Rabbi - Knowledge

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Conservative, Reconstructionist, or modern Orthodox, will find employment—whether as a congregational rabbi, teacher, chaplain, Hillel director, camp director, social worker or administrator—through the placement office of his or her seminary. Like any modern professional, he or she will negotiate the terms of employment with potential employers and sign a contract specifying duties, duration of service, salary, benefits, pension and the like. A rabbi's salary and benefits today tend to be similar to those of other modern professionals, such as lawyers and accountants, with similar levels of post-graduate education. It is also possible to engage in the rabbinate part-time, e.g. at a synagogue with a small membership; the rabbi's salary will be proportionate to the services rendered and he or she will likely have additional employment outside the synagogue.

2147:) has the features of a post-graduate academic degree, some study to receive ordination but then follow a different career in secular business, education or the professions. These rabbis may be asked from time to time to perform a rabbinic function on an ad hoc and voluntary basis, e.g. to perform a marriage ceremony or answer a religious question. At other times, they act as regular members of the Jewish community. No negative attitudes attach to rabbis who do not practice the profession. They are likely admired in their communities for their decision to spend years engaged in advanced Torah study for its own sake. 3456:רִבי ישמעאל. בחיריק—כך הוא בכל סידורים ישנים (כמו שקלאוו תקמ"ח, דיהרנפורט תקמ"ח, תקנ"ב, תקס"ב, זולצבאך תקנ"ג), כך הוא בהגדה של פסח על ביאור הגר"א שהדפיס רמ"מ משקלאוו בהוראדנא בשנת תקס"ה (וכן הוא בסידורי הספרדים והתימנים). והשינוי לרַבי בפתח הוא משינויי ויעתר יצחק (ספר הגהות על סידור אשכנז וסידור תפילה מאת יצחק סאטאנוב, ברלין תקמ"ד) ובעקבותיו ניקד כן גם ר' וואלף היידנהיים (ויעב"ץ ניקד רְבי בשווא והאריך בזה בלוח ארש). בגמרא מופיע בריבי מלא (מכות ה' ב' חולין פ"ד ב' קל"ז א' שבת קט"ו א' ערובין נ"ג א') וחסר (חולין י"א ב', כ"ח א') ומשמע מכך שאמרו רִבי בחיריק, וגם מפירוש רבינו חננאל (פסחים נ"ב ב' וסוכה מ"ה א') משמע כן. 2112:

rabbis serve in the Israeli Defense Forces. The Hillel Foundation provides rabbis and Jewish services on 550 campuses while Chabad operates Jewish centers with a rabbi near 150 college campuses. Local rabbis perform other chaplaincy functions on a part-time basis in hospitals, senior homes and prisons. Worthy of mention are the rabbis who accompanied Jews to concentration camps during the Nazi era; in dire circumstances they continued to provide rabbinic services, such as ritual observance, advice and counseling, to the victims of Nazi persecution, whenever it was possible to do so.

2198:) rather than a salary, as if he were relinquishing a salary from secular employment. The size of salaries varied, depending on the size of the community served, with rabbis in large cities being well-compensated while rabbis in small towns might receive a small stipend. Rabbis were able to supplement their rabbinic incomes by engaging in associated functions and accepting fees for them, like serving as the community's scribe, notary and archivist, teaching in the elementary school or yeshivah, publishing books, arbitrating civil litigations, or even serving as a matchmaker. 3493:... Since Jesus was called "Rabbi" but did not conform to the traditional image of post-70 Jewish rabbis, and since pre-70 sages do not bear the title "Rabbi" in the Mishnah, 29 most scholars assume that the meaning and usage of the term "Rabbi" at the time of Jesus differed from the meaning which it acquired after the destruction of the Temple: in pre-70 times, "Rabbi" was used as an unofficial honorary address for any person held in high esteem; after 70 it was almost exclusively applied to ordained teachers of the Law." 2161:(1st cent. CE), had said "never to use the Torah as a spade for digging," and this was understood to mean never to use one's Torah knowledge for an inappropriate purpose, such as earning a fee. Still, as honored members of the community, Torah sages were allowed a series of privileges and exemptions that alleviated their financial burdens somewhat. These included such things as tax exemption from communal levies, marketplace priority (first in, first out regarding their trade), receiving personal services from their students ( 2101: 1588:. According to some, the title "rabbi" or "rabban" was first used after 70 CE to refer to Yochanan ben Zakkai and his students, and references in rabbinic texts and the New Testament to rabbis earlier in the 1st century are anachronisms or retroactive honorifics. Other scholars believe that the term "rabbi" was a well-known informal title by the beginning of the first century CE, and thus that the Jewish and Christian references to rabbis reflect the titles in fact used in this period. 2258:(priests) are required to honor rabbis and Torah scholars like the general public. However, if one is more learned than the rabbi or the scholar there is no need to stand. The spouse of a Torah scholar must also be shown deference. It is also a commandment for teachers and rabbis to honor their students. Rabbis and Torah scholars, in order to ensure discipline within the Jewish community, have the authority to place individuals who insult them under a ban of excommunication. 6616: 2075:. This may happen when one member of a couple wishing to marry is seeking conversion or on other occasions when intermarriage is not involved. Based on the rabbi's training and assessment of the person's motivations and goals, the rabbi's approach may range from discouragement of the potential convert to mentoring and directing to a conversion class, in accordance with the policy on conversion of the rabbi's movement. One or three rabbis will serve on the 3526:

editors who wanted to create the impression that the "rabbinic movement" began with R. Yochanan b. Zakkai and that the Yavnean "academy" was something new, a notion that is sometimes already implicitly or explicitly suggested by some of the traditions available to them. This notion is not diminished by the occasional claim to continuity with the past which was limited to individual teachers and institutions and served to legitimize rabbinic authority.

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had no special training in counseling, relying instead on their personal qualities of empathy and caring. These factors continue to inform rabbinic advising in the modern era. However modern rabbinical seminaries have instituted courses in psychology and pastoral counseling as part of the required rabbinic curriculum and they offer internships in counseling and social services for their rabbinical students. Among Hasidic Jews, turning to the

168: 162: 1843:), and teaching the public have always been the primary functions of the rabbinate. Studying the Torah is a rabbi's lifelong undertaking that does not end with receiving ordination. A rabbi is expected to set aside time daily for study. A rabbi that does not constantly replenish his or her store of Torah learning will lack the knowledge, inspiration and mastery of Jewish law and traditions required to perform all other rabbinic functions. 43: 6630: 1177: 1816: 2423: 174: 2191:(1135–1204), who supported himself as a physician, reasserted the traditional view of offering rabbinic service to the Jewish community without compensation. It remains the ideal. But circumstances had changed. Jewish communities required full-time rabbis, and the rabbis themselves preferred to spend their days studying and teaching Torah rather than working at a secular trade. 2130:

following these disputations local rulers at the Church's behest consigned cartloads of precious Hebrew manuscripts to the flames. Today rabbis are involved in countering the activities of missionaries aimed at converting Jews to other religions, explaining for example that one cannot be of the Jewish faith while believing in either the Christian God or the Christian messiah.

1621:, yet rather than being referred to as rabbis they were called priests or scribes, like Ezra, who is called in the Bible "Ezra, the priest, the scribe, a scribe of the words of God's commandments and of His statutes unto Israel." "Rabbi" as a title does not appear in the Hebrew Bible, though later rabbinic sources occasionally use it as a title for wise Biblical figures. 2183:–1050 CE), opinions on compensation shifted. It was deemed inappropriate for the leaders of the Jewish community to appear in the marketplace as laborers or vendors of merchandise, and leading a Jewish community was becoming a full-time occupation. Under these conditions, the Geonim collected taxes and donations at home and abroad to fund their schools ( 3761:, p. 247, quote: "In the 1980s, rabbis and congregants replaced the "scholar-rabbi" with the "pastor-rabbi." With greater frequency, rabbinic search committees asked Orthodox seminaries to supply them with candidates who possessed excellent pastoral skills and deemphasized the importance of intellectual attainment." 2881:, Talmud, etc., ritual observance according to Conservative halakha, and the completion of an undergraduate university degree. In accordance with national collegiate accreditation requirements, Conservative rabbinical students earn a Master of Arts in Rabbinic Literature in addition to receiving ordination. See 2228:

The rabbi derives authority from achievements within a meritocratic system. Rabbis' authority is neither nominal nor spiritual—it is based on credentials. Typically the rabbi receives an institutional stamp of approval. It is this authority that allows them to engage in the halakhic process and make

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The practical basis for rabbinic authority involves the acceptance of the rabbinic individual and their scholarly credentials. In practical terms, Jewish communities and individuals commonly proffer allegiance to the authority of the rabbi they have chosen. Such a rabbinic leader is sometimes called

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The modern synagogue is a non-profit religious corporation run by a Board of Directors elected by the members. However, on a day-to-day basis, board members are not present. In most synagogues, it is the rabbi's task to administer the synagogue, supervise personnel, manage the physical plant, review

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In addition to answering questions about Jewish law and rituals, a congregational rabbi may often be consulted for advice on personal matters. Much of a modern rabbi's time is devoted to pastoral work, including visiting the sick and officiating at life cycle occasions. In the pre-modern era, rabbis

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for their members. Today most congregational rabbis are members of a national rabbinic organization related to their movement and also an association of local rabbis in their city. When these bodies debate local and national questions, they function in a manner that is similar to the rabbinic synods

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During the centuries of Jewish self-government, some problems were considered regional or universal and could not be solved by a single rabbi acting alone. At these times rabbinical synods were convened for concerted action, calling together the prominent rabbis of the region to debate solutions and

