643:. The government during this period was characterized by greater transparency, lack of corruption, and consensus-building. In March 2012, Ennahda declared it would not support making sharia the main source of legislation in the new constitution, maintaining the secular nature of the state. Ennahda's stance on the issue was criticized by hardline Islamists, who wanted strict sharia, but was welcomed by secular parties. The government was criticized for mediocre economic performance, not stimulating the tourism industry, and poor relations with Tunisia's biggest trading partner France. In particular it was criticized for tolerating efforts at aggressive Islamisation by radical Islamists who were demanding Sharia law and denouncing gender equality and restrictions on polygamy, some of whom were responsible for the September 2012 ransacking and burning of the American embassy and school following the assassination of two leftist politicians
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article, also, claimed that
Ghannouchi "has threatened to hang a prominent Tunisian feminist, Raja bin Salama, in Basij Square in Tunis, because she has called for the country's new laws to be based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights". The apology stated that "we accept that neither of these statements is true: Mr Ghannouchi has expressly said that he accepts the Code of Personal Status; and he never threatened to hang Ms bin Salama. We apologise to him unreservedly."
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In 2020, the UK High Court ruled in favour of
Ghannouchi in a libel case against Middle East Online (MEO) and its editor Haitham El Zobaidi. Middle East Online and one of its editors had claimed that Ennahda "supported terrorism", a charge Ghannouchi "vigorously denied". According to Ahmed Yusuf, the
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published an apology on their website for previously publishing inaccurate statements about
Ghannouchi six months earlier on 21 November 2012. The article had accused Ghannouchi of threatening to order troops on to the streets if the Ennahdha Party did not get the results he expected in the elections
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Ghannouchi argued for these accommodating measures against more purist party members on the grounds that the country was still too fragile, and the economy too much in need of reform, for
Ennahda to be in opposition. Ghannouchi also gave his support to a crackdown on jihadi indoctrination at radical
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to forge a compromise and on
October 5 signed a "road map" whereby Ennahda would step down for a caretaker government after the new constitution was agreed upon and until new elections were held. Both leaders were heavily criticized by their party rank and file and Ghannouchi received agreement from
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On 1 February 2024, Rached
Ghannouchi was sentenced along with his son-in-law to three years in prison by the Tunis court, for illicit foreign financing, and ordered to pay a fine of $ 1.17 million on behalf of his party. On 19 February, he went on a hunger strike in prison in solidarity with other
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published an apology on their website for suggesting in a previous article that the
Ennahdha Party has been offered foreign funds. The apology stated: "we wish to make it clear that Mr. Ghannouchi and his party have not accepted any donation from a foreign state in breach of Tunisian party funding
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He attended The
Islamic Committee for Palestine conference in Chicago in 1989. Following the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, Al-Ghannushi denounced King Fahd of Saudi Arabia for the "colossal crime" of inviting the U.S. to deploy forces. He also called for a Muslim boycott of American goods, planes and
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in southern
Tunisia. His village had no electricity or paved roads. His father was a poor farmer with children including Rached. His family worked in the fields every day, and had meat to eat only a few times a year. After the ground season had ended, the family wove baskets from palm leaves to
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published an apology on their website for previously publishing an article in which they attributed false statements to
Ghannouchi. The article claimed that Ghannouchi "opposes the country's liberal code of individual rights, the Code of Personal Status, and its prohibition of polygamy". The
571:, and were tortured. Both the religious and secular community, including numerous secular political organizations, rallied in his support. While in prison he translated a number of works and wrote on topics such as democracy, women's rights, and Palestine. He also wrote his most noted work,
567:, and called for a "reconstruction of economic life on a more equitable basis, the end of single-party politics and the acceptance of political pluralism and democracy." By the end of July, Ghannouchi and his followers were arrested, sentenced to eleven years in prison in
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despite rank-and-file opposition. Ennahda did not put forth a presidential candidate for the November 2014 election. Ghanouchi "hinted broadly" that he personally supported Beji Caid Essebsi (who won with over 55% of the vote).
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in 2015 by jihadis, devastating Tunisia's tourist industry). Despite his Islamist background, he had always been "reviled" by jihadis, according to Robert Worth, and now appeared near "the top" of the jihadi "wanted list".
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in September 2012. Acknowledging that none of these accusations and suggestions were in fact true, the retraction concluded: "The BBC apologises to Mr Ghannouchi for these mistakes and for the distress they caused him."
