Henrietta Maria of France

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The traditional perspective on the Queen has suggested that she was a strong-willed woman who dominated her weaker-willed husband for the worse; the historian Wedgwood, for example, highlights Henrietta Maria's steadily increasing ascendancy over Charles, observing that "he sought her advice on every subject, except religion" and indeed complained that he could not make her an official member of his council. Some recounting from the 1670s back Wedgwood's case somewhat, as there is documentation of Henrietta Maria's rather forward trades with France for money and arms. Reinterpretation in the 1970s argued that Henrietta Maria's political role was more limited, suggesting that the King took more decisions himself personally. Quinton Bone concludes that, despite having a very close personal relationship with Henrietta Maria, Charles rarely listened to her on matters of state politics. A third, more recent model argues that Henrietta Maria did indeed exercise political power and influence during the conflict, less so directly but more as a result of her public actions and deeds, which constrained and influenced the choices available to Charles.

913: 1085: 773:. Henrietta Maria effectively took over Buckingham's role as Charles's closest friend and advisor. Despite the ejection of the French staff in 1626, Charles's court was heavily influenced by French society; French was usually used in preference to English, being considered a more polite language. Charles regularly wrote letters to Henrietta Maria, addressed "Dear Heart." These letters showcase the loving nature of their relationship. On 11 January 1645, for example, Charles wrote, "And dear Heart, thou canst not but be confident that there is no danger which I will not hazzard, or pains that I will not undergo, to enjoy the happiness of thy company." 370: 1203: 272: 1123:

a cold, and coughs. Henrietta Maria's negotiations were difficult; the larger pieces of jewellery were both too expensive to be sold easily, and politically risky – many buyers were deterred in case a future English Parliament attempted to reclaim them, arguing they had been illegally sold by Henrietta Maria. Henrietta Maria was finally partially successful in her negotiations, particularly for the smaller pieces, but she was portrayed in the English press as selling off the crown jewels to foreigners to buy guns for a religious conflict, adding to her unpopularity at home. She urged Charles, then in

960:. The old chapel had been deeply unpopular amongst Protestants, and there had been much talk amongst London apprentices of pulling it down as an anti-Catholic gesture. Although modest externally, Henrietta Maria's chapel was much more elaborate inside and was opened in a particularly grand ceremony in 1636. This caused great alarm amongst many in the Protestant community. Henrietta Maria's religious activities appear to have focused on bringing a modern, 17th-century European form of Catholicism to England. To some extent, it worked, with numerous conversions amongst Henrietta Maria's circle; historian 1617: 1301: 5054: 1070: 42: 1159:'s proposals to settle the rebellion in Ireland and bring forces across the sea to support the king in England. Henrietta Maria continued to argue vigorously for nothing less than a total victory over Charles's enemies, countering proposals for a compromise. She rejected private messages from Pym and Hampden asking her to use her influence over the king to create a peace treaty, and was impeached by Parliament shortly afterwards. Meanwhile, Parliament had voted to destroy her private chapel at Somerset House and arrest the 761:, wife of James Hay who helped negotiate the marriage and who was now a gentleman of the bedchamber to Charles. Lucy was a staunch Protestant, a noted beauty and a strong personality. Many contemporaries believed her to be a mistress to Buckingham, rumours which Henrietta Maria would have been aware of, and it has been argued that Lucy was attempting to control the new queen on his behalf. Nonetheless, by the summer of 1628 the two were extremely close friends, with Hay one of the queen's ladies-in-waiting. 730: 550: 1425: 1038:

any damage to French prestige by an attack on the Queen, but was equally unimpressed by Charles's record on relations with France. He advised caution and reconciliation with Pym. The arrest was bungled, and Pym and his colleagues escaped Charles's soldiers, possibly as a result of a tip-off from Henrietta Maria's former friend Lucy Hay. With the anti-royalist backlash now in full swing, Henrietta Maria and Charles retreated from

786: 1393:, whom she particularly disliked. She also quarrelled with Ormonde: when she said that if she had been trusted the King would be in England, Ormonde, with his usual bluntness, retorted that if she had never been trusted the King need never have left England. Co-location began to bring the factions together, but Henrietta Maria's influence was waning. In 1654, Charles II moved his court on to 1253:

Henrietta Maria had had another difficult childbirth, and the king had to personally appeal to their usual physician, de Mayerne, to risk leaving London to attend to her. The Queen was in considerable pain and distress, but decided that the threat from Essex was too great; leaving newborn Henrietta in Exeter because of the risks of the journey, she stayed at

1328:. During 1646 there was talk of Prince Charles joining Henrietta Maria in Paris; Henrietta Maria and the King were keen, but the Prince was initially advised not to go, as it would portray him as a Catholic friend of France. After the continued failure of the Royalist efforts in England, he finally agreed to join his mother in July 1646. 1218:, adorned with the royal furniture which had been brought up from London. The queen's usual companions were present: Denbigh, Davenant, her dwarves; her rooms were overrun by dogs, including Mitte. The atmosphere in Oxford was a combination of a fortified city and a royal court, and Henrietta Maria was frequently stressed with worry. 1460:, Charles II's chief minister. Anne was pregnant, and James had proposed marrying her. Henrietta Maria was horrified; she still disliked Edward Hyde, did not approve of the pregnant Anne, and certainly did not want the courtier's daughter to marry her son. However, Charles II agreed and despite her efforts the couple were married. 1004:, believed to be orchestrated by the Jesuits to whom she was linked in the public imagination. Henrietta Maria herself was rarely seen in London, as Charles and she had largely withdrawn from public society during the 1630s, both because of their desire for privacy and because of the cost of court pageants. 1331:

Henrietta Maria was increasingly depressed and anxious in France, from where she attempted to convince Charles to accept a Presbyterian government in England as a means of mobilising Scottish support for the re-invasion of England and the defeat of Parliament. In December 1647, she was horrified when

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At the beginning of 1643, Henrietta Maria attempted to return to England. Part of the rashness of the following decisions were partially due to the desire to rejoin Charles I in person, as his recent decision-making and disregard of her advising caused her to grow very concerned. The first attempt to

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factions. Queen Henrietta Maria became heavily involved in this conflict that resulted in her husband's death and her exile in France. There have been various schools of thought as to Henrietta Maria's role in the civil war period and the degree of her responsibility for the ultimate Royalist defeat.

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Henrietta Maria, as her relationship with her husband grew stronger, split with Lucy Hay in 1634. The specific reasons are largely unclear although the two had had their differences before. Hay was an ardent Protestant, for example, and led a rather more dissolute life than the Queen; Henrietta Maria

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to support Charles's cause. Henrietta would regularly send letters to Charles from her time in The Hague to her eventual return to England. This was to maintain the couple's dual decision-making beyond simply keeping in touch. She was not well during this period, suffering from toothache, headaches,

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Henrietta Maria encouraged Charles to take a firm line with Pym and his colleagues. She was widely believed to have encouraged Charles to arrest his Parliamentary enemies in January 1642, although no hard proof of this exists. The Marquis de La Ferté-Imbault, the French ambassador, was keen to avoid

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Henrietta Maria had a strong interest in the arts, and her patronage of various activities was one of the various ways in which she tried to shape court events. She and Charles were "dedicated and knowledgeable collectors" of paintings. Henrietta Maria was particularly known for her patronage of the

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In August 1628, Buckingham was assassinated, leaving a gap in the royal court. Henrietta Maria's relationship with her husband promptly began to improve and the two forged deep bonds of love and affection, marked by various jokes played by Henrietta Maria on Charles. Henrietta Maria became pregnant

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After an initially difficult period, she and Charles formed a close partnership and were devoted to each other, but Henrietta Maria never fully assimilated into English society. She did not speak English before her marriage, and as late as the 1640s had difficulty writing or speaking the language.

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had produced a plan to exploit the situation. Waller would pursue and hold down the king and his forces, while Essex would strike south to Exeter with the aim of capturing Henrietta Maria and thereby acquiring a valuable bargaining counter over Charles. By June, Essex's forces had reached Exeter.