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As a general rule within Orthodoxy and among some in the Conservative movement, rabbis are reluctant to accept the authority of other rabbis whose Halakhic standards are not as strict as their own. In some cases, this leads to an outright rejection of even the legitimacy of other rabbis; in others,

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With the formation of rabbinical seminaries starting in the nineteenth century, the rabbinate experienced a degree of professionalization that is still underway. At the present time, an ordained graduate of a rabbinical seminary that is affiliated with one of the modern branches of Judaism, Reform,

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Some rabbis program and guide activities designed to reach Jews who are unaffiliated with Judaism or lapsed in their observances. These include "Beginners' Services" where the Jewish liturgy is shortened and explained, and Shabbatons, where unaffiliated Jews are hosted by an observant family during

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The rabbi serves as a role model for the congregation by his or her conduct and deportment. Congregation members are keen observers of their rabbi's personality traits, family life, professional conduct, leisure activities and in general the way he or she treats others. Rabbis are aware of this and

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The synagogue has been a place where charity is collected every weekday after services and then distributed to the needy before Sabbaths and holidays. However, most synagogues now suggest that congregants support the synagogue via an annual dues payment, usually collected on a monthly basis. It was

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Jewish law does not require the presence of a rabbi at a marriage, bar or bat mitzvah, circumcision, funeral, house of mourning, or unveiling of a monument at a cemetery. At the same time, Jewish law has prescribed requirements for each of these events and rituals. It therefore became customary for

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After emancipation, Jews, as citizens of their countries, turned to civil courts for dispute resolution. Today rabbinical courts remain active under the auspices of each Jewish denomination for religious matters, such as conversion and divorce, and even, on a voluntary basis, for civil matters when

2348:(rabbinic ordination) after the completion of a learning program in a yeshiva or modern rabbinical seminary or under the guidance of an individual rabbi. The exact course of study varies by denomination, but most are in the range of 3–6 years. The programs all include study of Talmud, the codes of 2949:

More recently established are several non-traditional, and nondenominational (also called "transdenominational" or "postdenominational") seminaries. These grant semicha with lesser requirements re time, and with a modified curriculum, generally focusing on leadership and pastoral roles. These are

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rabbinic studies are mandated in pastoral care, the historical development of Judaism, academic biblical criticism, in addition to the study of traditional rabbinic texts. Rabbinical students also are required to gain practical rabbinic experience by working at a congregation as a rabbinic intern

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Rabbis go into the field wherever members of the Jewish community may be found. This is most noticeable in the military services and on university campuses where some rabbis serve as Jewish chaplains on a full-time basis. All branches of the U. S. military have Jewish chaplains in their ranks and

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As leaders of the Jewish community, many rabbis devote a portion of their time to activities in the public arena, especially where Jewish interests are at stake. They dialogue with public officials and community groups, interact with school boards, advocate for and against legislation, engage in

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We suggest that the avoidance of the title "Rabbi" for pre-70 sages may have originated with the editors of the Mishnah. The editors attributed the title to some sages and not to others. The avoidance of the title for pre-70 sages may perhaps be seen as a deliberate program on the part of these

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to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the branch of Judaism. In addition to rabbinical literature, modern seminaries offer courses in pastoral subjects such as counseling, education, comparative religion and delivering sermons. Most rabbinical students will complete their studies in their

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Some rabbis engage in interfaith dialogues with clergy of other faiths. They may host student groups from the religious schools of other faiths and participate in interfaith services. They will view these activities as a means of deepening understanding and reducing misconceptions in a diverse

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In modern synagogues, the rabbi takes a more active role in leading prayer services. In some synagogues, it is permitted for the rabbi to select passages from the prayer book for public reading, to omit some passages for brevity and to add special prayers to the service. The rabbi may lead the

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In antiquity those who performed rabbinic functions, such as judging a case or teaching Torah to students, did not receive compensation for their services. Being a rabbi was not a full-time profession and those who served had other occupations to support themselves and their families, such as

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between rabbis and priests that were intended to "disprove" the Jewish faith and condemn its religious texts, including the Talmud. The rabbis acquitted themselves well in debate with their superior understanding of Jewish texts and mass conversions to Christianity did not take place. However

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Historically and until the present, recognition of a rabbi relates to a community's perception of the rabbi's competence to interpret Jewish law and act as a teacher on central matters within Judaism. More broadly speaking, it is also an issue of being a worthy successor to a sacred legacy.

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In periods when match-making was common, rabbis participated. Rabbis were well-acquainted with their community members and in particular with the young unmarried men attending their yeshivas. Parents did not hesitate to consult the rabbi for suitable matches. Today in Orthodox circles where

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public debates, write newspaper columns, appear in the media and march in parades and demonstrations with others to show support for causes. The extent and tenor of these activities is dictated by the rabbi's own conscience and social and political leanings as informed by Jewish values.

1908:) for their communities. The regulations involved matters as diverse as dowries and matrimonial law, relations with gentiles, utilizing civil courts, education of orphans, anti-counterfeiting measures, and the hiring of schoolteachers. The most famous of these ordinances is ascribed to 1680:

summarized the relationship between these titles as follows: "Rabbi is greater than Rav, Rabban is greater than Rabbi, one's name is greater than Rabban". However, some modern scholars argue that "Rabbi" and "Rav" are the same title, pronounced differently due to variations in dialect.

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rabbis to be present and to lead the community in celebration and in mourning. In the modern era, it is virtually obligatory to have the rabbi's participation at these events, and ministering to the congregation in these settings has become a major aspect of the modern rabbinate.

1797:, pastoral counseling, representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance. Non-Orthodox rabbis, on a day-to-day business basis, now spend more time on these functions than they do teaching or answering questions on Jewish law and philosophy. Within the Modern 1862:, the rabbi will give a short daily class to those who attend morning or evening services. The sermon is another form of public education, often integrating Biblical passages with a contemporary ethical message, and no Jewish meal or celebration is complete without the rabbi's " 2629:

without the goal of becoming rabbis or holding any official positions. The curriculum for obtaining ordination as rabbis for Haredi scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of "Rabbi" and to be recognized as such.

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These debates cause great problems for recognition of Jewish marriages, conversions, and other life decisions that are touched by Jewish law. Orthodox rabbis do not recognize conversions by non-Orthodox rabbis. Conservative rabbis recognise all conversions done according to

1990:). If the rabbi was present, he or she would be seated in front near the Ark, and as a matter of respect the pace at which the rabbi recited his or her prayers may set the pace of the service. If halakhic questions arose about the prayer service, the rabbi would answer them. 2583:, and breadth, in Talmud before commencing their rabbinic studies. At the same time, since rabbinical studies typically flow from other yeshiva studies, those who seek semichah are typically not required to have completed a university education. Exceptions exist, such as 2030:

Today Jewish federations and foundations collect and distribute most charity within the Jewish community. However the rabbi retains the task of teaching the value of charity and often participates personally in appeals for the synagogue and for national and international

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Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis, on the premise that all the main movements are legitimate expressions of Judaism, will accept the legitimacy of other rabbis' leadership, though will not accept their views on Jewish law, since Reform and Reconstructionists reject

2380:("He may judge, he may judge" or "May he judge? He may judge."). This enables the recipient to serve as a judge on a rabbinical court and adjudicate cases of monetary law, among other responsibilities. The recipient of this ordination can be formally addressed as a 1883:) to the Jewish community itself. If a dispute, domestic or commercial, a tort or a petty crime, involved only Jewish residents, then it could be settled in the town's Jewish court according to Jewish law. The town rabbi, with his extensive knowledge of Torah law ( 3010:

Conservative rabbis accept the legitimacy of Orthodox rabbis, though they are often critical of Orthodox positions. Although they would rarely look to Reform or Reconstructionist rabbis for Halakhic decisions, they accept the legitimacy of these rabbis' religious

1754:, Ashkenazi communities typically made religious decisions by consensus of scholars on a council, rather than the decision of a single authority. In the 14th century, the concept arose of a single person who served as religious authority for particular area (the 2137:

society. Other rabbis, especially those affiliated with Orthodox Judaism, will generally not participate in interfaith dialogues about theology. They will however engage in discussions with the clergy of other faiths about matters of mutual social concern.

1295:(70–640 CE) eras, when learned teachers assembled to codify Judaism's written and oral laws. The title "rabbi" was first used in the first century CE. In more recent centuries, the duties of a rabbi became increasingly influenced by the duties of the 1930:

The Jewish community requires a number of religious institutions for daily life, and it falls to rabbis, with their knowledge of Jewish law, to supervise them to ensure they operate in accordance with Jewish law. Examples would be Jewish slaughter

1734:(used in Babylonia). By the 11th century, as the geonate weakened it was common for Jewish communities to elect a local spiritual authority. In the 11th–12th century, some local rabbinic authorities in Spain received formal certification known as 3398:

2004 p. 273 "RAB... is also well attested in Phoenician.9 Here too rab functions as a title; its specific meaning can be determined only by its relationship to other offices and functions.10 Aramaic in all its dialects makes copious use of this

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6:3 – "One who learns from their companion a single chapter, a single halakha, a single verse, a single Torah statement, or even a single letter, must treat them with honor. For so we find with David King of Israel, who learned nothing from

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Volume 13, p. 298 G. Johannes Botterweck, Helmer Ringgren, Heinz-Josef Fabry – 2004 "There is no evidence to support an association, commonly cited in discussions of this usage.160 with the use of the title "Rabbi" ... Already suggested by

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congregation in responsive reading, announce page numbers and comment on the liturgy from time to time. At Sabbath and holiday services, the congregational rabbi may deliver a sermon either right before or right after the Torah is read.

