Iraqi Kurdistan - Knowledge

3132: 2325: 2860: 40: 2868: 971: 2293: 3244: 2590: 982: 2509: 1057: 961: 2959:), however, it left out Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk and other important Kurdish populated regions. Bloody clashes between Iraqi forces and Kurdish troops continued and, after an uneasy and shaky balance of power was reached, the Iraqi government fully withdrew its military and other personnel from the region in October 1991 allowing Iraqi Kurdistan to function de facto independently. The region was to be ruled by the two principal Kurdish parties; the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) and the 3072: 2643:

Kurdish Teachers Congress was cancelled and Qasim even denied that "Kurds" constituted an own nation. Qasim began to prepare for a military offensive against the north to return government control of the region. Meanwhile, in June 1961, the KDP issued a detailed ultimatum to Qasim outlining Kurdish grievances, demanding that the Kurdish language would become an official language in Kurdish majority regions. Qasim ignored the Kurdish demands and continued his planning for war.

6904: 3007: 8355: 3216: 8365: 902: 7235: 2708: 8375: 79: 8385: 2629: 3230: 2617:(KDP), which was granted legal status in 1960. By early 1960, it became apparent that Qasim would not follow through with his promise of regional autonomy. As a result, the KDP began to agitate for regional autonomy. In the face of growing Kurdish dissent, as well as Barzani's personal power, Qasim began to incite the Barzanis historical enemies, the 2764:, Kurds and Christians. The repressive measures carried out by the government against the Kurds after the Algiers agreement led to renewed clashes between the Iraqi Army and Kurdish guerrillas in 1977. In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to the other parts of the country. 4135: 3181:

in which the Iraqi government retook control of Kirkuk and surrounding areas, and forced the KRG to annul the referendum. Scholars have argued that the retaking of Kirkuk, a PUK stronghold, and the loss of other territory to Iraq, has actually consolidated the power of the Barzani family and the KDP,

3170:. On March 23, Barzani officially declared that Iraqi Kurdistan will hold the referendum some time "before October" of that year. On April 2, 2017, the two governing parties released a joint statement announcing they would form a joint committee to prepare for a referendum to be held on 25 September. 3097:

In September 2012, the Iraqi government ordered the KRG to transfer its powers over the Peshmerga to the central government. Relations became further strained by the formation of a new command center (Tigris Operation Command) for Iraqi forces to operate in a disputed area over which both Baghdad and

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Tensions between Iraqi Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011–2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil production and territorial control. In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region demanded that officials agree to their demands or face the

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During World War II, the power vacuum in Iraq was exploited by the Kurdish tribes and under the leadership of Mustafa Barzani a rebellion broke out in the north, effectively gaining control of Kurdish areas until 1945, when Iraqis could once again subdue the Kurds with British support. Under pressure

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incorporated the region into their Hurrian empire. Following the destruction of the Mitannian Empire by the Hittites, between 14th-13th century BCE the region gradually came under the rule of the Assyrians. Tukulti-Ninurta I in the 13th century BCE finally conquered the whole region and appointed one

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After 1996, 13% of the Iraqi oil sales were allocated for Iraqi Kurdistan and this led to relative prosperity in the region. In return, the Kurds under KDP enabled Saddam to establish an oil smuggling route through territory controlled by the KDP, with the active involvement of senior Barzani family

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has the hottest summers in the region, with highs averaging around 42 °C (108 °F). Annual rainfall differs across Iraqi Kurdistan, with some places seeing rainfall as low as 500 millimetres (20 in) in Erbil to as high as 900 millimetres (35 in) in places like Amadiya. Most of the

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to return from exile, where he was greeted with a hero's welcome. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and Barzani, Qasim had promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support for his policies. The Provisional Constitution described Iraq being included in the Arab

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Average summer temperatures range from 35 °C (95 °F) in the cooler northernmost areas to blistering 40 °C (104 °F) in the southwest, with lows around 21 °C (70 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F). Winters, however, are dramatically cooler than the rest of Iraq, with highs

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Kurdish culture is a group of distinctive cultural traits practiced by Kurdish people. The Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society, but primarily Iranian. Among their neighbours, the Kurdish culture is closest to Persian culture. For