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By the end of the 1630s, relations between the English factions had become increasingly tense. Arguments over religion, society, morals, and political power became increasingly evident in the years before war broke out. Henrietta Maria's strong views on religion and social life at the court meant

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At first, there was uncertainty about the new Queen's name, and one historian has said of this "... Henriette or Henrietta seeming altogether too fanciful for English taste". After prayers had been offered for her as "Queen Henry", the king determined the question by announcing that she was to be

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had given me such a fine idea of all the ladies of England that I was surprised to see that the queen, who I had seen as so beautiful and lean, was a woman well past her prime. Her arms were long and lean, her shoulders uneven, and some of her teeth were coming out of her mouth like tusks.... She

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By the end of the year, Charles's position was getting weaker and he desperately needed Henrietta Maria to raise additional funds and troops from the continent. The campaigns of 1645 went poorly for the Royalists, however, and the capture, and subsequent publishing, of the correspondence between

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and Charles Gerard, who were referred to collectively as the 'Louvre faction'. The Queen's court was beset with factionalism, rivalry and duelling; Henrietta Maria had to prevent Prince Rupert from fighting a duel with Digby, arresting them both, however, she was unable to prevent a later duel

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Memoires of the Life and Death of that Matchless Mirrour of Magnanimity and Heroick Virtues Henrietta Maria De Bourbon Queen to that Blessed King and Martyr, Charles the First; & Mother to that most Magnificent Monarch Charles the Second, King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland,

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submitted a draft charter for the colony with the name left blank, suggesting that Charles bestow a name in his own honour. Charles, having already honoured himself and several family members in other colonial names, decided to honour his wife. The specific name given in the charter was

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cross from The Hague was not an easy one; battered by storms, her ship came close to sinking and was forced to return to port. Henrietta Maria used the delay to convince the Dutch to release a shipload of arms for the king, which had been held at the request of Parliament. Defying her

541:. Henrietta Maria has been criticised as being an "intrinsically apolitical, undereducated and frivolous" figure during the 1630s; others have suggested that she exercised a degree of personal power through a combination of her piety, her femininity, and her sponsorship of the arts. 418:

Henrietta Maria was trained, along with her sisters, in riding, dancing, and singing, and took part in court plays. Although tutored in reading and writing, she was not known for her academic skills. As part of her religious training, the princess was heavily influenced by the

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argues that there may have been up to 300,000 Catholics in England by the late 1630s – they were certainly more open in court society. Charles came under increasing criticism for his failure to act to stem the flow of high-profile conversions. Henrietta Maria even gave a

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to escort her. Despite the difficulties of the journey, Henrietta Maria greatly enjoyed herself, eating in the open air with her soldiers and meeting friends along the way. She arrived in Oxford bringing fresh supplies to great acclaim; poems were written in her honour, and

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Charles rejected the "Four Bills" offered to him by Parliament as a peace settlement. Charles had secretly signed "The Engagement" with the Scots, however, promising a Presbyterian government in England with the exception of Charles's own household. The result was the

630:. He ordered their dismissal on 26 June 1626, greatly upsetting Henrietta Maria, while some refused to leave, including the Bishop of Mendes who cited orders from the French king. In the end, they were physically ejected, but she managed to retain her chaplain and 1143:

in Yorkshire with troops and arms. The pursuing naval vessels then bombarded the town, forcing the royal party to take cover in neighbouring fields; Henrietta Maria returned under fire, however, to recover her pet dog Mitte which had been forgotten by her staff.

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who accompanied her to England, was unacceptable, although she was allowed to watch her husband's coronation at a discreet distance. This went down badly with the London crowds, while England's pro-French policy gave way rapidly to a policy of supporting French

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Henrietta Maria also had quite an interest in commercial theatre and, much like paintings and sculptures, was a prime patronage to many actors, their companies, and the theaters they performed in. A prime name in regards to her theatrical patronages is

1467:, died of smallpox in London at age 20. He had accompanied his brother King Charles II to England in May and had participated in the King's triumphal progress through London. More death was to follow: on Christmas Eve, Henrietta's elder daughter 443:

demanded Charles convert to the Catholic Church and live in Spain for a year as pre-conditions for the marriage. As Philip was aware, such terms were unacceptable, and when Charles returned to England in October, he and Buckingham demanded

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After her daughter's wedding, Henrietta Maria returned to England in 1662 accompanied by her son Charles II and her nephew Prince Rupert. She had intended to remain in England for the rest of her life, but by 1665 was suffering badly from

1026:, passed by Parliament at the end of 1641, for example, did not mention the Queen by name, but it was clear to all that she was part of the Roman Catholic conspiracy the remonstrance referred to and condemned. Henrietta Maria's confidant 1412:. Henrietta Maria attempted to convert both James and Henry to Catholicism, her attempts with Henry angering both Royalists in exile and Charles II. Henriette, however, was brought up a Catholic. Henrietta Maria had founded a convent at 1213:

Henrietta Maria spent the autumn and winter of 1643 in Oxford with Charles, where she attempted, as best she could, to maintain the pleasant court life that they had enjoyed before the war. The queen lived in the Warden's lodgings in

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in 1629. Despite these reforms and gifts from the king, her spending continued at a high level; in 1627, she was secretly borrowing money, and her accounts show large numbers of expensive dresses purchased during the pre-war years.

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Henrietta Maria was open about her beliefs, obstructing plans to require the eldest sons of Catholic families to be raised as Protestants, and also facilitated Catholic marriages, a criminal offence under English law at the time.

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Henrietta Maria's marriage to Charles did not begin well and was not improved by his ejection of her French staff. Initially, their relationship was frigid and argumentative, and Henrietta Maria took an immediate dislike to the

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Two of the Queen's weomen servants doe stay with her, namely her Nurse and one Madame Vantelett that hath used to dresae her : besides, there be some douzen others of the inferior sorte, as bakers, cooks. &c. retained

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counted only three small bonfires lit in her honour, and described her as a "very little plain old woman , and nothing more in her presence in any respect nor garb than any ordinary woman". She took up residence once more at

1061:, mother of the queen's old favourite, Prince Rupert, had already been living in The Hague for some years. The Hague was a major centre for banking and finance; the queen intended to raise funds in aid of her husband there. 4492:

Textiles in America 1650–1870 : a dictionary based on original documents, prints and paintings, commercial records, American merchants' papers, shopkeepers' advertisements, and pattern books with original swatches of

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Their removal was part of a plan to control her extravagant expenditure, which resulted in debts that were still being paid off several years later. Charles appointed Jean Caille as her treasurer; he was succeeded by

900:. The latter group performed in many courts, such as Hampton Court or the Denmark House. These plays would often be to critical acclaim and great reception of the time, especially from other theatrical figures like 1011:

had begun to place increasing pressure on Charles, himself embattled after the failure of several wars. The Parliamentary faction achieved the arrest and subsequent execution of the king's advisers,

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Henrietta Maria became a key patron in Stuart masques, complementing her husband's strong interest in paintings and the visual arts. She performed in various works herself, including as an Amazon in

1000:, popular in Puritan circles, also had his ears cut off for writing that women actresses were notorious whores, a clear insult to Henrietta Maria. London society would blame Henrietta Maria for the 1502:, who loved and esteemed his aunt, visited her several times and consulted her on everything that concerned the affairs of France. In August 1669, she saw the birth of her granddaughter 904:. In the end – again, such as with other art forms – those who received Henrietta Maria's patronages were always appreciated, and in turn made certain to perform much appreciated shows. 611:. This was heavily inspired by the French's version of Devout Humanism, "whose proponents drew on the romance tradition in their writings in order to spread the influence of religion." 1648:. For her supporters she used the crowned lion of England on the dexter side, and on the sinister used one of the angels which had for some time accompanied the royal arms of France. 1053:, both for her own safety and to attempt to defuse public tensions about her Catholicism and her closeness to the king. The Hague was the seat of Henrietta's prospective son-in-law, 5170: 1584: 1377:

the whole of the Royalist circle now based itself from St-Germain, with Henrietta Maria's followers being joined by the old Royalist circle who had been with her son Charles II at

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may also have felt rather overshadowed by the confident and beautiful Hay and because she now had such a close bond with her husband, such confidants were no longer as necessary.