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rabbis are respectful toward non-Orthodox rabbis and focus on commonalities even as they disagree on interpretation of some areas of Halakha (with Conservative rabbis) or the authority of Halakha (with Reform and Reconstructionist

2697:), do not have an official "semichah/rabbinical program" to train rabbis, but provide semichah on an "as needed" basis if and when one of their senior students is offered a rabbinical position but only with the approval of their 2093:(if not write) the newsletter, and interact with the brotherhood, the sisterhood and the youth organizations. Very large synagogues may employ a separate administrator or assistant rabbi to perform some or all of these functions. 1782:. Tasks that were once the primary focus for rabbis, such as settling disputes by presiding over a Jewish court, became less prominent, while other tasks that were secondary, like delivering sermons, increased in importance. 4794:, June 4, 1972. Retrieved September 17, 2009. "Sally HJ. Priesand was ordained at the Isaac M. Wise Temple here today, becoming the first woman rabbi in this country and it is believed, the second in the history of Judaism." 2633:

Within the Hasidic world, the positions of spiritual leadership are dynastically transmitted within established families, usually from fathers to sons, while a small number of students obtain official ordination to become

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This aspect of the rabbinate, setting an example for the public, has a direct application in Jewish law. The way the greatest rabbis and Torah scholars conducted themselves can become a precedent in Jewish law, known as

2254:) to honor a rabbi and a Torah scholar, along with the elderly, as it is written in Leviticus 19:32, "Rise up before the elderly, and honor the aged." One should stand in their presence and address them with respect. 4219:"Rabbi Plays Cupid in Bid to Keep Faith Among Jews : Matchmaking: His concern that many are marrying non-Jews prompts him to establish dating service so that singles may find others of same religious persuasion" 2357:

mid-20s. There is no hierarchy and no central authority in Judaism that either supervises rabbinic education or records ordinations; each branch of Judaism regulates the ordination of the rabbis affiliated with it.

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The Orthodox rabbinical establishment rejects the validity of Conservative, Reform and Reconstructionist rabbis on the grounds that their movements' teachings are in violation of traditional Jewish tenets. Some

2877:, non-profit management, and navigating the modern world in a Jewish context. Entrance requirements to Conservative rabbinical study centers include a background within Jewish law and liturgy, familiarity with 1746:

ruled that every congregation is obliged to appoint a preacher and scholar to admonish the community and teach Torah, and the social institution he describes is the germ of the modern congregational rabbinate.

2240:, who plays a similar role but is thought to have a special connection to God. The Rebbes' authority, then, is based on a spiritual connection to God and so they are venerated in a different way from rabbis. 1628:, the end of the Jewish monarchy, and the decline of the dual institutions of prophets and the priesthood, the focus of scholarly and spiritual leadership within the Jewish people shifted to the sages of the 1873:, dealing with all aspects of the Jewish tradition—Bible commentaries, codes of law, responsa, mystical and ethical tracts, and collections of sermons are examples of common genres of rabbinic literature. 1636:). This assembly was composed of the earliest group of "rabbis" in the more modern sense of the word, in large part because they began the formulation and explication of what became known as Judaism's " 2594:", and later with titles including "Rabbah" and "Rabbi". This is currently a contested issue for many Orthodox institutions, leading some to seek alternate clerical titles and roles for women (see 1978:

Traditionally rabbis did not lead prayer services in the modern sense. There is no requirement that a rabbi be present for public prayer. The Jewish liturgy is fixed and printed in prayer books (

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confers semikhah after the completion of a program in the codes of Jewish law and responsa in keeping with Jewish tradition. In addition to knowledge and mastery of the study of Talmud and

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The divisions between Jewish denominations may have their most pronounced manifestation on whether rabbis from one denomination recognize the legitimacy or authority of rabbis in another.

2019:) is a core Jewish value. The rabbi did this by preaching, teaching and by example—hosting poor out of town yeshiva students at the home table and offering Jewish travelers a kosher meal. 3454:, p. 18 (on "Ribbi Yishmael Omer" before Pesukei deZimra). Text with acronyms expanded according to its glossary (parentheses in original, square brackets added based on the glossary): 1770:) became necessary in order to be recognized as a rabbi. Initially some Sephardic communities objected to such formal ordination, but over time the system became adopted by them too. 3169:

These include the Central Council of American Rabbis for Reform rabbis, the Rabbinical Council of America for Orthodox rabbis, and the Rabbinical Assembly for Conservative rabbis.

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With few rare exceptions, Jewish women have historically been excluded from serving as rabbis. This changed in the 1970s; coinciding with the shift in American society involving

1520:(the religious leaders of the early first century) had no rabbinic title prefixed to their names. The titles "Rabban" and "Rabbi" are first mentioned in Jewish literature in the 2015:

not the rabbi who collected these sums; that task was assigned to the sexton, wardens of charity and charitable associations. But it was the rabbi's task to teach that charity (

2329:(12th century), if it were possible to gather the greatest sages of the generation, a reconstituted court could confer classic semikhah or ordination. Since then, a number of 2368:("He may teach, he may teach", sometimes rendered as a question and answer, "May he teach? He may teach."). Most Rabbis hold this qualification; they are sometimes called a 1700:, like the Babylonian sages. The transmission of learning from master to disciple remained of tremendous importance, but there was no formal rabbinic qualification as such. 4096: 1846:

Once acquired, Torah knowledge must be passed on, because it is the heritage of all Israel. Teaching by rabbis occurs in many venues—the schoolroom of course, elementary (

2165:), silent business partnerships with wealthy merchants, and a substitute fee to replace their lost earnings when they had to leave work to perform a rabbinic function ( 2341:

Since the end of classical ordination, other forms of ordination have developed which use much of the same terminology, but have a lesser significance in Jewish law.

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By the fifteenth century it was the norm for Jewish communities to compensate their rabbis, although the rabbi's contract might well refer to a "suspension fee" (

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socializing among the sexes is not common, this practice continues, and in all branches of Judaism, a rabbi who can help in this arena will not hesitate to do so.

1959:(supervisor of ritual law), and some of these functions are now performed by national organizations, such as the Orthodox Union which offers kosher certification. 1955:). Traditionally this function fell to the town's rabbi. In the modern era, rabbis who specialize in this type of supervision will find full-time employment as a 4047: 1708:

In the early Middle Ages "rabbi" was not a formal title, but was used as a term of respect for Jews of great scholarship and reputation. After the emergence of

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The same pattern is true within broader communities, ranging from Hasidic communities to rabbinical or congregational organizations: there will be a formal or

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that performs a conversion. There are no rabbis serving as "Jewish missionaries" per se; there is no parallel in Judaism to the proselytizing of other faiths.

1314:, there are different requirements for rabbinic ordination and differences in opinion regarding who is recognized as a rabbi. For example, only a minority of 4385: 4122: 1895:

the parties voluntarily elect to have the rabbinical judges serve as their arbitrators. In Israel there are rabbinical courts for matters of personal status.

1891:), although lay assessors might join him in judgment. The judgments were enforced with fines and various degrees of communal excommunication when necessary. 1785:

In 19th-century Germany and the United States, the duties of the rabbi in some respects became increasingly similar to the duties of other clergy, like the

1712:, Jews who still followed the Talmudic traditions became known as "rabbanites". Initially communities might have a religious judge appointed by the central 4349: 1801:

community, many rabbis still mainly deal with teaching and questions of Jewish law, but many are increasingly dealing with these same pastoral functions.

4226: 2587:, which requires all rabbinical students to complete an undergraduate degree before entering the program, and a Masters or equivalent before ordination. 2567:

The entrance requirements for an Orthodox yeshiva include a strong background within Jewish law, liturgy, Talmudic study, and attendant languages (e.g.,

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structure of rabbinic authority that is responsible for the members of the community. However, Hasidic communities do not have a mere rabbi: they have a

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the more lenient rabbi may be recognized as a spiritual leader of a particular community but may not be accepted as a credible authority on Jewish law.

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There are several possibilities for receiving rabbinic ordination in addition to seminaries maintained by the large Jewish denominations; these are the

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There is a segment of the rabbinate that does not engage in rabbinic functions on a daily basis, except perhaps to study. Because rabbinic ordination (

1912:, and was probably enacted in a rabbinic synod he convened c. 1000 CE. The ordinance, still in effect today, prohibits polygamy among Jews in the West. 4190: 3076: 6120: 2590:

Historically, women could not become Orthodox rabbis. Starting in 2009, some Modern Orthodox institutions began ordaining women with the title of "

3698:"'Rabbi is Greater than Rav, Rabban is Greater than Rabbi, the Simple Name is Greater than Rabban' / 'גדול מרב רבי, גדול מרבי רבן, גדול מרבן שמו'" 6510: 4785: 2333:

have been made. So far, no such attempt has been accepted as valid among the consensus of rabbis, or persisted for longer than about a century.

3892: 1839:) whereby knowledge of the Torah has been passed down through the generations. Learning from their teachers, adding new insights of their own ( 5193: 3839: 4156: 3746: 2023:

formulated a ladder consisting of eight degrees of charity, starting with reluctant giving and ending with teaching someone a trade. Rabbi

1828:

Rabbis serve the Jewish community. Hence their functions vary as the needs of the Jewish community vary over time and from place to place.

4327: 3032:, under certain circumstances, as a valid claim towards Judaism, whereas Conservative and Orthodox maintain the position expressed in the 6666: 6470: 4642:

Friedman, M. (2004). Halachic rabbinic authority in the modern open society. Jewish Religious Leadership, Image, and Reality, 2, 757–770.

2982:

As a result, there have always been greater or lesser disputes about the legitimacy and authority of rabbis. Historical examples include

2027:(1809–1883) was once asked, "How do you provide for your spiritual needs?" He answered, "By providing for someone else's physical needs." 4958: 3870: 3520: 4988: 4407: 2772:("the righteous/saintly"), "ADMOR" ("Adoneinu Moreinu VeRabeinu") ("our master, our teacher and our rabbi/master") or often just plain 2970:

is aimed at community professionals with significant knowledge and experience, and provides a tailored curriculum to each candidate.