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enraged secularists demanded the government step down or even a Sisi-style coup, while Ennahda militants defiantly opposed early elections, even booing Ghannouchi's calls for sacrifice for national unity.
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Ghannouchi's willingness to compromise with secularists in Tunisia and his country's unique success in maintaining a democratic system following the Arab Spring has been credited by at least one observer
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opposition figures imprisoned by Saied's government.> On July 13, 2024, his sentence to three years in prison was confirmed by the Criminal Chamber of the Judicial and Financial Unit.
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778:. He admired the courage of leftists who protested in the streets against the dictatorship, were arrested and tortured in prison, and became willing to work with them. Watching the
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477:. Ghannouchi narrowly survived a vote of no confidence after 97 MPs voted against him on 30 July 2020, falling short of 109 needed to oust him as Speaker of the House.
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supplement its income. Rached was able to attend a local branch of the traditional Arabic-language Zaytouna school thanks to financial help from an older brother.
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In 2015, he told French journalist Olivier Ravanello that homosexuality should not be criminalized, though he opposed gay marriage. He has been interviewed by
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In January 2014, after the new Tunisian Constitution was approved, Ennahdha peacefully quit government and handed power to a technocratic government led by
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Saeed, Abdullah (1999). "Rethinking citizenship rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic State; Rashid al-Gannushi's contribution to the evolving debate".
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In a bunker in a small village close to Hamma in the province of Gabès in southeastern Tunisia, Rachid Ghannouchi was born on 22 June 1941.
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50:. This article may contain biased or partisan political opinions about a political party, event, person or government stated as facts.
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A9s-%C5%95-three-years-firm,520,139350,3 Affaire du lobbying : Rached Ghannouchi et Rafik Abdessalem condamnés à trois ans ferme
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537:, graduating in 1968. Ghannouchi also spent some time in his 20s traveling and working in Europe as a grape picker and dish washer.
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1469:"Tunisian Muslim Brotherhood Leader Speaks In Washington; Rachid Ghannouchi Has Long History Of Extremism And Support For Terrorism"
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He was released in 1984, but returned to prison in 1987 with a life sentence, then was again released in 1988. He moved to the
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in which Ben Ali was ousted, Ghannouchi returned to Tunisia on 30 January 2011, after spending twenty two years exiled in
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in 2011, and suggested he condoned the violent Salafist attack on the United States embassy and the burning of the
805:) described him as differing "from other Islamists" in his insistence "that Islam accepts multi-party democracy."
461:, for "the successful compromises each achieved during Tunisia's democratic transition". In 2016, he received the
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His party won 37.04% of the vote (more than the next four biggest vote-getting parties combined) in the 2011
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2574:. Middle East Report. Vol. 153. New York: Middle East Research and Information Project. pp. 23–24.
2565:. Middle East Report. Vol. 153. New York: Middle East Research and Information Project. pp. 19–22.
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1521:"Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism. Ghannouchi's Detractors, Azzam S. Tamimi [summary]"
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Ennahda formed a government which led Tunisia through the challenging and tumultuous aftermath of the
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Rashid Al-Ghannoushi: Ben Ali's regime aims to destroy Tunisian people's Islamic opposition, identity
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and his treatise "Islam and Democracy", which laid "the foundations" for Ghannouchi's "masterpiece"
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Tunisian opposition party leader sentenced to 3 years as crackdown on president’s critics continues
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with 27.79% of the popular vote and formed a coalition government with the larger secularist party
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2470:"'Rached Ghannouchi sera fait " docteur honoris causa " de l'Université islamique de Malaisie'"
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al-Ghannoushi, Rashid & Jones, Linda G. (1988). "Deficiencies in the Islamic Movement".
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Rachid Ghannouchi, the Islamist Who Believes in Inclusion and Compromise – Fanack Chronicle
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1353:"Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism. The Question of Democracy, Azzam S. Tamimi"
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Imprisoned Tunisian opposition leader Rached Ghannouchi initiates hunger strike in protest
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1624:"Rached Ghannouchi de retour à Tunis après 20 ans d'exil : un accueil exceptionnel"
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article was part of a "a systematic campaign" against Ghannouchi from "media backed by
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2353:"'Rached Ghannouchi lauréat du prix Ibn Rochd de la pensée libre pour l'année 2014'"
1150:"Transcript of speech at Chatham House Prize 2012 awards ceremony, 26 November 2012"
834:. On 1 August, he was discharged a few hours after he was readmitted to a hospital.
