197:
28:
198:
199:
50:
201:
129:(which is defined by descent from a specific four-limbed ancestor), whereas a quadruped actually uses four limbs for locomotion. Not all tetrapods are quadrupeds and not all entities that could be described as âquadrupedalâ are tetrapods. This last meaning includes certain artificial objects; almost all quadruped
155:, particularly in the context of tetrapods whose limbs have adapted to other roles (e.g., hands in the case of humans, wings in the case of birds and bats, and fins in the case of whales). All of these animals are tetrapods, but not all are quadrupeds. Even snakes, whose limbs have become
200:
367:
359:
407:
495:
381:
290:. Although nearly all quadrupedal animals are pronograde, bipedal animals also have that posture, including many living birds and extinct dinosaurs.
144:. Another example is brush-footed butterflies (Nymphalidae), the largest butterfly family with ~6000 species, including the well-known
264:
271:
115:
Although the words âquadrupedâ and âtetrapodâ are both derived from terms meaning âfour-footedâ, they have distinct meanings. A
836:
403:
321:. "Gender bias in mothers' expectations about infant crawling." Journal of experimental child psychology 77.4 (2000): 304â316.
720:
342:
626:
470:
730:
499:
570:
872:
389:
423:"Cerebellar hypoplasia and quadrupedal locomotion in humans as a recessive trait mapping to chromosome 17p"
274:
Robotics Lab, is RoboSimian, with emphasis on stability and deliberation. It has been demonstrated at the
752:
520:
Andrada, Emanuel; Rode, Christian; Sutedja, Yefta; Nyakatura, John A.; Blickhan, Reinhard (2014-12-22).
846:
17:
360:"Video: Watch Japan's Kenichi Ito scamper to GWR Day success with fastest 100 m running on all fours"
260:
619:
275:
318:
786:
715:
635:
35:
is a quadruped, but a hexapod. Arrow points to the miniature front leg not used for locomotion
710:
332:
185:
522:"Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion"
180:
In the 20th century quadrupedal movement was popularized as a form of physical exercise by
152:
80:
that usually maintains a four-legged posture and moves using all four legs is said to be a
334:
Sport and physical culture in
Occupied France: Authoritarianism, agency, and everyday life
8:
877:
705:
659:
612:
286:
A related concept to quadrupedalism is pronogrady, or having a horizontal posture of the
156:
595:
867:
546:
521:
447:
422:
551:
452:
338:
222:
145:
120:
65:
32:
173:
Quadrupedalism is sometimes referred to as being "on all fours", and is observed in
541:
533:
442:
434:
174:
168:
474:
841:
679:
298:
249:
233:
walked on their palms, allowing them to preserve the dexterity of their fingers.
226:
218:
181:
69:
861:
757:
253:
206:
104:
604:
438:
823:
669:
555:
537:
456:
221:
siblings who had learned to walk naturally on their hands and feet. Unlike
188:
is a
Japanese man famous for speed running on four limbs in competitions.
813:
792:
777:
767:
762:
725:
663:
230:
818:
782:
294:
100:
27:
382:"Family Walks on All Fours, May Offer Evolution Insight, Experts Say"
137:
134:
125:
772:
599:
141:
116:
43:
744:
689:
684:
674:
151:
The distinction between quadrupeds and tetrapods is important in
77:
49:
404:"Science May Finally Explain Why This Family Walks On All Fours"
241:
214:
73:
287:
245:
85:
54:
643:
519:
421:
TĂźrkmen S, Demirhan O, Hoffmann K, et al. (May 2006).
257:
297:(vertical) backs may walk quadrupedally in what is called
471:"BigDog - The Most Advanced Rough-Terrain Robot on Earth"
526:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
420:
99:
for "foot"). Quadruped animals are found among both
859:
496:"DARPA Robotics Challenge, RoboSimian (Track A)"
159:or lost entirely, are, nevertheless, tetrapods.
140:adapted for four-footed locomotion, such as the
162:
68:where animals have four legs that are used to
634:
620:
191:
337:. Manchester University Press. p. 73.
317:Mondschein, Emily R., Karen E. Adolph, and
110:
627:
613:
545:
488:
446:
330:
270:Also by NASA JPL, in collaboration with
265:Harvard University Concord Field Station
195:
48:
26:
357:
272:University of California, Santa Barbara
14:
860:
837:Animal locomotion on the water surface
370:from the original on 16 November 2015.
608:
281:
236:
133:are tetrapods (one exception is some
568:
358:Swatman, Rachel (12 November 2015).
331:Rathbone, Keith (8 February 2022).
39:Form of locomotion using four limbs
24:
244:is a dynamically stable quadruped
25:
889:
596:Family may provide evolution clue
589:
473:. Boston Dynamics. Archived from
463:
406:. Huffingtonposts. 17 July 2014.
410:from the original on 9 May 2016.
562:
513:
498:. JPL Robotics. Archived from
414:
396:
388:. 8 March 2006. Archived from
374:
351:
324:
311:
13:
1:
304:
217:, scientists discovered five
7:
753:Comparative foot morphology
163:In infants and for exercise
10:
894:
575:Nature Education Knowledge
319:Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda
267:. Its successor was Spot.
192:Other human quadrupedalism
166:
41:
832:
806:
743:
698:
652:
642:
636:Animal locomotion on land
261:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
177:, especially by infants.
569:Gebo, Daniel L. (2013).
