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1561:-related activities. Although territorial claims are not invalidated by the treaty, all claims under Article III of the treaty are in effect suspended as long as it is in force. Norway, Australia, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have all mutually recognised each other's claims in Antarctica. But there is a question on the actual boundaries of the claim, since the initial Norwegian demarcations both towards the South Pole and into the sea were left unclear. Apparently this was to avoid accepting use of the "
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1522:, accompanied by forty officials, scientists and reporters, became the first Norwegian prime minister to visit Queen Maud Land. He personally named three mountains around the Troll station where he was based, although he chose to sleep outdoors in a tent, rather than in a bed inside. He said the purposes of the visit were to claim Norway's possessions in Antarctica, as well as to learn more about the climate research at Troll, which he said was key to better understanding of global climate change.
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609:. The limits of the claim, put forth in 1939, did not fix the northern and southern limits other than as "the mainland beach in Antarctica ... with the land that lies beyond this beach and the sea beyond". The sea that extends off the coast between the longitudinal limits of Queen Maud Land is generally called
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in addition forced to contend with competing claims made by the United
Kingdom and other countries in the years prior to the Norwegian claim, including the new threat of German claims in Queen Maud Land. The Norwegian claim was sometimes referred to as the "Bouvet sector", drawing from the previously annexed
720:. The first two Norwegian expeditions were carried out by sealing ships in 1892–93 and 1893–94. While they were primarily sent for exploring, sealing, and whaling possibilities, they also performed scientific research. Further Norwegian expeditions were mounted into the first decades of the 20th century.
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There is very limited ice-free land at the coast, in the vicinity of Japan's Showa station. The remainder of the coast consists of a 20-to-30-metre high (70 to 100 ft) wall of ice almost throughout the entire territory. It is thus only possible to disembark from a ship in a few places. Some 150
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Since 5 May 1995, Norwegian law has required all
Norwegian activity in Antarctica to follow international environmental law for Antarctica. Norwegian citizens who plan activities in Queen Maud Land must therefore report to the Norwegian Polar Institute, which may prohibit any non-compliant activity.
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The primary basis for the annexation were the
Norwegian explorations and the need to secure the Norwegian whaling industry's access to the region. Scientific operations were also a basis, with Norwegian contributions to international polar science extending back to the late 19th century. Norway was
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expedition of 1930–31. During this whaling season, a total of 265 whaling ships, mostly
Norwegian, worked off the coast of Queen Maud Land. In the same season, Riiser-Larsen discovered the Prince Olav Coast, Princess Martha Coast and Princess Ragnhild Coast from the air. Captain H. Halvorsen of the
2025:
the
Foreign Ministry confirmed that while Norway rejected the sector method of delimiting claims it was not intended create a difference in interpretation of the Norwegian claim in the Antarctica; White Paper No. 19 (1939) had stated that the purpose of the annexation was to annex "land which is
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hosts
Antarctica's largest known inland colony of breeding seabirds, almost 1 million (250,000 pairs) Antarctic petrels. Many snow petrels and south polar skuas also breed in this area. Snow petrels are generally spread out in smaller colonies throughout the mountainous areas of Queen Maud Land.
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That part of the mainland coast in the
Antarctic extending from the limits of the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the west (the boundary of Coats Land) to the limits of the Australian Antarctic Territory in the east (45° east long.), with the land lying within this coast and the environing sea,
735:
was the first to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. It was mapped as a circular territory comprising the plateau around the South Pole, including all the land above latitude 85°S. However, roughly the same area had been claimed by the
British as the King Edward VII Plateau, which was in
2060:
Although some, notably
Norwegian writer Bjarne Aagaard and German geographer Ernst Herrmann, have claimed that Germany never actually occupied the territory, it is well documented that Germany issued a decree about the establishment of a German Antarctic Sector called New Swabia after the
2007:. The Norwegian name, Dronning Maud Land, is also used by English speakers. It is derived from a 1974 agreement between Norway and the United Kingdom not to translate the names of each other's claims. Similar agreements, although informal, also exist with Australia, New Zealand and France.
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was assigned the administration of
Norwegian territories in the Arctic and Antarctic, including Queen Maud Land. Norway sent two major expeditions to the territory in the 1940s and 1950s, but its efforts declined after that. On 21 June 1957, Queen Maud Land became subject to Norwegian
2257:…formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet.
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was the first Norwegian minister to visit Queen Maud Land, and he soon allocated funds to expand the Troll station. Troll was upgraded to a year-round station in 2005 as part of the centenary of Norway's independence. Among the guests were Minister of Foreign Affairs
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officially came into force on 23 June 1961. Norwegian activity during the 1960s was limited to some minor co-expeditions with the United States, until it gradually picked up again following a larger expedition to western Queen Maud Land and the eastern
1879:, finished in 2009, succeeded two former stations that were buried by snow and ice. It conducts geophysical, meteorological and seismological research, as well as air chemistry measurements and atmospheric ozone monitoring. Germany's other station,
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apply to the territory, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid in the territory. Furthermore, it establishes that all the land belongs to the state, and prohibits both nuclear detonations and the storage of nuclear waste.
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housing a maximum of around 40 scientists, the numbers fluctuating depending on the season. Six are occupied year-round, while the remainder are seasonal summer stations. The main aerodromes for intercontinental flights, corresponding with
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and algae. Flowering plants are not found there. The Norwegian Polar Institute has not registered the occurrence of any threatened or rare plants or animals in Queen Maud Land, the known ones thus existing in healthy populations.
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reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939. During the expedition, an area of about 350,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi) was photographed from the air by Ritscher, who dropped darts inscribed with
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method of demarcating polar territory. This was in line with Norwegian claims in the Arctic and hence to avoid compromising Norway's position with regard to the former Soviet Union and present-day Russia. In the 2015
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1572:, located in Oslo. The annexation of the territory is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933; Queen Maud Land was added on 21 June 1957. It declares that Norwegian criminal law, private law and
708:. It was however among the last to be explored, as it required aircraft in combination with ships to undertake systematic exploration. Early Norwegian research activities in Antarctica rested entirely on
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1617:. The Antarctic petrel lives on the sea ice for most of the year, with the exception of its breeding season (in Antarctica, from November to February), when it moves to the inland mountains and
356:, and a tall ice wall stretches throughout its coast. In some areas farther within the ice sheet, mountain ranges breach through the ice, allowing for birds to breed and the growth of a limited
1474:, headquartered in Oslo, has been assigned the administration of the Norwegian polar areas including Queen Maud Land. Since 1979, the Norwegian Polar Institute has been a directorate under the
1776:), which is a cooperative agreement for transportation between eleven nations with research stations in East Antarctica. Long-range aircraft fly between Cape Town, South Africa and either the
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to 200 kilometres (90 to 120 mi) from the coast, rocky peaks pierce the ice cap, itself at a mean height of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, with the highest point at
1557:. The treaty makes clear that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and assures the freedom of scientific activity. It promotes international scientific cooperation and bans any
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1565:" for Arctic Ocean claims by the Soviet Union. In 2015, Norway partially rectified this question by formally laying its claim to the area between the Queen Maud Land and the South Pole.
