James II of England

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involved not only trying to Catholicize England ... but also creating a modern, centralizing, and extremely bureaucratic state apparatus." The second is that James was undone in 1688 far less by Protestant reaction against Catholicization than by nationwide hostile reaction against his intrusive bureaucratic state and taxation apparatus, expressed in massive popular support for William of Orange's armed invasion of England. Pincus presents James as neither naïve nor stupid nor egotistical. Instead, readers are shown an intelligent, clear-thinking strategically motivated monarch whose vision for a French authoritarian political model and alliance clashed with, and lost out to, alternative views that favoured an entrepreneurial Dutch economic model, feared French power, and were outraged by James's authoritarianism.

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contends that James's policies of religious toleration attracted substantial support from religious nonconformists, including Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, who were attracted by the king's push for a new "Magna Carta for liberty of conscience". The king was overthrown, in Sowerby's view, largely because of fears among the Dutch and English elites that James might be aligning himself with Louis XIV in a supposed "holy league" to destroy Protestantism across northern Europe. Sowerby presents James's reign as a struggle between those who believed that the king was sincerely devoted to liberty of conscience and those who were sceptical of the king's espousals of toleration and believed that he had a hidden agenda to overthrow English Protestantism.

1318: 2083: 2483: 1685:. In the summer of 1687 he attempted to increase support for his tolerationist policy by a speaking tour of the western counties of England. As part of this tour, he gave a speech at Chester in which he said, "suppose... there should be a law made that all black men should be imprisoned, it would be unreasonable and we had as little reason to quarrel with other men for being of different opinions as for being of different complexions." At the same time, James provided partial toleration in Scotland, using his dispensing power to grant relief to Roman Catholics and partial relief to Presbyterians. 2507: 2495: 1002: 874: 1909: 756: 3095:) may result from a calculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London". The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 1967: 1664:, began replacing office-holders at court with "Papist" favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters. Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's brothers-in-law (the Hydes) and their supporters. Roman Catholics made up no more than one-fiftieth of the English population. In May 1686, James sought to obtain a ruling from the English common-law courts that showed he had the power to dispense with Acts of Parliament. He dismissed judges who disagreed with him on this matter, as well as the Solicitor General, 2188: 2233:, a writer and Catholic apologist, broke with this tradition in 1928, casting James as an honourable man and a true advocate for freedom of conscience, and his enemies "men in the small clique of great fortunes ... which destroyed the ancient monarchy of the English". However, he observed that James "concluded the Catholic church to be the sole authoritative voice on earth, and thenceforward ... he not only stood firm against surrender but on no single occasion contemplated the least compromise or by a word would modify the impression made." 6624: 1207: 1629:

lamented that he was not there in person to promote such a law. In response, the Parliament passed an Act that stated, "whoever should preach in a conventicle under a roof, or should attend, either as preacher or as a hearer, a conventicle in the open air, should be punished with death and confiscation of property". In March 1686, James sent a letter to the Scottish Privy Council advocating toleration for Roman Catholics but not for rebellious Presbyterian Covenanters. Presbyterians would later call this period "

2173: 1747:: 1. Would they consent to the repeal of the Test Act and the Penal Laws? 2. Would they assist candidates who would do so? 3. Would they accept the Declaration of Indulgence? During the first three months of 1688, hundreds of those who gave negative replies to those questions were dismissed. Corporations were purged by agents, known as the Regulators, who were given wide discretionary powers, in an attempt to create a permanent royal electoral machine. Most of the regulators were 594: 42: 844: 1501: 1689: 374: 1451:, after supposedly converting to Catholicism on his deathbed. Having no legitimate children, he was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II and in Scotland as James VII. There was little initial opposition to James's accession, and there were widespread reports of public rejoicing at the orderly succession. He wished to proceed quickly to the coronation, and he and Mary were crowned at 1979: 1817:, on 10 June that year. When James's only possible successors were his two Protestant daughters, Anglicans could see his pro-Catholic policies as a temporary phenomenon, but when the prince's birth opened the possibility of a permanent Roman Catholic dynasty, such men had to reconsider their position. Threatened by a Roman Catholic dynasty, several influential Protestants claimed the child was 2301: 704:, and later against their Spanish allies. In the French army James had his first true experience of battle, in which, according to one observer, he "ventures himself and chargeth gallantly where anything is to be done". Turenne's favour led to James being given command of a captured Irish regiment in December 1652, then appointed Lieutenant-General in 1654. 1771:. However, upon realising in September that William of Orange was going to land in England, James withdrew the writs and subsequently wrote to the lord-lieutenants to inquire over allegations of abuses committed during the regulations and election preparations, as part of the concessions he made to win support. 1711:. While the Declaration elicited some thanks from its beneficiaries, it left the Established Church, the traditional ally of the monarchy, in the difficult position of being forced to erode its own privileges. James provoked further opposition by attempting to reduce the Anglican monopoly on education. At the 2535: 3172:

Historians are unclear on Farmer's exact religious affiliation. Macaulay wrote that Farmer "pretended to turn Papist". Prall called him a "Catholic sympathizer". Miller wrote that "although he had not declared himself a Catholic, it was believed he was no longer an Anglican". Ashley did not refer to

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on 18 June 1685. Having arrived with fewer than 300 men and unable to convince many more to flock to his standard, he never posed a credible threat to James. Argyll was taken as a prisoner to Edinburgh. A new trial was not commenced because Argyll had previously been tried and sentenced to death. The

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that "James was genuinely committed to religious toleration, but also sought to increase the power of the crown." He added that, unlike the government of the Netherlands, "James was too autocratic to combine freedom of conscience with popular government. He resisted any check on the monarch's power.

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were rediscovered in 1824 and reburied. Hilliam disputed that his remains were either scattered or lost, stating that when revolutionaries broke into the church, they were amazed at the body's preservation and it was put on public exhibition where miracles were said to have happened. Hilliam stated

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In 1687, James prepared to pack Parliament with his supporters, so that it would repeal the Test Act and the Penal Laws. James was convinced by addresses from Dissenters that he had their support and so could dispense with relying on Tories and Anglicans. He instituted a wholesale purge of those in

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and challenged the Archbishop of Canterbury and the whole Anglican episcopal bench to refute Charles's arguments: "Let me have a solid answer, and in a gentlemanlike style; and it may have the effect which you so much desire of bringing me over to your church." The Archbishop refused on the grounds

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and the Duke of Monmouth, were implicated. Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot and implicated fellow conspirators, but later recanted. Essex committed suicide, and Monmouth, along with several others, was obliged to flee into exile in continental Europe. Charles II reacted to the

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James succeeded to the throne with widespread support, largely due to a reluctance to undermine the principle of heredity succession, and the belief that a Catholic monarchy was purely temporary. However, tolerance of his personal views did not extend to Catholicism in general, and both the English

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The jury will doubtless remain out on James for a long time ... Was he an egotistical bigot ... a tyrant who rode roughshod over the will of the vast majority of his subjects (at least in England and Scotland) ... simply naïve, or even perhaps plain stupid, unable to appreciate the

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and Stuart Prall began to reconsider James's motives in granting religious toleration, while still taking note of James's autocratic rule. Modern historians have moved away from the school of thought that preached the continuous march of progress and democracy, Ashley contending that "history is,

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that James was "obviously a political and religious bigot", although never devoid of "a vein of patriotic sentiment"; "his conversion to the church of Rome made the emancipation of his fellow-catholics in the first instance, and the recovery of England for catholicism in the second, the governing

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on 12 February that denounced James for abusing his power, and proclaimed many limitations on royal authority. The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the Crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the

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He 'wished that all his subjects could be as convinced as he was that the Catholic church was the one true church. He was also convinced that the established church was maintained artificially by penal laws that proscribed nonconformity. If these were removed, and conversions to Catholicism were

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He noted that English taxes remained low during James II's reign, at about 4% of the English national income, and thus it was unlikely that James could have built a bureaucratic state on the model of Louis XIV's France, where taxes were at least twice as high as a proportion of GDP. Sowerby also

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Pincus claims that James's reign must be understood within a context of economic change and European politics, and makes two major assertions about James II. The first of these is that James purposefully "followed the French Sun King, Louis XIV, in trying to create a modern Catholic polity. This

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in all three of his kingdoms, but in the early years of his reign he refused to allow those dissenters who did not petition for relief to receive it. James sent a letter to the Scottish Parliament at its opening in 1685, declaring his wish for new penal laws against refractory Presbyterians and

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In 1672, the Royal African Company received a new charter from Charles II. It set up forts and factories, maintained troops, and exercised martial law in West Africa in pursuit of trade in gold, silver and African slaves. In the 1680s, the RAC transported about 5,000 slaves a year to markets

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in Edinburgh to suppress an uprising and oversee the royal government. James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death. The hysteria of the accusations eventually faded, but James's relations with many in the English Parliament, including the

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in 1667, James oversaw the survey and re-fortification of the southern coast. The office of Lord High Admiral, combined with his revenue from post office and wine tariffs (positions granted him by Charles II upon his restoration), gave James enough money to keep a sizable court household.

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on the chest with the letters "DY" for "Duke of York", the RAC's Governor. As historian William Pettigrew writes, the RAC "shipped more enslaved African women, men, and children to the Americas than any other single institution during the entire period of the transatlantic slave trade".

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against those who had rebelled against him. At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland. James worked to build an army in Ireland, but was ultimately defeated at the

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in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign. At the beginning of 1686, two papers were found in Charles II's strong box and his closet, in his own hand, stating the arguments for Catholicism over Protestantism. James published these papers with a declaration signed by his

1189:. This was not a political office, but his actions and leadership were noteworthy. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire", wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September. 5798:

encouraged, then many would take place. In the event his optimism was misplaced, for few converted. James underestimated the appeal of Protestantism in general and the Church of England in particular. His was the zeal and even bigotry of a narrow-minded convert...'

1466:", was initially favourable to James, who had stated that most former exclusionists would be forgiven if they acquiesced to his rule. Most of Charles's officers continued in office, the exceptions being the promotion of James's brothers-in-law, the earls of 2017:. James rejected the offer, fearing that accepting the Polish crown might (in the minds of the English people) disqualify him from being King of England. After Louis concluded peace with William in 1697, he ceased to offer much assistance to James. 524:. While contemporary opponents often portrayed him as an absolutist tyrant, some 20th century historians have praised James for advocating religious tolerance, although more recent scholarship has tended to take a middle ground between these views. 2024:. He wrote a memorandum for his son advising him on how to govern England, specifying that Catholics should possess one Secretary of State, one Commissioner of the Treasury, the Secretary at War, with the majority of the officers in the army. 1864:; later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Having no desire to make James a martyr, William let him escape on 23 December. James was received by his cousin and ally, Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension. 1591:. This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime. Even more alarming to Parliament was James's use of his 1821:

and had been smuggled into the Queen's bedchamber in a warming pan. They had already entered into negotiations with the Prince of Orange when it became known the Queen was pregnant, and the birth of a son reinforced their convictions.