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By February 1961, Barzani had successfully defeated the pro-government forces and consolidated his position as leader of the Kurds. At this point, Barzani ordered his forces to occupy and expel government officials from all Kurdish territory. This was not received well in Baghdad, and the Third

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on Iraq and one imposed by Saddam Hussein on their region. The severe economic hardships caused by the embargoes fueled tensions between the two dominant political parties, the KDP and the PUK, over control of trade routes and resources. Relations between the PUK and the KDP started to become

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In the following years, Baghdad government overcame its internal divisions and concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in April 1972 and ended its isolation within the Arab world. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on the Iranian military support and could do little to

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The Ba'ath government started a campaign to end the Kurdish insurrection, which stalled in 1969. This can be partly attributed to the internal power struggle in Baghdad and also tensions with Iran. Moreover, the Soviet Union pressured the Iraqis to come to terms with Barzani. A peace plan was

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announced that "Iraq's Kurds will hold an independence referendum within months." After previously opposing the independence for Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey later gave signs that it could recognize an independent Kurdish state. On 11 July 2014, KRG forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and

4129: 2654:, which he purposely failed to adequately arm (in fact, Qasim implemented a policy of ammunition rationing), Qasim's government was not able to subdue the insurrection. This stalemate irritated powerful factions within the military and is said to be one of the main reasons behind the 2546:

had become vocal supporters of Kurdish rights in Iraq. In 1929, the Barzani demanded the formation of a Kurdish province in northern Iraq. Emboldened by these demands, in 1931 Kurdish notables petitioned the League of Nations to set up an independent Kurdish government. In late 1931,

3042:. It recognized both the Kurdistan Region and all laws passed by the KRG since 1992. There is provision for Governorates to create, join or leave Regions. However, as of late 2015, no new Regions have been formed, and the KRG remains the only regional government within Iraq. 2677:. At this battle, it was said that the Kurds slaughtered an entire brigade. Recognizing the futility of continuing this campaign, Rahamn Arif announced a 12-point peace program in June 1966, which was not implemented due to the overthrow of Rahman Arif in a 1968 coup by the 2328:

Ethnographical Map of the contested territory, compiled by the Commission according to the latest statistics drawn up by the Government of Iraq (1922–1924), League of Nations. Green shows the Kurdish population in the region, while yellow is used for Arabs and purple for

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announced in March 1970 and provided for broader Kurdish autonomy. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years. Despite this, the Iraqi government embarked on an Arabization program in the oil rich regions of Kirkuk and

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The Medes conquered the region in 7th century BCE. Later it came under the rule of the Achaemenids and remained as part of the satrapy of Media. When Xenophon passed through the region in 4th century BCE, it was inhabited by the Medes. In 332 BC the region fell to

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of his commanders as the governor of the villages and towns of Kurda. Kurda was reduced to a province centering around modern Sinjar. Erbil's name was Akkadianized to Arba-ilu and during the Neo-Assyrian Empire the city was noted for its distinctive cult of

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claim jurisdiction. On 16 November 2012 a military clash between the Iraqi forces and the Peshmerga resulted in one person killed. CNN reported that two people were killed (one of them an Iraqi soldier) and ten wounded in clashes at the Tuz Khurmato town.

2929:(population 70,000) was completely destroyed by the Iraqi army. The campaign also included Arabization of Kirkuk, a program to drive Kurds and other ethnic groups out of the oil-rich city and replace them with Arab settlers from central and southern Iraq. 3157:

In February 2016, Kurdish president Barzani stated once again that "Now the time is ripe for the people of Kurdistan to decide their future through a referendum", supporting an independence referendum and citing similar referendums in

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As of 2014, Iraqi Kurdistan is in dispute with the Federal Iraqi government on the issues of territorial control, export of oil and budget distribution and is functioning largely outside Baghdad's control. With the escalation of the

6435: 3027:, played an important role in the overthrow of the Iraqi government; however, Kurds have been reluctant to send troops into Baghdad since then, preferring not to be dragged into the sectarian struggle that dominates much of Iraq. 4351: 3296: 2262:. During the four centuries of the Parthian era (247 BCE to 226 AD) the region was ruled by semi-independent principalities of Barzan and Sharazur, and in 1st century it was partially under the rule of the Jewish kingdom of 4472: 6682: 2987:

members. The taxation of this trade at the crossing point between Saddam's territory and Kurdish controlled territory and then into Turkey, along with associated service revenue, meant that whoever controlled Dohuk and