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The locations of Norway (yellowish white) and Queen Maud Land (red stripes). This map in Winkel tripel projection distorts sizes; Antarctica is much smaller than it appears here.
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was the first person known to have set foot in the territory. On 14 January 1939, the territory was claimed by Norway. On 23 June 1961, Queen Maud Land became part of the
1872:, and cooperate in research and logistics. Research carried out includes geodesy/mapping, glaciology, human biology, meteorological observations, geology and geophysics.
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Norway's Troll station serves as a major hub of the DROMLAN network through the Troll Airfield. Research at Troll include air and atmospheric measurements, monitoring of
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flew over and discovered the Prince Harald Coast. Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20°W.
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1410:, Belgium and Japan. The Norwegian expedition continued with topographical mapping, while the others started geophysical and geological research. Norway's
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is Japan's main research station in Antarctica. A vast array of research is conducted there, including upper atmosphere physics, meteorology, seismology,
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1898:, when India and Antarctica belonged to the same landmass. It also includes low-temperature engineering research that is relevant to conditions in the
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1649:, can be found in the King Haakon VII Sea off Queen Maud Land. The Ross seal is notably found in its greatest numbers in the King Haakon VII Sea.
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During the breeding season, the south polar skua feeds exclusively upon the eggs, as well as both young and adult birds, of both petrel species.
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expedition. In 1948, Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to longitudes from 20°W to 45°E, and that the Bruce Coast and
597:. The territory is estimated to cover around 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi), which roughly corresponds to the sizes of
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station, near the now-defunct Norway Station. The Soviet Union, and later Russia, has maintained continual operations, although it moved from
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was opened as part of a major ice-coring project. It mainly studies climate change and conducts deep drilling and atmospheric observations.
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of 1949–52 was the first international scientific expedition in Antarctica. The expedition established its winter quarters at a base called
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in 1961, though it mounted limited operations in cooperation with the Netherlands in 1964–66. The United States established the temporary
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1913:, geodesy/mapping, oceanography, glaciology, geology, marine and terrestrial biology, and medical research. Japan's other station,
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discovered the Princess Astrid Coast independently at the same time. Six years later, during Christensen's expedition of 1936–37,
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Those who visit Queen Maud Land must follow laws regarding protection of nature, treatment of waste, pollution and insurance for
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683:. Research on the thickness of the ice has revealed that without the ice, the coast would be similar to those of Norway and
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every 26 kilometres (16 mi). Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name
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station in 1989, India's first Antarctic base. Maitri's research focus on geology, and the study of the supercontinent
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base was established as a project to promote polar sciences, as well as to demonstrate the possibility of building a
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The complete guide to Antarctic wildlife: birds and marine mammals of the Antarctic continent and the Southern Ocean
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was lent to South Africa following the withdrawal of the Norwegian expedition in 1960. South Africa later built the
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On 14 January 1939, five days prior to the German arrival, Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway, by royal decree:
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conflict with the Norwegian claim. Amundsen's claim has never been officially claimed by the Norwegian government.
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285:
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2207:"Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten: Dronning Maud Lands statsrettslige stilling – "utviklingen" frem til 1957"
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has some of its breeding places concentrated in Queen Maud Land. All four of the true Antarctic seals, namely the
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The name Queen Maud Land was initially applied in January 1930 to the land between 37°E and 49°30′E discovered by
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station. Research is conducted by an international team of scientists, studying climatology, glaciology and
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Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators. Available at
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Queen Maud Land is currently home to at least 13 research stations, six of which are operated year-round.
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1621:. The 3.9-square-kilometre (1.5 sq mi) area of ice-free cliffs in Princess Astrid Coast called
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Charnockitic rock needle, northern Holtedahlfjella, Queen Maud Land, aerial photograph in SSE direction.
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1769:. These stations' total summer population is approximately 494, but with considerably fewer in winter.
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station, the successor to three former stations, was completed in 1997. Research at SANAE IV include
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1784:. From these two main airfields, smaller aircraft may fly further to other Antarctic destinations.
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during the assembly of Gondwana. In the farthest western parts of the territory, there are younger
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Norwegian administration of Queen Maud Land is controlled by the Polar Affairs Department of the
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and bird colonies, as well as meteorological and climate research. The other Norwegian station,
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1984: – A territory of Antarctica in Queen Maud Land, first explored by Nazi Germany in 1938/39
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became the world's first reigning monarch to visit Antarctica when he went to Queen Maud Land.
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8:
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Russian cartographers however interpose three marginal seas along the coast, namely the
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310:. In addition, a small unclaimed area from 1939 was annexed in June 2015. Positioned in
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Queen Maud Land was the first part of Antarctica to be sighted, on 27 January 1820 by
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Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway: Vinterkonferansen 2011
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1406:(1957–1958), year-round stations were established in Queen Maud Land by Norway, the
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1942:
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840:. During 1946 and 1947, vast areas of Queen Maud Land were photographed during the
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314:, it makes out about one-fifth of the continent, and is named after the Norwegian
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2017:
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281:) is a roughly 2.7-million-square-kilometre (1.0-million-square-mile) region of
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1753:, respectively. The remaining stations are seasonal, and include: the Belgian
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White Paper No. 32 (2014–2015) "Norwegian Interests and Policy in Antarctica"
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all operate both a perennial and a seasonal station. These are the Norwegian
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These stations are connected by the Dronning Maud Land Air Network Project (
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3391:"Lov om Bouvet-øya, Peter I's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. (bilandsloven)"
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2147:[Mapping Antarctica: International Agreements] (in Norwegian).