2245:, writing in 2000, accepted the claims of James's absolutism, but argued that "his main concern was to secure religious liberty and civil equality for Catholics. Any 'absolutist' methods ... were essentially means to that end." 1550:

on 11 June. He attempted to raise recruits but was unable to gather enough rebels to defeat even James's small standing army. Monmouth's soldiers attacked the King's army at night, in an attempt at surprise, but were defeated at the

798:, no matter what he had pledged beforehand. Although nearly everyone, including Anne's father, urged the two not to marry, the couple married secretly, then went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660 in London. 3173:

Farmer by name, but only as the King's Catholic nominee. All these sources agreed that Farmer's bad reputation as a "person of scandalous character" was as much a deterrent to his nomination as his uncertain religious loyalties.

1383:, in which between 130 and 250 people perished. James argued with the pilot about the navigation of the ship before it ran aground on a sandbank, and then delayed abandoning ship, which may have contributed to the death toll. 1221:

in 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for almost a decade as he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676. In spite of his conversion, James continued to associate primarily with Anglicans, including

1298:. James reluctantly acquiesced after his brother and nephew had agreed to the marriage. Despite the Protestant marriage, fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife, 1871:

to decide how to handle James's flight. It convened on 22 January 1689. While the Parliament refused to depose him, they declared that James, having fled to France and dropped the Great Seal into the Thames, had effectively

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An Act for explaining of a Proviso conteyned in an Act, entituled "An Act for settling the Profitts of ye Post-Office and Power of granteing Wine-Licences on His Royall Highnes ye Duke of Yorke and the Heyres Males of his

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realities of political power ... Or was he a well-intentioned and even enlightened ruler—an enlightened despot well ahead of his time, perhaps—who was merely trying to do what he thought was best for his subjects?

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to allow Roman Catholics to command several regiments without having to take the oath mandated by the Test Act. When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament

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Goodlad, Graham (2007). "Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy? Graham Goodlad Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II"

2350:, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. In Scotland, he was "James the Seventh, by the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." 1876:, and that the throne had thereby become vacant. To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, who would be King. On 11 April 1689, the 817:

wrote that James was fond of his children and his role as a father, and played with them "like an ordinary private father of a child", a contrast to the distant parenting common with royalty at the time.

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falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", so the author may have miscalculated the date, which later made it to various reference works.

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religion. His attempts to impose them by decree met with opposition, and as a result, it has been argued it was a political principle, rather than a religious one, that ultimately led to his removal.

482:, and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority. Ensuing anti-Catholic riots in England and Scotland led to a general feeling only James's removal could prevent another civil war. 2218:, while more balanced than Macaulay, still characterised James as a tyrant, his attempts at religious tolerance as a fraud, and his reign as an aberration in the course of British history. In 1892, 1272:, performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognise the marriage by proxy. Many British people, distrustful of Catholicism, regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the 1353:

were those who opposed it. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government.

775:, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children. On 31 December 1660, following his brother's restoration, James was created 1609: 8717: 829:, and was reputed to be "the most unguarded ogler of his time". Samuel Pepys recorded in his diary that James "did eye my wife mightily". James's taste in women was often maligned, with 1840:, to come to England with an army. By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade. Believing that his own army would be adequate, James refused the assistance of King 1276:. James was noted for his deep devotion, once remarking, "If occasion were, I hope God would give me his grace to suffer death for the true Catholic religion as well as banishment." 1256:

King Charles II opposed James's conversion, ordering that James's daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised in the Church of England. Nevertheless, he allowed the widowed James to marry

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enacted later in 1689. The Bill also declared that henceforth, no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.

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after all, the story of human beings and individuals, as well as of the classes and the masses." He cast James II and William III as "men of ideals as well as human weaknesses".

1579:. Around 250 of the rebels were executed. While both rebellions were defeated easily, they hardened James's resolve against his enemies and increased his suspicion of the Dutch. 1217:

James's time in France had exposed him to the beliefs and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church, and both he and his wife Anne became drawn to that faith. James took Catholic

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That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch."

8737: 6226: 5506: 1852:. James lost his nerve and declined to attack the invading army, despite his army's numerical superiority. On 11 December, James tried to flee to France, first throwing the 1674:

affirmed his dispensing power, with eleven out of the twelve judges ruling in the king's favour after six judges were dismissed for refusing to promise to support the king.

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William III to restore James to the throne in 1696, but the plot failed and the backlash made James's cause less popular. In the same year, Louis XIV offered to have James

1681:, also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, in which he used his dispensing power to negate the effect of laws punishing both Roman Catholics and Protestant 1832:

greeting the exiled James II in 1689 ("La Reception faite au Roy d'Angleterre par le Roy à St. Germain en Laye le VIIe janvier 1689", engraving by Nicolas Langlois, 1690)

4226: 1785: 1731:, a man of generally ill repute who was believed to be a Roman Catholic, which was seen as a violation of the Fellows' right to elect someone of their own choosing. 1253:. James refused to perform either action, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. His conversion to Roman Catholicism was thereby made public. 1420:

in 1684. While some in the English Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Roman Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed.

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in Scotland, to go along with his English title, Duke of York. Upon his return to England, James prompted an immediate controversy by announcing his engagement to

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An Act for setling the Proffitts of the Post Office and Power of graunting Wyne Lycences on his Royall Highnes the Duke of Yorke and the Heires Males of his Body.

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were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason. The Exclusion Crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system: the

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According to Turner, James's reaction to the agreement was "The King shall be obeyed, and I would be glad if all his subjects would learn of me to obey him".

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and the customs duties. James worked harder as king than his brother had, but was less willing to compromise when his advisers disagreed with his policies.

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of the Roman Catholic Church. Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants. He died childless, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the

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that would have excluded James from the line of succession. Some members of Parliament even proposed to pass the crown to Charles's illegitimate son,

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Anne "made the greatest single impact upon his thinking" and that she converted shortly after the Restoration, "almost certainly before her husband".

2592: 1314:" to kill Charles and to put the Duke of York on the throne. The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation. 802: 244: 8677: 8657: 1844:

of France, fearing that the English would oppose French intervention. When William arrived on 5 November 1688, many Protestant officers, including

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argues that "Irish political poetry for most of the eighteenth century is essentially Jacobite poetry", and both Ó Buachalla and fellow-historian

1114:(1665–1667) he immediately directed the fleet towards the capture of forts off the African coast that would facilitate English involvement in the 8672: 6926: 3849: 680:

regime proclaimed Charles II King of Scotland, and after lengthy negotiations agreed to provide troops to restore him to the English throne. The

1555:. The King's forces, led by Feversham and Churchill, quickly dispersed the ill-prepared rebels. Monmouth was captured and later executed at the 1245:

in 1673. Under this Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required to disavow the doctrine of

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in September 1651. Although Charles managed to escape capture and to return to the exiled court in Paris, the Royalist cause appeared hopeless.

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derived from Parliament, not birth. James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms, but, despite a simultaneous

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Johnson, Richard R. (1978). "Politics Redefined: An Assessment of Recent Writings on the Late Stuart Period of English History, 1660 to 1714."

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when William arrived, personally leading an army to defeat James and reassert English control. James fled to France once more, departing from

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Brewer, Holly (October 2017). "Slavery, Sovereignty, and 'Inheritable Blood': Reconsidering John Locke and the Origins of American Slavery".

2793: 2176: 3163:, as they did not recognize James (or any uncovenanted king) as a legitimate ruler, would not petition James for relief from the penal laws. 1707:

In 1688, James ordered the Declaration read from the pulpits of every Anglican church, further alienating the Anglican bishops against the

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and denounce certain practices of the Roman Church as superstitious and idolatrous) and to receive the Eucharist under the auspices of the

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After the Restoration, James was confirmed as Lord High Admiral, an office that carried with it the subsidiary appointments of Governor of

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died of convulsions and buried in Westminster Abbey on 8 October (Old Style) as "The Lady Charlotte-Marie, daughter to the Duke of York"

1295: 1118:(indeed English attacks on such forts occupied by the Dutch precipitated the war itself). James remained Admiral of the Fleet during the 8697: 1958:

argue that James and his successors played a central role as messianic figures throughout the 18th century for all classes in Ireland.

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In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergy to read it in their churches. When

1106:) in October 1660, an office James retained until after the Glorious Revolution when he was forced to resign. When James commanded the 1531:, where James's nephew and son-in-law, the Prince of Orange, had neglected to detain them or put a stop to their recruitment efforts. 1459: 8767: 8742: 8687: 8622: 8516: 8374: 8286: 2101:

provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were extinguished, the crown would go to a German cousin,

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The official style of James in England was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland,

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held James had "vacated" the English throne and installed William and Mary as joint monarchs, thereby establishing the principle

88: 1433: 435:, his reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religion. However, it also involved struggles over the principles of 8727: 8602: 8582: 8508: 8366: 7696: 2986: 2981:

Married, firstly, Lady Honora Burke (a/k/a Lady Honora de Burgh) and had issue. Married, secondly, Anne Bulkely and had issue.

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heard evidence to support James's canonisation, but nothing came of it. During the French Revolution, James's tomb was raided.

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King confirmed the earlier death sentence and ordered that it be carried out within three days of receiving the confirmation.

719:, James was expelled from France. James quarrelled with his brother over this choice, but ultimately joined Spanish forces in 8692: 6817: 6721: 6554: 6510: 6429: 6381: 6362: 6324: 6244: 5831: 5693: 5122: 4996: 3884: 3289: 1546:

Monmouth's rebellion was coordinated with Argyll's, but was more dangerous to James. Monmouth had proclaimed himself King at

1235: 1946:, never to return to any of his former kingdoms. Because he deserted his Irish supporters, James became known in Ireland as 833:

famously remarking that James's mistresses must have been "given him by his priests as a penance". Anne Hyde died in 1671.

8607: 8597: 8592: 3040: 2970: 1692: 1665: 1613: 1471: 294: 738:, James considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy, but declined the position. Soon after, the 1660 8475: 8451: 6785: 3125: 2937: 2339: 2210:, cast James as a cruel absolutist and his reign as "tyranny which approached to insanity". Subsequent scholars, such as 1809:, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for 1560: 822: 790:

In 1659, while trying to seduce her, James promised he would marry Anne. Anne became pregnant in 1660, but following the

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was recognised as king at his father's death by Louis XIV of France and James II's remaining supporters (later known as

1971: 517: 154: 6807: 3876: 2962: 2014: 1999: 1361: 805:, was born less than two months later, but died in infancy, as did five further children. Only two daughters survived: 784: 708: 681: 493:

on 5 November 1688, James's army deserted and he went into exile in France on 23 December. In February 1689, a special

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in Paris. His entrails were placed in two gilt urns and sent to the parish church of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the

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in October, and narrowly escaped capture by Parliamentarian cavalry. He spent most of the next four years in the

2066:. James was not buried, but put in one of the side chapels. Lights were kept burning round his coffin until the 1930: 1929:

did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive

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Walcott, Robert (1962). "The Later Stuarts (1660–1714): Significant Work of the Last Twenty Years (1939–1959)"

2528:). James II was the fourth Stuart monarch in England, the second of his generation and the father of two more. 1417: 1342: 5932: 8279: 6792: 5660: 3202: 2620: 1939: 1649: 1102:. Charles II also made his brother the Governor of the Royal Adventurers into Africa (later shortened to the 1079: 960: 821:

James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions. Even so, he kept mistresses, including

727:. Given command of six regiments of British volunteers, he fought against his former French comrades at the 471: 387: 132: 660:, Parliament considered making James king. James was ordered by his father to escape, and, with the help of 8757: 8617: 8567: 8324: 8232: 7600: 7563: 6765: 3121: 3113: 2644: 2102: 2094: 2082: 1868: 1849: 1657: 1636:

James allowed Roman Catholics to occupy the highest offices of his kingdoms, and received at his court the

810: 506: 494: 259: 2054:(consisting of two wooden coffins and one of lead) at the St Edmund's Chapel in the Church of the English 1403:, backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James. Several notable 656:

Frustrated by their inability to agree terms with Charles I, and with his brother Charles out of reach in

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by the University on 1 November 1642 and served as colonel of a volunteer regiment of foot. Following the

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followed England in ruling that James had "forfeited" the throne, which was offered to William and Mary.

