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593:(the successor of Bell Telephone Laboratories) and a monument and a plaque were placed there to honor the achievement. The monument is a stylized sculpture of the antenna and is oriented as Jansky's antenna was at 7:10 p.m. on September 16, 1932, at a moment of maximum signal caused by alignment with the center of our galaxy in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius.
365:
Several scientists were interested in Jansky's discovery, but radio astronomy remained a dormant field for several years, due in part to Jansky's lack of formal training as an astronomer. His discovery had come in the midst of the Great
Depression, and observatories were wary of taking on any new and
352:
Jansky wanted to further investigate the Milky Way radio waves after 1935 (he called the radiation "Star Noise" in the thesis he submitted to earn his 1936 University of
Wisconsin Masters degree), but he found little support from either astronomers, for whom it was completely foreign, or Bell Labs,
348:
If the radio sources were from the stars, the Sun should also be producing radio noise, but Jansky found that it did not. In the early 1930s, the Sun was at an inactive phase in its sunspot cycle. In 1935 Jansky made the suggestion that the strange radio signals were produced from interstellar gas,
308:
After recording signals from all directions for several months, Jansky eventually categorized them into three types of static: nearby thunderstorms, distant thunderstorms, and a faint static or "hiss" of unknown origin. He spent over a year investigating the source of the third type of static. The
192:
at Norman. Cyril M. Jansky, born in
Wisconsin of Czech immigrants, had started teaching at the age of sixteen. He was a teacher throughout his active life, retiring as professor of electrical engineering at the University of Wisconsin. He was an engineer with a strong interest in physics, a trait
312:
After a few months of following the signal, however, the point of maximum static moved away from the position of the Sun. Jansky also determined that the signal repeated on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes. Jansky discussed the puzzling phenomena with his friend the astrophysicist Albert Melvin
300:
wheels, which allowed it to be rotated in the azimuthal direction, earning it the nickname "Jansky's merry-go-round" (the cost of which was later estimated to be less than $ 1000). By rotating the antenna, the direction of a received signal could be pinpointed. The intensity of the signal was
44:
955:
Serendipitous
Discoveries in Radio Astronomy: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia on May 4, 5, 6, 1983; Honoring the 50th Anniversary Announcing the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves by Karl G. Jansky on May 5,
1458:
Serendipitous
Discoveries in Radio Astronomy: Proceedings of a Workshop held at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Green Bank, West Virginia on May 4, 5, 6,1983; Honoring the 50th Anniversary Announcing the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves by Karl G. Jansky on May 5,
397:
In 1930 essentially all that we knew about the heavens had come from what we could see or photograph. Karl Jansky changed all that. A universe of radio sounds to which mankind had been deaf since time immemorial now suddenly burst forth in full chorus. –John D. Krauss
338:
of May 5, 1933, and he was interviewed on a special NBC program on "Radio sounds from among the stars". In
October 1933, his discovery was published in a journal article entitled "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin" in the
317:; the time it took for "fixed" astronomical objects, such as a star, to pass in front of the antenna every time the Earth rotated. By comparing his observations with optical astronomical maps, Jansky concluded that the radiation was coming from the
987:
In 1930 essentially all that we knew about the heavens had come from what we could see or photograph. Karl Jansky changed all that. A universe of radio sounds to which mankind had been deaf since time immemorial now suddenly burst forth in full
1253:
Karl Guthe Jansky of 57 Silverton Avenue, Little Silver, N.J., radio research engineer with the Bell
Telephone Laboratories since 1928, who discovered radio waves of extraterrestrial origin in 1933 died yesterday in the Riverside
200:
Karl Jansky's mother, born Nellie Moreau, was of French and
English descent. Karl's brother Cyril Jansky Jr., who was ten years older, helped build some of the earliest radio transmitters in the country, including 9XM in
450:
Had Jansky not died at a very early age, he would undoubtedly have been awarded the Nobel Prize. His serendipitous discovery gave birth to a new branch of astronomy, radio astronomy. –William A. Imbriale
332:
Jansky announced his discovery at a meeting in
Washington D.C. in April 1933 to a small audience who could not comprehend its significance. His discovery was widely publicized, appearing in the
296:(wavelength about 14.6 meters). It had a diameter of approximately 100 ft. (30 meters) and stood 20 ft. (6 meters) tall. It was mounted on top of a turntable on a set of four Ford
236:
in 1927. He stayed an extra year at
Madison, completing all the graduate course work for a master's degree in physics except for the thesis. In July 1928 at age 22, he was able to join the
2168:
1290:
Had Jansky not died at a very early age, he would undoubtedly have been awarded the Nobel Prize. His serendipitous discovery gave birth to a new branch of astronomy, radio astronomy.