1981:
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1857:. Its facilities include a small hospital and a two-helicopter hangar.
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at 71°S, 11°W, and mapped much of western Queen Maud Land. During the
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Norway's claim was disputed by Germany, which in 1938 dispatched the
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2178:"Minifacts about Norway 2011: 2. Geography, climate and environment"
1518:, the first queen to ever visit Antarctica. In 2008, Prime Minister
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made the first ascents of several mountains, including the tallest,
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since 1957, except for a hiatus of a few years. Belgium closed its
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3705:. Polar Conservation Organisation. 3 November 2010. Archived from
1795:, was established for researching birds at the breeding colony in
1549:, the Norwegian claim of Queen Maud Land (along with its claim of
746:, aviator and polar explorer who explored much of Queen Maud Land.
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4709:
4630:
4574:
1807:
1773:
1698:
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664:
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2777:
The Antarctic dictionary: a complete guide to Antarctic English
1880:
1734:
1718:
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and sealing expeditions funded by ship owners, particularly by
648:
525:
There is no permanent population, although there are 12 active
341:. They are administered by the Polar Affairs Department of the
289:
89:
4422:
3534:. International Union for Conservation of Nature. p. 19.
3303:
National Research Council (U.S.) Polar Research Board (1986).
1780:, located at the Troll research station, or the runway at the
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expedition of 1929–30. It was named after the Norwegian queen
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1702:
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Lake Untersee in Queen Maud Land. View from NW to Mt. Bastei.
813:, but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the
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598:
3054:. Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police. 16 June 2006
644:
Geologically, the ground of Queen Maud Land is dominated by
4018:
3951:
German exploration of the polar world: a history, 1870–1940
3000:"Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten: Antarktistraktaten"
1978: – Major feature group in the Transantarctic Mountains
346:
3452:(in Norwegian). Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from
2555:(in Norwegian). Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from
2241:"Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"
1605:
There are three types of birds around Troll station: the
1485:
Norway's main research station, Troll, in Queen Maud Land
259:
254:
1601:
is one of the species of birds found in Queen Maud Land.
1652:
The nunatak areas have a scarcity of flora, limited to
4434:
but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see
4336:(special area of internal sovereignty, subject to the
2425:
2016:
At the time of the claim, Norway did not validate the
1883:, was opened as part of a major ice-drilling project.
2436:
2030:
and that only Norwegians have researched and mapped".
1470:
Founded in 1978, the Polar Affairs Department of the
360:. The region is divided into, from west to east, the
4058:
3230:. NRK/Aftenposten. 11 February 2015. Archived from
2145:"Kartlegginga av Antarktis: Internasjonale avtaler"
1940:Queen Maud Land is featured in the 2021 video game
5182:Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
3993:Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the southern oceans
848:were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory.
798:, to fly over as much of it as possible. The ship
3781:. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from
3732:. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from
3652:. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from
3625:. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from
3589:. Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from
1946:as the setting of the multiplayer map Breakaway.
1501:in 1989–90. In 2003, Minister of the Environment
343:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security
5395:
3496:(in Norwegian). 6 September 2010. Archived from
774:. The territory was explored further during the
2002:
569:Queen Maud Land extends from the boundary with
65:Location of Queen Maud Land (red, in
31:
1396:Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition
542:research station, and a runway at the Russian
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4408:
4289:
4044:
3909:Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent
2201:
2199:
1467:by the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1976–77.
825:shall be brought under Norwegian sovereignty.
352:Most of the territory is covered by the east
213:2,700,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi)
4829:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4824:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
1472:Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police
830:Norwegian royal resolution, 14 January 1939.
655:, before the creation of the supercontinent
3855:. Stavanger: Geological Society of Norway.
3156:"Stoltenberg named mountains in Antarctica"
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4867:
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4423:Outlying territories of European countries
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625:. The other major mountain ranges are the
3905:
3806:"Battlefield 2042 Maps – Electronic Arts"
3309:. National Academies Press. p. 370.
2674:
1741:also operate one permanent station each.
3930:Exploring Polar frontiers: A–L, Volume 1
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3105:
3103:
3032:. Norwegian Social Science Data Services
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2607:
1832:
1678:
1592:
1536:
1497:. Norway established the summer station
1480:
855:
738:
553:
518:The waters off the coast are called the
16:Norway's territorial claim in Antarctica
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3178:"King Harald visits Antarctic namesake"
3154:Jenssen, Elin Vinje (22 January 2008).
3153:
3149:
3147:
3071:
3069:
2805:"Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten"
2799:
2797:
2724:
2576:
2574:
2547:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2456:
2393:from the original on 27 February 2023.
2362:from the original on 27 February 2023.
191:Ministry of Justice and Public Security
5396:
3947:
3884:
3845:
3482:
3480:
3329:
3306:Antarctic treaty system: an assessment
3113:
2917:SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
2891:SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
2865:SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
2839:SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica
2652:
2650:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2437:Utenriksdepartementet (12 June 2015).
2331:from the original on 11 January 2021.
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2239:Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015).
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2101:
667:rocks, formed c. 500 to 600
526:
4848:
4524:Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean
4396:
4277:
4032:
3968:
3926:
3776:
3727:
3647:
3620:
3584:
3527:
3421:Norwegian Ministry of the Environment
3369:Norwegian Ministry of the Environment
3100:
3075:
2937:
2773:
2727:"Annekteringen av Dronning Maud Land"
2711:
2587:. Princeton University. p. 517.
2581:Shirihai, Hadoram; Cox, John (2008).
2501:
2410:. Government of India. Archived from
2172:
2170:
1514:, and Troll was officially opened by
851:
621:(3,148 metres or 10,328 feet) in the
577:in the east, and is divided into the
5373:
3803:
3560:Norwegian Institute for Air Research
3434:
3224:"King Harald begins Antarctic visit"
3144:
3066:
2794:
2668:
2571:
2280:
2238:
2234:
2232:
1675:Research stations in Queen Maud Land
1664:
1105:Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition
731:as the King Haakon VII Plateau when
4487:French Southern and Antarctic Lands
3477:
3296:
3201:"Sun shines for king in Antarctica"
2681:. Taylor & Francis. p. 21.
2659:
2647:
2638:
2524:
2468:
2262:
2112:
2098:
2061:expedition's return in August 1939.