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The Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster

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in 1660, Charles II was restored to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland. Although James was the

463: 8033: 7314: 8612: 8333: 8008: 7982: 7727: 7610: 7288: 7256: 6057: 2237: 2063: 1720: 1211: 728: 358: 6615: 3845: 2117:. Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (less than two months after the death of Sophia), she was succeeded by 1341:. In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament. Two further 443:, with his deposition ending a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of the 373: 8123: 8063: 7962: 7719: 7605: 7400: 7345: 6953: 6738: 6273: 5341: 3601: 2525: 2304: 2118: 2011: 1951: 1903: 716: 542: 339: 249: 59: 2149:, but was again defeated. The risings were the last serious attempts to restore the Stuart dynasty. 1880:

declared James to have forfeited the throne of Scotland as well. The Convention Parliament issued a

1743:. In October, James gave orders for the lord-lieutenants to provide three standard questions to all 8752: 8712: 8667: 8652: 8457: 8272: 8128: 8118: 7927: 7406: 7395: 7101: 6957: 6949: 2680: 2656: 2628: 2541: 2059: 669: 554: 269: 254: 7912: 7892: 4699:

Dixon, Dennis (20 November 2006). "Godden v Hales revisited – James II and the dispensing power".

1122:(1672–1674), during which significant fighting also occurred off the African coast. Following the 974: 462:

In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis. Firstly, the birth of James's son and heir

8777: 8548: 8400: 8098: 8093: 8073: 8048: 7375: 7370: 7355: 7330: 5777: 3873:

Freedom's Debt. The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752

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conclusions from his 2006 book summarised the ambivalence of modern scholarship towards James II:

2242: 2146: 2138: 1853: 1568: 1396: 1241:

Growing fears of Roman Catholic influence at court led the English Parliament to introduce a new

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in a Roman Catholic ceremony on 20 September 1673. On 21 November, Mary arrived in England and

1111: 735: 673: 452: 274: 63: 7497: 3182:

Harris analyses the legal nature of the abdication; James did not agree that he had abdicated.

3133:

heard about it and ordered the body buried in the parish church of St Germain-en-Laye in 1824.

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MacLeod and Waller wrote that all of James's remains were lost in the French Revolution. The

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In four generations of Stuarts, there were seven reigning monarchs (not including Hanover's

2089:

was known as "James III and VIII" to his supporters, and "The Old Pretender" to his enemies.

724: 8577: 8572: 8487: 8345: 8207: 8197: 8187: 8177: 8157: 8146: 8134: 8058: 7987: 7862: 7522: 7469: 7459: 7449: 7422: 7340: 7263: 7197: 7152: 7142: 7136: 7125: 7119: 7069: 6120: 3596: 3446: 2381: 2260: 2130: 2114: 2110: 1881: 1818: 1814: 1712: 1641: 1564: 1479: 1290:

In 1677, King Charles II arranged for James's daughter Mary to marry the Protestant Prince

1182: 1147: 1115: 848: 755: 650: 646: 598: 546: 538: 329: 137: 3091:

An assertion found in many sources that James died on 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701

1966: 8: 8172: 8103: 7502: 7444: 7380: 7177: 7167: 7147: 7113: 6918: 6897: 6883: 6702: 6694: 5903: 5659: 4207: 2946: 2895: 2887: 2071: 2047:, while the flesh from his right arm was given to the English Augustinian nuns of Paris. 2003: 1935: 1913: 1886: 1780: 1625: 1552: 791: 685: 582: 513: 428: 416: 396: 289: 279: 115: 6623: 6438:

DeKrey, Gary S. (2008). "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain"

5883: 1181:

In September 1666, Charles II put James in charge of firefighting operations during the

516:

in July 1690, James returned to France, where he spent the rest of his life in exile at

466:

on 10 June raised the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, excluding his Protestant daughter

8251: 8247: 8222: 7852: 7807: 7586: 7224: 7172: 7096: 5888: 5359: 5161: 2506: 1926: 1756: 1682: 1520: 1516: 1495: 1491: 1416:. Taking advantage of James's rebounding popularity, Charles invited him back onto the 1413: 1404: 1346: 1246: 1206: 1123: 806: 739: 618: 609:

In August 1642, long running political disputes between Charles I and his opponents in

574: 467: 444: 432: 424: 5958: 2494: 1813:. Public alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir, 1333:, a former government minister and now a leading opponent of Catholicism, proposed an 7752: 7219: 7032: 6853: 6550: 6524: 6506: 6487: 6425: 6396: 6377: 6358: 6339: 6320: 6302: 6281: 6259: 6240: 6207: 6188: 6166: 6147: 6128: 6106: 6084: 6065: 5827: 5689: 5321: 5303: 5118: 4992: 4716: 3880: 3788: 3388: 3285: 2785: 2415: 2098: 2067: 2028: 1696: 1592: 1452: 1250: 1186: 1138:

rivers to James. Following its capture by the British, the former Dutch territory of

1135: 1030: 924: 479: 436: 228: 7080: 1478:. Parliament granted James a generous life income, including all of the proceeds of 1391:

In 1683, a plot was uncovered to assassinate Charles II and his brother and spark a

794:

and James's return to power, no one at the royal court expected a prince to marry a

8152: 8113: 7972: 7907: 7537: 7527: 7417: 7390: 7242: 7074: 6994: 6987: 6678: 6595: 6591: 6575: 6472: 5781: 5351: 5153: 5110: 4708: 3758: 3124:

on St. Germain from September 1903 claimed that parts of his bowel interred at the

3019: 2438: 2423: 2411: 2354: 2187: 1806: 1768: 1740: 1724: 1715:, he offended Anglicans by allowing Roman Catholics to hold important positions in 1700: 1630: 1463: 1285: 1269: 1261: 1171: 826: 772: 696:

James, like his brother, sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under

661: 557:. He was educated by private tutors, along with his older brother, the future King 404: 5132: 2141:

in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated. His son

1534:

Argyll sailed to Scotland where he raised recruits, mainly from his own clan, the

7997: 7792: 7532: 7277: 7107: 7059: 7049: 7043: 6682: 6674: 6638: 5510: 5495: 5300:

New Gill History of Ireland 3: Seventeenth-Century Ireland – The War of Religions

3782: 2545: 2442: 2211: 1925:

With the assistance of French troops, James landed in Ireland in March 1689. The

1810: 1736: 1587:

To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety by enlarging his

1556: 1365: 1155: 634: 573:; the position was initially honorary, but became a substantive office after the 392: 319: 299: 55: 7688: 8339: 8295: 8202: 7747: 7630: 7517: 7474: 7428: 7213: 5785: 5681: 5114: 2727: 2365: 2230: 2191: 2161: 2106: 2035:. James's heart was placed in a silver-gilt locket and given to the convent at 1728: 1670: 1576: 1528: 1400: 1373:, a former ally, were forever strained and a solid segment turned against him. 1334: 1265: 1257: 1223: 1194: 1139: 1131: 830: 776: 630: 207: 5767: 5157: 4712: 1723:, two of Oxford's largest colleges. He also attempted to force the Fellows of 8561: 7757: 5139: 4720: 3762: 3676: 2772: 2430: 2427: 2284: 2273: 2207: 2172: 1802: 1760: 1588: 1535: 1392: 1159: 1151: 1143: 475: 6419: 2788:

on 4 March (Old Style) as "The Lady Isabella, daughter to the Duke of York"

664:, in April 1648 successfully evaded his guards and crossed the North Sea to 8440: 8140: 7817: 7655: 7412: 5094: 3672: 2203: 2180: 1857: 1637: 1167: 1043: 914: 814: 637:

in June 1646, James was taken to London and held with his younger siblings

578: 550: 7917: 7007: 6393:

Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown

7897: 7837: 7802: 7660: 7645: 7230: 6542: 5763: 3831:

Spelling modernized for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). 80.

3380: 2249: 2055: 2051: 1919: 1602: 1572: 1311: 1307: 1163: 843: 593: 498: 141: 41: 7877: 5363: 2364:

opened the cause for the canonisation of James as a saint, making him a

1174:

after James's Scottish title. In 1683, James became the Governor of the

8481: 7947: 7902: 7847: 7832: 7827: 7772: 7635: 7625: 7615: 7202: 7064: 6098: 5165: 4227:"Wreck of Royal Navy warship sunk in 1682 identified off Norfolk coast" 3160: 2407: 2347: 2343: 2327: 2219: 2134: 2002:; most, but not all, were Roman Catholic. In 1692, James's last child, 1998:. James's wife and some of his supporters fled with him, including the 1885:

imposition of cruel punishments. The Declaration was the basis for the

1547: 1511:

in his role as head of the army, wearing a general officer's state coat

1107: 1095: 677: 602: 549:

in London on 14 October 1633. Later that same year, he was baptized by

456: 352: 47: 1950:

or "James the shit". Despite this popular perception, later historian

1201: 8529: 8469: 7942: 7937: 7867: 7857: 7822: 7782: 7762: 7650: 7620: 7207: 7182: 6871: 5355: 3130: 3096: 3092: 2583: 2195: 1987: 1873: 1841: 1829: 1764: 1539: 1303: 1231: 1218: 901: 780: 760: 665: 521: 182: 8028: 7308: 6579: 6476: 1688: 1656:

confessor, was a particular object of Anglican ire. When the King's

8523: 7922: 7887: 7882: 7842: 7797: 7777: 7767: 7742: 7640: 7581: 7187: 7012: 4211: 2805: 2454: 2036: 2021: 1748: 1448: 1357: 1242: 836: 795: 720: 622: 420: 8264: 3522: 3520: 1644:, the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of 1500: 1193:

primarily in the English Caribbean across the Atlantic. Many were

455:

refused to pass measures viewed as undermining the primacy of the

8192: 7952: 7812: 7787: 7737: 7558: 7464: 6706: 6336:

The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660

2608: 2450: 2121:, Sophia's son, the Elector of Hanover and Anne's second cousin. 1943: 1752: 697: 490: 314: 111: 8409: 5417: 4208:"Shipwreck The Gloucester hailed most important since Mary Rose" 2202:

Historical analysis of James II has been somewhat revised since

1978: 1538:. The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll was captured at 1154:

in James's honour. James gave part of the colony to proprietors

8068: 8018: 7350: 7298: 7022: 7017: 6125:

Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720

3517: 2462: 1653: 1645: 1621: 1273: 1074: 955: 701: 657: 626: 569:

and Francis Villiers. At the age of three, James was appointed

5142:(1937). "The Elections to the Convention Parliament of 1689". 3833:

By Permission of Heaven: The Story of the Great Fire of London

2342:

was only nominal, and was asserted by every English king from

7992: 7932: 7270: 6278:

Aisling ghéar: na Stíobhartaigh agus an taos léinn, 1603–1788

6227:

The History of England from the Accession of James the Second

5281: 5279: 5077: 5075: 5038: 5036: 4787: 4785: 4772: 4770: 4626: 4624: 2434: 2300: 2289:

Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution.