349:
in particular, by "thermal agitation of charged particles." Jansky accomplished these investigations while still in his twenties with a bachelor's degree in physics.
483:(VLA), the radio telescope in Magdalena, New Mexico, would be renamed the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in honor of Karl Jansky's contribution to radio astronomy.
1826:
240:, and because of a kidney condition he had since college (which eventually led to his early death), he was sent to the healthier environs of the field station in
1718:
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fellowship program is named after Karl Jansky. NRAO awards the Jansky Prize annually in Jansky's honor. On January 10, 2012, the NRAO announced the
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Two men who learned of Jansky's 1933 discovery were of great influence on the later development of the new study of radio astronomy: one was
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location of maximum intensity rose and fell once a day, leading Jansky to surmise initially that he was detecting radiation from the Sun.
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Accompanying 3 photos: from 1962, from c.1960 (with Grote Reber), and one of Karl Jansky, another astronomy pioneer, from c.1930.
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1235:"Karl G. Jansky, 44, Authority in Radio; Bell Laboratories Engineer Dies–Discovered Waves of Extraterrestrial Origin"
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Imbriale, William A (July 1998). "Introduction to "Electrical Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin"".
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1419:. In particular Chap.1 by Sullivan, "Karl Jansky and the discovery of extraterrestrial radio waves," pp. 3–42.
2232:
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357:, the cost of research on a phenomenon that did not significantly affect trans-Atlantic communications systems.
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1950:
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975:"The First 50 Years of Radio Astronomy, Part 1: Karl Jansky and His Discovery of Radio Waves from Our Galaxy"
1302:
197:, a professor of physics at the University of Michigan who had been an important mentor to Cyril M. Jansky.
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and was strongest (7:10 p.m. on September 16, 1932) in the direction of the center of the galaxy, in the
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Skellett, who pointed out that the observed time between the signal peaks was the exact length of a
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Jansky and his rotating directional radio antenna (early 1930s), the world's first radio telescope.
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back yard in 1937 and did the first systematic survey of astronomical radio waves. The second was
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1988:
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A full-scale replica of Jansky's original rotating telescope is located on the grounds of the
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and wrote a textbook on radio astronomy, long considered a standard by radio astronomers.
8:
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1998:
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836:(December 1937). "Minimum noise levels obtained on short-wave radio receiving systems".
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1970:
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service. As a radio engineer, Jansky was assigned the job of investigating sources of
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1406:
The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years After Jansky's Discovery
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The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years After Jansky's Discovery
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780:(December 1933). "Electrical phenomena that apparently are of interstellar origin".
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pen-and-paper recording system housed in a small shed to the side of the antenna.
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718:(October 1933). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
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464:
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Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, New Mexico
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261:
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where his father, Cyril M. Jansky, was dean of the college of engineering at the
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131:
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977:. North American AstroPhysical Observatory (NAAPO). Cosmic Search, Vol. 3, No. 4
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Introduction To "Electrical Disturbances Apparently Of Extraterrestrial Origin"
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741:(July 1998). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
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My Brother Karl Jansky and His Discovery of Radio Waves from Beyond the Earth
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638:(December 1932). "Directional studies of atmospherics at high frequencies".
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386:
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1345:"Detective Work Leads to Monument Honoring the Father of Radio Astronomy"
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532:
370:
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Detective Work Leads to Monument Honoring the Father of Radio Astronomy
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and radio engineer who in April 1933 first announced his discovery of
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804:(October 1935). "A note on the source of interstellar interference".
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Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
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233:
127:
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Historical Marker Database: Karl Jansky Radio Astronomy Monument
1930:
1535:
1080:"Electrical Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin"
607:
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In honor of Jansky, the unit used by radio astronomers for the
43:
2049:
1531:
1470:
Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Jansky, Karl
468:
218:
419:
Full-size replica of Jansky's radio telescope, now at the
1256:
1827:
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
193:
passed on to his sons. Karl Jansky was named after Dr.