13:
3556:"Antarktis: Troll får nye krefter"
3450:"Faktaark: Sjøfuglene i Antarktis"
3383:
3207:. 11 February 2015. Archived from
3184:. 11 February 2015. Archived from
2919:. Australian Antarctic Data Centre
2893:. Australian Antarctic Data Centre
2867:. Australian Antarctic Data Centre
2841:. Australian Antarctic Data Centre
2167:
2142:
1949:A Norwegian pop group is known as
1935:
1822: / auroral observations,
1806:include environmental monitoring,
1588:
1570:Ministry of Justice and the Police
659:. The mountains consist mostly of
14:
5420:
4012:
3888:Antarctica and the law of the sea
3447:
3333:Antarctica and the Law of the Sea
2377:"Kazakhstan - The World Factbook"
2229:
1814:and meteorological observations,
1802:Activities conducted by Russia's
699:
573:in the west to the boundary with
5372:
5363:
5362:
5122:
4507:Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands
4348:
4183:
4060:Territorial claims in Antarctica
3804:Arts, Electronic (7 June 2021).
2346:"Argentina - The World Factbook"
1547:territorial claims in Antarctica
1510:and Minister of the Environment
337:made by Norway, the other being
82:
58:
3891:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
3885:Joyner, Christopher C. (1992).
3823:
3797:
3777:Molle, Kris (2 November 2010).
3770:
3758:. Princess Elisabeth Antarctica
3756:"Princess Elisabeth Antarctica"
3748:
3728:Molle, Kris (3 November 2010).
3721:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3668:
3648:Molle, Kris (2 December 2010).
3641:
3621:Molle, Kris (2 November 2010).
3614:
3605:
3585:Molle, Kris (2 December 2010).
3578:
3548:
3521:
3512:
3468:
3409:
3357:
3336:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
3330:Joyner, Christopher C. (1992).
3323:
3271:
3170:
3116:"Norge: Året rundt i Antarktis"
3082:Polar Conservation Organisation
3076:Molle, Kris (29 October 2010).
3044:
3022:
2992:
2970:"Maudheim-ekspedisjonen (NBSX)"
2962:
2944:Polar Conservation Organisation
2938:Molle, Kris (2 December 2010).
2931:
2905:
2879:
2853:
2827:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2685:
2601:
2430:
2418:
2400:
2369:
2338:
2307:
2054:
2033:
2010:
1671:Research stations in Antarctica
1532:
651:, formed c. 1 to 1.2
4874:
4794:British Indian Ocean Territory
4087:Australian Antarctic Territory
3125:(in Norwegian). Archived from
3006:(in Norwegian). Archived from
2976:(in Norwegian). Archived from
2811:(in Norwegian). Archived from
2733:(in Norwegian). Archived from
2619:(in Norwegian). Archived from
2213:(in Norwegian). Archived from
2136:
2080:
1995:
1426:. Japan has been based at its
1404:International Geophysical Year
305:Australian Antarctic Territory
1:
3948:Murphy, David Thomas (2002).
3927:Mills, William James (2003).
3692:McGonigal, 2009, p. 110.
2465:Stonehouse, pp. 155–156.
2068:
2001:Also spelled in Norwegian as
1922:Princess Elisabeth Antarctica
1868:station together make up the
1755:Princess Elisabeth Antarctica
1130:Base antarctique Roi Baudouin
562:, a constituent range of the
229:3,148 m (10,328 ft)
51:Dependent territory of Norway
21:Dependent territory of Norway
3990:Stonehouse, Bernard (2002).
3397:(in Norwegian). 13 July 2011
3279:"The Antarctic Treaty (ATS)"
2315:"India - The World Factbook"
2247:(in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway
2073:
770:, wife of the then-reigning
549:
221:2,000 m (7,000 ft)
7:
4789:British Antarctic Territory
4430:Territories under European
4151:Chilean Antarctic Territory
4139:British Antarctic Territory
3158:. Norwegian Polar Institute
2387:Central Intelligence Agency
2356:Central Intelligence Agency
2325:Central Intelligence Agency
1969:
1476:Ministry of the Environment
1441:In 1948, the newly created
1379:Soviet Antarctic Expedition
792:German Antarctic Expedition
511:
508:
505:
494:
491:
488:
475:
472:
469:
456:
453:
450:
437:
434:
431:
418:
415:
412:
298:British Antarctic Territory
10:
5425:
3954:. University of Nebraska.
3838:
3365:"Polar Affairs Department"
3052:"Polar Affairs Department"
3030:"Polar Affairs Department"
2774:Hince, Bernadette (2000).
2675:Hatherton, Trevor (1965).
2608:Elvevold, Synnøve (2005).
2439:"Meld. St. 32 (2014–2015)"
1826:, geology, geophysics and
1668:
1489:In 1992, an expedition by
1350:26 February 1961
1281:Antarctic research station
1263:Antarctic research station
1138:Antarctic research station
1120:Antarctic research station
1007:Antarctic research station
992:Antarctic research station
933:20 February 1950
879:Antarctic research station
864:Antarctic research station
727:was claimed for Norway by
694:
5358:
5311:
5210:
5174:
5131:
5120:
5075:
5024:
4947:
4882:
4771:
4718:
4697:
4661:
4613:
4600:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
4464:
4443:
4438:for further information).
4428:
4358:
4345:
4319:
4237:
4219:
4192:
4181:
4066:
4019:Norwegian Polar Institute
3906:McGonigal, David (2009).
3611:Rubin, 2008, pp. 304–305.
3518:Joyner, 1992, p. 26.
3474:Rubin, 2008, p. 120.
3353:– via Google Books.
3258:Norwegian Polar Institute
2656:Heldal, 2011, p. 11.
2149:Norwegian Polar Institute
2133:Mills, 2003, p. 540.
1443:Norwegian Polar Institute
1384:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1346:
1331:
1287:
1278:
1268:
1253:
1248:Belgian Antarctic Program
1243:
1235:
1230:
1218:
1203:
1188:
1144:
1135:
1125:
1110:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1072:
1061:20 January 1957
1057:
1013:
1004:
997:
982:
972:
964:
959:
948:15 January 1952
944:
929:
885:
876:
869:
706:Fabian von Bellingshausen
296:. It borders the claimed
245:
233:
225:
217:
207:
200:
196:
184:
169:
165:
151:
139:
131:
123:
113:
105:
95:
75:
57:
48:
26:
5032:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4834:Turks and Caicos Islands
4024:Polar Affairs Department
1988:
1864:station and the Finnish
1804:Novolazarevskaya Station
1782:Novolazarevskaya Station
1424:Novolazarevskaya Station
1272:
1129:
623:Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains
544:Novolazarevskaya Station
3912:. Frances Lincoln Ltd.