2105:, and to her Protestant heirs. Sophia was a granddaughter of 2039:, and his brain was placed in a lead casket and given to the 1994:

In France, James was allowed to live in the royal château of

8718:

Jacobite military personnel of the Williamite War in Ireland

6355:

Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution

4499: 4497: 4313: 4311: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 1751:, and the new town officials that they recommended included 1735:

offices under the Crown opposed to his plan, appointing new

585:

in 1642, and formally created Duke of York in January 1644.

474:, who was also his nephew. Secondly, the prosecution of the 7054: 6185:

The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary

5864: 5619: 5607: 5595: 5583: 4884: 4533: 1861: 1848:, defected and joined William, as did James's own daughter 1437:

Coronation procession of King James II and Queen Mary, 1685

1260:, a fifteen-year-old Italian princess. James and Mary were 1130:

In 1664, Charles II granted American territory between the

6948: 6081:

The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King

5803: 5702: 5461: 5397: 5276: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5184: 5072: 5060: 5048: 5033: 5021: 4920: 4782: 4767: 4727: 4621: 4609: 4404: 4402: 3954: 3952: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3507: 3505: 742:

returned his brother to the English throne as Charles II.

5852: 5840: 5714: 5561: 5559: 4860: 4521: 4494: 4470: 4387: 4308: 4296: 4272: 4237: 4124: 4012: 2997:

Married Marie Gabrielle d'Audibert de Lussan; had issue.

1774: 1767:. Finally, on 24 August 1688, James ordered the issue of 1582: 5631: 5473: 4814: 4812: 4797: 4648: 4636: 4509: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4088: 3298: 1616:, once a supporter of James, turned against him by 1688. 1527:. Monmouth and Argyll both began their expeditions from 6009: 5731: 5729: 5571: 5528: 4460: 4458: 4426: 4399: 4347: 4172: 4148: 4112: 4024: 3988: 3949: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3653: 3632: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3502: 3466: 3327: 3325: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 2323:

31 December 1660 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of Albany

415:, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 305:

Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby

27:

King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1685 to 1688

5649:

See Prall, vii–xv, for a more detailed historiography.

5556: 5449: 5385: 5264: 5172: 4824: 4739: 3444:

White, Geoffrey H.; Lea, R.S. (eds.). "Duke of York".

3415: 3413: 2124: 2050:

The rest of James's body was laid to rest in a triple

1462:

that assembled in May 1685, which gained the name of "

8738:

Lords High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland

5741: 4908: 4896: 4872: 4848: 4836: 4809: 4482: 4438: 4359: 4335: 4284: 4064: 3964: 3937: 3909: 3801: 3730: 2406:

Prior to his accession, James's coat of arms was the

1739:

and remodelling the corporations governing towns and

1519:

led by his nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, and another

1376:

On 6 May 1682, James narrowly escaped the sinking of

1178:, but did not take an active role in its governance. 489:

to assume the English throne. When William landed in

5726: 5516: 4455: 4414: 4323: 4160: 4136: 4100: 4076: 4036: 4000: 3976: 3813: 3718: 3689: 3620: 3608: 3568: 3490: 3478: 3454: 3425: 3398: 3337: 3322: 3228: 2317:

14 October 1633 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of York

2295: 1961: 1836:

On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles

617:. James and his brother Charles were present at the 5908:"The forgotten canonisation Cause of King James II" 3410: 3045:

John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby

2500:

Coat of arms of James II as king (outside Scotland)

1982:Tomb of James II & VII in the parish church of 1575:in a series of trials that came to be known as the 1202:

Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage

5416: 5098: 3310: 1356:On the orders of the King, James left England for 7718: 6536:England in the Reigns of James II and William III 3129:that the body was then kept "above ground" until 2357:by King Louis XIV of France on 31 December 1660. 2320:10 May 1659 – 6 February 1685: The Earl of Ulster 2020:During his last years, James lived as an austere 8559: 3526: 3443: 3385:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 837:Military and political offices and royal slavery 734:After France and Spain made peace with the 1659 5344:(Spring–Summer 1992). "Irish Jacobite Poetry". 2152:Charles's claims passed to his younger brother 1892: 1412:plot by increasing the repression of Whigs and 1395:revolution to re-establish a government of the 485:Leading members of the English political class 8638:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism 6005:. Vol. 10. Harleian Society. p. 201. 5959:"Marks of cadency in the British royal family" 2330:until 16 September 1701): His Majesty The King 1916:between James II and William III, 11 July 1690 8425: 8280: 7704: 6934: 6454:The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II 5984: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 2410:(which he later inherited), differenced by a 1349:were those who supported the Bill, while the 588: 577:, when James was an adult. He was designated 8708:History of Catholicism in the United Kingdom 6237:James VII: Duke and King of Scots, 1633–1701 6230:(Popular in two volumes ed.). Longmans. 6187:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5318:The Jacobites, Britain and Europe, 1688–1788 5109:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 3846:"The Royal African Company (RAC) is Founded" 3279: 1559:on 15 July. The King's judges—most notably, 783:, the daughter of Charles's chief minister, 7501:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 6272: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 5876: 5670:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. 5376: 5340: 5320:. Manchester University Press. p. 48. 5297: 3787:(reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 62. 3280:Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015). 3209:. Vol. XI 1809–1815. pp. 339–342. 2077: 8432: 8418: 8287: 8273: 7711: 7697: 7678:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 6941: 6927: 6622: 5969: 4991:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 58. 3284:. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 144–159. 2876:James, Prince of Wales "the Old Pretender" 2512:Coat of arms of King James VII in Scotland 1428: 715:, and when Charles responded by signing a 40: 8748:Pre-statehood history of New York (state) 6299:Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766 6293: 5758: 5756: 5688:. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. vii. 5380: 3870: 3387:. Revised Edition. Random House, London. 2276:confronted that scholarly ambivalence in 2097:succeeded when William died in 1702. The 1795:invited to "save the Protestant religion" 1185:, in the absence of action by Lord Mayor 166:Church of the English Benedictines, Paris 6837:William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry 6759:Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington 6565:James II and the first modern revolution 6220: 6030: 5902: 5637: 5479: 5421:(Second World War ed.). p. 228 4803: 4757: 4682: 4654: 4642: 4603: 4583: 4567: 4551: 4539: 3219: 3107: 3105: 2866: 2855: 2830: 2814: 2763: 2738: 2299: 2186: 2171: 2081: 1977: 1965: 1907: 1824: 1784: 1687: 1608: 1515:Soon after becoming king, James faced a 1499: 1447:Charles II died on 6 February 1685 from 1432: 1316: 1205: 842: 754: 592: 8678:English pretenders to the French throne 8658:Peers of Scotland created by Charles II 6521:James II and English Politics 1678–1688 6352: 6317:The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688 6258:(3rd ed.). Yale University Press. 6201: 6141: 6015: 5997: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5773:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5577: 5550: 5534: 5106:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5093: 4890: 4745: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3282:The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy 3166: 2488:Coat of arms of James, Duke of York, KG 2326:6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688 (by 2254:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2006:, was born. Some supporters in England 1443:Coronation of James II and VII and Mary 1210:Wedding suit of James II, 1673, in the 1166:, 150 miles (240 km) north on the 197: 1660; died 1671) 14: 8673:Peers of Ireland created by Charles II 8560: 6500: 6481: 6417: 6390: 6371: 6253: 6179: 6119: 6097: 6078: 6056: 5826:. Yale University Press. p. 475. 5821: 5809: 5753: 5747: 5735: 5708: 5680: 5565: 5546: 5491: 5467: 5455: 5443: 5439: 5403: 5391: 5315: 5285: 5270: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5222: 5218: 5206: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5081: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5027: 5015: 5011: 4974: 4970: 4958: 4954: 4938: 4926: 4842: 4830: 4791: 4776: 4761: 4733: 4686: 4670: 4666: 4630: 4615: 4599: 4587: 4571: 4555: 4527: 4515: 4503: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4449: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4393: 4381: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4302: 4290: 4278: 4266: 4262: 4250: 4224: 4194: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4054: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3943: 3931: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3819: 3807: 3780: 3768: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3700: 3659: 3647: 3626: 3614: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3511: 3496: 3472: 3460: 3431: 3419: 3404: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3316: 3304: 3241: 3222:English Historical Documents 1660–1714 2987:Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle 2548:following the 1603 Union of the Crowns 1775:Deposition and the Glorious Revolution 1583:Religious liberty and dispensing power 1525:Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll 1294:, son of Charles's and James's sister 668:. Following their victory in the 1648 8703:Governors of the Hudson's Bay Company 8648:Peers of England created by Charles I 8413: 8268: 7692: 6922: 6898:King of England, Scotland and Ireland 6818:John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale 6722:Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea 6541: 6333: 6314: 6160: 5762: 5720: 5138: 4986: 4942: 4914: 4902: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4818: 4698: 3852:from the original on 14 November 2022 3671: 3586: 3484: 3102: 3011:Became a nun under the name Ignatia. 2912: 2287:countered Pincus's thesis in 2013 in 1974:, James's home during his final exile 1236:Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham 975:Text of statute as originally enacted 707:In 1657, France, then engaged in the 411:from the death of his elder brother, 290:Henrietta Butler, Viscountess Galmoye 6449:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6234: 5522: 3365: 3126:parish church of St. Germain-en-Laye 3085: 3041:James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey 3039:Alleged daughter. Married, firstly, 2971:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick 2311: 2137:) as "James III and VIII". He led a 2045:English Jesuit college at Saint-Omer 1614:Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester 1325:was involved in plots against James. 537:James, second surviving son of King 295:James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick 8294: 6786:Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox 6165:. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. 6144:Kings, Queens, Bones & Bastards 5302:. Gill and Macmillan. p. 253. 4692: 3260:Economic History Association EH.net 2558: 2125:Subsequent uprisings and pretenders 1386: 1279: 1069:Settlement on Duke of York Act 1663 861:Settlement on Duke of York Act 1663 24: 8683:English people of Scottish descent 6808:William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton 6538:, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 6411: 3877:University of North Carolina Press 3201: 3043:and had issue. Married, secondly, 2963:Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye 2278:1688: The First Modern Revolution. 1362:Lord High Commissioner of Scotland 691: 152:16 September 1701 (aged 67) (N.S.) 25: 8789: 8698:People of the Glorious Revolution 8439: 6620:National Portrait Gallery, London 6585: 6163:The Revolution of 1688 in England 5956: 5937:The Confederation of Cinque Ports 5824:1688: The First Modern Revolution 3253: 2296:Titles, styles, honours, and arms 2167: 1962:Return to exile, death and legacy 1897: 1838:invited William, Prince of Orange 1563:—condemned many of the rebels to 1485: 1339:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth 750: 8768:Children of Charles I of England 8743:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports 8688:English people of French descent 8623:18th-century Jacobite pretenders 6376:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. 6021: 5991: 5950: 5925: 5896: 5815: 5674: 5667:Dictionary of National Biography 5652: 5643: 5540: 5485: 5433: 5409: 5370: 5334: 5291: 5212: 5196: 5145:The Cambridge Historical Journal 5087: 5005: 4980: 4964: 4948: 4932: 4751: 4676: 4660: 4593: 3176: 2961:; had issue. Married, secondly, 2533: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2461:); III Azure a harp Or stringed 2224:Dictionary of National Biography 2158:Dean of the College of Cardinals 1972:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1763:and Roman Catholics, as well as 1709:Supreme Governor of their church 1000: 872: 372: 155:Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye 8663:Earls in the Peerage of Ireland 8330:Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541) 6978:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 6729:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 6603:at the official website of the 6594:at the official website of the 6204:Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807 6062:The Glorious Revolution of 1688 5504:Association Frontenac-Amériques 4577: 4561: 4545: 4371: 4256: 4218: 4200: 4184: 4048: 3921: 3893: 3864: 3838: 3825: 3781:Davies, Kenneth Gordon (1999). 3774: 3742: 3665: 3580: 3437: 3349: 3154: 3145: 3136: 2395:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1789:James's nephew and son-in-law, 1399:. The conspiracy, known as the 1100:Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 763:in the 1660s, by Sir Peter Lely 216: 194: 8733:Lord high admirals of Scotland 8628:British monarchs buried abroad 8588:17th-century Scottish monarchs 6975:Monarchs of England until 1603 6447:The Life and Times of James II 5892:. 16 February 1684. p. 1. 5768:"James II and VII (1633–1701)" 3871:Pettigrew, William A. (2013). 3273: 3247: 3224:. Routledge. pp. 136–138. 3220:Browning, Andrew, ed. (2001). 3213: 3195: 2519: 2214:(Macaulay's great-nephew) and 1606:of respect for the late king. 745: 711:, agreed an alliance with the 709:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 478:was seen as an assault on the 13: 1: 8728:Lord high admirals of England 8603:17th-century English nobility 8583:17th-century English monarchs 7720:Pictish and Scottish monarchs 6793:Lord High Admiral of Scotland 6567:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 6452:Glassey, Lionel, ed. (1997). 6301:, Dublin: Four Courts Press, 6103:The Scottish Nation 1700–2007 5298:Fitzpatrick, Brendan (1988). 4225:Thomas, Tobi (10 June 2022). 3450:. Vol. XII. p. 914. 3189: 2815: 2621:William III, Prince of Orange 2109:through his eldest daughter, 1517:rebellion in southern England 1505: 1364:and took up residence at the 1302:, to produce any children. A 1080:Statute Law Revision Act 1863 989:Post Office Revenues Act 1670 961:Statute Law Revision Act 1863 950:Post Office Revenues Act 1670 527: 472:William III, Prince of Orange 8693:Fellows of the Royal Society 6766:Lord High Admiral of England 6563:Van der Kiste, John (2021). 5776:(online May 2006 ed.). 5133:UK public library membership 4701:The Journal of Legal History 3114:English Illustrated Magazine 2645:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 2103:Sophia, Electress of Hanover 2062:, with a funeral oration by 1893:Attempt to regain the throne 1769:writs for a general election 1737:lord-lieutenants of counties 1727:to elect as their President 1360:. In 1680, he was appointed 581:at birth, invested with the 260:Anne, Queen of Great Britain 7: 8608:17th-century Scottish peers 8598:18th-century British people 8593:17th-century Irish monarchs 7585:British monarchs after the 6372:Turner, Francis C. (1948). 