872:, while her private chapel was plain on the outside, but its interior included gold and silver reliquaries, paintings, statues, a chapel garden and a magnificent altarpiece by 4124:. "Pendant cette période orageuse, Henriette d'Angleterre, refugiée en France, eut le Château Neuf pour maison de campagne. Le jeune roi y data, en 1649, des lettres ..." 1365:

King Charles was executed by decree of Parliament in 1649; his death left Henrietta Maria almost destitute and in shock, a situation not helped by the French civil war of the

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known publicly as "Queen Mary". He himself liked to call her "Maria". In using the name of Queen Mary, the English would also have been reminded of Charles's grandmother,

1336:, which despite Henrietta Maria's efforts to send it some limited military aid, ended in 1648 with the defeat of the Scots and Charles's capture by Parliamentary forces. 580:, her religion heavily influenced Henrietta Maria's time as queen, particularly the early years of her marriage. In July 1626, she caused huge controversy by stopping at 1221:

By early 1644, however, the king's military situation had started to deteriorate. Royalist forces in the north came under pressure, and after the Royalist defeat at the

996:, a Scottish doctor, was flogged, branded and mutilated for criticising Henrietta Maria in a pamphlet, before being imprisoned for life. In the late 1630s, the lawyer 1156: 953:

that, by 1642, she had become a "highly unpopular queen who apparently never successfully commanded intense personal respect and loyalty from most of her subjects".

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Henrietta Maria was aged fifteen at the time of her marriage, which was not unusual for royal princesses of the period. Opinions on her appearance vary; her niece

1494:, which she blamed on the damp British weather. Henrietta Maria travelled back to France the same year, taking residence at the Hôtel de la Bazinière (now the 5163: 1139:, who predicted disaster, she set to sea again at the end of February. This second attempt was successful and she evaded the Parliamentarian navy to land at 346:, was compelled to seek refuge in France. The execution of Charles I in 1649 left her impoverished. She settled in Paris and returned to England after the 411:. Her father was assassinated on 14 May 1610, when she was less than a year old. As a child, she was raised under the supervision of the royal governess 1148: 357:, a major haven for Roman Catholic settlers, was named in honour of Queen Henrietta Maria. The name was carried over into the current U.S. state of 5805: 5156: 6271: 5601: 5426: 4846:

Stanton, Kamille Stone (2007). "Panting Sentinels: Erotics, Politics, and Redemption in the Friendship Poetry of Katherine Philips (1631–1664)".

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in a Dutch vessel for France on 14 July. Despite coming under fire from a Parliamentarian ship, she instructed her captain to sail on, reaching

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Combined with her Catholicism, this made her unpopular among English contemporaries who feared "Papist" subversion and conspiracies such as the

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Of the Frenche, six persons onely remaine about her; viz. her Nurse, Madame Vantelet that dresseth her, a cook, a baker, a pantler, and taylor.

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at the French court. By 1622, Henrietta Maria was living in Paris with a household of some 200 staff, and marriage plans were being discussed.

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Henrietta Maria's return was partially prompted by a liaison between her second son, James, Duke of York, and Anne Hyde, the daughter of

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in July – the Parliamentarians effectively destroyed Charles's armies. Finally, in May 1646 Charles sought shelter with a

190: 5625: 4436: 1571:, Maryland". The English name was preferred over the Latin due in part to the undesired association of "Mariae" with the Spanish Jesuit 765:

for the first time in 1628 but lost her first child shortly after birth in 1629, following a very difficult labour. In 1630, the future

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The result was an increasing intolerance of Henrietta Maria in Protestant English society, gradually shifting towards hatred. In 1630,

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Henrietta Maria and Charles before the war, with their son Charles. The couple spent much of the war apart, corresponding by letter.

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Wedgwood 1970, p. 332; Princess Henrietta and her tutor were captured by Parliamentarian forces when Exeter fell shortly afterwards.

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Henrietta Maria first met her future husband in 1623 at a court entertainment in Paris, when he was on his way to Spain with the

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An extension of this openness resulted in the Queen beginning to practise a sub-religion within her friend group, that being

17: 4366: 1057:, and the queen was to accompany the bride, her 10-year-old daughter Mary, to her new home. Also, her widowed sister-in-law 626:

priests, and her pages. Charles blamed the poor start to his marriage on these advisors, primarily her principal confidante

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in 1639, which was bought for her as a present by Charles. She also acquired a menagerie of dogs, monkeys and caged birds.

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In 1661, Henrietta Maria returned to France and arranged for her youngest daughter, Henrietta, to marry her first cousin,

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Henrietta Maria remained sympathetic to her fellow Catholics, and in 1632 began construction of a new Catholic chapel at

842: 682: 674: 618:' worth of plate, chandeliers, pictures and books. She was also accompanied by a large and costly retinue, including her 5480: 1305: 830:

was another very important painter she would often commission, either as gifts for others or for personal appreciation.

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During the 1640s, the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland were dominated by a sequence of conflicts termed the

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The new queen brought with her a huge quantity of expensive possessions, including jewellery, ornate clothes, 10,000

517: 369: 5280: 1151:. She took the opportunity to discuss the situation north of the border with Royalist Scots, promoting the plans of 6341: 6206: 6201: 5411: 4729:

By Our Direction and For Our Use: The Queen's Patronage of Artists and Artisans seen through her Household Accounts

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in October 1660 along with her daughter Henrietta. She did not return to much public acclaim –

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and the French government, Henrietta Maria settled in Paris, appointing as her chancellor, the eccentric Sir

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In these times there were two royal castles at Saint-Germain-en-Laye: The old (Château-Vieux) and the new).

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was still in use, her date of birth is often recorded as 16 November. Henrietta Maria was brought up as a

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chapel, which became Henrietta Maria's private chapel while she was based in Oxford during the Civil War.

1175:, smashed many of the statues and made a bonfire of the queen's religious canvases, books and vestments. 205: 5728: 4947:

Griffey, Erin. (March 2023) 'Re-Dressing the Evidence: Henrietta Maria’s Wardrobe Accounts, 1627–1639',

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The Practice of Politics: The English Civil War and the 'Resolution' of Henrietta Maria and Charles I."

1244:, where she stopped, awaiting her imminent labour. Meanwhile, however, the Parliamentarian generals the 1110:, raising money for the Royalist cause. Henrietta Maria focused on raising money on the security of the 1022:. Pym then turned his attention to Henrietta Maria as a way of placing further pressure on Charles. The 811: 6181: 6051: 5946: 5723: 4635: 1547: 1433: 1286: 1030:, who had himself converted to Catholicism in the 1630s, was forced to flee to the Continent after the 932: 5342: 5295: 5045: 3258: 2530: 1503: 1202: 769:

was born successfully, however, following another complicated childbirth aided by the noted physician

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In France, meanwhile, a "hothouse" atmosphere had developed amongst the royal court in exile at the

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stood as proxy for Charles, shortly after Charles succeeded as king, with the couple spending their

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on 25 November 1609, but some historians give her a birthdate of 26 November. In England, where the

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Munro, Lucy (2019). "The Queen and the Cockpit: Henrietta Maria's Theatrical Patronage Revisited".

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became the Queen's Head of the Robes and confidante. She acquired several court dwarves, including

464:, Holland strongly favoured a marriage with Henrietta Maria, the terms of which were negotiated by 62: 5816: 5553: 2539: 412: 5524: 4675: 4433: 1374: 1164: 1119: 1103: 1001: 505: 343: 4152: 1237:

with her before returning to Oxford with his sons. It was the last time the two saw each other.

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of Charles II to the throne. In 1665, she moved back to Paris, where she died four years later.