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893:'s Founder's Award for pioneers in peace-building, along with Tunisian President
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En Tunisie, Rached Ghannouchi condamné à trois années supplémentaires de prison
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news agency reported that Ghannouchi, already vaccinated, tested positive for
782:—while exiled in London—collapse into the slaughter, mayhem and defeat of the
628:. Ghannouchi did not take a government position. Ennahdha's secretary-general
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ships. He has also been criticized for calling for jihad against Israel.
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
1975:
A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
1941:
A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS
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1593:راشد الغنوشي زعيم حركة النهضة يعود إلى تونس اليوم بعد 20 عاما في المنفى
530:
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2424:"Tunisia deploys army, makes 300 arrests as violent unrest persists"
1917:"Tunisia's main Islamist party to stay out of presidential election"
1722:"Tunisia's constitution will not be based on Sharia: Islamist party"
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He received his certificate of attainment degree, equivalent to the
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1396:"The exile close to winning first Arab Spring election | The Times"
1203:"Tunisia parliament elects Ennahdha's Rachid Ghannouchi as speaker"
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2332:"Chatham House Prize 2012 - Rached Ghannouchi and Moncef Marzouki"
2289:"Tunisia's powerful parliament speaker Ghannouchi leaves hospital"
2267:"Vaccinated, Rached Ghannouchi tested positive for COVID-19 (ARP)"
2241:"News Rached Ghannouchi: Homosexuality Should Not Be Criminalized"
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may have been created or edited in return for undisclosed payments
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1015:"Islamists' Victory in Tunisia a Win for Democracy: Noah Feldman"
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1221:"Tunisia's parliament speaker narrowly survives confidence vote"
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In April 1981 Ghannouchi founded the Islamic Tendency Movement (
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Rachid Al-Ghannouchi speaking in an Islamist rally circa 1980.
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Speakers of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
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Jones, Linda G. (1988). "Portrait of Rashid al-Ghannoushi".
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Tunisia's Rached Ghannouchi wins libel case in UK High Court
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Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
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Speaker of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People
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560:). The Movement described itself as specifically rooted in
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Not to be confused with the former Tunisian prime minister
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Islamism: What it Means for the Middle East and the World
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the Ennahda shura council only by threatening to resign.
2399:"Tunisia proof that democracy can sustain in Arab world"
1692:"Ennahdha's Jebali Appointed as Tunisian Prime Minister"
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Kirkpatrick, David D.; Fahim, Kareem (18 January 2011).
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in 1964 but, following the expulsion of Tunisians from
2374:"Tunisia's Ghannushi is member of AMU students' union"
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One of the 100 Most Influential Arabs in the World in
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One of the first in FP Top 100 Global Thinkers in 2011
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and stated that homosexuality is a "private affair."
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Chatham House prize in 2012, Ghannushi and Marzouki.
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Nonetheless Ghanouchi worked with secularist leader
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and serving as its intellectual leader. He was born
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109:. It may require cleanup to comply with Knowledge's
1334:Linda G. Jones, "Portrait of Rashid Al-Ghannoushi"
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582:as a political exile, where he lived for 22 years.
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684:mosques (over 60 civilians, mostly tourists, were
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16:Tunisian leader of the Ennahdha Party since 1991
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981:"Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat within Islamism"
974:
972:
473:". On 13 November 2019, Ghannouchi was elected
449:'s Top 100 Global Thinkers and was awarded the
2978:International Union of Muslim Scholars members
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1965:
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1565:"More Officials Quit in Tunisia Amid Protests"
1512:
944:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
2822:Assembly of the Representatives of the People
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2520:Rachid Ghannouchi: a democrat within Islamism
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942:Rachid Ghannouchi: A Democrat Within Islamism
2449:"Rached Gannouchi, prix Gandhi pour la Paix"
2232:
2055:"Apology to Rashid Ghannouchi | Carter-Ruck"
1341:
1312:Kechichian, Joseph A. (September 16, 2011).
969:
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2626:Rashid al-Ghannushi, A Leader of Pure Islam
621:, with thousands of people welcoming him.
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801:In 2002, an unsympathetic Western source (
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56:. Please do not remove this message until
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914:International Islamic University Malaysia
780:initial victory of the Algerian Islamists
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1037:"إلى الأستاذ راشد الخريجي (حركة النهضة)"
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441:100 Most Influential People in the World
178:13 November 2019 – 25 July 2021
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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710:laws. We apologise to Mr. Ghannouchi."