6319:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 6280:(in Irish), An Clóchomhar, 6064:. Charles Scribner's Sons. 5661:"James II of England" 2457:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 2422:, I and IV Grandquarterly, 1990:when the church was rebuilt 464:James Francis Edward Stuart 10: 8794: 8334:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 6827:the Parliament of Scotland 6616:Portraits of King James II 6572:American Historical Review 6469:William and Mary Quarterly 6222:Macaulay, Thomas Babington 6049: 3751:American Historical Review 3677:"Monday 12 September 1664" 2794:Charles, Duke of Cambridge 2593:Charles, Duke of Cambridge 2371: 2064:Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette 1986:, commissioned in 1828 by 1901: 1778: 1677:In 1687, James issued the 1489: 1440: 1283: 1212:Victoria and Albert Museum 982:United Kingdom legislation 854:United Kingdom legislation 801:The couple's first child, 767:After the collapse of the 589:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 561:, and the two sons of the 245:Charles, Duke of Cambridge 234: 8545: 8447: 8397: 8302: 8241: 7961: 7726: 7673: 7596: 7580: 7576: 7513: 7496: 7492: 6969: 6965: 6905: 6888: 6877: 6870: 6860: 6851: 6843: 6833: 6825:Lord High Commissioner to 6822: 6814: 6799: 6790: 6782: 6772: 6763: 6750: 6745: 6735: 6726: 6718: 6713: 6689: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6632: 6486:(2nd ed.). Longman. 5502:, with transcription, at 5158:10.1017/S1474691300001529 4713:10.1080/01440360600831162 3784:The Royal African Company 3682:The Diary of Samuel Pepys 3256:"The Glorious Revolution" 3015: 2933: 2723: 2579: 2544:Principal members of the 2418:. His arms as king were: 2164:since his death in 1807. 2093:James's younger daughter 1904:Williamite War in Ireland 1679:Declaration of Indulgence 1085: 1073: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1042: 1037: 1024: 1013: 999: 994: 987: 973: 966: 954: 946: 941: 933: 923: 913: 908: 895: 885: 871: 866: 859: 809:(born 30 April 1662) and 672:, Parliament ordered the 543:Henrietta Maria of France 391:– 16 September 1701) was 368: 345: 340:Henrietta Maria of France 335: 325: 313: 250:Mary II, Queen of England 227: 171: 161: 148: 125: 121: 107: 97: 87: 76: 54: 39: 34: 8549:Dukes of York and Albany 8401:Dukes of York and Albany 6424:. J.M. Dent & Sons. 6418:Ashley, Maurice (1978). 6391:Waller, Maureen (2002). 5509:10 November 2012 at the 3835:. London: Jonathan Cape. 3078: 2681:Edgar, Duke of Cambridge 2657:Prince George of Denmark 2629:James, Duke of Cambridge 2553: 2236:By the 1960s and 1970s, 2227:objects of his policy." 2078:Later Hanover succession 2060:Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris 2031:on 16 September 1701 at 2027:James died aged 67 of a 2008:attempted to assassinate 1807:Archbishop of Canterbury 1423: 1142:and its principal port, 813:(born 6 February 1665). 723:led by the French exile 670:Second English Civil War 555:Archbishop of Canterbury 532: 512:After his defeat at the 270:Edgar, Duke of Cambridge 255:James, Duke of Cambridge 8763:Roman Catholic monarchs 8633:English Roman Catholics 6484:The Glorious Revolution 6353:Sowerby, Scott (2013). 6235:Mann, Alastair (2014). 6142:Hilliam, David (1998). 5822:Pincus, Steven (2009). 5778:Oxford University Press 5316:Szechi, Daniel (1994). 3600:. Vol. I. p. 2665:Charles, Duke of Kendal 2475:James II's coat of arms 2401: 2147:Jacobite rising in 1745 1854:Great Seal of the Realm 1693:1686 statue of James II 1429:Accession to the throne 713:Commonwealth of England 615:First English Civil War 597:James with his father, 265:Charles, Duke of Kendal 7728:Monarchs of the Picts 6605:Royal Collection Trust 6334:Royle, Trevor (2004). 6315:Prall, Stuart (1972). 6202:MacLeod, John (1999). 5933:"List of Lord Wardens" 5786:10.1093/ref:odnb/14593 5115:10.1093/ref:odnb/29450 4987:Gregg, Edward (2000). 3763:10.1093/ahr/122.4.1038 3592:Cokayne, George Edward 2308: 2270: 2199: 2184: 2090: 1991: 1975: 1922: 1878:Parliament of Scotland 1833: 1798: 1704: 1617: 1512: 1474:, and the demotion of 1438: 1326: 1214: 1112:Second Anglo-Dutch War 851: 847:James in the 1660s by 764: 736:Treaty of the Pyrenees 674:execution of Charles I 629:, where he was made a 606: 275:James, Prince of Wales 8723:Knights of the Garter 8476:Richard of Shrewsbury 8388:Prince Charles Edward 7963:Monarchs of the Scots 6891:— TITULAR — 6501:Miller, John (2004). 6482:Miller, John (1997). 6445:Earle, Peter (1972). 6274:Ó Buachalla, Breandán 6254:Miller, John (2000). 6161:Jones, J. R. (1988). 6079:Callow, John (2000). 5500:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 5342:Ó Buachalla, Breandán 3675:(12 September 2007). 2659:; no surviving issue 2336:Defender of the Faith 2303: 2265: 2190: 2175: 2154:Henry Benedict Stuart 2143:Charles Edward Stuart 2085: 2033:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1996:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1984:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 1981: 1969: 1911: 1869:Convention Parliament 1860:. He was captured in 1828: 1788: 1745:Justices of the Peace 1691: 1612: 1521:rebellion in Scotland 1503: 1436: 1320: 1300:Catherine of Braganza 1292:William III of Orange 1209: 1120:Third Anglo-Dutch War 1104:Royal African Company 1007:Parliament of England 879:Parliament of England 846: 758: 676:in January 1649. The 596: 495:Convention Parliament 441:divine right of kings 8044:Constantine III (IV) 8009:Constantine II (III) 7555:William III & II 7120:Henry the Young King 7070:Edward the Confessor 7038:Æthelred the Unready 6910:James III & VIII 6703:William III & II 6634:James II of England 6519:Mullett, M. (1993). 5221:, pp. 206–209; 5100:"William III and II" 4973:, pp. 271–272; 4957:, pp. 186–187; 4941:, pp. 260–262; 4685:, pp. 368–369; 4669:, pp. 156–157; 4586:, pp. 385–386; 4380:, pp. 140–143; 3930:, pp. 143–144; 3597:The Complete Peerage 3527:The Complete Peerage 3447:The Complete Peerage 2756:died of convulsions 2382:Knight of the Garter 2131:James Francis Edward 1952:Breandán Ó Buachalla 1882:Declaration of Right 1815:James Francis Edward 1713:University of Oxford 1569:indentured servitude 1480:tonnage and poundage 1306:Anglican clergyman, 1183:Great Fire of London 1176:Hudson's Bay Company 453:Scottish parliaments 330:Charles I of England 116:William III & II 8758:Princes of Scotland 8618:Jacobite pretenders 8568:James II of England 8464:Richard Plantagenet 8074:Malcolm III Canmore 7503:Union of the Crowns 6884:Glorious Revolution 6695:Glorious Revolution 6534:Ogg, David (1957). 5957:Velde, Francois R. 5873:, pp. 227–239. 5812:, pp. 478–479. 5723:, pp. 291–293. 5711:, pp. 196–198. 5628:, pp. 373–374. 5616:, pp. 371–372. 5604:, pp. 365–371. 5592:, pp. 361–363. 5470:, pp. 234–236. 5406:, pp. 235–236. 5288:, pp. 446–449. 5261:, pp. 226–227. 5249:, pp. 222–224. 5237:, pp. 349–350. 5193:, pp. 320–328. 5084:, pp. 205–209. 5069:, pp. 201–203. 5057:, pp. 236–239. 5045:, pp. 190–196. 5030:, pp. 201–202. 4929:, pp. 258–259. 4893:, pp. 136–143. 4869:, pp. 132–133. 4794:, pp. 224–229. 4779:, pp. 216–224. 4736:, pp. 389–391. 4633:, pp. 150–152. 4618:, pp. 195–196. 4542:, pp. 349–350. 4530:, pp. 146–147. 4506:, pp. 142–143. 4479:, pp. 141–142. 4396:, pp. 139–140. 4320:, pp. 120–121. 4305:, pp. 118–119. 4281:, pp. 116–117. 4253:, pp. 115–116. 4133:, pp. 103–104. 4021:, pp. 110–111. 3307:, pp. 264–268. 3002:Arabella FitzJames 2947:Henrietta FitzJames 2896:Louisa Maria Teresa 2888:Clementina Sobieska 2633:11 or 12 July 1663 2362:Archbishop of Paris 2206:historians, led by 2072:Archbishop of Paris 2004:Louisa Maria Teresa 1936:Battle of the Boyne 1914:Battle of the Boyne 1867:William summoned a 1781:Glorious Revolution 1553:Battle of Sedgemoor 1331:Earl of Shaftesbury 1146:, were renamed the 729:Battle of the Dunes 684:ended in defeat at 635:surrender of Oxford 625:wartime capital of 583:Order of the Garter 514:Battle of the Boyne 507:Scottish Convention 417:Glorious Revolution 280:Louisa Maria Stuart 8147:Second Interregnum 8114:William I the Lion 7983:Constantine I (II) 7973:Kenneth I MacAlpin 7587:Acts of Union 1707 7550:James II & VII 7243:Kenneth I MacAlpin 7028:Edgar the Peaceful 6872:Titles in pretence 6804:Title next held by 6755:Title last held by 6746:Political offices 6699:Title next held by 6592:James VII & II 5889:The London Gazette 5766:(September 2004). 5377:Ó Buachalla (1996) 5225:, pp. 329–348 5209:, pp. 402–407 5018:, pp. 186–187 5014:, pp. 43–46; 4977:, pp. 110–111 4961:, pp. 269–272 4764:, pp. 480–482 4673:, pp. 192–195 4558:, pp. 480–481 4518:, pp. 95–100. 4269:, pp. 142–143 4197:, pp. 180–183 4097:, pp. 99–105. 3906:, pp. 144–145 3902:, pp. 58–59; 2957:Married, firstly, 2938:Arabella Churchill 2913:Illegitimate issue 2781:2 or 4 March 1681 2739:March or May 1674 2685:14 September 1667 2353:James was created 2309: 2200: 2185: 2091: 1992: 1976: 1923: 1834: 1799: 1757:Congregationalists 1721:University College 1705: 1662:Earl of Sunderland 1658:Secretary of State 1618: 1513: 1492:Monmouth Rebellion 1455:on 23 April 1685. 1439: 1327: 1247:transubstantiation 1232:French Protestants 1215: 1124:raid on the Medway 1031:22 & 23 Cha. 2 852: 823:Arabella Churchill 765: 740:Stuart Restoration 619:Battle of Edgehill 607: 563:Duke of Buckingham 503:rising in Scotland 445:English Parliament 135:: 24 October 1633) 80:6 February 1685 – 18:James II & VII 8613:Dukes of Normandy 8555: 8554: 8458:Edward of Norwich 8452:Edmund of Langley 8407: 8406: 8319:Alexander Stewart 8262: 8261: 8135:First Interregnum 7686: 7685: 7669: 7668: 7572: 7571: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7033:Edward the Martyr 6917: 6916: 6906:Succeeded by 6893: 6861:Succeeded by 6854:Lord High Admiral 6834:Succeeded by 6773:Succeeded by 6736:Succeeded by 6654:16 September 1701 6556:978-0-5822-8712-9 6512:978-1-8528-5432-4 6471:35 (4): 691–732. 6431:978-0-4601-2021-0 6383:978-1-346-30578-3 6364:978-0-674-07309-8 6326:978-0-299-10294-4 6295:Ó Ciardha, Éamonn 6246:978-1-907-90909-2 5904:Coulombe, Charles 5861:, pp. 43–44. 5849:, pp. 51–53. 5833:978-0-3001-1547-5 5695:978-0-8369-5922-2 5418:"Burke's Peerage" 5131:(Subscription or 5124:978-0-198-61412-8 4998:978-0-710-00400-0 4435:, pp. 82–85. 4411:, pp. 75–76. 4356:, pp. 44–45. 4181:, pp. 98–99. 4157:, pp. 87–91. 4121:, pp. 93–95. 4033:, pp. 30–31. 3997:, pp. 16–17. 3961:, pp. 69–71. 3886:978-1-4696-1182-2 3715:, pp. 45–46. 3662:, pp. 49–50. 3650:, pp. 44–45. 3565:, pp. 24–25. 3553:, pp. 19–25. 3541:, pp. 19–20. 3514:, pp. 16–17. 3475:, pp. 48–50. 3291:978-1-783-27044-6 3076: 3075: 3029:Catherine Darnley 2910: 2909: 2801:12 December 1677 2786:Westminster Abbey 2702:15 November 1669 2616:28 December 1694 2433:(for France) and 2368:among Catholics. 2312:Titles and styles 2307:of James II, 1686 2252:wrote in the new 2099:Act of Settlement 2068:French Revolution 2029:brain haemorrhage 1931:bill of attainder 1791:William of Orange 1697:Peter Van Dievoet 1642:Ferdinando d'Adda 1453:Westminster Abbey 1397:Cromwellian style 1251:Church of England 1187:Thomas Bloodworth 1092: 1091: 1061:Other legislation 995:Act of Parliament 980: 979: 942:Other legislation 867:Act of Parliament 717:treaty with Spain 651:St James's Palace 571:Lord High Admiral 547:St James's Palace 480:Church of England 385:(14 October 1633 380: 379: 138:St James's Palace 16:(Redirected from 8785: 8496:(1633/1644–1685) 8434: 8427: 8420: 8411: 8410: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8255: 8246:also monarch of 7713: 7706: 7699: 7690: 7689: 7578: 7577: 7538:Richard Cromwell 7528:The Protectorate 7518:James I & VI 7494: 7493: 7075:Harold Godwinson 6995:Edward the Elder 6988:Alfred the Great 6972: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6943: 6936: 6929: 6920: 6919: 6889: 6844:Preceded by 6815:Preceded by 6783:Preceded by 6719:Preceded by 6714:Honorary titles 6665:Preceded by 6655: 6648: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6596:British monarchy 6574:67 (2): 352–370 6560: 6516: 6497: 6435: 6406: 6387: 6368: 6349: 6330: 6311: 6290: 6269: 6250: 6231: 6217: 6198: 6176: 6157: 6138: 6116: 6094: 6075: 6044: 6041: 6028: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6006: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5967: 5966: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5929: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5906:(5 March 2019). 5900: 5894: 5893: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5760: 5751: 5745: 5739: 5733: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5686:James the Second 5678: 5672: 5671: 5663: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5554: 5544: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5381:Ó Ciardha (2002) 5374: 5368: 5367: 5356:10.2307/29735642 5347:The Irish Review 5338: 5332: 5331: 5313: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5216: 5210: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5169: 5136: 5128: 5102: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5070: 5064: 5058: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4984: 4978: 4968: 4962: 4952: 4946: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4807: 4801: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4774: 4765: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4696: 4690: 4680: 4674: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4575: 4565: 4559: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4384:, pp. 73–86 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4235: 4234: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4068: 4062: 4061:, pp. 94–97 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3842: 3836: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3778: 3772: 3771:, pp. 43–44 3766: 3757:(4): 1038–1078. 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3687: 3686: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3378: 3363: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3335: 3329: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3295: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3254:Quinn, Stephen. 