3078:"Norway and Antarctica"
2293:Encyclopædia Britannica
1555:Antarctic Treaty System
1335:10 March 1959
587:Princess Ragnhild Coast
447:Princess Ragnhild Coast
370:Princess Ragnhild Coast
327:Antarctic Treaty System
321:In 1930, the Norwegian
186:• Administered by
160:constitutional monarchy
4799:British Virgin Islands
3996:. John Wiley and Son.
3114:Jaklin, G. S. (2005).
2725:Widerøe, Turi (2008).
2143:Ørvoll, Oddveig Øien.
2003:
1962:, which translates to
1890:station succeeded the
1838:
1690:
1602:
1542:
1486:
861:
833:
747:
566:
278:
226:Highest elevation
32:
4626:Caribbean Netherlands
3528:Stone, David (1995).
2764:Murphy, 2002, p. 204.
2755:Murphy, 2002, p. 192.
2610:"Geologi i Antarktis"
2509:Store norske leksikon
2408:"Area and Population"
2088:"Dronning Mauds land"
1836:
1797:Svarthamaren Mountain
1682:
1669:Further information:
1623:Svarthamaren Mountain
1596:
1540:
1516:Queen Sonja of Norway
1484:
1432:King Baudouin Station
1176:King Baudouin Station
1127:King Baudouin Station
859:
822:
752:Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen
744:Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen
742:
639:Sør Rondane Mountains
583:Princess Astrid Coast
579:Princess Martha Coast
557:
538:, near the Norwegian
428:Princess Astrid Coast
409:Princess Martha Coast
366:Princess Astrid Coast
362:Princess Martha Coast
323:Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen
4321:Unincorporated areas
4305:Unincorporated areas
4252:Uruguayan Antarctica
4247:Brazilian Antarctica
4144:Queen Elizabeth Land
4082:Argentine Antarctica
3969:Rubin, Jeff (2008).
3846:Heldal, Tom (2011).
3779:"Princess Elisabeth"
3683:Rubin, 2008, p. 306.
3674:Mills, 2003, p. 259.
3500:on 28 September 2011
3488:"Dronning Maud Land"
3456:on 28 September 2011
3254:"Antarktistraktaten"
2887:"Roi Baudouin, Base"
2737:on 24 September 2015
2665:Joyner, 1992, p. 47.
2644:Heldal, 2011, p. 10.
2553:"Dronning Maud Land"
2504:"Dronning Maud Land"
2414:on 26 December 2007.
2277:Rubin, 2008, p. 305.
2109:Rubin, 2008, p. 304.
1976:Queen Maud Mountains
1877:Neumayer Station III
1855:atmospheric sciences
1715:Neumayer Station III
1553:) is subject to the
714:Christen Christensen
534:, South Africa, are
335:two Antarctic claims
5409:Lands of Antarctica
5345:Robert Falcon Scott
5002:South magnetic pole
4960:Antarctic Peninsula
4955:Biogeographic realm
4741:Plazas de Soberanía
4551:Juan de Nova Island
4256:American Antarctica
3830:Dronning Mauds Land
3810:Electronic Arts Inc
3493:Miljøstatus i Norge
3234:on 15 February 2015
3211:on 14 February 2015
3188:on 15 February 2015
3123:Norsk Polarhistorie
3004:Norsk Polarhistorie
2974:Norsk Polarhistorie
2809:Norsk Polarhistorie
2731:Norsk Polarhistorie
2697:Norsk Polarhistorie
2617:Norsk Polarhistorie
2211:Norsk Polarhistorie
2094:. 12 February 2015.
2004:Dronning Mauds land
1952:Dronning Mauds Land
1849:/ecology, geology,
1721:; and the Japanese
1308:69.9667°S 12.9167°E
1303: /
1225:Baudouin of Belgium
1165:70.4333°S 24.3167°E
1160: /
1029: /
906:71.0433°S 10.9250°W
901: /
842:Richard Evelyn Byrd
673:Pan-African orogeny
611:King Haakon VII Sea
591:Prince Harald Coast
560:Drygalski Mountains
520:King Haakon VII Sea
466:Prince Harald Coast
374:Prince Harald Coast
354:Antarctic ice sheet
294:dependent territory
5283:Telecommunications
5197:Territorial claims
4756:Chafarinas Islands
4436:inclusion criteria
4263:Spanish Antarctica
4259:Russian Antarctica
4107:Princess Elizabeth
3587:"Novolazarevskaya"
2382:The World Factbook
2351:The World Factbook
2320:The World Factbook
1839:
1765:; and the Swedish
1757:base; the Finnish
1691:
1686:station on top of
1603:
1543:
1512:Knut Arild Hareide
1487:
1192:February 1958
1034:70.5000°S 2.5333°W
911:-71.0433; -10.9250
862:
852:Later developments
748:
635:Wohlthat Mountains
567:
331:demilitarised zone
279:Dronning Maud Land
33:Dronning Maud Land
5391:
5390:
5350:Ernest Shackleton
5278:Research stations
5223:Antarctic English
5192:National programs
5187:Military activity
5161:COVID-19 pandemic
5118:
5117:
4987:Floristic Kingdom
4892:Antarctic sea ice
4842:
4841:
4751:Alhucemas Islands
4605:Wallis and Futuna
4517:Saint Paul Island
4502:Kerguelen Islands
4472:Clipperton Island
4390:
4389:
4271:
4270:
4238:Unrecognized and
4212:
4204:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4112:Kaiser Wilhelm II
4078:
4003:978-0-471-98665-2
3982:978-1-74104-549-9
3975:. Lonely Planet.
3961:978-0-8032-3205-1
3940:978-1-57607-422-0
3919:978-0-7112-2980-8
3898:978-0-7923-1823-1
3862:978-82-92394-62-5
3785:on 5 October 2011
3736:on 5 October 2011
3709:on 5 October 2011
3656:on 5 October 2011
3629:on 5 October 2011
3593:on 5 October 2011
3541:978-2-8317-0049-6
3448:Strøm, Hallvard.