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were responsible for the huge ceiling paintings of the Queen's House at Greenwich. The Italian

304: 5587: 2291: 659: 6176: 6114: 5941: 5924: 5811: 5416: 5406: 5140: 4312: 4121: 2615: 2603: 2228: 1345:. Henrietta Maria had been joined by a wide collection of Royalist exiles, including Jermyn, 1234: 1049:

The situation was steadily moving towards open war, and in February Henrietta Maria left for

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proved hugely damaging to the royal cause. In two decisive engagements – the

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Henrietta Maria paused for a period at York, where she was entertained in some style by the

881: 6256: 6251: 6191: 6046: 5848: 5799: 5358: 4998: 2744: 2517: 2282: 2246: 2001: 1957: 1527: 1074: 1054: 970: 597: 408: 354: 339: 300: 146: 3195: 741:, 1633. The greyhound symbolises the marital fidelity between Charles and Henrietta Maria. 319:, but she did not like this name and signed her letters "Henriette" or "Henriette Marie". 8: 6166: 6089: 6036: 5981: 5956: 5893: 5878: 5868: 5828: 5777: 5772: 5514: 5223: 5007: 2300: 2264: 2210: 1735: 1441: 1405: 1191: 889: 794: 770: 493: 436: 382: 250: 5747: 5053: 4992: 4628: 3141:. Harvard University. London, Printed for Harding, Triphook, & Lepard. p. 243. 3121:. Harvard University. London, Printed for Harding, Triphook, & Lepard. p. 246. 1530:, with her heart being placed in a silver casket and buried at her convent in Chaillot. 6147: 5991: 5858: 5843: 5833: 5822: 5782: 5743: 5634: 5582: 5529: 5203: 2499: 1726: 1682: 1278: 1258: 1222: 1128: 1023: 993: 807: 667: 533:

uprisings, and then a disengagement from European politics, as internal problems grew.

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on 13 June 1625. As a Roman Catholic, Henrietta Maria was unable to participate in the

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wing of English society. In most of these masques she chose roles designed to advance

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declare war on Spain. Searching elsewhere for a bride, Charles sent his close friend

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as her surveyor of works during the 1630s. Like Charles, she was enthusiastic about

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There were fears over her health, and in July 1627 she travelled with her physician

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in March, the royal capital at Oxford was less secure. The queen was pregnant with

1096: 1078: 1069: 834: 827: 790: 738: 694: 651: 570: 404: 386: 312: 230: 98: 47: 2825: 1400:

Henrietta Maria increasingly focused on her faith and on her children, especially

757:

One of Henrietta Maria's closest companions in the early days of her marriage was

6104: 6061: 5853: 5767: 5762: 5112: 4935:(in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: Compagnie des libraires associez. 4894: 4796: 4440: 4388: 4350: 1691: 1604: 1572: 1317: 1168: 1031: 869: 838: 718: 706: 698: 525: 399: 390: 284: 4926: 1131:

at the earliest opportunity, angrily responding to his delays in taking action.

861: 729: 6119: 6031: 5976: 5918: 5908: 5270: 5234: 5213: 4687: 3058: 2661: 2273: 1633: 1523: 1519: 1450: 1249: 1230: 1215: 1206: 997: 957: 901: 710: 702: 690: 686: 663: 635: 577: 558: 538: 489: 445: 394: 326:

made her unpopular in England, and also prohibited her from being crowned in a

4983: 4352:

The English Royal Family of America, from Jamestown to the American Revolution

1471:

also died of smallpox in London, leaving behind a 10-year-old son, the future

6240: 6211: 6041: 5021: 5013: 4806: 4653: 4548:, Heraldry Today, Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press, p. 174, 1639: 1599: 1262: 1171:

forced their way into the chapel with troops and destroyed the altarpiece by

1043: 986: 917: 853: 848:

The queen liked physical sculpture and design too, and retained the designer

673:

Over the next few years, the Queen's new household began to form around her.

589: 4870:

Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States

1646:

and an orle of chains linked at the fess point with an amulet vert (Navarre)

608: 6196: 5903: 5883: 4956: 1621: 1579: 1445: 1321: 1282: 1015: 857: 823: 615: 501: 41: 4859: 4768: 1362:

between Digby and Percy, and between Rupert and Percy shortly after that.

6142: 5898: 1592: 1140: 1136: 849: 798: 566: 554: 453: 1397:, eliminating the remaining influence of Henrietta Maria in St-Germain. 549: 5260: 5148: 3036:

Her favourite shrine was the Our Lady of Liesse; Wedgwood 1970, p. 166.

1555: 1491: 1429: 1012: 877: 819: 509: 420: 331: 4798:

Palais, châteaux, hôtels et maisons de France du XVème au XVIII siècle

837:'s 1640 "Salmacida Spolia". She was also a patron of English composer 5612: 5315: 2655: 2255: 1551: 1499: 1483: 1424: 1378: 1370: 1107: 1050: 1039: 982: 940: 751: 678: 631: 585: 562: 524:. A suggestion she be crowned by Daniel de La Mothe-Houdancourt, the 4932:

Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France

1595:

cloth made in 1660, named in honour of the queen (Henrietta Maria).

584:

to pray for Catholics executed there and later tried to convert her

5496: 4877:

Toynbee, Margaret (1955). "The Wedding Journey of King Charles I".

1659:

Henrietta Maria's relationship to the houses of Stuart and Bourbon

1559: 1507: 1199:, her chamberlain, was given a peerage by the king at her request. 1187: 1008: 977:

plays throughout the 1630s, which met with criticism from the more

936: 758: 714: 530: 476: 358: 338:

loomed, and in 1644, following the birth of her youngest daughter,

119: 5427:

Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon-Conti, mademoiselle de la Roche-sur-Yon

1526:

at the time. She was buried in the French royal necropolis at the

1295: 4496:. Internet Archive. New York; London : Norton. p. 258. 1643: 1585:

The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Kt. Opened

1394: 1179: 978: 966: 865: 225: 5680: 3197:

Theo. Turquet Mayernii Opera medica: Formulae Annae & Mariae

822:

was another favourite artist, along with the miniature painters

810:, who came to England in 1626 in the entourage of her favourite 480:

did, however, have pretty eyes, nose, and a good complexion..."

5936: 1578:

Numerous recipes ascribed to Henrietta Maria are reproduced in

1515: 1486:. This significantly helped English relations with the French. 1366: 1241: 1183: 1172: 974: 873: 785: 689:

and "little Sara". Henrietta Maria established her presence at

581: 457: 1240:

Henrietta Maria eventually continued southwest beyond Bath to

1229:

and the decision was taken for her to withdraw safely west to

1182:, near Edgehill, before travelling on to the royal capital in 892:, who had not only run his own company of actors known by the 5476:

Henriette Louise de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Vermandois

4522:

Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe

315:. Under a decree of her husband, she was known in England as 5481:Élisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Sens 5188:

Only includes Princesses of the House of Bourbon before the

4680:

Lives of the Princesses of England: From the Norman Conquest

868:

garden at Wimbledon House. She patronized Huguenot sculptor

1124: 4787:

Merely Ornamental? Van Dyck's portraits of Henrietta Maria

3364:

Letters of King Charles the First to Queen Henrietta Maria

3435: 3433: 1624:

of Henrietta Maria of France as Queen consort of England.

397:. As a daughter of the Bourbon king of France, she was a 5412:

Anne Louise Bénédicte de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of Maine

4848:

Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies

4816:

Religion, Politics and Henrietta Maria's Circle, 1625–41

4277: 3394: 3382: 3039: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 27:

Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625 to 1649

5466:

Louise Anne de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Charolais

5305:

Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of Longueville

5009:

Lives of the Queens of England from the Norman Conquest

4942:

Henrietta Maria: The Warrior Queen Who Divided a Nation

2886: 1373:

short of money himself. During the ensuing, and final,

1127:, to take firm action and secure the strategic port of 841:, and was responsible for Davenant being appointed the 385:, and was named after her parents. She was born at the 3718: 3679: 3430: 3319: 3215: 3203: 3173: 3161: 3149: 3096: 3084: 2936: 1064: 5486:

Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti, Duchess of Orléans

5471:

Marie Anne de Bourbon-Condé, mademoiselle de Clermont

5456:

Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Condé

5407:

Anne Marie Victoire de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Condé

4573: 4182: 3616: 3481: 3457: 3418: 3406: 3370: 3343: 3292: 2863: 2844: 2805: 1518:

as a painkiller on the advice of Louis XIV's doctor,

973:

upon his death in 1638. She also continued to act in

5461:

Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon-Condé, Princess of Conti

3667: 2977: 1514:, near Paris, having taken an excessive quantity of 1416:

in 1651, and she lived there for much of the 1650s.