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2291:. Tunis Afrique Presse. August 2, 2021
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875:Ibn Rushd Prize for Freedom of Thought
626:Tunisian Constituent Assembly election
453:in 2012 (alongside Tunisian President
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2522:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2269:. Tunis Afrique Presse. July 13, 2021
1749:. Yale University Press. p. 85.
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1498:Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch
1473:Global Muslim Brotherhood Daily Watch
1420:"Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine"
1089:"The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers 2011"
747:
513:(Zaytouna). He entered the school of
2539:Islam and Christian Muslim Relations
1851:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 205, 207.
1690:Mzioudet, Houda (14 December 2011).
1651:"The Many Voices of Political Islam"
1556:
1454:"A U.S. Visa for Rachid Ghannouchi?"
1443:
87:
25:
1783:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 199–204.
1467:Merley, Steven (October 13, 2014).
673:October 2014 parliamentary election
550:
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404:; born 22 June 1941), also spelled
389:
13:
2671:Presidents of the legislatures of
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2405:. Press Trust of India. 2015-04-08
2243:. tunisia-live.net. Archived from
597:Ghannouchi continued to criticise
416:politician, the co-founder of the
14:
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3003:Tunisian political party founders
2983:20th-century Tunisian politicians
2968:People of the Tunisian revolution
2607:collected news and commentary at
2579:
2031:"An apology to Rachid Ghannouchi"
1600:. 30 January 2011. Archived from
1284:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 207–8.
1247:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 203–4.
653:2013–14 Tunisian political crisis
2680:Constituent Assembly (1956–1959)
2595:Interview with Rachid Ghannouchi
2311:"The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers"
2239:Guizani, Emna (April 20, 2015).
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1064:. 18 April 2012. Archived from
671:. Ennahda placed second in the
2988:Tunisian expatriates in France
2211:. Pan Macmillan. p. 209.
2108:"Apology to Rached Ghannouchi"
1978:. Pan Macmillan. p. 220.
1944:. Pan Macmillan. p. 219.
1888:. Pan Macmillan. p. 218.
1817:. Pan Macmillan. p. 206.
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826:On 13 July 2021, the official
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2998:Tunisian expatriates in Syria
2993:Tunisian expatriates in Egypt
2973:People from Gabès Governorate
2195:, 13 July 2024, Business News
1338:, No. 153 (July–August 1988).
1314:"A genuine Islamist democrat"
927:
726:
609:Tunisian Revolution and after
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105:, a violation of Knowledge's
2963:Tunisian democracy activists
2885:indicate acting officeholder
2622:, 2 November 2006, interview
2493:. 2018-01-17. Archived from
1013:Feldman, Noah (2011-10-30).
979:Kramer, Martin (Fall 2002).
651:(in July 2013). During this
601:and the regime of President
556:Ḥarakat al-Ittijāh al-Islāmī
493:Ghannouchi was born outside
433:Ghannouchi was named one of
7:
2943:Islamic democracy activists
1919:. Reuters. 8 September 2014
1724:. Al Arabiya. 27 March 2012
1649:Gerges, Fawaz (June 2012).
1533:10.1093/0195140001.001.0001
1365:10.1093/0195140001.001.0001
1184:. Jamnalal Bajaj Foundation
555:
459:Prince Andrew, Duke of York
400:
58:conditions to do so are met
10:
3019:
2948:Muslim Brotherhood leaders
2938:University of Paris alumni
2933:Damascus University alumni
1135:"Chatham House Prize 2012"
891:International Crisis Group
18:
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2800:
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2702:
2679:
2551:10.1080/09596419908721189
2205:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1972:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1938:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1882:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1845:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1811:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1777:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1525:Oxford Scholarship Online
1519:Tamimi, Azzam S. (2001).
1357:Oxford Scholarship Online
1351:Tamimi, Azzam S. (2001).
1278:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
1241:Worth, Robert F. (2016).
940:Tamimi, Azzam S. (2001).
885:Aligarh Muslim University
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541:Islamic Tendency Movement
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2776:(upper house, 2005–2011)
2600:Al-Hiwar forums and news
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720:American School in Tunis
511:University of Ez-Zitouna
336:Sheikh Muhammad (father)
2928:Cairo University alumni
2403:Business Standard India
1664:: 14–18. Archived from
1182:"Jamnalal Bajaj Awards"
887:Students' Union in 2015
883:Lifetime membership of
647:(in February 2013) and
603:Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
2557:alhiwar.net 6 May 2007
2518:Tamimi, Azzam (2001).
847:
594:
535:University of Damascus
490:
2958:Tunisian philosophers
2491:"Toplist Arabic 2018"
1743:Osman, Tarek (2016).