3343:978-0-7923-1823-1
3316:978-0-309-03640-5
3088:on 5 October 2011
2950:on 5 October 2011
2787:978-0-9577471-1-1
2626:on 7 October 2011
2594:978-0-691-13666-0
2502:Gjeldsvik, Tore.
2288:"Queen Maud Land"
2182:Statistics Norway
2155:on 17 August 2011
2045:Riiser-Larsen Sea
1915:Dome Fuji Station
1870:Nordenskiöld Base
1665:Research stations
1583:search and rescue
1392:
1391:
1375: • Body
1367: • Type
1313:-69.9667; 12.9167
1261:
1260:
1244: • Body
1236: • Type
1170:-70.4333; 24.3167
1118:
1117:
1101: • Body
1093: • Type
1039:-70.5000; -2.5333
990:
989:
973: • Body
965: • Type
725:Antarctic Plateau
595:Prince Olav Coast
527:research stations
516:
515:
485:Prince Olav Coast
378:Prince Olav Coast
268:
267:
135:20°W – 45°E
106:Dependency status
97:Annexed by Norway
5416:
5376:
5375:
5366:
5365:
5340:James Clark Ross
5312:Famous explorers
5126:
4945:
4944:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4846:
4845:
4819:Pitcairn Islands
4809:Falkland Islands
4590:Saint Barthélemy
4539:Glorioso Islands
4512:Amsterdam Island
4482:French Polynesia
4417:
4410:
4403:
4394:
4393:
4353:
4352:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4210:
4202:
4187:
4174:
4166:
4158:
4076:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4007:
3986:
3965:
3944:
3923:
3902:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3872:on 23 March 2012
3871:
3865:. Archived from
3854:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3562:. Archived from
3552:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3484:
3475:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3256:(in Norwegian).
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3205:Newsinenglish.no
3197:
3195:
3193:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3120:
3111:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3084:. Archived from
3073:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2980:on 21 March 2012
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2946:. Archived from
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2861:"Norway Station"
2857:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2801:
2792:
2791:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2722:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2578:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2549:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2499:
2466:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:2,699,700 sq km
2373:
2367:
2366:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2151:. Archived from
2140:
2134:
2131:
2110:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2014:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1960:
1943:Battlefield 2042
1892:Dakshin Gangotri
1847:invasion biology
1789:greenhouse gases
1761:; the Pakistani
1747:Novolazarevskaya
1615:south polar skua
1607:Antarctic petrel
1563:sector principle
1520:Jens Stoltenberg
1460:Antarctic Treaty
1357:
1355:
1342:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1266:
1265:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1123:
1122:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
995:
994:
955:
953:
940:
938:
925:
924:
922:
921:
920:
918:
913:
912:
907:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
867:
866:
831:
815:Second World War
760:Lars Christensen
756:Finn Lützow-Holm
627:Heimefront Range
503:Queen Maud Land
383:
382:
115:Antarctic Treaty
98:
88:
86:
85:
62:
43:
35:
24:
23:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5404:Queen Maud Land
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5354:
5324:Richard E. Byrd
5307:
5268:Protected areas
5206:
5170:
5127:
5114:
5071:
5025:Bodies of Water
5020:
5009:West Antarctica
4965:East Antarctica
4943:
4878:
4873:
4843:
4838:
4767:
4714:
4693:
4684:Queen Maud Land
4657:
4609:
4556:Tromelin Island
4529:Bassas da India
4460:
4439:
4424:
4421:
4391:
4386:
4381:Queen Maud Land
4354:
4347:
4343:
4338:Svalbard Treaty
4315:
4302:
4272:
4267:
4240:Proposed claims
4239:
4233:
4229:Marie Byrd Land
4215:
4208:Yamato Yukihara
4188:
4179:
4172:Ross Dependency
4164:Queen Maud Land
4062:
4057:
4015:
4010:
4004:
3983:
3962:
3941:
3920:
3899:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3852:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3726:
3722:
3712:
3710:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3657:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3486:
3485:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3446:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3228:The Norway Post
3222:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3132:on 29 June 2023
3129:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3010:on 23 July 2014
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2894:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2815:on 1 April 2024
2803:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2579:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2559:on 21 July 2012
2551:
2550:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2500:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2445:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2364:2,736,690 sq km
2344:
2343:
2339:
2333:2,973,193 sq km
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2248:
2237:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2113:
2108:
2099:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2038:
2034:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1972:
1964:Queen Maud Land
1954:
1938:
1936:Popular culture
1841:South Africa's
1677:
1667:
1631:emperor penguin
1591:
1589:Fauna and flora
1545:Like all other
1535:
1436:Plateau Station
1420:Lazarev Station
1353:
1351:
1338:
1336:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1264:
1210:
1208:
1195:
1193:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1121:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1062:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1000:
993:
951:
949:
936:
934:
916:
914:
910:
908:
904:
903:
900:
895:
892:
890:
888:
887:
881:
872:
865:
854:
832:
829:
796:Alfred Ritscher
772:King Haakon VII
702:
697:
631:Orvin Mountains
564:Orvin Mountains
552:
399:
395:Eastern border
392:Western border
333:. It is one of
312:East Antarctica
271:Queen Maud Land
264:
210:
187:
175:
101:14 January 1939
96:
83:
81:
77:Sovereign state
71:
70:
53:
44:
37:
29:
28:Queen Maud Land
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5422:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5370:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5334:Ui-te-Rangiora
5331:
5329:Douglas Mawson
5326:
5321:
5319:Roald Amundsen
5315:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5258:Gateway cities
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Antarctica Day
5214:
5212:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5090:
5088:Microorganisms
5085:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5052:List of rivers
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5006:
5005:
5004:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Extreme points
4979:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4902:Climate change
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4804:Cayman Islands
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4772:United Kingdom
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Alboran Island
4738:
4733:
4728:
4726:Canary Islands
4722:
4720:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:Peter I Island
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4641:Sint Eustatius
4638:
4633:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4497:Crozet Islands
4494:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4397:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4377:
4374:Peter I Island
4370:
4364:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4205:
4196:
4194:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4156:Peter I Island
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4102:Mac. Robertson
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4014:
4013:External links
4011:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3966:
3960:
3945:
3939:
3924:
3918:
3903:
3897:
3882:
3861:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3822:
3796:
3769:
3747:
3720:
3694:
3685:
3676:
3667:
3640:
3613:
3604:
3577:
3566:on 7 July 2010
3547:
3540:
3520:
3511:
3476:
3467:
3433:
3408:
3382:
3371:. 16 June 2006
3356:
3342:
3322:
3315:
3295:
3270:
3245:
3169:
3143:
3099:
3065:
3043:
3021:
2991:
2961:
2930:
2904:
2878:
2852:
2826:
2793:
2786:
2766:
2757:
2748:
2710:
2699:(in Norwegian)
2684:
2667:
2658:
2646:
2637:
2600:
2593:
2570:
2523:
2512:(in Norwegian)
2467:
2455:
2429:
2417:
2399:
2368:
2337:
2306:
2279:
2261:
2228:
2217:on 13 May 2021
2195:
2166:
2135:
2111:
2097:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2032:
2009:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1968:
1937:
1934:
1778:Troll Airfield
1666:
1663:
1643:crabeater seal
1590:
1587:
1574:procedural law
1551:Peter I Island
1534:
1531:
1491:Ivar Tollefsen
1412:Norway Station
1390:
1389:
1388:All year-round
1386:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1370:Administration
1368:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:All year-round
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1239:Administration
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:All year-round
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1096:Administration
1094:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1045:Norway Station
1011:
1010:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:Norway Station
998:
991:
988:
987:
986:All year-round
984:
980:
979:
974:
970:
969:
968:Administration
966:
962:
961:
957:
956:
946:
942:
941:
931:
927:
926:
883:
882:
877:
874:
873:
870:
863:
853:
850:
827:
733:his expedition
729:Roald Amundsen
701:
700:Early activity
698:
696:
693:
681:volcanic rocks
551:
548:
536:Troll Airfield
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
468:
463:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
444:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
425:
421:
420:
417:
414:
411:
406:
402:
401:
396:
393:
390:
387:
339:Peter I Island
329:, making it a
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
251:
249:
243:
242:
237:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
204:
198:
197:
194:
193:
188:
185:
182:
181:
176:
170:
167:
166:
163:
162:
153:
149:
148:
143:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
125:
121:
120:
117:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
99:
93:
92:
79:
73:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
30:
27:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5421:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5371:
5369:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5263:Midwinter Day
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5202:Treaty System
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5057:McMurdo Sound
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5010:
5007:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4870:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4762:
4761:Velez Islands
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4669:Bouvet Island
4667:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:New Caledonia
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Europa Island
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:French Guiana
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4457:
4456:Faroe Islands
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4406:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:Bouvet Island
4366:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4193:Former claims
4191:
4186:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4005:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3984:
3978:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3883:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3831:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3757:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3708:
3704:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3581:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3543:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3070:
3053:
3047:
3031:
3025:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2965:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2622:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2575:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2444:
2443:Regjeringa.no
2440:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2057:
2050:
2049:Cosmonaut Sea
2046:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2028:terra nullius
2024:
2019:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1926:zero emission
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1907:Showa Station
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:geomorphology
1848:
1844:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:; the German
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1527:King Harald V
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:Showa Station
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1349:
1345:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1288:Coordinates:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1145:Coordinates:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1014:Coordinates:
1012:
1008:
1003:
996:
985:
981:
978:
975:
971:
967:
963:
958:
947:
943:
932:
928:
923:
886:Coordinates:
884:
880:
875:
868:
858:
849:
847:
843:
839:
838:Bouvet Island
826:
821:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
802:
797:
793:
788:
786:
785:Viggo Widerøe
782:
777:
773:
769:
768:Maud of Wales
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
692:
691:and islands.
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
561:
556:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
528:
523:
521:
502:
499:
498:
486:
483:
480:
479:
467:
464:
461:
460:
448:
445:
442:
441:
429:
426:
423:
422:
410:
407:
404:
403:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
384:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
318:(1869–1938).
317:
313:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
284:
280:
276:
272:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
250:
248:
244:
241:
238:
236:
235:ISO 3166 code
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
206:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:
183:
180:
177:
174:
168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147:
146:Maud of Wales
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
94:
91:
80:
78:
74:
68:
61:
56:
52:
47:
41:
34:
25:
19:
5248:Firefighting
5233:Demographics
5156:Colonization
5151:World War II
4683:
4653:Sint Maarten
4595:Saint Martin
4544:Geyser Shoal
4380:
4379:
4372:
4360:Dependencies
4309:dependencies
4163:
3992:
3971:
3950:
3933:. ABC-CLIO.
3929:
3908:
3887:
3874:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3848:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3772:
3760:. Retrieved
3750:
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3723:
3711:. Retrieved
3707:the original
3697:
3688:
3679:
3670:
3658:. Retrieved
3654:the original
3643:
3631:. Retrieved
3627:the original
3616:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3591:the original
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3564:the original
3550:
3530:
3523:
3514:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:the original
3491:
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:the original
3424:. Retrieved
3411:
3399:. Retrieved
3394:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3332:
3325:
3305:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3248:
3236:. Retrieved
3232:the original
3227:
3213:. Retrieved
3209:the original
3204:
3190:. Retrieved
3186:the original
3181:
3172:
3160:. Retrieved
3134:. Retrieved
3127:the original
3122:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3056:. Retrieved
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
3008:the original
3003:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:the original
2973:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:the original
2933:
2921:. Retrieved
2916:
2907:
2895:. Retrieved
2890:
2881:
2869:. Retrieved
2864:
2855:
2843:. Retrieved
2838:
2829:
2817:. Retrieved
2813:the original
2808:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:the original
2730:
2701:. Retrieved
2696:
2687:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2640:
2628:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2616:
2603:
2583:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:the original
2514:. Retrieved
2507:
2446:. Retrieved
2442:
2432:
2420:
2412:the original
2402:
2394:
2380:
2371:
2363:
2349:
2340:
2332:
2318:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2291:
2282:
2256:
2251:22 September
2249:. Retrieved
2244:
2219:. Retrieved
2215:the original
2210:
2186:. Retrieved
2157:. Retrieved
2153:the original
2138:
2091:
2082:
2056:
2035:
2027:
2012:
1997:
1963:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1930:microbiology
1919:
1904:
1885:
1874:
1860:The Swedish
1859:
1840:
1801:
1786:
1771:
1739:South Africa
1692:
1688:Vesleskarvet
1651:
1639:leopard seal
1635:Weddell seal
1628:
1604:
1585:operations.