156:(October 22, 1905 – February 14, 1950) was an American
1447:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
1209:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
268:
that might interfere with radio voice transmissions.
184:
Karl Guthe Jansky was born 1905 in what was then the
769:
along with an explanatory preface by W.A. Imbriale,
958:Edited by K. Kellermann and B. Sheets (1983) 321pp
1461:Edited by K. Kellermann and B. Sheets (1983) 321pp
1260:] Hospital, Red Bank, N.J., of a heart malady.
172:. He is considered one of the founding figures of
1931:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
260:of about 10–20 meters) for use in trans-Atlantic
2504:
1425:Cosmic Noise: A History of Early Radio Astronomy
1049:
1084:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
538:In 1998, the original site of Jansky's antenna
342:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
284:At Bell Telephone Laboratories, Jansky built a
1817:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
1052:"Commemorating a Discovery in Radio Astronomy"
998:
996:
373:, a radio engineer who singlehandedly built a
1501:
1807:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
1202:
1200:
1005:World of Scientific Discovery on Karl Jansky
968:
966:
964:
1601:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1104:"Radio Waves from Outside the Solar System"
1101:
1077:
993:
674:"Radio waves from outside the solar system"
621:is named after him, as is the lunar crater
1508:
1494:
1145:
463:(1 Jy = 10 W⋅m⋅Hz). The crater
1347:. Bell Labs. June 3, 1998. Archived from
1197:
1159:. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
961:
697:
1921:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
1758:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
1422:
1403:
1271:
1025:
425:
414:
406:
275:
14:
2505:
1215:. National Radio Astronomy Observatory
950:
948:
909:, Harper Perennial, pp. 402–408,
832:
800:
776:
737:
714:
668:
634:
2558:People from Little Silver, New Jersey
2422:Cosmic microwave background radiation
2159:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
1881:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
1489:
1444:
1206:
972:
899:
599:is named after Jansky, and refers to
288:designed to receive radio waves at a
27:American physicist and radio engineer
2487:
2135:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
2029:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
1451:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
906:Big Bang: The Origin of the Universe
628:
473:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
353:which could not justify, during the
224:Karl Jansky attended college at the
2127:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
1515:
945:
402:
24:
2553:Czech-American culture in Oklahoma
2543:American people of English descent
1961:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
531:, near a reconstructed version of
430:Green Banks plaque: Jansky Antenna
271:
244:. Bell Labs wanted to investigate
25:
2604:
2548:American people of French descent
1797:Australia Telescope Compact Array
1619:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
1562:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
1479:— Radio Astronomy Celebration at
1433:
1050:Smothers, Ronald (June 9, 1998).
389:, started a radio observatory at
2538:American people of Czech descent
2533:20th-century American physicists
2486:
2477:
2476:
1375:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
42:
2588:20th-century American engineers
1851:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1719:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
1377:. Springer. 2003. p. 155.
1366:
1355:
1337:
1323:
1309:
1295:
1265:
1227:
1171:
2593:Astronomical instrument makers
1951:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
1787:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1445:Ghigo, F. (February 7, 2006).
1408:, Cambridge University Press,
1383:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_1933
1071:
1043:
1030:, Cambridge University Press,
1019:
931:
893:
577:at 101 Crawfords Corner Road,
13:
1:
2578:American electrical engineers
1404:Sullivan, W. T., ed. (1984),
1026:Sullivan, W. T., ed. (1984),
887:
471:is also named after him. The
179:
2563:People from Norman, Oklahoma
2401:Gravitational-wave astronomy
1979:Primeval Structure Telescope
1427:, Cambridge University Press
1102:Karl Jansky (July 8, 1933).
1078:Karl Jansky (October 1933).
736:Reprinted 65 years later as
446:) due to a heart condition.
366:potentially risky projects.
360:
7:
2313:Christiaan Alexander Muller
2179:Vermilion River Observatory
2087:Algonquin Radio Observatory
1552:Astronomical interferometer
865:
238:Bell Telephone Laboratories
10:
2609:
1653:Large Millimeter Telescope
1179:"Jansky, Karl (1905–1950)"
1096:10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458
850:10.1109/JRPROC.1937.228780
818:10.1109/JRPROC.1935.227275
732:10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458
654:10.1109/JRPROC.1932.227477
438:, and died at age 44 in a
2583:Engineers from New Jersey
2472:
2409:
2371:
2225:
2190:
2077:
2042:
1941:Murchison Widefield Array
1861:Green Bank Interferometer
1769:
1685:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
1591:
1576:
1568:Astronomical radio source
1523:
1286:10.1109/JPROC.1998.681377
973:Kraus, John (Fall 1981).