3251: 3245: 3239: 3226: 3225: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3199: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3119: 3109: 3100: 3089: 3065:Charles Darnley 3020:Catherine Sedley 3008:7 November 1704 2959:Henry Waldegrave 2917: 2916: 2845:16 October 1682 2839:Charlotte Maria 2820: 2817: 2798:7 November 1677 2750:10 January 1675 2747:Catherine Laura 2716:5 December 1671 2713:9 February 1671 2699:13 January 1669 2649:6 February 1665 2597:22 October 1660 2563: 2562: 2559:Legitimate issue 2537: 2509: 2497: 2485: 2453:within a double 2449:); II Or a lion 2439:passant guardant 2414:of three points 2355:Duke of Normandy 2113:, the sister of 2111:Elizabeth Stuart 1956:Éamonn Ó Ciardha 1927:Irish Parliament 1805:, including the 1741:livery companies 1725:Magdalen College 1701:Trafalgar Square 1631:The Killing Time 1620:James advocated 1593:dispensing power 1510: 1507: 1504:James portrayed 1464:Loyal Parliament 1407:, including the 1387:Return to favour 1329:In England, the 1323:Duke of Monmouth 1286:Exclusion Crisis 1280:Exclusion Crisis 1270:Bishop of Oxford 1262:married by proxy 1152:City of New York 1087:Status: Repealed 1004: 1003: 990: 985: 984: 968:Status: Repealed 929:18 February 1663 876: 875: 862: 857: 856: 827:Catherine Sedley 773:heir presumptive 662:Joseph Bampfield 470:and her husband 447:over the Crown. 405:King of Scotland 390: 383:James II and VII 376: 238: 220: 218: 198: 196: 83: 82:23 December 1688 44: 35:James II and VII 32: 31: 21: 8793: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8782: 8753:English princes 8713:House of Stuart 8668:Earls of Ulster 8653:Dukes of Albany 8558: 8557: 8556: 8551: 8547:italics denote 8541: 8501:Ernest Augustus 8443: 8438: 8408: 8403: 8399:italics denote 8393: 8359:Ernest Augustus 8313:Murdoch Stewart 8298: 8296:Dukes of Albany 8293: 8263: 8258: 8245: 8237: 7964: 7957: 7913:Constantine (I) 7793:Galam Cennalath 7729: 7722: 7717: 7687: 7682: 7665: 7592: 7568: 7533:Oliver Cromwell 7509: 7484: 7479: 7326:Constantine III 7235: 7060:Harold Harefoot 7050:Edmund Ironside 6961: 6956: and 6947: 6913: 6902: 6894: 6886: 6881: 6866: 6857: 6849: 6839: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6805: 6796: 6788: 6778: 6769: 6756: 6741: 6732: 6724: 6700: 6697: 6686: 6675:King of England 6670: 6649: 6647:14 October 1633 6643: 6642: 6639:House of Stuart 6635: 6588: 6580:10.2307/1843428 6557: 6513: 6494: 6477:10.2307/1923211 6442:6 (3): 738–773. 6440:History Compass 6432: 6414: 6412:Further reading 6409: 6403: 6384: 6365: 6346: 6327: 6309: 6288: 6266: 6247: 6239:. John Donald. 6214: 6195: 6173: 6154: 6135: 6113: 6091: 6072: 6058:Ashley, Maurice 6052: 6047: 6042: 6031: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5970: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5916: 5914: 5912:Catholic Herald 5901: 5897: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5804: 5790: 5788: 5761: 5754: 5746: 5742: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5682:Belloc, Hilaire 5679: 5675: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638:Macaulay (1889) 5636: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5564: 5557: 5549:, p. 401; 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5511:Wayback Machine 5496:Parish register 5494:, p. 240; 5490: 5486: 5480:Macaulay (1889) 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5442:, p. 238; 5438: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5375: 5371: 5339: 5335: 5328: 5310: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5257: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5233: 5229: 5217: 5213: 5201: 5197: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5130: 5125: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5073: 5065: 5061: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4985: 4981: 4969: 4965: 4953: 4949: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4810: 4804:Macaulay (1889) 4802: 4798: 4790: 4783: 4775: 4768: 4760:, p. 429; 4758:Macaulay (1889) 4756: 4752: 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4697: 4693: 4683:Macaulay (1889) 4681: 4677: 4665: 4661: 4655:Macaulay (1889) 4653: 4649: 4643:Macaulay (1889) 4641: 4637: 4629: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4604:Macaulay (1889) 4602:, p. 142; 4598: 4594: 4584:Macaulay (1889) 4582: 4578: 4570:, p. 242; 4568:Macaulay (1889) 4566: 4562: 4554:, p. 242; 4552:Macaulay (1889) 4550: 4546: 4540:Macaulay (1889) 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4448: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4419: 4415: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265:, p. 116; 4261: 4257: 4249: 4238: 4223: 4219: 4214:. 10 June 2022. 4206: 4205: 4201: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3926: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3869: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3830: 3826: 3818: 3814: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3779: 3775: 3747: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3690: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3379: 3366: 3354: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3323: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3278: 3274: 3264: 3262: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3229: 3218: 3214: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3047:and had issue. 2975:21 August 1670 2915: 2883:1 January 1766 2842:16 August 1682 2818: 2778:28 August 1676 2753:3 October 1675 2561: 2556: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2546:House of Stuart 2543: 2538: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2404: 2384:, 20 April 1642 2374: 2340:claim to France 2314: 2305:Half crown coin 2298: 2212:G. M. Trevelyan 2170: 2127: 2080: 2070:. In 1734, the 2000:Earl of Melfort 1964: 1948:Séamus an Chaca 1938:on 1 July 1690 1906: 1900: 1895: 1811:seditious libel 1783: 1777: 1585: 1561:George Jeffreys 1557:Tower of London 1508: 1498: 1496:Argyll's Rising 1490:Main articles: 1488: 1445: 1431: 1426: 1389: 1366:Holyrood Palace 1288: 1282: 1204: 1156:George Carteret 1088: 1009: 1001: 988: 983: 969: 881: 873: 860: 855: 839: 753: 748: 694: 692:Exile in France 591: 553:, the Anglican 535: 530: 520:, protected by 487:invited William 393:King of England 386: 364: 309: 300:Henry FitzJames 284: 232: 231: 223: 222: 219: 1673) 214: 210: 200: 192: 188: 185: 167: 153: 136: 130: 129:14 October 1633 81: 72: 56:King of England 50: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8791: 8781: 8780: 8778:Exiled royalty 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8553: 8552: 8546: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8538:(1986–present) 8533: 8527: 8521: 8513: 8505: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8470:Edward of York 8467: 8461: 8455: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8437: 8436: 8429: 8422: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8382:Prince Leopold 8379: 8371: 8363: 8355: 8349: 8346:Charles Stuart 8343: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8322: 8321:(c. 1458–1485) 8316: 8310: 8307:Robert Stewart 8303: 8300: 8299: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8269: 8260: 8259: 8257: 8256: 8242: 8239: 8238: 8236: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7969: 7967: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7732: 7724: 7723: 7716: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7664: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7574: 7573: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7507: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7429:Edward Balliol 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Constantine II 7286: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7253: 7246: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7233: 7228: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7116: 7111: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7081:Edgar Ætheling 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6970: 6963: 6962: 6946: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6923: 6915: 6914: 6907: 6904: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6862: 6859: 6850: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6832: 6821: 6816: 6812: 6811: 6803: 6798: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6779: 6774: 6771: 6762: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6737: 6734: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6710: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6661: 6660:Regnal titles 6657: 6656: 6636: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6613: 6612:at BBC History 6607: 6598: 6587: 6586:External links 6584: 6583: 6582: 6568: 6561: 6555: 6539: 6532: 6517: 6511: 6498: 6492: 6479: 6465: 6462:History Review 6457: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6430: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6388: 6382: 6369: 6363: 6350: 6344: 6331: 6325: 6312: 6307: 6291: 6286: 6270: 6264: 6251: 6245: 6232: 6218: 6212: 6199: 6193: 6177: 6171: 6158: 6152: 6139: 6133: 6127:. Allen Lane. 6117: 6111: 6095: 6089: 6076: 6070: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6029: 6020: 6018:, p. 206. 6016:Chester (1876) 6008: 5999:Chester, J. L. 5990: 5968: 5949: 5924: 5895: 5875: 5871:Sowerby (2013) 5863: 5859:Sowerby (2013) 5851: 5847:Sowerby (2013) 5839: 5832: 5814: 5802: 5752: 5740: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5694: 5673: 5651: 5642: 5640:, p. 239. 5630: 5626:MacLeod (1999) 5618: 5614:MacLeod (1999) 5606: 5602:MacLeod (1999) 5594: 5590:MacLeod (1999) 5582: 5580:, p. 349. 5578:MacLeod (1999) 5570: 5568:, p. 493. 5555: 5551:MacLeod (1999) 5539: 5537:, p. 205. 5535:Hilliam (1998) 5527: 5525:, p. 223. 5515: 5484: 5482:, p. 445. 5472: 5460: 5458:, p. 239. 5448: 5432: 5408: 5396: 5394:, p. 235. 5384: 5369: 5333: 5326: 5308: 5290: 5275: 5273:, p. 440. 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5211: 5195: 5183: 5181:, p. 209. 5171: 5152:(3): 235–254. 5123: 5086: 5071: 5059: 5047: 5032: 5020: 5004: 4997: 4979: 4963: 4947: 4931: 4919: 4917:, p. 159. 4907: 4905:, p. 150. 4895: 4891:Sowerby (2013) 4883: 4881:, p. 146. 4871: 4859: 4857:, p. 132. 4847: 4835: 4833:, p. 170. 4823: 4821:, p. 148. 4808: 4806:, p. 264. 4796: 4781: 4766: 4750: 4746:Sowerby (2013) 4738: 4726: 4707:(2): 129–152. 4691: 4675: 4659: 4657:, p. 368. 4647: 4645:, p. 444. 4635: 4620: 4608: 4592: 4576: 4560: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4493: 4491:, p. 142. 4481: 4469: 4454: 4452:, p. 141. 4437: 4425: 4413: 4398: 4386: 4370: 4368:, p. 123. 4358: 4346: 4344:, p. 121. 4334: 4322: 4307: 4295: 4293:, p. 117. 4283: 4271: 4255: 4236: 4217: 4199: 4193:, p. 89; 4183: 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4073:, p. 132. 4063: 4057:, p. 84; 4047: 4035: 4023: 4011: 3999: 3987: 3975: 3973:, p. 385. 3963: 3948: 3946:, p. 149. 3936: 3920: 3918:, p. 144. 3908: 3892: 3885: 3879:. p. 11. 3863: 3837: 3824: 3812: 3810:, p. 104. 3800: 3793: 3773: 3741: 3739:, p. 101. 3729: 3717: 3705: 3688: 3664: 3652: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3529:, p. 915. 3516: 3501: 3489: 3487:, p. 517. 3477: 3465: 3453: 3436: 3424: 3409: 3397: 3364: 3358:, p. 10; 3348: 3336: 3321: 3309: 3297: 3290: 3272: 3246: 3244:, p. 240. 3227: 3212: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3175: 3165: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3101: 3083: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3058:22 April 1685 3056: 3053: 3052:James Darnley 3049: 3048: 3037: 3036:13 March 1743 3034: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3013: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2994:December 1702 2992: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903:18 April 1712 2901: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2886:married 1719, 2884: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2864:Unnamed child 2861: 2860: 2857: 2854: 2853:Unnamed child 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2831:February 1681 2829: 2828:Unnamed child 2825: 2824: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2775:(or Isabella) 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2761:Unnamed child 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2736:Unnamed child 2733: 2732: 2728:Mary of Modena 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2655:married 1683, 2653: 2652:1 August 1714 2650: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2619:married 1677, 2617: 2614: 2613:30 April 1662 2611: 2605: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2577: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2531: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2373: 2370: 2366:Servant of God 2332: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2297: 2294: 2238:Maurice Ashley 2231:Hilaire Belloc 2222:wrote for the 2194:was a notable 2169: 2168:Historiography 2166: 2162:Jacobite claim 2126: 2123: 2107:James VI and I 2079: 2076: 2015:King of Poland 1963: 1960: 1902:Main article: 1899: 1898:War in Ireland 1896: 1894: 1891: 1887:Bill of Rights 1819:supposititious 1779:Main article: 1776: 1773: 1729:Anthony Farmer 1671:Godden v Hales 1668:. The case of 1584: 1581: 1577:Bloody Assizes 1565:transportation 1487: 1486:Two rebellions 1484: 1441:Main article: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1401:Rye House Plot 1388: 1385: 1335:Exclusion Bill 1310:, spoke of a " 1284:Main article: 1281: 1278: 1266:Nathaniel Crew 1258:Mary of Modena 1224:John Churchill 1203: 1200: 1170:, was renamed 1140:New Netherland 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1005: 997: 996: 992: 991: 981: 978: 977: 971: 970: 967: 964: 963: 958: 952: 951: 948: 944: 943: 939: 938: 935: 931: 930: 927: 921: 920: 917: 911: 910: 906: 905: 899: 893: 892: 889: 883: 882: 877: 869: 868: 864: 863: 853: 