1579:
1567:
1544:
1533:Legal status
1524:
1508:Jan Petersen
1503:Børge Brende
1488:
1469:
1455:
1440:
1431:
1419:
1411:
1408:Soviet Union
1399:
1393:
1385:Active times
1254:Active times
1111:Active times
983:Active times
834:
823:
819:
801:Schwabenland
800:
789:
780:
775:
763:
749:
722:
716:and his son
703:
687:, with deep
643:
615:
575:Enderby Land
568:
524:
517:
351:
320:
270:
269:
247:Internet TLD
209:• Total
132:Sector claim
127:12 June 2015
119:23 June 1961
109:21 June 1957
18:
5336:(legendary)
5243:Field camps
5141:Expeditions
5067:Weddell Sea
5047:Lake Vostok
5042:Lake Mercer
4914:Ice shelves
4614:Netherlands
4492:Adélie Land
4432:sovereignty
4074:Adélie Land
3730:"Dome Fuji"
3417:"Antarktis"
3238:15 February
3215:15 February
3192:15 February
2426:Stat.gov.kz
2245:Aftenposten
2092:NRK-språket
2041:Lazarev Sea
1955: [
1875:The German
1820:ionospheric
1818:, biology,
1812:geomagnetic
1611:snow petrel
1599:snow petrel
1495:Jøkulkyrkja
1465:Weddell Sea
1458:), and the
1448:sovereignty
1332:Established
1311: /
1189:Established
1168: /
1058:Established
1037: /
930:Established
909: /
677:sedimentary
661:crystalline
646:Precambrian
619:Jøkulkyrkja
5398:Categories
5146:Heroic Age
4997:South Pole
4907:Heat waves
4876:Antarctica
4814:Montserrat
4570:Martinique
4565:Guadeloupe
4200:New Swabia
4117:Queen Mary
3972:Antarctica
3650:"Neumayer"
3349:14 January
3288:14 January
2940:"Maudheim"
2835:"Maudheim"
2678:Antarctica
2448:14 January
2069:References
2026:currently
1982:New Swabia
1920:Belgium's
1911:gravimetry
1828:seismology
1816:glaciology
1810:/mapping,
1452:dependency
1362:Government
1354:1961-02-26
1339:1959-03-10
1317: (
1298:12°55′00″E
1295:69°58′00″S
1231:Government
1174: (
1155:24°19′00″E
1152:70°26′00″S
1088:Government
1065:1957-01-20
1043: (
1021:70°30′00″S
960:Government
952:1952-01-15
937:1950-02-20
915: (
896:10°55′30″W
893:71°02′36″S
846:Coats Land
811:New Swabia
607:Kazakhstan
571:Coats Land
509:44° 38′ E
506:20° 00′ W
492:44° 38′ E
489:40° 00′ E
473:40° 00′ E
470:34° 00′ E
454:34° 00′ E
451:20° 00′ E
435:20° 00′ E
432:05° 00′ E
416:05° 00′ E
413:20° 00′ W
316:Queen Maud
283:Antarctica
156:Dependency
152:Government
67:Antarctica
5298:Transport
5037:Lake CECs
5014:ice sheet
4970:ice sheet
4939:Volcanoes
4929:Mountains
4884:Geography
4674:Jan Mayen
4451:Greenland
4329:Jan Mayen
4221:Unclaimed
3789:21 August
3762:21 August
3740:21 August
3713:21 August
3660:21 August
3633:21 August
3597:21 August
3570:4 October
3182:The Local
2913:"Lazarev"
2780:. CSIRO.
2188:21 August
2074:Citations
1900:Himalayas
1824:limnology
1727:Dome Fuji
1658:bryophyte
1647:Ross seal
1525:In 2015,
1438:in 1966.
1220:Named for
1024:2°32′00″W
807:swastikas
794:, led by
685:Greenland
603:Argentina
550:Geography
532:Cape Town
275:Norwegian
218:Elevation
141:Named for
40:Norwegian
5368:Category
5273:Religion
5175:Politics
5093:Wildlife
5062:Ross Sea
4924:Glaciers
4779:Anguilla
4698:Portugal
4689:Svalbard
4334:Svalbard
4127:George V
2391:Archived
2360:Archived
2329:Archived
2299:25 April
2047:and the
1970:See also
1896:Gondwana
1843:SANAE IV
1751:SANAE IV
1684:SANAE IV
1619:nunataks
1613:and the
1400:Maudheim
917:Maudheim
871:Maudheim
828:—
776:Norvegia
764:Norvegia
665:granitic
657:Gondwana
512:64° 38′
495:04° 38′
476:06° 00′
457:14° 00′
438:15° 00′
419:25° 00′
400:degrees
398:Width in
308:45° east
303:and the
301:20° west
179:Harald V
158:under a
124:Expanded
5378:Commons
5293:Tourism
5238:Economy
5211:Society
5133:History
5103:Mammals
4992:Islands
4948:Regions
4919:Geology
4897:Climate
4784:Bermuda
4736:Melilla
4710:Madeira
4648:Curaçao
4631:Bonaire
4585:Réunion
4575:Mayotte
4444:Denmark
4092:Enderby
3839:Sources
3815:12 June
3703:"Syowa"
3504:15 July
3460:11 July
3401:18 July
3395:Lovdata
3375:18 July
3263:18 July
3136:18 July
3092:22 July
3058:12 July
3036:12 July
2984:22 July
2954:22 July
2923:3 March
2897:3 March
2871:3 March
2845:3 March
2741:15 July
2703:11 July
2630:18 July
2159:15 July
1808:geodesy
1774:DROMLAN
1699:Germany
1559:nuclear
1352: (
1337: (
1319:Lazarev
1273:Лазарев
1270:Lazarev
1209: (
1196:1958-02
1194: (
1078: (
1063: (
950: (
935: (
781:Sevilla
779:whaler
758:during
710:whaling
695:History
671:in the
500:
286:claimed
173:Monarch
171:•
4975:shield
4934:Tundra
4705:Azores
4662:Norway
4465:France
4313:Norway
4211:(Jap.)
4203:(Ger.)
4175:(N.Z.)
4167:(Nor.)
4159:(Nor.)
4122:Wilkes
4067:Claims
4000:
3979:
3958:
3937:
3916:
3895:
3876:15 May
3859:
3623:"Aboa"
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