276:DARPA Robotics Challenge
111:Quadrupeds vs. tetrapods
42:Not to be confused with
439:10.1136/jmg.2005.040030
213:In July 2005, in rural
873:Terrestrial locomotion
716:Rectilinear locomotion
538:10.1098/rspb.2014.1405
364:Guinness World Records
210:
58:
36:
711:Undulatory locomotion
205:Quadrupedalism in an
204:
119:is any member of the
52:
30:
571:"Primate Locomotion"
153:evolutionary biology
72:and move around. An
706:Concertina movement
660:Arboreal locomotion
386:National Geographic
293:Nonhuman apes with
248:created in 2005 by
532:(1797): 20141405.
282:Pronograde posture
237:Quadrupedal robots
211:
148:(shown in photo).
59:
37:
855:
854:
739:
738:
344:978-1-5261-5327-2
227:on their knuckles
225:, which ambulate
202:
16:(Redirected from
885:
650:
649:
629:
622:
615:
606:
605:
583:
582:
566:
560:
559:
549:
517:
511:
510:
508:
507:
492:
486:
485:
483:
482:
467:
461:
460:
450:
418:
412:
411:
400:
394:
393:
378:
372:
371:
355:
349:
348:
328:
322:
315:
203:
169:Crawling (human)
91:for "four", and
21:
893:
892:
888:
887:
886:
884:
883:
882:
858:
857:
856:
851:
842:Fish locomotion
828:
802:
735:
694:
680:Knuckle-walking
638:
633:
592:
587:
586:
567:
563:
518:
514:
505:
503:
494:
493:
489:
480:
478:
469:
468:
464:
419:
415:
402:
401:
397:
392:on 24 May 2016.
380:
379:
375:
356:
352:
345:
329:
325:
316:
312:
307:
299:knuckle-walking
284:
250:Boston Dynamics
239:
196:
194:
171:
165:
113:
57:is a quadruped.
47:
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
891:
881:
880:
875:
870:
853:
852:
850:
849:
847:Volant animals
844:
839:
833:
830:
829:
827:
826:
821:
816:
810:
808:
804:
803:
801:
800:
795:
790:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
749:
747:
741:
740:
737:
736:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
702:
700:
696:
695:
693:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
656:
654:
647:
640:
639:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
603:
602:
591:
590:External links
588:
585:
584:
561:
512:
487:
462:
413:
395:
373:
350:
343:
323:
309:
308:
306:
303:
283:
280:
238:
235:
193:
190:
182:Georges Hebert
167:Main article:
164:
161:
112:
109:
62:Quadrupedalism
38:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
890:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
865:
863:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
758:Arthropod leg
756:
754:
751:
750:
748:
746:
742:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
701:
697:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
665:
661:
658:
657:
655:
651:
648:
645:
641:
637:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
607:
601:
597:
594:
593:
580:
576:
572:
565:
557:
553:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
502:on 2016-03-07
501:
497:
491:
477:on 2011-04-23
476:
472:
466:
458:
454:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:J. Med. Genet
424:
417:
409:
405:
399:
391:
387:
383:
377:
369:
365:
361:
354:
346:
340:
336:
335:
327:
320:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
291:
289:
279:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
259:
255:
254:Foster-Miller
251:
247:
243:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
208:
207:Iraqi Kurdish
189:
187:
183:
178:
176:
170:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
108:
106:
105:invertebrates
102:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:is a form of
63:
56:
51:
45:
34:
29:
19:
797:
670:Hand-walking
578:
574:
564:
529:
525:
515:
504:. Retrieved
500:the original
490:
479:. Retrieved
475:the original
465:
433:(5): 461â4.
430:
426:
416:
398:
390:the original
385:
376:
363:
353:
333:
326:
313:
292:
285:
269:
240:
212:
179:
172:
150:
130:
124:
114:
96:
92:
88:
81:
61:
60:
814:Canine gait
787:Facultative
773:Unguligrade
768:Plantigrade
763:Digitigrade
731:Other modes
726:Sidewinding
664:Brachiation
231:Ulas family
223:chimpanzees
186:Kenichi Ito
101:vertebrates
70:bear weight
878:4 (number)
862:Categories
824:Human gait
819:Horse gait
506:2016-03-07
481:2011-04-06
305:References
295:orthograde
263:, and the
138:arthropods
66:locomotion
18:Quadrupeds
868:Tetrapods
798:Quadruped
366:. Tokyo.
157:vestigial
135:raptorial
131:organisms
126:Tetrapoda
121:taxonomic
82:quadruped
807:Specific
600:BBC News
556:25377449
457:16371500
408:Archived
368:Archived
175:crawling
142:Mantodea
117:tetrapod
89:quattuor
44:tetrapod
745:Anatomy
721:Rolling
699:Legless
690:Walking
685:Running
675:Jumping
581:(8): 1.
547:4240980
448:2564522
219:Turkish
146:monarch
78:machine
33:monarch
793:Triped
778:Uniped
653:Legged
554:
544:
455:
445:
341:
256:, the
242:BigDog
229:, the
215:Turkey
209:family
84:(from
74:animal
783:Biped
646:class
288:trunk
252:with
246:robot
123:unit
97:pedis
86:Latin
55:zebra
644:Gait
552:PMID
453:PMID
339:ISBN
258:NASA
103:and
53:The
31:The
542:PMC
534:doi
530:281
443:PMC
435:doi
93:pes
76:or
864::
598:-
577:.
573:.
550:.
540:.
528:.
524:.
451:.
441:.
431:43
429:.
425:.
384:.
362:.
301:.
278:.
184:.
107:.
95:,
789:)
785:(
666:)
662:(
628:e
621:t
614:v
579:4
558:.
536::
509:.
484:.
459:.
437::
347:.
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