985:Middle East Quarterly
903:for the year 2016 in
877:for the year 2014 in
862:for the year 2012 in
845:
792:Al‐Hurriyat al‐'Ammah
693:Retracted allegations
592:
573:Al‐Hurriyat al‐'Ammah
551:حركة الاتجاه الإسلامي
488:
115:neutral point of view
2923:Tunisian politicians
2802:Constituent Assembly
2605:Rachid al-Ghannouchi
2180:, 19 February 2024,
1148:Ghannouchi, Rached.
1058:"TIME 100: The List"
901:Jamnalal Bajaj Award
815:Where to Invade Next
757:Views and background
738:United Arab Emirates
713:On 17 May 2013, the
697:On 22 October 2011,
575:(Public Liberties).
499:governorate of Gabès
463:Jamnalal Bajaj Award
410:Rached el-Ghannouchi
406:Rachid al-Ghannouchi
2953:Ennahda politicians
2774:Chamber of Advisors
2704:Chamber of Deputies
2572:Islam and the State
2563:Islam and the State
2165:, 3 February 2024,
2150:, 1 February 2024,
2079:"Rachid Ghannouchi"
2059:www.carter-ruck.com
1494:"Rachid Ghannouchi"
1456:. October 27, 2010.
856:Chatham House Prize
705:On 9 October 2012,
509:, in 1962 from the
489:Ghannouchi in 1967.
451:Chatham House Prize
401:Rāshid al-Ghannūshī
367:.rachedelghannouchi
354:Damascus University
45:of this article is
2851:Ibrahim Bouderbala
2838:Abdelfattah Mourou
2811:Mustapha Ben Jafar
2609:Al Jazeera English
2378:The Times of India
2247:on 12 October 2017
1702:on 17 January 2012
1570:The New York Times
1336:Middle East Report
1162:on 12 October 2017
1118:has generic name (
848:
748:Corruption charges
641:Jasmine revolution
595:
491:
232:Ibrahim Bouderbala
219:Abdelfattah Mourou
154:Ghannouchi in 2017
21:Mohamed Ghannouchi
2890:
2889:
2845:Rached Ghannouchi
2743:Beji Caid Essebsi
2632:, 27 January 2011
2007:"Now is the time"
1630:. 30 January 2011
1500:. 17 January 2015
1225:www.aljazeera.com
1207:www.aljazeera.com
1068:on April 19, 2012
951:978-0-19-514000-2
895:Béji Caïd Essebsi
661:Beji Caid Essebsi
599:Tunisian politics
398:
382:Rached Ghannouchi
379:
378:
238:President of the
137:Rached Ghannouchi
131:
130:
86:
85:
78:
3010:
2913:Tunisian Muslims
2831:Mohamed Ennaceur
2665:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2616:, Khaled Hamza,
2591:
2590:
2588:Official website
2575:
2566:
2554:
2533:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2167:Associated Press
2160:
2154:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1698:. Archived from
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1670:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1425:. Archived from
1424:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1275:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1155:. Archived from
1154:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1091:. Archived from
1087:Foreign Policy.
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1010:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
976:
967:
966:
937:
921:Global Influence
796:Public Liberties
776:Jean-Paul Sartre
558:
552:
519:Cairo University
429:
428:
403:
393:
391:
371:
368:
366:
350:Cairo University
324:Ennahda Movement
307:
303:
301:
285:Personal details
271:
261:
240:Ennahda Movement
228:
215:
195:
176:
152:
133:
132:
126:
123:
111:content policies
96:
88:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
34:
33:
26:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2876:
2856:
2816:
2796:
2783:Abdallah Kallel
2768:
2737:Slaheddine Baly
2725:Mahmoud Messadi
2698:
2687:Habib Bourguiba
2675:
2669:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2545:(3): 307–323 .
2530:
2514:
2512:Further reading
2509:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2203:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2176:
2172:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2137:Middle East Eye
2135:, 29 May 2020,
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2083:The Independent
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1671:on 30 July 2013
1668:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1604:on 8 March 2012
1598:Asharq Al-Awsat
1594:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1492:
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1487:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1435:
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1422:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1349:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1276:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1239:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1133:Chatham House.