877:Astronomical radio source
757:10.1109/JPROC.1998.681378
575:Bell Labs Holmdel Complex
529:Green Bank, West Virginia
436:Little Silver, New Jersey
434:Jansky was a resident of
147:
137:
123:
116:
106:
95:
76:
50:
41:
34:
2151:Onsala Space Observatory
2143:Nançay Radio Observatory
2119:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2019:Very Long Baseline Array
1695:Sardinia Radio Telescope
1429:. In particular Chap. 2.
1423:Sullivan, W. T. (2009),
459:of radio sources is the
444:Riverview Medical Center
2568:Scientists at Bell Labs
2381:Submillimetre astronomy
1993:Australia, South Africa
1845:Event Horizon Telescope
1274:Proceedings of the IEEE
559:40.365139°N 74.163583°W
510:38.431639°N 79.816250°W
442:, hospital (now called
226:University of Wisconsin
100:University of Wisconsin
2103:Green Bank Observatory
1989:Square Kilometre Array
488:Green Bank Observatory
453:
431:
423:
421:Green Bank Observatory
412:
400:
281:
228:where he received his
211:Wisconsin Public Radio
190:University of Oklahoma
2396:High-energy astronomy
2283:Sebastian von Hoerner
1891:Long Wavelength Array
1837:European VLBI Network
1777:Allen Telescope Array
1677:Qitai Radio Telescope
939:"Cyril M. Jansky, Jr"
872:Reber Radio Telescope
564:40.365139; -74.163583
515:38.431639; -79.816250
448:
429:
418:
410:
395:
391:Ohio State University
279:
186:Territory of Oklahoma
168:in the constellation
2528:American astronomers
2464:Solar radio emission
2253:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
2111:Haystack Observatory
1645:Green Bank Telescope
1629:Effelsberg Telescope
581:, was determined by
440:Red Bank, New Jersey
88:Red Bank, New Jersey
2523:Amateur astronomers
2437:Pulsar timing array
2243:Edward George Bowen
2233:Elizabeth Alexander
2095:Arecibo Observatory
1999:Submillimeter Array
1901:Low-Frequency Array
1871:Korean VLBI Network
1737:Southern Hemisphere
1648:(West Virginia, US)
1351:on January 3, 2020.
1303:"Jansky Fellowship"
1243:. February 15, 1950
1123:1933Natur.132...66J
941:. January 20, 2016.
915:2004biba.book.....S
794:1933PA.....41..548J
690:1933Natur.132...66J
604:static disturbances
591:Lucent Technologies
579:Holmdel, New Jersey
573:at what is now the
555: /
506: /
457:spectral irradiance
286:directional antenna
242:Holmdel, New Jersey
164:emanating from the
2417:Aperture synthesis
2386:Infrared astronomy
2323:Joseph Lade Pawsey
2293:Kenneth Kellermann
2263:Nan Dieter-Conklin
1971:One-Mile Telescope
1750:Parkes Observatory
1331:"VLA Rededication"
1240:The New York Times
834:Jansky, Karl Guthe
802:Jansky, Karl Guthe
778:Jansky, Karl Guthe
739:Jansky, Karl Guthe
716:Jansky, Karl Guthe
670:Jansky, Karl Guthe
636:Jansky, Karl Guthe
432:
424:
413:
282:
252:properties using "
2573:Radio astronomers
2500:
2499:
2442:Radio propagation
2391:Optical astronomy
2288:Karl Guthe Jansky
2098:(Puerto Rico, US)
2073:
2072:
1865:West Virginia, US
1614:(Puerto Rico, US)
1611:Arecibo Telescope
1415:978-0-521-61602-7
1392:978-3-540-29925-7
1373:"(1932) Jansky".
1207:Ghigo, F (2003).
1090:(10): 1387–1398.
1037:978-0-521-61602-7
924:978-0-00-716221-5
782:Popular Astronomy
629:Selected writings
535:'s 9-meter dish.