935:; within England, the conflict centred on the rival 5245:

Louise de Bourbon-Soissons, Duchesse of Longueville

4516: 4081: 3817: 3805: 3691: 3655: 3628: 3604: 3469: 1630:

royal coat of arms of England, Scotland and Ireland

1562:was named in her honour by her husband, Charles I. 1265:in France and the protection of her French family. 1190:was not an easy one, and Prince Rupert was sent to 1178:Travelling south in the summer, she met Charles at 1155:and others for an uprising. She also supported the 920:to Henrietta Maria, depicted in a 1631 portrait by 797:, completed under Henrietta Maria's sponsorship of 5372:Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Duchess of Berry 5348:Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, Duchess of Lorraine 4711:Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689 4630:A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689-1718 4627: 4424: 4422: 4420: 3592: 3568: 3538: 3138:Original letters, illustrative of English history; 2898: 2716:Died less than half an hour after baptism; buried 1440:Henrietta Maria returned to England following the 1269:Henrietta Maria and Charles in 1645 following the 6088:Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the 5602:Louise Adélaïde de Bourbon, mademoiselle de Condé 5402:Marie Thérèse de Bourbon-Condé, Princess of Conti 4968:. New York: Coward, MacCann & Geoghegan Inc. 3118:Original letters, illustrative of English history 6238: 4709:Fritze, Ronald H.; Robinson, William B. (1996). 4660:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 1106:finally began, Henrietta Maria was in Europe at 569:represents her love of gardens. Painting by Sir 6226:Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in 5422:Marie Anne de Bourbon-Conti, Duchess of Bourbon 5417:Marie Anne de Bourbon-Condé, Duchess of Vendôme 4417: 4318: 1324:, and forming a Royalist court in exile at the 1296:Second and Third English Civil Wars (1648–1651) 1007:By 1641, an alliance of Parliamentarians under 307:on 30 January 1649. She was mother of his sons 4720:Henrietta Maria: piety, politics and patronage 4708: 4544:Pinces, John Harvey; Pinces, Rosemary (1974), 4524:, London: Little, Brown & Co, p. 27, 3712: 3063:Henrietta Maria: Charles I's Indomitable Queen 1304:Henrietta Maria's court in exile was based at 334:. She immersed herself in national affairs as 5666: 5240:Éléonore de Bourbon-Condé, Princess of Orange 5164: 5026:– Henrietta Maria & Catharine of Braganza 4017: 4015: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3965: 3963: 3899: 3897: 3865: 3863: 3798: 3796: 1506:; Anne Marie was the maternal grandmother of 516:ceremony on 2 February 1626 when Charles was 377:Henrietta Maria was the youngest daughter of 5382:Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans, Duchess of Modena 4597:Drama at the courts of Queen Henrietta Maria 4543: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3929: 3927: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3762: 3760: 3747: 3745: 3708: 3706: 3565:'Memoires of the Life and Death', pp. 25–26. 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3309: 3307: 3282: 3280: 3232: 3230: 3023: 3021: 3011: 3009: 1463:That same September, Henrietta's third son, 724: 642:, a cook, a baker, a pantler, and a tailor. 544: 407:. She was the youngest sister of the future 381:(Henry III of Navarre) and his second wife, 291:; 25 November 1609 – 10 September 1669) was 5281:Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 4296: 4294: 4292: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4214: 4212: 4199: 4197: 3735: 3733: 1369:, which left Henrietta Maria's nephew King 1340: 666:in Northamptonshire, while Charles visited 475:commented that the "beautiful portraits of 364: 191:Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange 5673: 5659: 5387:Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, Queen of Spain 5171: 5157: 5052: 4902:Henrietta Maria and the English Civil Wars 4488: 4132: 4130: 4012: 3998: 3960: 3894: 3860: 3793: 3645: 3643: 3074: 3072: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2618:(1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate issue. 46:Henrietta Maria depicted in a portrait by 40: 5276:Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier 4794: 4784: 4778:The English Civil War: A People's History 4739:Prince Rupert: Admiral and General-at-Sea 4117: 3972: 3924: 3841: 3757: 3742: 3703: 3493: 3304: 3277: 3227: 3018: 3006: 2917: 2915: 2913: 5178: 4608:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. 4599:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4594: 4289: 4283: 4260: 4209: 4194: 3730: 3167: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2823: 2811: 1636:and Navarre. The arms of Henry IV were: 1615: 1423: 1299: 1201: 1083: 1068: 911: 784: 733:Henrietta Maria and King Charles I with 728: 548: 426: 368: 5343:Anne Marie d'Orléans, Queen of Sardinia 4867: 4845: 4823: 4801:. Vol. Deuxième. Paris: A. Morel. 4775: 4726: 4717: 4606:Henrietta Maria: Queen of the Cavaliers 4476: 4464: 4176: 4164: 4127: 4048: 3992: 3945: 3933: 3879: 3854: 3766: 3751: 3724: 3685: 3673: 3640: 3622: 3508: 3487: 3463: 3451: 3439: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3349: 3337: 3313: 3298: 3286: 3236: 3221: 3209: 3179: 3155: 3090: 3078: 3069: 3057: 3045: 3000: 2989: 2983: 2921: 2880: 2857: 1642:Or (France); impaling Gules, a cross a 1114:, and on attempting to persuade Prince 662:to take the medicinal spring waters at 373:Henrietta Maria as a princess of France 161: 1625; died 1649) 14: 6272:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis 6239: 5554:Bathilde d'Orléans, Duchess of Bourbon 5338:Marie Louise d'Orléans, Queen of Spain 5286:Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Guise 5250:Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons 4736: 4686: 4612: 4567: 4411: 4399: 4336: 4324: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4136: 3835: 3787: 2971: 2910: 1632:was impaled with her father's arms as 1308:, shown here c. 1660 in an etching by 969:mass in her private chapel for Father 640:Marguerite Courtin, Madame de Vantelet 299:and Ireland from her marriage to King 5710:Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603 5654: 5291:Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy 5152: 4944:. New York and London: Pegasus Books. 4899: 4813: 4754: 4674: 4652: 4579: 4452: 4300: 4271: 4218: 4203: 4188: 4087: 3823: 3811: 3697: 3661: 3649: 3634: 3610: 3598: 3574: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3475: 3361: 3325: 3134: 3114: 3102: 2959: 2948: 2904: 2892: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2507: 2505: 2498: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2299: 2297: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2252: 2245: 2236: 2234: 2227: 2225: 2218: 2216: 2209: 2123: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1845: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1734: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1690: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1651: 1326:Chateau-Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 5707:Royal consorts in England until 1603 5296:Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Chartres 4625: 4603: 4369:from the original on 11 January 2023 4148: 3586: 1186:. The journey through the contested 1163:friars who maintained it. In March, 907: 435:to discuss a possible marriage with 330:service; therefore, she never had a 5626:Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême 4872:(Third ed.). Houghton Mifflin. 4694:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 2757:Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans 1564:George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore 1453:, supported by a generous pension. 