3258:History
3232:Units (
2768:longer
2761:higher
2732:Visible
2534:. 1967.
2422:Bibcode
2281:Bibcode
2192:16 June
2109:R&E
2079:Bibcode
2000:Bibcode
1998:: 371.
1880:aps.org
1848:Bibcode
1821:1431308
1801:Bibcode
1675: .
1573:4063838
1551:Bibcode
1439:Waves (
1303:
953:(also:
898:auroras
879:pulsars
859:pulsars
840:of the
829:Jupiter
814:planets
795:quasars
791:pulsars
671:Modern
637:sunspot
629:200 MHz
534:optical
455:opacity
409:at the
348:Denmark
261:in the
151:History
101:pulsars
97:quasars
4939:Zodiac
4879:French
4584:Indian
4577:Hebrew
4316:Manner
3928:People
3875:Russia
3865:Russia
3766:Russia
3713:(VLA,
3703:(SMA,
3693:(SKA,
3667:France
3645:(MWA,
3595:(LWA,
3575:(KVN,
3565:(GBI,
3523:Canada
3481:(ATA,
3391:Russia
3323:(CSO,
3266:(VLBI)
3238:jansky
3070:L band
3065:S band
3060:C band
3055:X band
3041:K band
3027:Q band
3022:V band
3017:W band
2922:Orange
2917:Yellow
2897:Violet
2808:X-rays
2722:X-rays
2492:
2440:
2362:May 2,
2299:
2146:
1946:
1819:
1764:
1733:
1708:
1665:
1571:
1543:Nature
1126:MOBILE
1097:MOBILE
961:(ITU)
836:, the
625:single
468:mosaic
435:Second
371:pulsar
301:jansky
299:, the
245:analog
105:masers
103:, and
4930:lists
4900:Women
4591:Inuit
4570:Greek
4508:Radar
4446:X-ray
4401:Radio
4381:Solar
3756:Japan
3752:HALCA
3685:China
3657:Italy
3557:India
3549:(EHT)
3493:Chile
3307:China
3155:types
3080:Radio
2976:Bands
2949:Bands
2912:Green
2747:Radio
2463:Books
2438:S2CID
2297:S2CID
2271:arXiv
2106:(see
1817:S2CID
1791:arXiv
1706:S2CID
1663:S2CID
1569:S2CID
709:phase
705:waves
701:waves
664:with
631:near
490:vapor
487:Water
475:Earth
439:Third
423:Titan
399:radar
337:, at
85:stars
4661:List
4626:folk
4598:Maya
4149:SETI
3916:PARL
3900:DRAO
3884:(US)
3840:(US)
3832:(UK)
3824:(UK)
3816:(US)
3808:(US)
3676:(UK)
3463:(NZ)
3366:(UK)
3285:List
3236:and
3234:watt
3050:band
3036:band
2994:LWIR
2972:MWIR
2967:SWIR
2907:Cyan
2902:Blue
2634:NASA
2490:ISBN
2364:2024
2313:2014
2194:2015
2144:ISBN
1996:525C
1944:ISBN
1892:2021
1762:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1600:2021
1447:Juno
1441:Juno
935:, US
884:The
857:and
804:The
797:and
615:and
564:The
405:and
350:and
329:, a
209:and
193:and
130:and
87:and
34:The
4828:IAU
3143:ELF
3138:SLF
3133:ULF
3128:VLF
3108:VHF
3103:UHF
3098:SHF
3093:EHF
3088:THF
2999:FIR
2945:NIR
2927:Red
2879:UVA
2874:UVB
2869:UVC
2864:NUV
2859:MUV
2854:FUV
2430:doi
2418:189
2289:doi
2267:111
2136:doi
2031:doi
1973:doi
1969:239
1856:doi
1844:262
1809:doi
1787:692
1698:doi
1655:doi
1630:doi
1559:doi
1547:132
1301:GHz
1083:MHz
1041:kHz
888:is
824:Sun
810:Sun
589:HST
585:M87
381:At
346:in
269:.
265:of
250:Sun
203:Sun
181:'s
75:at
67:at
45:in
4989::
4365:/
3725:US
3705:US
3637:UK
3325:US
3123:LF
3118:MF
3113:HF
2986:,
2982:,
2978::
2959:,
2955:,
2951::
2623:*
2530:,
2455:11
2436:.
2428:.
2416:.
2354:.
2303:.
2295:.
2287:.
2279:.
2265:.
2261:.
2210:.
2142:.
2120:.)
2100:.
2073:.
2054:.
2021:.
1994:.
1967:.
1942:.
1912:.
1894:.
1878:.
1854:.
1842:.
1838:.
1815:.
1807:.
1799:.
1785:.
1756:.
1704:.
1694:23
1692:.
1661:.
1651:86
1649:.
1626:21
1624:.
1602:.
1567:.
1557:.
1545:.
1541:.
1515:.
1502:^
1485:.
1481:.
920:,
816:.
793:,
683:,
679:,
485:.
389:,
377:)
358:.
99:,
95:,
49:,
4423:)
4417:(
4228:e
4221:t
4214:v
3877:)
3867:)
3768:)
3764:(
3758:)
3754:(
3737:)
3727:)
3717:)
3707:)
3697:)
3687:)
3669:)
3665:(
3659:)
3655:(
3649:)
3639:)
3629:)
3619:)
3615:(
3609:)
3599:)
3589:)
3579:)
3569:)
3559:)
3535:)
3525:)
3515:)
3505:)
3495:)
3485:)
3393:)
3389:(
3327:)
3309:)
3287:)
3283:(
3260:)
3256:(
3250:)
3246:(
3240:)
3211:e
3204:t
3197:v
3048:u
3046:K
3034:a
3032:K
2990:)
2988:N
2984:M
2980:L
2974:(
2963:)
2961:H
2957:K
2953:J
2947:(
2773:β
2759:β
2698:e
2691:t
2684:v
2496:.
2444:.
2432::
2424::
2366:.
2340:.
2315:.
2291::
2283::
2273::
2246:.
2221:.
2196:.
2152:.
2138::
2102:1
2085:.
2081::
2039:.
2033::
2027:3
2006:.
2002::
1979:.
1975::
1952:.
1923:.
1864:.
1858::
1850::
1823:.
1811::
1803::
1793::
1770:.
1739:.
1712:.
1700::
1669:.
1657::
1636:.
1632::
1575:.
1561::
1553::
1526:.
1496:.
1443:)
785:.
587:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