154:Karl Guthe Jansky
151:
150:
118:Scientific career
80:February 14, 1950
36:Karl Guthe Jansky
16:(Redirected from
2600:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2457:HD 164595 signal
2432:Odd radio circle
2410:Related articles
2328:Ruby Payne-Scott
2258:Arthur Covington
2248:Ronald Bracewell
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2009:Very Large Array
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1280:(7): 1507–1509.
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1183:Encyclopedia.com
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1131:10.1038/132066a0
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751:(7): 1510–1515.
735:
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699:10.1038/132066a0
672:(July 8, 1933).
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481:Very Large Array
403:Death and legacy
355:Great Depression
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2161:(PRAO ASC LPI,
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375:radio telescope
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262:radio telephone
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132:Radio astronomy
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111:Radio astronomy
96:Alma mater
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2203:
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2016:
2013:New Mexico, US
2006:
1996:
1986:
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1938:
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1895:New Mexico, US
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1831:California, US
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1745:(South Africa)
1739:
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1669:Ooty Telescope
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1434:External links
1432:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1414:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1365:
1354:
1336:
1322:
1317:"Jansky Prize"
1308:
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1185:. May 17, 2018
1170:
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1057:New York Times
1042:
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523:, formerly an
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335:New York Times
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107:Known for
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84:(aged 44)
78:
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2363:Robert Wilson
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2348:Govind Swarup
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2303:John D. Kraus
2301:
2299:
2298:Frank J. Kerr
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2278:Antony Hewish
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2079:Observatories
2076:
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2027:
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1637:Galenki RT-70
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1184:
1180:
1174:
1158:
1154:
1153:"Karl Jansky"
1148:
1140:
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1132:
1128:
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1120:
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1112:
1105:
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989:
981:September 21,
976:
969:
967:
965:
957:
951:
949:
940:
934:
928:, p. 406
926:
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916:
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637:
633:
632:
626:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
587:Robert Wilson
584:
580:
576:
568:
536:
534:
530:
526:
519:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
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462:
458:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
428:
422:
417:
409:
399:
394:
392:
388:
385:, who, after
384:
383:John D. Kraus
380:
376:
372:
367:
358:
356:
350:
346:
344:
343:
337:
336:
330:
328:
324:
323:constellation
320:
316:
310:
306:
304:
299:
295:
291:
287:
278:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
213:) and 9XI in
212:
208:
204:
198:
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191:
187:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
143:
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119:
115:
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109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
89:
79:
75:
70:
66:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2372:Astronomy by
2333:Arno Penzias
2287:
2273:Cyril Hazard
1915:South Africa
1706:(Uzbekistan)
1546:Radio window
1475:
1424:
1405:
1374:
1368:
1357:
1349:the original
1339:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1289:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1255:
1252:
1245:. Retrieved
1238:
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1212:
1187:. Retrieved
1182:
1173:
1161:. Retrieved
1156:
1147:
1117:(3323): 66.
1114:
1110:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1055:
1045:
1027:
1021:
1009:. Retrieved
1004:
986:
979:. Retrieved
933:
905:
901:Singh, Simon
895:
844:(12): 1517.
841:
837:
833:
812:(10): 1158.
809:
805:
801:
785:
781:
777:
748:
742:
738:
726:(10): 1387.
723:
719:
715:
684:(3323): 66.
681:
677:
669:
648:(12): 1920.