1065:First English Civil War (1642–1646) 1020:Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford 24: 6177:Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 5525:Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois 5510:Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma 4919: 681:and vice-chamberlain in 1628. The 25: 6358: 6172:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 6146:British royal consorts after the 5583:Marie Clotilde, Queen of Sardinia 5229:Henriette Marie, Queen of England 5050:National Portrait Gallery, London 5030: 4904:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 3265:from the original on 3 March 2016 2832:from the original on 1 April 2019 2736:Died unmarried; no issue. Buried 1432:after the restoration of her son 439:. The proposal fell through when 6302:French people of Italian descent 4829:Prince Rupert: The Last Cavalier 4722:. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 4561: 4537: 4510: 4489:Montgomery, Florence M. (1984). 4482: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4342: 4330: 4306: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4170: 4158: 4102: 4093: 2777: 2638:(1626–1650) in 1641. Had issue. 1550:named the northwest headland of 1465:Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester 1342:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 947: 780: 737:, and Princess Mary, painted by 270: 6187:Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 6167:Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 5039:at the official website of the 4072: 4063: 4054: 4042: 4033: 4024: 3986: 3951: 3939: 3915: 3906: 3885: 3872: 3829: 3781: 3772: 3580: 3559: 3550: 3526: 3514: 3445: 3355: 3331: 3251: 3242: 3185: 3128: 3108: 3051: 3030: 2965: 2759:(1640–1701) in 1661; had issue 2664:(1658–1718) in 1673; had issue 2589:Charles James, Duke of Cornwall 1428:Henrietta Maria painted by Sir 884:to exhibit the Holy Sacrament. 466:James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle 450:Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland 158: 6347:Women in the English Civil War 6327:Princesses of France (Bourbon) 6277:Children of Henry IV of France 5578:Marie Zéphyrine, Madame Royale 5392:Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans 2927: 2817: 2796: 2658:(1637–1671) in 1659; had issue 1419: 1233:. Charles travelled as far as 985:, Catholicism and the cult of 77:13 June 1625 – 30 January 1649 13: 1: 6292:Drug-related deaths in France 6282:Court of Charles I of England 5635:Sophie, Mademoiselle d'Artois 4900:White, Michelle Anne (2006). 4682:. Vol. 6. Henry Colburn. 4546:The Royal Heraldry of England 4387:Named after the French Queen 2765: 2699:Died young; no issue. Buried 2680:Died young; no issue. Buried 1404:(whom she called "Minette"), 1089: 216:Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans 134:Royal Basilica of Saint Denis 51: 6207:Philip of Greece and Denmark 6162:George of Denmark and Norway 6125:George of Denmark and Norway 5329:Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 5046:Portraits of Henrietta Maria 4999:Hodder and Stoughton Limited 4962:Hamilton, Elizabeth (1976). 4713:. Westport: Greenwood Press. 3366:. Camden Society. p. 7. 2790: 2636:William II, Prince of Orange 592:during his stay in England. 483: 7: 5224:Christine, Duchess of Savoy 4868:Stewart, George R. (1967). 4349:Beatty, Michael A. (2003). 4348: 4108:Wedgwood 1970, pp. 519–520. 4039:Wedgwood 1970, pp. 306–307. 3921:Wedgwood 1970, pp. 200–201. 3199:(London, 1703), pp. 112–116 2826:"Henrietta Maria of France" 1558:for her. The U.S. state of 1480:Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 342:, during the height of the 10: 6363: 6267:17th-century English women 6182:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 5535:Sophie, Duchess of Louvois 5064:Henrietta Maria of France 5006:Strickland, Agnes (1845). 4795:Sauvageot, Claude (1867). 4785:Raatschan, Gudrun (2008). 4727:Hibbard, Caroline (2008). 4636:Cambridge University Press 4613:Bulman, William J (2010). 4588: 4434:Colombes La Reine Henritte 3713:Fritze & Robinson 1996 2802:Burke's Peerage and Gentry 933:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 814:. Orazio and his daughter 553:Henrietta Maria, with her 496:on 1 May 1625, where Duke 175: 6262:17th-century French women 6247:Henrietta Maria of France 6224: 6157: 6141: 6137: 6110:Henrietta Maria of France 6100: 6083: 6079: 5701: 5697: 5610: 5562: 5494: 5435: 5377:Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans 5356: 5313: 5258: 5219:Élisabeth, Queen of Spain 5201: 5186: 5132: 5117: 5104: 5097: 5062: 4940:de Lisle, Leanda (2022). 3778:Wedgwood 1970, pp. 78–79. 3261:. westminster-abbey.org. 2828:. Englishmonarchs.co.uk. 2726:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 2557: 2496: 2470:George I of Great Britain 2454: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2360: 2358: 2338: 2336: 2288: 2270: 2261: 2243: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2037: 2033: 2027: 1966:Henrietta Maria of France 1963: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1732: 1688: 1533: 1341: 1116:Frederick Henry of Orange 1102:In August 1642, when the 876:. It also had an unusual 725:Relationship with Charles 717:lands by 1630. She added 545:Catholicism and household 281:Henrietta Maria of France 266: 256: 246: 236: 224: 211:Henry, Duke of Gloucester 168: 140: 126: 108: 85: 81: 73: 61: 39: 35:Henrietta Maria of France 34: 5952:Ethelreda of Northumbria 5520:Louise, Madame Troisième 5334:Granddaughters of France 5271:Granddaughters of France 5192:, excepted the issue of 5120:Queen consort of England 4676:Green, Mary Anne Everett 4595:Britland, Karen (2006). 4432:was demolished in 1846; 2770: 2567: 1257:, then took to sea from 812:François de Bassompierre 735:Charles, Prince of Wales 365:Early life and education 63:Queen consort of England 6342:Scottish royal consorts 5631:Granddaughter of France 5593:Princesses of the Blood 5447:Princesses of the Blood 5438:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 5368:Princesses of the Blood 5235:Princesses of the Blood 5012:. Vol. 8. London: 4814:Smuts, Malcolm (2008). 4776:Purkiss, Diane (2007). 3878:Wedgwood 1970, p. 167; 2531:Marie Louise of Orléans 1611: 1542:expedition in the ship 1498:) in Paris. Her nephew 1375:Third English Civil War 1120:Christian IV of Denmark 1002:Irish Rebellion of 1641 344:First English Civil War 6337:Scottish queen mothers 6307:French Roman Catholics 6297:English royal consorts 5967:Ermengarde de Beaumont 5719:Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury 5451:Louise Marie d'Orléans 5397:Louise Diane d'Orléans 5041:Royal Collection Trust 4957:10.3366/cost.2023.0243 4951:, 57:1, pp. 3–30 4737:Kitson, Frank (1999). 4718:Griffey, Erin (2008). 4604:Bone, Quinton (1972). 4520:; Louda, Jiří (1999), 4099:Wedgwood 1970, p. 428. 4078:Wedgwood 1970, p. 348. 4030:Wedgwood 1970, p. 306. 4021:Wedgwood 1970, p. 304. 4009:Wedgwood 1970, p. 290. 3969:Wedgwood 1970, p. 216. 3957:Wedgwood 1970, p. 215. 3912:Wedgwood 1970, p. 172. 3903:Wedgwood 1970, p. 199. 3891:Wedgwood 1970, p. 167. 3869:Wedgwood 1970, p. 166. 3556:Wedgwood, 1966, p. 70. 2933:Toynbee, pp. 77, 87-88 2682:Newport, Isle of Wight 2491:William III of England 1625: 1482:, the only brother of 1473:William III of England 1437: 1313: 1210: 1099: 1081: 924: 826:and Jacques Bourdier. 802: 742: 573: 452:, to Paris in 1624. A 374: 303:on 13 June 1625 until 6332:English queen mothers 6115:Catherine of Braganza 5942:Ingibiorg Finnsdottir 5817:Isabella of Angoulême 5812:Berengaria of Navarre 5724:Æthelflæd of Damerham 5550:Princess of the Blood 5301:Princess of the Blood 5141:Catherine of Braganza 4991:Oman, Carola (1936). 4879:Archaeologia Cantiana 4860:10.1353/cjm.2007.0041 4769:10.1353/shb.2019.0001 4626:Corp, Edward (2004). 4313:Diary of Samuel Pepys 3802:Wedgwood 1970, p. 79. 3739:Wedgwood 1970, p. 31. 3135:Ellis, Henry (1825). 3115:Ellis, Henry (1825). 2616:Catherine of Braganza 2540:Anne Marie of Orléans 2509:Anne of Great Britain 2229:Charles II of England 1619: 1598:She was portrayed by 1569:Terra Mariae, anglice 1522:for having a serious 1427: 1303: 1205: 1087: 1072: 915: 898:Queen Henrietta's Men 896:, but others such as 860:itself, and employed 816:Artemisia Gentileschi 788: 732: 552: 427:Marriage negotiations 413:Françoise de Montglat 372: 118:Château de Colombes, 18:Queen Henrietta Maria 6317:Irish royal consorts 6202:Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon 6192:Alexandra of Denmark 6047:Francis II of France 5849:Philippa of Hainault 5800:Eleanor of Aquitaine 5794:Geoffrey Plantagenet 5359:Louis, Grand Dauphin 5180:Princesses of France 5074:Cadet branch of the 4893:18 July 2020 at the 4757:Shakespeare Bulletin 4741:. London: Constable. 