2724: 4443: 5017: 2927: 2595: 6516: 4092: 2330: 2065:

sends many rabbis and their wives to be posted in Chabad Houses worldwide for the express purpose of reaching unaffiliated Jews.

5616: 5070: 4248: 2923: 2666: 2105: 2071:

Most rabbis will from time to time encounter someone who is not Jewish seeking information about Judaism or wishing to explore

3330: 6661: 5611: 4895: 3633: 3514: 693: 1766:(our teacher) to scholars, though it likely existed somewhat earlier. By the 15th century, this formal ordination (known as 1416:

means "great" in many senses, including "revered", but appears primarily as a prefix in construct forms. Although the usage

2621:

do grant official ordination to many students wishing to become rabbis, most of the students within the yeshivas engage in

1051: 5520: 3079:

began ordaining women as rabbis. Today, Jewish women serve as rabbis within all progressive branches of Judaism, while in

2963: 2917: 2306:, ordination was transmitted without interruption from Moses to Joshua, to the elders, to the prophets, to the men of the 5631: 5626: 5050: 1096: 4598: 2125:

Rabbis are often called upon to defend the Jewish faith. During the Middle Ages, the Church arranged a series of public

2038:

in the best case deliberately model their conduct so that it represents Jewish values to the community and to outsiders.

1812:. Unlike spiritual leaders in many other faiths, they are not considered to be imbued with special powers or abilities. 6443: 5320: 2951: 4039: 5471: 5325: 4367: 3286: 2955: 1664:

The traditional explanation is that from the 1st to 5th centuries, the title "Rabbi" was given to those sages of the

1207: 126: 2882: 107: 5380: 5288: 4118: 4381: 1919:

in the State of Israel, and the major Jewish movements, such as Reform, Conservative and Reconstructionist, enact

79: 6545: 5739: 4684:"YUTorah Online – The Obligation to Respect the Wife of a Torah Scholar or a Talmidat Chacham (Rabbi Hanan Balk)" 3053: 2959: 1673: 3984: 3954: 2865:, the historical development of Judaism from antiquity to modernity, Jewish ethics, the halakhic methodology of 2463: 5421: 4981: 4341: 3232: 2445: 64: 2906: 6522: 5843: 4284: 86: 4186: 4070: 3310: 6585: 6453: 6448: 5636: 5621: 5385: 5340: 5085: 3932: 3083:

women rabbis is a contested matter, though many communities allow alternate clerical roles for women (see:

2557: 1069: 4925:

Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law: The Struggle for Rabbinic Compensation, Tenure and Inheritance Rights,

4422:

Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law: The Struggle for Rabbinic Compensation, Tenure and Inheritance Rights,

6550: 6535: 5416: 5276: 4664:

See Talmud Kidushin daf 30–40, Bava Metziah 33a, Rambam's Mishneh Torah tractate Hilkhot Talmud Torah 5:7

1592: 494: 4218: 1858:), but also, especially in antiquity, in the vineyard, the marketplace and the disciple circle. In many 6504: 6398: 6049: 5943: 5651: 5584: 5145: 5035: 3668: 3124: 2682: 2273: 1879:

Prior to emancipation, rulers delegated discipline and dispute settlement within the Jewish community (

1428:, there is no evidence to support an association of this use with the later title "rabbi". The root is 280: 184: 93: 3270:

Paving the Road to Women Rabbis. Gender and Religious Leadership: Women Rabbis, Pastors, and Ministers

2681:

and mostly serve as rabbis who teach in other yeshivas or Hebrew day schools. Other yeshivas, such as

2499: 1869:

Apart from face to face instruction, rabbis who are inclined to authorship have composed an extensive

1692:

in 425, there was no more formal ordination in the strict sense. A recognised scholar could be called

6620: 6560: 6458: 6438: 6308: 6233: 6093: 5960: 5646: 5606: 4974: 3109: 1600: 1331: 300: 243: 4270: 3884: 2221:). Jewish individuals may acknowledge the authority of others but will defer legal decisions to the 2187:) and paid salaries to teachers, officials and judges of the Jewish community, whom they appointed. 1440:, meaning "lord" (generally used when talking about God, but also about temporal lords), and to the 6540: 6371: 5670: 5545: 4014: 3059: 2931: 2157:

woodchopper, sandal-maker, carpenter, water-carrier, farmer and tanner. A respected scholar, Rabbi

2050:

ruled that one engaged in public affairs should not break off his duties to recite certain prayers.

1307:, pastoral counseling, and representing the community to the outside, all increased in importance. 1161: 1059: 782: 3831: 2561: 2509: 2430:, a leading Rabbinical authority for Orthodox Judaism of the second half of the twentieth century. 1342:

reasons (Conservative Judaism) as well as ethical reasons (Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism).

75: 6493: 6482: 6076: 5997: 5702: 5601: 5540: 5426: 5399: 4164: 3003: 2967: 2535: 2061:

Sabbath to experience the day in a religious setting and to learn about its rituals and customs.

1805: 1553: 310: 210: 53: 17: 6529: 6499: 5562: 4319: 3250:

Israel-Cohen, Y. (2012). "Chapter Five: Orthodox Women Rabbis? It's Only a Matter of Time". In

2897:

during each year of study from year one onwards. All Reform seminaries ordain women and openly

2813:) is the official "title" used for, or by, the wife of any Orthodox, Haredi, or Hasidic rabbi. 2635: 1759: 1263: 1151: 787: 60: 31: 6555: 6476: 6258: 5965: 5848: 5589: 5579: 5572: 5557: 5443: 4886: 3624: 3504: 3041: 2987: 2866: 2072: 1200: 1156: 1074: 4027: 3862: 2658:

and the majority of students will not become rabbis, even after many years of post-graduate

6590: 6580: 6083: 5055: 4263:"Hillel International – The Foundation for Jewish Campus Life at Colleges and Universities" 3072: 2834: 2670: 1323: 1311: 1131: 1064: 219: 4937: 2869:, classical and modern works of Jewish theology and philosophy, synagogue administration, 2322:

was probably lost in the 4th or 5th century, though possibly as late as the 12th century.

8: 6238: 6206: 6132: 6041: 5987: 5594: 5394: 5128: 5093: 4913: 4435: 2878: 2384:("judge") and also retain the title of rabbi. Only a small percentage of rabbis earn the 1870: 1779: 1685: 1625: 1303:

rabbis", and in 19th-century Germany and the United States rabbinic activities including

1086: 777: 550: 386: 2580: 6570: 6565: 6376: 6098: 5975: 5970: 5955: 5925: 5878: 5801: 5707: 5567: 5140: 5045: 5012: 4790: 4625: 3709: 3562: 3391: 2850: 2584: 2556:

and their application to contemporary questions, proceeding systematically through the

2543: 2211: 1557: 1537: 1533: 1424:‎) "the majority, the multitude" occurs for the assembly of the community in the 1146: 476: 290: 253: 145: 5853: 5729: 4805: 2782:

that can be used by, or applied to, any married Jewish male as the situation applies.

6354: 6285: 6167: 6152: 5935: 5806: 5771: 5060: 4952: 4891: 4877: 4401: 3629: 3615: 3510: 3408: 3395: 3226: 2749: 2553: 2531: 1603:, the Jewish prophets, the legal authority of the high court of Jerusalem, the Great 1565: 569: 364: 272: 4786:"1st Woman Rabbi in U.S. Ordained; She May Be Only the Second in History of Judaism" 4240: 2650:), as well as teachers in the Hasidic schools. The same is true for the non-Hasidic 6420: 6388: 6349: 6320: 6303: 6253: 6054: 5863: 5796: 5749: 5697: 5665: 5656: 5641: 5515: 5490: 5466: 5350: 5281: 5198: 5065: 3852:"Rabbinical Courts: Modern Day Solomons," 6 Colum J.L. & Soc. Probs. 49 (1970). 3554: 3482: 3087:). A variety of modern titles have been coined for female rabbis, including Rabbah 3080: 3066: 2576: 2572: 1909: 1798: 1653: 1596: 1425: 1413: 1315: 1227: 1193: 855: 754: 490: 451: 436: 192: 167: 100: 2946:. The structure and curricula here are largely as at other non-Orthodox yeshivot. 6656: 6330: 6325: 6137: 6064: 5897: 5868: 5791: 5781: 5744: 5719: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5510: 5505: 5495: 5480: 5271: 5188: 5155: 5113: 5103: 4844: 3317: 3084: 2939: 2862: 2806: 2705: 2694: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2568: 2470:, comprising two years on average, following at least four years' yeshiva study. 2427: 2062: 2024: 1809: 1441: 1433: 1354: 1351: 1251: 1091: 999: 893: 446: 238: 203: 3473:

by Wigram, George V.; citing Matthew 26:25, Mark 9:5 and John 3:2 (among others)

3207: 2100: 6634: 6609: 6430: 6337: 6295: 6275: 6263: 6243: 6157: 6147: 6115: 6108: 6088: 6059: 6031: 6026: 5992: 5902: 5826: 5816: 5754: 5552: 5500: 5411: 5406: 5168: 5163: 5098: 5027: 4862:(Parma A RH 2:12) "my master" but this term is extremely rare in ancient texts. 4653:

Jews, Christians, Muslims: A Comparative Introduction to Monotheistic Religions

3779: 3539: 3438: 3425: 3421: 3149: 3119: 3037: 3029: 2935: 2893: 2796: 2754: 2744: 2690: 2610: 2505: 2307: 1665: 1629: 1573: 1569: 1485: 1335: 1327: 1181: 955: 750: 639: 545: 441: 317: 305: 248: 231: 198: 4752: 4741: 4726: 2413: 2388:

ordination. Although not strictly necessary, many Orthodox rabbis hold that a

6650: 6403: 6248: 6175: 5982: 5916: 5889: 5838: 5786: 5759: 5734: 5724: 5485: 5431: 5365: 5345: 5335: 5330: 5303: 5249: 5178: 5123: 4890:. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 11–19. 4772: 4730: 4143: 3628:. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 11–19. 3144: 2870: 2810: 2774: 2467: 1689: 1577: 1512:

to describe either the Babylonian sages or the sages in Israel. For example,

1461: 1007: 922: 431: 331: 295: 161: 2448:

in keeping with longstanding tradition. Orthodox rabbis typically study at

2417: 6383: 6180: 6142: 6103: 5692: 5436: 5375: 5355: 5315: 5298: 5266: 5254: 5215: 5133: 5108: 4881: 3619: 3579: 3282: 2738: 2655: 2407: 1677: 1497: 1406: 1319: 1141: 1136: 1081: 960: 865: 825: 772: 726: 530: 339: 4363: 2438:

requires the successful completion of a program encompassing Jewish law ("

6393: 5908: 5833: 5811: 5714: 5308: 5237: 5232: 5220: 5210: 3657:

except two things, yet called him his teacher , his guide, his intimate."