838: 835: 831:Gilbert Burnet 777:Duke of Albany 752: 751:First marriage 749: 747: 744: 693: 690: 631:Master of Arts 590: 587: 545:, was born at 541:and his wife, 534: 531: 529: 526: 378: 377: 370: 366: 365: 363: 362: 356: 349: 347: 343: 342: 337: 333: 332: 327: 323: 322: 317: 311: 310: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 286: 285:Illegitimate: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 239: 225: 224: 212: 208:Mary of Modena 206: 205: 204: 203: 190: 186: 181: 180: 179: 178: 175: 173: 169: 168: 165: 163: 159: 158: 150: 146: 145: 127: 123: 122: 119: 118: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 91: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 66: 52: 51: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8790: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8773:Sons of kings 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8643:Dukes of York 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8550: 8544: 8537: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8459: 8456: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8446: 8442: 8441:Dukes of York 8435: 8430: 8428: 8423: 8421: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8402: 8396: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8376: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8323: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8267: 8253: 8249: 8244: 8243: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8124:Alexander III 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7966: 7965:(traditional) 7960: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:Galan Erilich 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7731: 7730:(traditional) 7725: 7721: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7672: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7512: 7506: 7504: 7499: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7404: 7402: 7401:Alexander III 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7257:Constantine I 7254: 7252: 7251: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7121: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6937: 6932: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6912: 6911: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6879:Loss of title 6876: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6856: 6855: 6848: 6842: 6838: 6829: 6828: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6740: 6739:John Beaumont 6731: 6730: 6723: 6717: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6669: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6631: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529:0-4150-9042-3 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6493:0-5822-9222-0 6489: 6485: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6458: 6455: 6451: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6404: 6402:0-312-30711-X 6398: 6395:. Macmillan. 6394: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6345:0-312-29293-7 6341: 6338:. Macmillan. 6337: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6310: 6308:1-851-82534-7 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287:0-903-75899-7 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6265:0-300-08728-4 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6213:0-3407-0767-4 6209: 6205: 6200: 6196: 6194:0-521-31327-9 6190: 6186: 6182: 6181:Kenyon, J. P. 6178: 6174: 6172:0-2979-9467-0 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6153:0-7509-3553-7 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6134:0-7139-9759-1 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6112:0-1410-2769-X 6108: 6104: 6100: 6099:Devine, T. M. 6096: 6092: 6090:0-7509-2398-9 6086: 6082: 6077: 6073: 6071:0-340-00896-2 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6054: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5835: 5829: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5810:Harris (2006) 5806: 5799: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5759: 5757: 5750:, p. ix. 5749: 5748:Miller (2000) 5744: 5737: 5736:Ashley (1996) 5732: 5730: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5709:Ashley (1996) 5705: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5668: 5662: 5655: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5622: 5615: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5591: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5567: 5566:Harris (2006) 5562: 5560: 5553:, p. 349 5552: 5548: 5547:Waller (2002) 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492:Miller (2000) 5488: 5481: 5476: 5469: 5468:Miller (2000) 5464: 5457: 5456:Miller (2000) 5452: 5446:, p. 350 5445: 5444:Waller (2002) 5441: 5440:Miller (2000) 5436: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5404:Miller (2000) 5400: 5393: 5392:Miller (2000) 5388: 5382: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5350:(12): 40–49. 5349: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5329: 5327:0-7190-3774-3 5323: 5319: 5311: 5309:0-7171-1626-3 5305: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5286:Harris (2006) 5282: 5280: 5272: 5271:Harris (2006) 5267: 5260: 5259:Miller (2000) 5255: 5248: 5247:Miller (2000) 5243: 5236: 5235:Harris (2006) 5231: 5224: 5223:Harris (2006) 5220: 5219:Ashley (1996) 5215: 5208: 5207:Harris (2006) 5205:, p. 3; 5204: 5203:Devine (2006) 5199: 5192: 5191:Harris (2006) 5187: 5180: 5179:Miller (2000) 5175: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5101: 5096: 5095:Claydon, Tony 5090: 5083: 5082:Miller (2000) 5078: 5076: 5068: 5067:Miller (2000) 5063: 5056: 5055:Waller (2002) 5051: 5044: 5043:Miller (2000) 5039: 5037: 5029: 5028:Ashley (1996) 5024: 5017: 5016:Miller (2000) 5013: 5012:Waller (2002) 5008: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4975:Ashley (1996) 4972: 4971:Harris (2006) 4967: 4960: 4959:Harris (2006) 4956: 4955:Miller (2000) 4951: 4945:, p. 312 4944: 4940: 4939:Harris (2006) 4935: 4928: 4927:Harris (2006) 4923: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4868: 4863: 4856: 4851: 4845:, p. 89. 4844: 4843:Ashley (1996) 4839: 4832: 4831:Miller (2000) 4827: 4820: 4815: 4813: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4792:Harris (2006) 4788: 4786: 4778: 4777:Harris (2006) 4773: 4771: 4763: 4762:Harris (2006) 4759: 4754: 4748:, p. 42. 4747: 4742: 4735: 4734:Kenyon (1986) 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4695: 4689:, p. 192 4688: 4687:Harris (2006) 4684: 4679: 4672: 4671:Harris (2006) 4668: 4667:Miller (2000) 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4631:Miller (2000) 4627: 4625: 4617: 4616:Harris (2006) 4612: 4606:, p. 445 4605: 4601: 4600:Miller (2000) 4596: 4590:, p. 373 4589: 4588:Turner (1948) 4585: 4580: 4573: 4572:Harris (2006) 4569: 4564: 4557: 4556:Harris (2006) 4553: 4548: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4528:Miller (2000) 4524: 4517: 4516:Harris (2006) 4512: 4505: 4504:Miller (2000) 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489:Miller (2000) 4485: 4478: 4477:Miller (2000) 4473: 4467:, p. 88. 4466: 4465:Harris (2006) 4461: 4459: 4451: 4450:Miller (2000) 4446: 4444: 4442: 4434: 4433:Harris (2006) 4429: 4423:, p. 76. 4422: 4421:Harris (2006) 4417: 4410: 4409:Harris (2006) 4405: 4403: 4395: 4394:Miller (2000) 4390: 4383: 4382:Harris (2006) 4379: 4378:Miller (2000) 4374: 4367: 4366:Miller (2000) 4362: 4355: 4354:Harris (2006) 4350: 4343: 4342:Miller (2000) 4338: 4332:, p. 45. 4331: 4330:Harris (2006) 4326: 4319: 4318:Miller (2000) 4314: 4312: 4304: 4303:Miller (2000) 4299: 4292: 4291:Miller (2000) 4287: 4280: 4279:Miller (2000) 4275: 4268: 4267:Waller (2002) 4264: 4263:Miller (2000) 4259: 4252: 4251:Miller (2000) 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4196: 4195:Callow (2000) 4192: 4191:Miller (2000) 4187: 4180: 4179:Miller (2000) 4175: 4169:, p. 95. 4168: 4167:Miller (2000) 4163: 4156: 4155:Miller (2000) 4151: 4145:, p. 90. 4144: 4143:Miller (2000) 4139: 4132: 4131:Miller (2000) 4127: 4120: 4119:Miller (2000) 4115: 4109:, p. 74. 4108: 4107:Harris (2006) 4103: 4096: 4095:Miller (2000) 4091: 4085:, p. 87. 4084: 4083:Miller (2000) 4079: 4072: 4071:Turner (1948) 4067: 4060: 4059:Waller (2002) 4056: 4055:Miller (2000) 4051: 4045:, p. 99. 4044: 4043:Miller (2000) 4039: 4032: 4031:Waller (2002) 4027: 4020: 4019:Turner (1948) 4015: 4009:, p. 73. 4008: 4007:Miller (2000) 4003: 3996: 3995:Waller (2002) 3991: 3985:, p. 92. 3984: 3983:Waller (2002) 3979: 3972: 3971:Kenyon (1986) 3967: 3960: 3959:Miller (2000) 3955: 3953: 3945: 3944:Callow (2000) 3940: 3934:, p. 135 3933: 3932:Waller (2002) 3929: 3928:Callow (2000) 3924: 3917: 3916:Callow (2000) 3912: 3905: 3904:Callow (2000) 3901: 3900:Miller (2000) 3896: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3851: 3847: 3841: 3834: 3828: 3822:, p. 42. 3821: 3820:Miller (2000) 3816: 3809: 3808:Callow (2000) 3804: 3796: 3794:9780415190770 3790: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3770: 3769:Miller (2000) 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3738: 3737:Callow (2000) 3733: 3727:, p. 59. 3726: 3725:Miller (2000) 3721: 3714: 3713:Miller (2000) 3709: 3703:, p. 46. 3702: 3701:Miller (2000) 3697: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3673:Pepys, Samuel 3668: 3661: 3660:Waller (2002) 3656: 3649: 3648:Miller (2000) 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3629:, p. 44. 3628: 3627:Miller (2000) 3623: 3617:, p. 90. 3616: 3615:Callow (2000) 3611: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3588:Gibbs, Vicary 3583: 3577:, p. 89. 3576: 3575:Callow (2000) 3571: 3564: 3563:Miller (2000) 3559: 3552: 3547: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3513: 3512:Miller (2000) 3508: 3506: 3499:, p. 15. 3498: 3493: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3473:Callow (2000) 3469: 3463:, p. 45. 3462: 3461:Callow (2000) 3457: 3449: 3448: 3440: 3434:, p. 42. 3433: 3432:Callow (2000) 3428: 3421: 3420:Miller (2000) 3416: 3414: 3407:, p. 36. 3406: 3405:Callow (2000) 3401: 3394: 3393:0-7126-7448-9 3390: 3386: 3383:(1996). 258. 3382: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3362:, p. 101 3361: 3360:Callow (2000) 3357: 3356:Miller (2000) 3352: 3346:, p. 34. 3345: 3344:Callow (2000) 3340: 3334:, p. 31. 3333: 3332:Callow (2000) 3328: 3326: 3318: 3317:Miller (2000) 3313: 3306: 3305:Harris (2006) 3301: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3243: 3242:Miller (2000) 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3179: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2978:12 June 1734 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2954:3 April 1730 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2905: 2902: 2900:28 June 1692 2899: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2882: 2880:10 June 1688 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2856:October 1683 2852: 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2764:October 1675 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2636:20 June 1667 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2547: 2542: 2536: 2529: 2527: 2508: 2496: 2484: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2428:fleurs-de-lis 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285:Scott Sowerby 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274:Steven Pincus 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208:Lord Macaulay 2205: 2198:for James II. 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2179:wrote in the 2178: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041:Scots College 2038: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1973: 1968: 1959: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1890: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:seven bishops 1796: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Presbyterians 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717:Christ Church 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1666:Heneage Finch 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1589:standing army 1580: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1435: 1421: 1419: 1418:Privy Council 1415: 1410: 1409:Earl of Essex 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1374: 1372: 1371:Earl of Danby 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1230:, as well as 1229: 1225: 1220: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160:John Berkeley 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1144:New Amsterdam 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1048:22 April 1671 1047: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 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Longman. 6503:The Stuarts 6206:. Sceptre. 6121:Harris, Tim 6105:. Penguin. 5764:Speck, W.A. 5523:Mann (2014) 5513:(in French) 3856:14 November 3551:Miller 2000 3539:Miller 2000 3497:Miller 2000 3161:Covenanters 3072:Died young 2870:stillbirth 2859:stillbirth 2834:stillbirth 2819: 1678 2767:stillbirth 2742:stillbirth 2623:; no issue 2600:5 May 1661 2520:Family tree 2467:for Ireland 2447:for England 2397:, 1660–1669 2250:W. A. Speck 2243:John Miller 2087:James's son 2052:sarcophagus 1920:Huchtenburg 1603:sign manual 1573:West Indies 1509: 1685 1343:Parliaments 1312:Popish Plot 1308:Titus Oates 1164:Fort Orange 1136:Connecticut 1116:slave trade 1110:during the 1075:Repealed by 956:Repealed by 792:Restoration 785:Edward Hyde 746:Restoration 613:led to the 575:Restoration 499:sovereignty 423:monarch of 419:. 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James II of England

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