4439:5 March 2016 at the 3362:Bruce, John (1856). 2624:Mary, Princess Royal 2518:James Francis Edward 2247:William II of Orange 2002:Louis XIII of France 1958:Charles I of England 1554:where it opens into 1528:Basilica of St Denis 1504:Anne Marie d'Orléans 1316:With the support of 1289:in Nottinghamshire. 1075:Hendrik Gerritsz Pot 1055:William II of Orange 971:Richard Blount, S.J. 598:Mary, Queen of Scots 506:St Augustine's Abbey 502:first night together 409:Louis XIII of France 403:and a member of the 355:Province of Maryland 305:Charles was executed 147:Charles I of England 6322:Nobility from Paris 6090:Union of the Crowns 6037:Madeleine of Valois 6027:Margaret of Denmark 5982:Margaret of England 5962:Maud of Northumbria 5957:Sybilla of Normandy 5894:Catherine of Aragon 5879:Elizabeth Woodville 5869:Catherine of Valois 5829:Eleanor of Provence 5788:Matilda of Boulogne 5778:Matilda of Scotland 5773:Matilda of Flanders 5622:Daughters of France 5597:Adélaïde of Orléans 5574:Daughters of France 5506:Daughters of France 5325:Daughters of France 5214:Daughters of France 4831:. London: Phoenix. 4430:château de Colombes 2895:, pp. 120–121. 2301:Louis XIV of France 2292:Philip I of Orléans 2265:James II of England 2211:Rupert of the Rhine 1582:'s famous cookbook 1512:Château de Colombes 1349:, Lord John Byron, 1223:battle of Alresford 1192:Stratford-upon-Avon 890:Christopher Beeston 771:Theodore de Mayerne 683:Countess of Denbigh 660:Théodore de Mayerne 498:Claude of Chevreuse 494:Notre-Dame de Paris 437:Maria Anna of Spain 353:The North American 122:, Kingdom of France 55: 1636 to 1638 6287:Daughters of kings 6148:Acts of Union 1707 5992:Elizabeth de Burgh 5947:Margaret of Wessex 5859:Isabella of Valois 5844:Isabella of France 5839:Margaret of France 5834:Eleanor of Castile 5823:Blanche of Castile 5806:Margaret of France 5783:Adeliza of Louvain 5744:Sigrid the Haughty 5137:Title next held by 5109:Title last held by 4617:Past & Present 4402:, pp. 134–135 4339:, pp. 132–133 3248:Raatschen, p. 155. 3015:Raatschan, p. 159. 2644:James II & VII 2500:Mary II of England 1727:Henry IV of France 1683:James I of England 1652:Genealogical table 1626: 1438: 1314: 1306:St-Germain-en-Laye 1279:Battle of Langport 1211: 1100: 1082: 1024:Grand Remonstrance 994:Alexander Leighton 925: 916:Charles handing a 882:François Dieussart 808:Orazio Gentileschi 803: 748:Duke of Buckingham 743: 668:Castle Ashby House 574: 462:Henry IV of France 441:Philip IV of Spain 433:Duke of Buckingham 379:Henry IV of France 375: 322:Henrietta Maria's 241:Henry IV of France 196:James II & VII 6234: 6233: 6220: 6219: 6133: 6132: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6069: 6012:Anabella Drummond 6002:Margaret Drummond 5997:Joan of the Tower 5889:Elizabeth of York 5874:Margaret of Anjou 5648: 5647: 5194:Philip V of Spain 5190:French Revolution 5147: 5146: 5092:10 September 1669 4937:– House of France 4838:978-0-297-84610-9 4780:. London: Harper. 4621:. pp. 43–79. 4518:Maclagan, Michael 4503:978-0-393-01703-8 4060:Wedgwood, p. 332. 3403:, pp. 58–59. 3391:, pp. 64–65. 3328:, pp. 14–15. 3259:"Villiers Family" 3105:, pp. 12–13. 3048:, pp. 28–29. 2763: 2762: 2738:Westminster Abbey 2733:18 September 1660 2718:Westminster Abbey 2701:Westminster Abbey 2651:16 September 1701 2565: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2220:Sophia of Hanover 1540:Northwest Passage 1285:Scottish army at 1149:Earl of Newcastle 929:English Civil War 908:English Civil War 628:Madame St. George 620:ladies-in-waiting 522:Westminster Abbey 514:Church of England 473:Sophia of Hanover 328:Church of England 324:Roman Catholicism 278: 277: 261:Roman Catholicism 130:13 September 1669 112:10 September 1669 103:Kingdom of France 16:(Redirected from 6354: 6312:House of Bourbon 6139: 6138: 6081: 6080: 6022:Mary of Guelders 6007:Euphemia de Ross 5987:Yolande de Dreux 5925:Guildford Dudley 5914:Catherine Howard 5758:Emma of Normandy 5704: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5611:8th generation ( 5588:Madame Élisabeth 5563:7th generation ( 5515:Madame Henriette 5495:6th generation ( 5436:5th generation ( 5357:4th generation ( 5314:3rd generation ( 5259:2nd generation ( 5202:1st generation ( 5173: 5166: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5093: 5086: 5085:25 November 1609 5077:Capetian dynasty 5069:House of Bourbon 5060: 5059: 5056: 5025: 5002: 4987: 4936: 4915: 4886: 4873: 4863: 4842: 4825:Spencer, Charles 4819: 4810: 4790: 4781: 4772: 4751: 4742: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4683: 4671: 4649: 4633: 4622: 4609: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4467:, pp. 42–43 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4426: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4315:22 November 1660 4310: 4304: 4298: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4125: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4022: 4019: 4010: 4007: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3983:Purkiss, p. 250. 3981: 3970: 3967: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3901: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3839: 3838:, pp. 43–79 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3737: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3067: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3016: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2861: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2784: 2781: 2677:8 September 1650 2674:28 December 1635 2631:24 December 1660 2572: 2571: 1736:Marie de' Medici 1665: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1591:A silk and wool 1538:During his 1631 1344: 1343: 1334:Second Civil War 1310:Israel Silvestre 1277:in June and the 1275:Battle of Naseby 1271:Battle of Naseby 1255:Pendennis Castle 1097:Anthony Van Dyck 1094: 1091: 1079:Royal Collection 835:William Davenant 828:Anthony van Dyck 806:Italian painter 739:Anthony van Dyck 695:Greenwich Palace 652:Sir Richard Wynn 571:Anthony van Dyck 405:House of Bourbon 387:Palais du Louvre 383:Marie de' Medici 313:James II and VII 293:Queen of England 274: 251:Marie de' Medici 179: 162: 160: 115: 99:Palais du Louvre 96:25 November 1609 95: 93: 56: 53: 48:Anthony van Dyck 44: 32: 31: 21: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6237: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6216: 6153: 6129: 6105:Anne of Denmark 6096: 6071: 6066: 6062:Anne of Denmark 5972:Joan of England 5930: 5864:Joan of Navarre 5854:Anne of Bohemia 5768:Edith of Mercia 5763:Edith of Wessex 5739:Ælfgifu of York 5693: 5688: and 5679: 5649: 5644: 5640:Louise d'Artois 5606: 5558: 5530:Madame Victoire 5490: 5431: 5352: 5309: 5254: 5197: 5182: 5177: 5138: 5129: 5123: 5113:Anne of Denmark 5110: 5099:British royalty 5087: 5081: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5037:Henrietta Maria 5033: 5005: 4994:Henrietta Maria 4990: 4976: 4965:Henrietta Maria 4961: 4925: 4922: 4920:Further reading 4912: 4895:Wayback Machine 4876: 4839: 4820:in Griffey (ed) 4791:in Griffey (ed) 4750:. 