1131:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1004:
994:
992:
977:
970:
952:
938:
934:
930:
910:Honorary Degree
868:Moncef Marzouki
840:
824:
759:
750:
729:
707:The Independent
695:
611:
543:
483:
469:values outside
465:for "promoting
455:Moncef Marzouki
363:
352:
339:
320:Political party
308:
305:
299:
297:
296:
295:
269:
263:
257:
252:
226:
213:
207:Hichem Mechichi
205:
201:
193:
177:
172:
155:
138:
127:
121:
118:
113:, particularly
97:
82:
71:
65:
62:
51:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2867:
2865:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2749:Habib Boularès
2746:
2740:
2734:
2728:
2722:
2719:Sadok Mokaddem
2716:
2713:Jallouli Fares
2709:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2693:Jallouli Fares
2690:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2611:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2581:
2580:External links
2578:
2577:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2555:
2534:
2528:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2482:
2461:
2440:
2415:
2390:
2380:. 8 April 2015
2365:
2344:
2323:
2302:
2280:
2258:
2231:
2217:
2197:
2185:
2170:
2155:
2140:
2125:
2094:
2070:
2046:
2022:
1998:
1984:
1964:
1950:
1930:
1908:
1894:
1871:
1857:
1837:
1823:
1803:
1789:
1769:
1755:
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1615:
1583:
1555:
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1511:
1485:
1459:
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1340:
1327:
1304:
1290:
1267:
1253:
1230:
1212:
1194:
1173:
1140:
1125:
1079:
1049:
1035:Turess Press.
1027:
1002:
968:
950:
931:
929:
926:
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917:
907:
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888:
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852:
839:
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823:
820:
758:
755:
749:
746:
728:
725:
694:
691:
649:Mohamed Brahmi
634:Prime Minister
615:popular unrest
610:
607:
580:United Kingdom
542:
539:
525:, he left for
482:
479:
446:Foreign Policy
418:Ennahdha Party
377:
376:
373:
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361:
357:
356:
347:
341:
340:
338:
337:
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331:
327:
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321:
317:
316:
314:French Tunisia
293:
291:
287:
286:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
259:Assumed office
254:
253:
246:
243:
242:
235:
234:
229:
223:
222:
216:
210:
209:
203:Elyes Fakhfakh
199:Youssef Chahed
196:
194:Prime Minister
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
169:
168:
161:
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157:
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145:
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100:
98:
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84:
83:
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3015:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
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2979:
2976:
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2966:
2964:
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2956:
2954:
2951:
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2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Living people
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2884:
2879:
2872:
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2863:
2859:
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2799:
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2787:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:Fouad Mebazaa
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2529:0-19-514000-1
2525:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2497:on 2020-01-15
2496:
2492:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2450:
2444:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2354:
2348:
2333:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2290:
2284:
2268:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2220:
2218:9780374710712
2214:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2114:. 17 May 2013
2113:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2036:
2035:The Economist
2032:
2026:
2012:
2011:The Economist
2008:
2002:
1987:
1985:9780374710712
1981:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1953:
1951:9780374710712
1947:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1918:
1912:
1897:
1895:9780374710712
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1860:
1858:9780374710712
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1826:
1824:9780374710712
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1792:
1790:9780374710712
1786:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1758:
1756:9780300197723
1752:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1723:
1717:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1603:
1599:
1596:(in Arabic).
1595:
1587:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1544:
1542:9780195140002
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1432:on 2018-10-24
1428:
1421:
1415:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1376:
1374:9780195140002
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1315:
1308:
1293:
1291:9780374710712
1287:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1256:
1254:9780374710712
1250:
1246:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1109:
1095:on 2012-05-04
1094:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1038:
1031:
1016:
1009:
1007:
990:
986:
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965:
961:
957:
953:
947:
943:
936:
932:
922:
918:
915:
911:
908:
906:
902:
898:
896:
892:
889:
886:
882:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
860:Chatham House
857:
853:
850:
849:
844:
835:
833:
829:
822:Personal life
819:
817:
816:
811:
810:Michael Moore
806:
804:
803:Martin Kramer
799:
797:
793:
789:
788:Malik Bennabi
785:
781:
777:
773:
772:Sigmund Freud
769:
765:
754:
745:
743:
739:
735:
724:
721:
716:
711:
708:
703:
700:
699:The Economist
690:
687:
681:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:Chokri Belaid
642:
637:
635:
631:
630:Hamadi Jebali
627:
622:
620:
616:
606:
604:
600:
591:
587:
583:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
563:
559:
557:
548:
538:
536:
532:
529:. He studied
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
487:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
437:
431:
423:
422:Rashad Khriji
419:
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1706:21 December
1658:The Majalla
1316:. Gulf News
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1072:14 February
1017:. Bloomberg
669:Mehdi Jomaa
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