3649: 3194: 2845:

also requires that its rabbinical students receive intensive training in

2622: 2455: 2303: 2126: 1808:

and humans. This idea was traditionally considered outside the bounds of

1751: 1549: 767: 224: 4629: 3730: 3713: 3697: 3358: 2494:(early and late medieval commentators), leading to their application in 173: 6487: 6194: 5776: 5370: 5118: 5040: 3566: 3139: 2983: 2874: 2326: 2188: 2047: 2020: 1743: 1637: 1012: 762: 555: 350: 3028:. Finally, the North American Reform and Reconstructionists recognize 2477:, rabbinical students work to gain knowledge in specific and relevant 2422: 6408: 5873: 5764: 5675: 5293: 5227: 3980: 3958: 3654: 2787: 2674: 2491: 1956: 1859: 1835:

Rabbis have always been the main links in the chain of transmission (

1672:), while the lesser title "Rav" was given to sages who taught in the 1604: 1581: 1541: 1529: 1457: 1288: 1283:—following a course of study of Jewish history and texts such as the 980: 679: 525: 502: 5244: 3558: 42: 6127: 6069: 6014: 6009: 5680: 4966: 4651:

John Corrigan, Frederick Denny, Martin S. Jaffee, and Carlos Eire.

2943: 2858: 2838: 2801: 2686: 2639: 2548: 2512:—that pertain to daily-life questions (such as the laws of keeping 2487: 2390: 2353: 2267: 2144: 1904: 1676:, as ordination could not be performed outside the Land of Israel. 1652:

and subsequent rabbinical scholarship, leading to what is known as

1513: 1037: 1022: 985: 975: 970: 835: 721: 674: 660: 517: 466: 285: 258: 2911: 2560:; other students will have studied these works independently (see 1277:. One becomes a rabbi by being ordained by another rabbi—known as 6342: 6226: 6221: 6211: 6199: 6019: 6004: 5948: 5883: 5858: 5821: 5685: 5360: 5259: 5183: 5075: 5001: 3129: 3025: 3016: 2854: 2792: 2651: 2647: 2618: 2591: 2517: 2450: 2440: 2349: 2315: 2250: 1815: 1709: 1645: 1613: 1521: 1517: 1429: 1339: 1279: 1274: 1121: 1027: 945: 850: 840: 795: 655: 650: 621: 609: 577: 456: 423: 407: 402: 392: 355: 153: 4364:"Jews-for-J: Messiah & Redemption Response on Ask the Rabbi" 4007:"OU Kosher: Certification and Supervision by the Orthodox Union" 3928: 3506:

The Social Structure of the Rabbinic Movement in Roman Palestine

3487:

The social structure of the rabbinic movement in Roman Palestine

2046:

For example, based on reports of what rabbis did in the Talmud,

1500:, and ancient generations did not employ related titles such as 6413: 6280: 6216: 4093:"Someone else's material needs are my spiritual responsibility" 3114: 3033: 2902: 2846: 2659: 2626: 2539: 2521: 2513: 2478: 2459: 2458:

generally, and increasingly at dedicated institutions known as

2296: 2292: 2288: 2173: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1722: 1713: 1649: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1126: 1017: 965: 950: 940: 935: 908: 903: 886: 860: 845: 830: 805: 800: 716: 669: 644: 626: 540: 535: 512: 471: 461: 397: 374: 369: 3283:"Orthodox Women To Be Trained As Clergy, If Not Yet as Rabbis" 2708:

names for rabbinic titles based on older traditions, such as:

1866:"—a short explanation of Biblical verses related to the event. 1804:

Traditionally, rabbis have never been an intermediary between

6364: 6313: 6268: 6189: 6184: 5448: 5203: 5173: 3731:"The Emergence of the Professional Rabbi in Ashkenaxic Jewry" 3134: 2764: 2643: 2482: 2311: 2284: 2255: 2237: 2158: 1968: 1758:). Formal ordination is first recorded among Ashkenazim with 1618: 1608: 1585: 1399: 1032: 930: 879: 872: 736: 731: 711: 706: 616: 604: 599: 594: 587: 582: 507: 379: 345: 4951: 4918:

The Israeli Chief Rabbinate: A Current Halakhic Perspective,

4616:

Kirschenbaum, Aaron (1993). "MARA DE-ATRA: A Brief Sketch".

1611:. Members of the Sanhedrin had to receive their ordination ( 6463: 4997: 2898: 1560:. The title "Rabbi" occurs (in Greek transliteration ῥαββί 1242: 1116: 631: 2504:. Building on this, is the study of those sections of the 3195:

rabbi | Definition, History, & Functions | Britannica

2710: 2654:

yeshivas that are controlled by dynastically transmitted

1395: 1382: 1236: 4006: 2596:

Women rabbis and Torah scholars § Orthodox Judaism

2579:). Specifically, students are expected to have acquired 2401: 1644:). This was eventually encoded and codified within the 1778:

A dramatic change in rabbinic functions occurred with

1338:

movements) have chosen to do so for what they view as

4262: 2932:

ALEPH Ordination Program, the Jewish Renewal Seminary

1986:) and the Torah portion is read by a trained reader ( 3540:"Is the Title "Rabbi" Anachronistic in the Gospels?" 2918:

List of rabbinical schools § Non-denominational

1544:

in the first century. Early recipients of the title

1362: 1268: 1239: 1233: 4477: 4475: 3471:

Englishman's Greek Concordance of the New Testament

2677:, Maryland, may encourage their students to obtain 2004:

Jewish divorce, which requires a rabbinical court (

1556:, beginning in the time of the disciples of Rabban 1540:, all of whom were patriarchs or presidents of the 1230: 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4187:"BBC – Religions – Judaism: Converting to Judaism" 2973: 2372:("a teacher of rulings"). A more advanced form of 1935:), Jewish dietary laws in shops and institutions ( 3077:Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion 2360:The most common formula used on a certificate of 1887:), was expected to preside as Head of the Court ( 1762:(late 14th century), who issued the formal title 1368:, meaning "Master "; the standard Hebrew noun is 6648: 4920:Tradition, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1992, pp. 26–38. 4910:Tradition, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1993, pp. 35–40. 4876: 4472: 3955:"Rabbinical Council of America (RCA) – About Us" 3614: 2732:("our teacher and our rabbi/master the rabbi"), 1617:) in an uninterrupted line of transmission from 1580:, where it is used in reference to "Scribes and 1273:) is a spiritual leader or religious teacher in 4618:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 3735:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 3390:Vol. 13 pp. 273–75 ed. G. Johannes Botterweck, 2912:Seminaries unaffiliated with main denominations 2562:Yeshiva § Ethics, mysticism and philosophy 2528:, or "apprenticeship", is often also required. 1982:), the vocal portions are chanted by a cantor ( 1287:. The basic form of the rabbi developed in the 4207:Univ. of So. Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 29, 31. 3759:Modern Orthodox Judaism: A Documentary History 3669:"Understanding Honorifics in the Talmudic Era" 2883:List of rabbinical schools § Conservative 2821:and is sometimes abbreviated as such as well. 2283:The first recorded examples of ordination are 2248:According to the Talmud, it is a commandment ( 1793:rabbis" appeared to describe this phenomenon. 1345: 4982: 3725: 3723: 3036:and Codes that one can be a Jew only through 2466:". In both cases, the program is effectively 1201: 4615: 3695: 3264: 3262: 3260: 1716:, often possessing a certification known as 1445: 6471:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 4241:"Become a Chaplain: Serving Jews Who Serve" 3793:Rabbinic Instruction In Sasanian Babylonia, 3417:Theological dictionary of the Old Testament 3388:Theological dictionary of the Old Testament 3246: 3244: 3242: 2394:(court of Jewish law) should be made up of 1386:is also used as a title for rabbis, as are 4989: 4975: 4636: 3720: 3496: 2546:respectively, additionally formally study 2538:rabbinical students, such as those at the 2464:Talmudical/Rabbinical schools or academies 2344:Nowadays, a rabbinical student is awarded 2336: 1742:in preparation for their leadership role. 1208: 1194: 4570:(Mosad HaRav Kook, 5703), pp. 46–48. 4216: 3691: 3689: 3466: 3464: 3257: 2008:), will always have rabbis in attendance. 1972:for advice on personal matters is common. 1599:were based on a system that included the 1405:The Hebrew root in turn derives from the 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 5018:Index of Jewish history-related articles 4676: 4424:Univ. of So. Carolina Press, 2006, p. 5. 3696:ברויאר, יוחנן; Breuer, Yochanan (1996). 3239: 2907:List of rabbinical schools § Reform 2748:("head the yeshiva"), "Mashgiach" (for 2508:(codified Jewish law)—together with its 2421: 2099: 1814: 1496:Rabbi is not an occupation found in the 6517:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5154: 4778: 4352:from the original on December 15, 2016. 4273:from the original on December 31, 2016. 4017:from the original on December 28, 2016. 3842:from the original on February 20, 2017. 3523:from the original on February 8, 2018. 3275: 3205: 2829: 2824: 2331:modern attempts to revive the Sanhedrin 2278: 14: 6649: 4803: 4763:Pirkei Avot chapter 1 (especially 1:1) 4717:Maimonides, Hilchot Talmud Torah 6:12. 4708:Maimonides, Hilchot Talmud Torah 5:12. 4406:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4229:from the original on January 16, 2017. 4193:from the original on December 1, 2016. 4081:from the original on January 12, 2017. 3987:from the original on November 29, 2001 3686: 3610: 3608: 3537: 3502: 3461: 2817:may also be used as the equivalent of 2758:("teacher/decisor" the/this place"), 2736:("our teacher and our rabbi/master"), 2689:, New York) or the Mirrer Yeshiva (in 1915:In the modern era rabbis have enacted 1773: 1491: 4970: 4673:Maimonides, Hilchot Talmud Torah 5:7. 4605:from the original on January 2, 2017. 4446:from the original on January 31, 2017 4370:from the original on January 8, 2017. 4295:from the original on January 8, 2017. 4251:from the original on January 8, 2017. 4099:from the original on January 13, 2017 4050:from the original on January 13, 2017 4040:"CHARITY AND CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS" 3873:from the original on January 8, 2017. 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3289:from the original on December 6, 2011 3252:Between Feminism and Orthodox Judaism 3040:(born of a Jewish mother) or through 1318:communities accept the ordination of 4996: 4927:Univ. of South Carolina Press, 2006. 4655:. New York: Routledge, 2012, 124–128 4388:from the original on January 9, 2017 4217:Halverson, Kim (February 16, 1992). 3935:from the original on January 8, 2017 3895:from the original on January 8, 2017 3445: 3311:Can Orthodox Jewish Women be Rabbis? 2402:Orthodox and Modern Orthodox Judaism 1464:, historically pronounced the title 1446: 1322:. Non-Orthodox movements (i.e., the 65:adding citations to reliable sources 36: 4884:, eds. (2007). "Rabbi, Rabbinate". 4599:"Different denominations, same pay" 4330:from the original on March 6, 2015. 4205:Inheriting the Crown in Jewish Law, 4071:"Eight Levels of Charitable Giving" 3622:, eds. (2007). "Rabbi, Rabbinate". 2849:, classical biblical commentaries, 1591:The governments of the kingdoms of 1472:; this pronunciation competed with 1255: 24: 6667:Orthodox rabbinic roles and titles 6464:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research 6444:American Jewish Historical Society 4932:A Concise History of the Rabbinate 4804:Anakin, Michael (March 25, 2010). 3737:, vol. 11, no. 3, 1970, pp. 22–30. 3585: 2752:) ("spiritual supervisor/guide"), 1819:Rabbi instructing children in 2004 1659: 1607:, and the ritual authority of the 25: 6678: 4944: 4690:from the original on June 7, 2013 4125:from the original on June 5, 2016 3819:Concise History of the Rabbinate, 3666: 3206:Kurtzer, Yehuda (April 4, 2024). 2887: 6628: 6615: 6614: 3491:b – Rabbi as an Honorary Address 2704:Haredim will often prefer using 2462:; both are also referred to as " 1668:who received formal ordination ( 1624:With the destruction of the two 1226: 1175: 172: 166: 160: 41: 4797: 4766: 4757: 4746: 4735: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4667: 4658: 4645: 4609: 4591: 4582: 4573: 4557: 4548: 4543:Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4532: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4459: 4427: 4414: 4374: 4356: 4334: 4312: 4299: 4277: 4255: 4233: 4210: 4197: 4179: 4149: 4137: 4111: 4085: 4063: 4032: 4021: 3999: 3973: 3947: 3921: 3908: 3877: 3855: 3846: 3824: 3811: 3798: 3785: 3773: 3764: 3751: 3740: 3660: 3642: 3573: 3531: 3476: 3431: 3402: 3376: 3163: 3058:For a chronological guide, see 3054:Women rabbis and Torah scholars 3047: 2974:Interdenominational recognition 2498:—particularly as traced by the 2486:, and their development in the 2151: 52:needs additional citations for 6536:Relations with other religions 4837: 4686:. Yutorah.org. June 24, 2010. 4289:Chabad on Campus International 3509:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 64–. 3351: 3323: 3301: 3199: 3188: 2291:and the 70 elders. Similarly, 2287:transmitting his authority to 1703: 13: 1: 6523:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 4908:Mara de-Atra: A Brief Sketch, 3285:. Forward.com. May 21, 2009. 3176: 2778:which is a shortened form of 2558:classical rabbinic works here 2552:, i.e. the major elements of 2295:transmitted his authority to 2261: 2177: 1787:Protestant Christian minister 1684:After the suppression of the 1456:Some communities, especially 1297:Protestant Christian minister 6662:Jewish religious occupations 6454:Leo Baeck Institute New York 6449:American Sephardi Federation 4346:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4075:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 3181: 2217:the "Master of the Locale" ( 2205: 1823: 1728:chaver besanhedrin hagedolah 7: 5277:Constantinopolitan Karaites 4539:Mishnah Torah, Talmud Torah 4307:The Holocaust and Halakhah, 3547:The Jewish Quarterly Review 3102: 2924:Academy for Jewish Religion 2722:("our teacher the rabbi"), 2454:, "colleges" which provide 2414:Yeshiva § Talmud study 1951:), and the burial society ( 1947:), the Sabbath boundaries ( 1902:enact binding regulations ( 1363: 1346:Etymology and pronunciation 1269: 27:Teacher of Torah in Judaism 10: 6683: 6505:National Library of Israel 5146:Zionism, race and genetics 4938:Jewish Encyclopedia: Rabbi 4869: 4830: 4518:Talmud Yerushalmi, Nedarim 4309:Ktav, 1976, pp. 9–15. 3503:Hezser, Catherine (1997). 3231:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 3125:List of rabbinical schools 3064: 3057: 3051: 2915: 2411: 2405: 2274:List of rabbinical schools 2271: 2265: 2209: 1943:), the elementary school ( 1420:"many" (as 1 Kings 18:25, 1412:‎ (R-B-B), which in 29: 6603: 6459:Yeshiva University Museum 6439:Center for Jewish History 6429: 6294: 6166: 6040: 5934: 5465: 5084: 5026: 5008: 4855: 4847: 3455: 3345: 3316:January 12, 2016, at the 3110:Chief Rabbinate of Israel 3096: 3092: 3088: 2418:Yeshiva § Jewish law 2172:During the period of the 2163:shimush talmedei hakhamim 1997:Celebrating life's events 1630:Men of the Great Assembly 1530:Rabban Gamaliel the elder 1488:until the modern period. 1473: 1465: 1421: 1409: 1394:("the master"). See also 1377: 1369: 1357: 1256: 5051:Ancient Israel and Judah 4843:Some also connect it to 4811: 4806: 4775:, Hilchot Sanhedrin 4:11 3538:Shanks, Hershel (1963). 3382:Heinz-Josef Fabry entry 3331: 3156: 3060:Timeline of women rabbis 2243: 2108:insignia, U.S. Air Force 2089:Synagogue administration 2053:Outreach, also known as 1350:The word comes from the 5427:North African Sephardim 5400:Jewish tribes of Arabia 4959:Encyclopædia Britannica 4854:(Kaufmann A50 RH 2:12)/ 4342:"Burning of the Talmud" 4157:"Conversion to Judaism" 4011:OU Kosher Certification 3770:Mishnah, Avot, chap. 1. 3747:Meir ben Baruch Ha-Levi 3439:"What does rabbi mean?" 2730:Moreinu VeRabeinu HaRav 2665:Some yeshivas, such as 2554:theology and philosophy 2408:Semikhah § Concept 2337:Contemporary ordination 1975:Leading prayer services 1634:Anshe Knesset HaGedolah 1554:Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob 6530:Holocaust Encyclopedia 6500:Jewish Virtual Library 4962:(11th ed.). 