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902:Thomas Heywood 894:Beeston's Boys 880:, designed by 782: 779: 726: 723: 703:Nonsuch Palace 691:Somerset House 687:Jeffrey Hudson 664:Wellingborough 636:Robert Phillip 578:Roman Catholic 559:Jeffrey Hudson 546: 543: 539:Gunpowder Plot 490:proxy marriage 485: 482: 428: 425: 395:Roman Catholic 366: 363: 276: 275: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 244: 243: 238: 234: 233: 228: 222: 221: 219: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 182: 180: 166: 165: 154: 150: 145: 144: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 124: 123: 116:(aged 59) 110: 106: 105: 87: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 59: 58: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6359: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6229: 6223: 6213: 6212:Camilla Shand 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6057:James Hepburn 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:Mary of Guise 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6017:Joan Beaufort 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5545:Madame Louise 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5312: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5162: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5151: 5143: 5142: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5107: 5103: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5071: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5014:Henry Colburn 5011: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4927:Anselme, Père 4924: 4923: 4913: 4911:9780754639428 4907: 4903: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4864:Project MUSE. 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4701:0-297-77571-5 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4667:0-333-61395-3 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4645:0-521-58462-0 4641: 4637: 4634:. Cambridge: 4632: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4555:0-900455-25-X 4551: 4547: 4540: 4533: 4531:1-85605-469-1 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4485: 4479:, p. 352 4478: 4473: 4466: 4461: 4455:, p. 194 4454: 4449: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4414:, p. 138 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4368: 4364: 4358: 4355:. McFarland. 4354: 4353: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4327:, p. 132 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4303:, p. 193 4302: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284:Britland 2006 4280: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4257:, p. 117 4256: 4251: 4245:, p. 109 4244: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4221:, p. 187 4220: 4215: 4213: 4206:, p. 186 4205: 4200: 4198: 4190: 4185: 4179:, p. 406 4178: 4173: 4167:, p. 404 4166: 4161: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4051:, p. 324 4050: 4045: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3995:, p. 251 3994: 3989: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3966: 3964: 3954: 3948:, p. 247 3947: 3942: 3936:, p. 244 3935: 3930: 3928: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3898: 3888: 3882:, p. 250 3881: 3875: 3866: 3864: 3857:, p. 249 3856: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3837: 3832: 3826:, p. 63. 3825: 3820: 3814:, p. 62. 3813: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3789: 3784: 3775: 3769:, p. 248 3768: 3763: 3761: 3754:, p. 126 3753: 3748: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3715:, p. 228 3714: 3709: 3707: 3700:, p. 22. 3699: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3675: 3670: 3664:, p. 26. 3663: 3658: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3637:, p. 34. 3636: 3631: 3625:, p. 34. 3624: 3619: 3613:, p. 20. 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3529: 3522: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3490:, p. 58. 3489: 3484: 3478:, p. 19. 3477: 3472: 3466:, p. 62. 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3434: 3427:, p. 60. 3426: 3421: 3415:, p. 59. 3414: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3379:, p. 66. 3378: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3352:, p. 64. 3351: 3346: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3301:, p. 16. 3300: 3295: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3223: 3218: 3211: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3193: 3192:Joseph Browne 3188: 3181: 3176: 3170:, p. 63. 3169: 3168:Britland 2006 3164: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3073: 3065:. p. 28. 3064: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2945:, p. 37. 2944: 2943:Britland 2006 2939: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2907:, p. 15. 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2831: 2827: 2820: 2814:, p. 73. 2813: 2812:Britland 2006 2808: 2799: 2795: 2780: 2776: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2693:17 March 1637 2692: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2595:13 March 1629 2594: 2592:13 March 1629 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2556: 2541: 2532: 2519: 2510: 2501: 2492: 2471: 2459: 2456: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2402: 2378: 2370: 2368: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 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1319: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246:Earl of Essex 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1044:Hampton Court 1041: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 987:Platonic love 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 963: 959: 954: 948:Pre-war years 945: 942: 938: 934: 930: 923: 919: 918:laurel wreath 914: 905: 903: 899: 895: 891: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 854:garden design 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 800: 796: 792: 791:Queen's House 787: 781:Art patronage 778: 774: 772: 768: 762: 760: 755: 753: 750:, the King's 749: 740: 736: 731: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 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Retrieved 4351: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4279: 4250: 4238: 4233:, p. 33 4226: 4184: 4177:Purkiss 2007 4172: 4165:Purkiss 2007 4160: 4144: 4139:, p. 17 4113: 4104: 4095: 4090:, p. 9. 4083: 4074: 4065: 4056: 4049:Purkiss 2007 4044: 4035: 4026: 3993:Purkiss 2007 3988: 3953: 3946:Purkiss 2007 3941: 3934:Purkiss 2007 3917: 3908: 3887: 3880:Purkiss 2007 3874: 3855:Purkiss 2007 3831: 3819: 3807: 3790:, p. 45 3783: 3774: 3767:Purkiss 2007 3752:Purkiss 2007 3725:Purkiss 2007 3720: 3693: 3686:Purkiss 2007 3681: 3676:, p. 9. 3674:Purkiss 2007 3669: 3657: 3652:, p. 28 3630: 3623:Purkiss 2007 3618: 3606: 3601:, p. 5. 3594: 3589:, p. vi 3582: 3577:, p. 2. 3570: 3561: 3552: 3547:, p. 1. 3540: 3535:, p. 33 3528: 3523:, p. 25 3516: 3511:, p. 31 3509:Purkiss 2007 3488:Purkiss 2007 3483: 3471: 3464:Purkiss 2007 3459: 3452:Griffey 2008 3447: 3440:Hibbard 2008 3425:Purkiss 2007 3420: 3413:Purkiss 2007 3408: 3401:Purkiss 2007 3396: 3389:Purkiss 2007 3384: 3377:Purkiss 2007 3372: 3363: 3357: 3350:Purkiss 2007 3345: 3340:, p. 31 3338:Spencer 2007 3333: 3321: 3316:, p. 33 3314:Purkiss 2007 3299:Purkiss 2007 3294: 3289:, p. 63 3287:Purkiss 2007 3267:. 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Retrieved 2819: 2807: 2798: 2779: 2752:30 June 1670 2749:16 June 1644 2654:Married (1) 1637: 1627: 1622:coat of arms 1603: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1580:Kenelm Digby 1577: 1568: 1548:Thomas James 1543: 1537: 1511: 1488: 1477: 1462: 1455: 1446:Samuel Pepys 1439: 1399: 1381:, including 1364: 1351:George Digby 1347:Henry Wilmot 1338: 1330: 1322:Kenelm Digby 1315: 1291: 1283:Presbyterian 1267: 1239: 1220: 1212: 1177: 1165:Henry Marten 1146: 1133: 1112:royal jewels 1101: 1048: 1036: 1028:Henry Jermyn 1016:William Laud 1006: 991: 962:Kevin Sharpe 955: 951: 926: 886: 864:to create a 862:André Mollet 858:horticulture 847: 843:Poet Laureat 832: 824:Jean Petitot 804: 775: 763: 756: 744: 675:Henry Jermyn 672: 657: 648:George Carew 644: 613: 606: 602: 594: 575: 535: 492:was held at 487: 470: 430: 417: 398: 376: 352: 321: 316: 288: 280: 279: 174: 114:(1669-09-10) 29: 6257:1669 deaths 6252:1609 births 5899:Anne Boleyn 5748:Świętosława 4854:: 155–172. 4568:Fraser 1979 4412:Kitson 1999 4400:Kitson 1999 4373:23 February 4337:Kitson 1999 4325:Kitson 1999 4255:Kitson 1999 4243:Kitson 1999 4231:Kitson 1999 4153:76, line 22 4137:Kitson 1999 3836:Bulman 2010 3788:Bulman 2010 3454:, p. 2 3003:, p. 6 2972:Kitson 1999 2730:8 July 1640 2608:29 May 1630 1458:Edward Hyde 1442:Restoration 1420:Restoration 1355:Henry Percy 1141:Bridlington 1137:astrologers 1093: 1641 1088:Henrietta, 850:Inigo Jones 799:Inigo Jones 677:became her 567:orange tree 555:court dwarf 454:Francophile 348:Restoration 69:and Ireland 6241:Categories 5261:Louis XIII 5130:1625–1649 4997:. 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