645:
639:
635:
616:
612:Cosmic noise
597:Jansky noise
596:
595:
550:74°09′48.9″W
547:40°21′54.5″N
537:
501:79°48′58.5″W
498:38°25′53.9″N
485:
477:postdoctoral
454:
449:
433:
396:
387:World War II
368:
364:
351:
347:
340:
333:
331:
315:sidereal day
311:
307:
283:
223:
199:
183:
153:
152:
138:Institutions
117:
82:(1950-02-14)
29:
2518:1950 deaths
2513:1905 births
2452:Wow! signal
2343:Martin Ryle
2338:Grote Reber
2268:Frank Drake
2209:(Australia)
2043:Space-based
2033:Netherlands
1905:Netherlands
1875:South Korea
1753:(Australia)
1703:Suffa RT-70
619:1932 Jansky
562: /
533:Grote Reber
513: /
371:Grote Reber
327:Sagittarius
258:wavelengths
254:short waves
250:ionospheric
246:atmospheric
170:Sagittarius
162:radio waves
18:Karl Jansky
2507:Categories
2374:EM methods
1594:telescopes
1592:Individual
1254: [
1219:October 1,
1063:August 14,
888:References
744:Proc. IEEE
583:Tony Tyson
180:Early life
57:1905-10-22
2358:Paul Wild
2191:Multi-use
2171:(SAORAS,
1945:Australia
1933:(MERLIN,
1925:Australia
1811:Australia
1801:Australia
1730:(Ukraine)
1722:(Ukraine)
1632:(Germany)
1100:See also
838:Proc. IRE
806:Proc. IRE
720:Proc. IRE
641:Proc. IRE
617:Asteroid
610:origin. (
527:site) in
361:Follow-up
319:Milky Way
290:frequency
215:Minnesota
203:Wisconsin
166:Milky Way
158:physicist
142:Bell Labs
2482:Category
2318:Jan Oort
2217:(Canada)
2201:(Canada)
2154:(Sweden)
2146:(France)
2090:(Canada)
2060:Spektr-R
1903:(LOFAR,
1883:(LLAMA,
1840:(Europe)
1829:(CARMA,
1819:(CHIME,
1809:(ASKAP,
1656:(Mexico)
1640:(Russia)
1524:Concepts
1213:nrao.edu
1189:June 17,
1163:June 17,
1011:April 9,
903:(2005),
866:See also
858:51660095
826:51632813
765:47549559
662:51660959
379:Illinois
292:of 20.5
69:Oklahoma
2492:Commons
2031:(WSRT,
2021:(VLBA,
1981:(PaST,
1923:(MOST,
1911:MeerKAT
1853:(GMRT,
1799:(ATCA,
1789:(ALMA,
1742:HartRAO
1714:(Japan)
1698:(Italy)
1680:(China)
1672:(India)
1603:(FAST,
1556:History
1530:Units (
1139:4063838
1119:Bibcode
988:chorus.
911:Bibcode
790:Bibcode
788:: 548.
773: .
708:4063838
686:Bibcode
475:(NRAO)
467:on the
377:in his
298:Model-T
234:physics
128:Physics
2226:People
2173:Russia
2163:Russia
2064:Russia
2011:(VLA,
2001:(SMA,
1991:(SKA,
1965:France
1943:(MWA,
1893:(LWA,
1873:(KVN,
1863:(GBI,
1821:Canada
1779:(ATA,
1689:Russia
1621:(CSO,
1564:(VLBI)
1536:jansky
1412:
1389:
1247:May 7,
1157:MagLab
1137:
1111:Nature
1034:
921:
856:
824:
763:
706:
678:Nature
660:
623:Jansky
608:cosmic
465:Jansky
461:jansky
303:analog
266:static
124:Fields
90:, U.S.
71:, U.S.
65:Norman
2054:Japan
2050:HALCA
1983:China
1955:Italy
1855:India
1847:(EHT)
1791:Chile
1605:China
1459:1933.
1135:S2CID
1107:(PDF)
956:1933.
854:S2CID
822:S2CID
761:S2CID
704:S2CID
658:S2CID
217:(now
205:(now
2447:SETI
2214:PARL
2198:DRAO
2182:(US)
2138:(US)
2130:(UK)
2122:(UK)
2114:(US)
2106:(US)
1974:(UK)
1761:(NZ)
1664:(UK)
1583:List
1534:and
1532:watt
1410:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1249:2010
1221:2021
1191:2022
1165:2022
1065:2008
1032:ISBN
1013:2010
983:2021
919:ISBN
585:and
525:NRAO
469:Moon
248:and
219:KUOM
102:(BS)
77:Died
51:Born
1379:doi
1282:doi
1257:sic
1127:doi
1115:132
1092:doi
846:doi
814:doi
753:doi
728:doi
694:doi
682:132
650:doi
614:).
606:of
589:of
325:of
294:MHz
256:" (
232:in
221:).
209:of
207:WHA
2509::
2023:US
2003:US
1935:UK
1623:US
1449:.
1385:.
1288:.
1278:86
1276:.
1251:.
1237:.
1211:.
1199:^
1181:.
1155:.
1133:.
1125:.
1113:.
1109:.
1088:21
1086:.
1082:.
1054:.
995:^
985:.
963:^
947:^
917:,
852:.
842:25
840:.
820:.
810:23
808:.
786:41
784:.
759:.
749:86
747:.
724:21
722:.
702:.
692:.
680:.
676:.
656:.
646:20
644:.
625:.
345:.
329:.
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