1911. 4601:. September 17, 2003. 4440:JewishEncyclopedia.com 4366:. September 20, 2011. 4324:JewishEncyclopedia.com 4305:See Irving Rosenbaum, 4044:JewishEncyclopedia.com 4028:RCA Semicha Guidelines 3889:JewishEncyclopedia.com 3867:JewishEncyclopedia.com 3836:JewishEncyclopedia.com 3268:Nadell, P. S. (2019). 2667:Yeshivas Chafetz Chaim 2431: 2398:with this ordination. 2109: 1820: 1760:Meir ben Baruch Halevi 32:Rabbi (disambiguation) 6477:Encyclopaedia Judaica 6259:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh 5444:Sephardic Bnei Anusim 5194:Udmurt and Tatar Jews 4887:Encyclopaedia Judaica 4433:Jewish Encyclopedia, 3981:"Rabbinical Assembly" 3821:1993, pp. 51–53. 3729:Rosensweig, Bernard. 3625:Encyclopaedia Judaica 3095:‎, and Maharat 3042:conversion to Judaism 2916:Further information: 2901:people as rabbis and 2867:Conservative responsa 2425: 2406:Further information: 2229:legal prescriptions. 2140:Non-practicing rabbis 2133:Interfaith activities 2103: 2073:conversion to Judaism 1927:Religious supervision 1818: 1730:, used in Israel) or 1720:or bearing the title 5056:Second Temple period 4812:האקדמיה ללשון העברית 4095:. January 26, 2013. 3791:David M. Goodblatt, 3346:האקדמיה ללשון העברית 3073:second-wave feminism 2835:Conservative Judaism 2830:Conservative Judaism 2825:Non-Orthodox Judaism 2742:(" head yeshiva"), 2714:(denoting "rabbi"), 2683:Yeshiva Chaim Berlin 2671:Yeshivas Ner Yisroel 2581:deep analytic skills 2279:Classical ordination 1939:), the ritual bath ( 1674:Babylonian academies 1626:Temples in Jerusalem 1312:Jewish denominations 1291:(167 BCE–73 CE) and 61:improve this article 30:For other uses, see 6494:Jewish Encyclopedia 6239:Hekhalot literature 6050:Religious movements 5585:Judeo-Tripolitanian 4914:Aharon Lichtenstein 4906:Aaron Kirchenbaum, 4565:LeKorot HaRabbanut, 4167:on January 26, 2017 4146:, Kri'at Shema 2:5. 3961:on October 24, 2014 3918:SUNY, 1988, p. 402. 3885:"GERSHOM BEN JUDAH" 3452:Siddur Azor Eliyahu 3254:(pp. 69–78). Brill. 2879:rabbinic literature 2795:usage common among 2122:Defending the faith 1962:Pastoral counseling 1871:rabbinic literature 1780:Jewish emancipation 1774:18th–19th centuries 1528:was first used for 1492:Historical overview 1390:("our master") and 1310:Within the various 1299:, hence the title " 1087:Abrahamic religions 986:Selichot (S'lichot) 778:Bar and bat mitzvah 281:Principles of faith 6635:Judaism portal 6571:Jews and Halloween 6566:Jews and Christmas 5956:Rabbinic authority 5708:Judaeo-Piedmontese 5141:Xueta Christianity 5046:Origins of Judaism 5013:Outline of Judaism 4878:Berenbaum, Michael 4791:The New York Times 4161:My Jewish Learning 3673:www.ezrabrand.com/ 3616:Berenbaum, Michael 3392:sv:Helmer Ringgren 3320:, November 9, 2015 3091:‎, Rabbanit 2926:in New York City, 2851:biblical criticism 2585:Yeshiva University 2575:and in some cases 2544:Yeshiva University 2524:). An element of 2520:, and the laws of 2432: 2212:Rabbinic authority 2110: 1832:Study and teaching 1821: 1642:Torah SheBe'al Peh 1564:) in the books of 1558:Yohanan ben Zakkai 1538:Yohanan ben Zakkai 1182:Judaism portal 1147:Holocaust theology 6644: 6643: 6610:extinct languages 6511:YIVO Encyclopedia 6286:Hebrew literature 6254:Sefer HaEtz Chaim 6094:Reconstructionist 5772:Judaeo-Portuguese 5461: 5460: 5417:Eastern Sephardim 5061:Synagogal Judaism 4930:S. Schwarzfuchs, 4923:Jeffrey I. Roth, 4897:978-0-02-866097-4 4420:Jeffrey I. Roth, 4203:Jeffrey I. Roth, 3914:Dorff and Roset, 3832:"Excommunication" 3817:S. Schwarzfuchs, 3806:Jewish Preaching, 3804:Marc Saperstein, 3635:978-0-02-866097-4 3516:978-3-16-146797-4 2968:Wolkowisk Mesifta 2928:AJR in California 2750:Mashgiach ruchani 2734:Moreinu VeRabeinu 2728:("our teacher"), 2532:Religious Zionist 2510:main commentaries 1850:), intermediate ( 1789:, and the title " 1688:and Sanhedrin by 1332:Reconstructionist 1267: 1218: 1217: 570:Important figures 244:Reconstructionist 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 6674: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6618: 6617: 5750:Judeo-Golpaygani 5351:Palestinian Jews 5326:Alexandrian Jews 5282:Crimean Karaites 5199:Unterlander Jews 5152: 5151: 5066:Rabbinic Judaism 4991: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4901: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4841: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4801: 4795: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4742:Numbers 11:16–25 4739: 4733: 4731:Deuteronomy 34:9 4727:Numbers 27:15–23 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4680: 4674: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4431: 4425: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4405: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4378: 4372: 4371: 4360: 4354: 4353: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4163:. 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The chain of 2281: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2246: 2214: 2208: 2196:sekhar battalah 2180: 2167:sekhar battalah 2154: 2063:Chabad outreach 2025:Israel Salanter 1826: 1810:Jewish theology 1776: 1706: 1662: 1660:Talmudic period 1494: 1352:Mishnaic Hebrew 1348: 1316:Orthodox Jewish 1229: 1225: 1214: 1176: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1112: 1111: 1102: 1101: 1092:Judeo-Christian 1055: 1054: 1052:Other religions 1043: 1042: 1003: 1002: 991: 990: 926: 925: 914: 913: 868: 821: 820: 811: 810: 792: 758: 757: 742: 741: 697: 696: 694:Religious roles 685: 684: 647: 643: 573: 572: 561: 560: 522: 498: 497: 482: 481: 447:Mishnah Berurah 427: 426: 415: 414: 389: 342: 335: 334: 323: 322: 276: 275: 264: 263: 195: 188: 187: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6680: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6642: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6624: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6577:non-Christian 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6435: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6334: 6333: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6276:Shulchan Aruch 6273: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6264:Sefer Yetzirah 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6244:Pardes Rimonim 6241: 6234:Kabbalah texts 6231: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6178: 6172: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6027:Land of Israel 6024: 6023: 6022: 6012: 6007: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5940: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5903:Judeo-Alsatian 5895: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5755:Judeo-Hamedani 5752: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5730:Judaeo-Occitan 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5671:Jewish English 5668: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5602:Judaeo-Aramaic 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5590:Judeo-Tunisian 5587: 5582: 5580:Judeo-Moroccan 5577: 5576: 5575: 5573:Judeo-Baghdadi 5560: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5477: 5475: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5429: 5424: 5422:Livornese Jews 5419: 5409: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5269: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5169:Afrikaner-Jode 5160: 5158: 5149: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5005: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4946: 4945:External links 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4896: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4796: 4777: 4765: 4756: 4753:2 Kings 2:9–15 4745: 4734: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4644: 4635: 4608: 4590: 4588:Roth, 116–117. 4581: 4572: 4556: 4547: 4531: 4522: 4510: 4498: 4486: 4471: 4458: 4426: 4413: 4373: 4355: 4333: 4320:"DISPUTATIONS" 4311: 4298: 4276: 4254: 4232: 4209: 4196: 4178: 4148: 4136: 4110: 4084: 4062: 4031: 4020: 3998: 3972: 3946: 3920: 3916:A Living Tree, 3907: 3876: 3854: 3845: 3823: 3810: 3797: 3784: 3780:Deuteronomy 33 3772: 3763: 3750: 3739: 3719: 3702:Tarbiz / תרביץ 3685: 3659: 3641: 3634: 3584: 3572: 3553:(4): 337–345. 3530: 3515: 3495: 3475: 3460: 3444: 3430: 3401: 3375: 3363:Dictionary.com 3350: 3335:. June 3, 2021 3322: 3300: 3274: 3256: 3238: 3198: 3186: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3152: 3150:Talmid Chakham 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3120:List of rabbis 3117: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3052:Main article: 3049: 3046: 3038:matrilineality 3030:patrilineality 3021: 3020: 3012: 3008: 2975: 2972: 2936:Hebrew College 2913: 2910: 2894:Reform Judaism 2889: 2888:Reform Judaism 2886: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2745:Rosh HaYeshiva 2638:("judges") on 2623:learning Torah 2506:Shulchan Aruch 2403: 2400: 2338: 2335: 2308:Great Assembly 2280: 2277: 2266:Main article: 2263: 2260: 2245: 2242: 2210:Main article: 2207: 2204: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2115:Public affairs 2113: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2069: 2066: 2058: 2051: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2012: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1976: 1973: 1963: 1960: 1928: 1925: 1913: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1877: 1874: 1867: 1844: 1833: 1825: 1822: 1775: 1772: 1705: 1702: 1666:Land of Israel 1661: 1658: 1534:Simeon his son 1493: 1490: 1347: 1344: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1205: 1198: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1110:Related topics 1109: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1010: 1004: 1000:Major holidays 998: 997: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 956:Birkat Hamazon 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 921: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 906: 900: 899: 898: 897: 890: 883: 876: 863: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 822: 819:Ritual objects 818: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 798: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 759: 749: 748: 747: 744: 743: 740: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 698: 692: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 677: 672: 666: 665: 664: 663: 658: 653: 640:Rabbinic sages 635: 634: 629: 624: 619: 613: 612: 607: 602: 597: 591: 590: 585: 580: 574: 568: 567: 566: 563: 562: 559: 558: 553: 548: 546:Chevra kadisha 543: 538: 533: 528: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 499: 489: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 442:Shulchan Aruch 439: 434: 428: 422: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 383: 382: 377: 372: 367: 361: 360: 359: 358: 353: 348: 336: 330: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 318:Musar movement 315: 314: 313: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 277: 271: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 235: 234: 229: 228: 227: 216: 215: 214: 213: 208: 207: 206: 189: 183: 182: 181: 178: 177: 157: 156: 150: 149: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6679: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6637: 6636: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Protestantism 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6531: 6527: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6249:Sefer HaBahir 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6176:Sifrei Kodesh 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6033: 6032:Who is a Jew? 6030: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Chosen people 5959: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5927: 5924: 5918: 5917:Scots-Yiddish 5915: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5892: 5891: 5890:Klezmer-loshn 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760:Judeo-Shirazi 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5735:Judeo-Persian 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5725:Judeo-Marathi 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5703:Judeo-Italian 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5558:Judeo-Amazigh 5556: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5381:Hadhrami Jews 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5346:Mountain Jews 5344: 5342: 5341:Egyptian Jews 5339: 5337: 5336:Bukharan Jews 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5124:Lists of Jews 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4953:"Rabbi" 4949: 4948: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4882:Skolnik, Fred 4879: 4875: 4874: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4809: 4800: 4793: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4773:Mishneh Torah 4769: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4738: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4569: 4566: 4563:Simha Assaf, 4560: 4551: 4544: 4540: 4535: 4526: 4519: 4514: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4483: 4478: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4308: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4145: 4144:Mishneh Torah 4140: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3934: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3690: 3674: 3670: 3667:Brand, Ezra. 3663: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3631: 3627: 3626: 3621: 3620:Skolnik, Fred 3617: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3379: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3334: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3191: 3187: 3166: 3162: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3145:Reb (Yiddish) 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3107: 3100: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:pastoral care 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2741: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2720:Moreinu HaRav 2717: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2699:rosh yeshivas 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2656:rosh yeshivas 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522:family purity 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2473:In achieving 2471: 2469: 2468:post-graduate 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2370:moreh hora'ah 2367: 2363: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2325:According to 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302:According to 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2275: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2175: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2034:Role-modeling 2033: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1953:hevra kadisha 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1817: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:ketav masmich 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Theodosius II 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:New Testament 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1536:, and Rabban 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471: 1463: 1462:Yemenite Jews 1459: 1454: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1356: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1265: 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Retrieved 3211: 3201: 3190: 3165: 3070: 3048:Women rabbis 3022: 2995: 2992: 2981: 2977: 2948: 2921: 2891: 2842: 2833: 2818: 2814: 2800: 2786: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2768:(" rabbi"), 2763: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2739:Rosh yeshiva 2737: 2733: 2729: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2678: 2664: 2632: 2608: 2589: 2566: 2547: 2530: 2525: 2500: 2495: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2449: 2439: 2435: 2434:An Orthodox 2433: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2324: 2319: 2301: 2282: 2249: 2247: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2171: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2152:Compensation 2127:disputations 2082:Match-making 2076: 2054: 2043: 2016: 2005: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1967: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1924:of the past. 1920: 1916: 1903: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1840: 1836: 1827: 1803: 1784: 1777: 1767: 1763: 1756:mara de'atra 1755: 1749: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1697: 1693: 1686:Patriarchate 1683: 1678:Sherira Gaon 1669: 1663: 1641: 1633: 1623: 1612: 1601:Jewish kings 1590: 1561: 1545: 1525: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498:Hebrew Bible 1495: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1455: 1450: 1437: 1417: 1407:Semitic root 1404: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1373: 1361: 1349: 1324:Conservative 1320:women rabbis 1309: 1278: 1221: 1219: 1142:Anti-Judaism 1137:Antisemitism 1082:Samaritanism 1060:Christianity 961:Shehecheyanu 892: 885: 878: 871: 866:Four species 773:Pidyon haben 727:Rosh yeshiva 701: 638: 531:Beth midrash 477:Noahide laws 220:Conservative 138: 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 6551:Catholicism 6133:Hellenistic 5971:Eschatology 5909:Lachoudisch 5834:Lotegorisch 5812:Lachoudisch 5802:Koiné Greek 5715:Judeo-Latin 5652:Palestinian 5546:Palestinian 5395:Mustaʿravim 5321:Afghan Jews 5309:Berber Jews 5233:Bene Israel 5221:Falash Mura 5211:Beta Israel 5129:Persecution 5071:Middle Ages 4818:December 5, 4814:(in Hebrew) 4171:January 13, 4129:January 11, 4103:January 11, 4054:January 11, 3991:October 25, 3808:Yale, 1989. 3757:Zef Eleff, 3678:January 25, 3650:Pirkei Avot 3339:January 31, 3019:as binding. 3011:leadership. 2964:Ateret Tzvi 2755:Mora DeAsra 2613:(including 2609:While some 2456:Torah study 2386:yadin yadin 2378:yadin yadin 2304:Pirkei Avot 2223:mara d'atra 2219:mara d'atra 2068:Conversions 1988:ba'al koreh 1898:Legislating 1889:av beth din 1864:d'var Torah 1752:Black Death 1740:ketav minui 1726:(short for 1704:Middle Ages 1550:Rabbi Zadok 1480:and רַבִּי 826:Sefer Torah 788:Bereavement 768:Zeved habat 551:Holy Temple 491:Holy cities 225:Conservadox 6651:Categories 6546:Anabaptism 6488:Jew (word) 6355:Leadership 6168:Literature 6153:Secularism 6099:Humanistic 5966:Conversion 5936:Philosophy 5777:Judeo-Urdu 5541:Babylonian 5386:Saada Jews 5371:Adeni Jews 5164:Ashkenazim 5119:Samaritans 5086:Population 5041:Israelites 4482:Bava Batra 4450:January 1, 4392:January 7, 4267:hillel.org 3939:January 7, 3929:"About Us" 3899:January 7, 3863:"TaḲḲanah" 3422:M. Burrows 3217:August 28, 3177:References 3140:Rav muvhak 3065:See also: 2984:Samaritans 2875:chaplaincy 2797:Ashkenazim 2648:Jewish law 2412:See also: 2350:Jewish law 2327:Maimonides 2272:See also: 2262:Ordination 2189:Maimonides 2181: 650 2096:Chaplaincy 2048:Maimonides 2021:Maimonides 1860:synagogues 1750:Until the 1744:Maimonides 1609:priesthood 1376:"master". 1013:Yom Kippur 556:Tabernacle 301:Chosenness 273:Philosophy 254:Humanistic 87:newspapers 6608:indicate 6556:Mormonism 6541:Christian 6421:Symbolism 6409:Synagogue 6389:Mythology 6350:Education 6321:Astronomy 6304:Astrology 6121:relations 5926:Zarphatic 5874:Galitzish 5676:Yeshivish 5553:Catalanic 5516:Samaritan 5491:Ashkenazi 5472:Diasporic 5467:Languages 5412:Sephardim 5407:Romaniote 5294:Krymchaks 5228:Desi Jews 5104:Buddhists 4807:רַב בנקבה 4465:Mishnah, 4119:"Ma'aseh" 3655:Ahitophel 3426:Carmignac 3368:April 21, 3332:רב ורבנים 3182:Citations 3099:‎. 2815:Rebbetzin 2811:Sephardim 2788:rebbetzin 2695:Jerusalem 2675:Baltimore 2492:Acharonim 2366:Yore yore 2314:, to the 2310:, to the 2206:Authority 1957:Mashgiach 1824:Functions 1605:Sanhedrin 1582:Pharisees 1542:Sanhedrin 1532:, Rabban 1458:Sephardic 1422:הָרַבִּים 1355:construct 1289:Pharisaic 1264:romanized 1132:Criticism 1097:Pluralism 1075:Mormonism 981:Kol Nidre 755:education 680:Acharonim 526:Synagogue 503:Jerusalem 185:Movements 6621:Category 6591:Hinduism 6581:Buddhism 6483:Genetics 6399:Politics 6372:Marriage 6331:Holidays 6326:Calendar 6207:Rabbinic 6183:/Hebrew 6128:Haymanot 6055:Orthodox 6042:Branches 6015:Kabbalah 6010:Haskalah 5988:Holiness 5864:dialects 5844:Shassagh 5807:Krymchak 5787:Kayliñña 5681:Yinglish 5657:Galilean 5647:Talmudic 5642:Biblical 5617:Betanure 5536:Biblical 5531:Mishnaic 5526:Medieval 5511:Tiberian 5506:Yemenite 5496:Sephardi 5432:Paradesi 5376:Ḥabbanim 5366:Teimanim 5331:Baghdadi 5304:Maghrebi 5272:Karaites 5250:Gruzínim 5238:Kochinim 5156:Diaspora 5114:Karaites 5099:Atheists 5036:Timeline 4858:‎ 4850:‎ 4688:Archived 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5184:Lita'im 5076:Zionism 5028:History 5002:Judaism 4870:Sources 4494:Ketubot 4436:"RABBI" 4285:"About" 3567:1453387 3458:‎ 3348:‎ 3308:PRI.org 3208:"Rabbi" 3130:Mashpia 3097:(מהר"ת) 3093:(רבנית) 3026:Halakha 3017:Halakha 2903:cantors 2863:Hasidut 2855:Midrash 2799:) or a 2793:Yiddish 2725:Moreinu 2662:study. 2652:Litvish 2636:dayanim 2615:Hasidic 2592:Maharat 2577:Yiddish 2573:Aramaic 2526:shimush 2518:Shabbat 2496:Halakha 2444:") and 2441:Halakha 2396:dayanim 2316:Tannaim 2256:Kohanim 2251:mitzvah 2104:Jewish 2031:causes. 1937:kashrut 1876:Judging 1837:masorah 1795:Sermons 1768:semicha 1764:Moreinu 1714:geonate 1710:Karaism 1670:semicha 1646:Mishnah 1614:semicha 1576:in the 1566:Matthew 1522:Mishnah 1518:Shammai 1430:cognate 1336:Renewal 1305:sermons 1280:semikha 1275:Judaism 1266:: 1259:‎ 1122:Zionism 1028:Shavuot 946:Kaddish 923:Prayers 856:Menorah 851:Mezuzah 841:Tzitzit 796:Yeshiva 751:Culture 656:Amoraim 651:Tannaim 622:Rebecca 610:Solomon 578:Abraham 457:Kashrut 408:Tosefta 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