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violations: The widespread use of chemical weapons, the wholesale destruction of some 2,000 villages, and slaughter of around 50,000 rural Kurds, by the most conservative estimates. The large Kurdish town of

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Even though autonomy had been agreed in 1970, the local population did not enjoy any democratic freedom, facing similar conditions to the rest of Iraq. Things began to change after the 1991 uprising against

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The mountainous nature of Iraqi Kurdistan, the difference of temperatures in its various parts, and its numerous bodies of water make it a land of agriculture and tourism. The largest lake in the region is

6594: 2344:, the region fell to Muslims after they fought the Kurds in Mosul and Tikrit 'Utba ibn Farqad captured all the forts of the Kurds when he conquered Erbil in 641. The area became part of the Muslim Arab 4302:

King of Elam to King of Kurda: Keep Subartu under your control and don't give troops to the prince of Babylon. Send a message to Zimri-Lim of Mari that also he should give none to the prince of Babylon

3147:, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives, introduced legislation to arm the Kurds directly, rather than continue working through the local governments. 1040:. There are also several smaller lakes, such as Darbandikhan Lake and Duhok Lake. The western and southern parts of Iraqi Kurdistan are not as mountainous as the east. Instead, it is rolling hills and 4616:

Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Bayly, Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History C. A.; Scheidel, Professor of Classics and by Courtesy History Walter; Scheidel, Walter (2020-12-16).

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engaged in active expulsion of minorities from the mid-1970s onwards. In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to the other parts of the country.

2673:, the Iraqi government launched a last-ditch effort to defeat the Kurds. This campaign failed in May 1966, when Barzani forces thoroughly defeated the Iraqi Army at the Battle of Mount Handrin, near 4525:

Early in 1st millennium ,the city, now called Arbela (Assyrian Arbail) became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. p.60. and "Arrapha was incorporated into Assyria after the destruction of Mitanni. p.67

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and it was divided into several bishoprics namely Marga, Beth Garmai, Beth Qardu, Beth MahQard, Beth BihQard, Beth Nuhadra and Shahr-Qard. In Syriac the region was commonly called Beth Qardwaye.

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world but saw the Kurds as partners within an Iraqi statehood and the coat of arms included a Kurdish dagger besides the Arab sword. Meanwhile, during 1959–1960, Barzani became the head of the

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in 380 AD and it was renamed to Nodshēragān. The region was gradually converted to Christianity between 1st and 5th centuries and Erbil became the seat of the metropolitan of Hadhyab of the

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It was not until September 10, when an Iraqi army column was ambushed by a group of Kurds, that the Kurdish revolt truly began. In response to the attack, Qasim lashed out and ordered the

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against Iraq, and though defeated within several months, the movement gained a major importance in the Kurdish struggle later on, creating the ground for such a notable Kurdish rebel as

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Kurda must have fallen into the hands of Šamši - Adad around the time that he took Šubat - Enlil , hence around 20 - 25 years before the end of his reign and the advent of Zimri - Lim .

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In 1930, following the announcement of the admission of Iraq to the League of Nations, Shaikh Mahmud started a third uprising which was suppressed with British air and ground forces.

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produced an inconclusive outcome, with the assembly divided almost equally between the two main parties and their allies. During this period, the Kurds were subjected to a double

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in place. Tourism is another branch which draws the attention of the KRI, which achieved the declaration of Erbil as the Tourism Capital by the Arab Council of Tourism in 2014.

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A new constitution of Iraq was established in 2005, defining Iraq as a federalist state consisting of Regions and Governorate's. The Kurdistan region includes the Governorate

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to indiscriminately bomb Kurdish villages, which ultimately served to rally the entire Kurdish population to Barzani's standard. Due to Qasim's profound distrust of the

5014: 3869: 4821: 2841:. The Baathist policies motivating those events are sometimes referred to as "internal colonialism", described by Dr. Francis Kofi Abiew as a "Colonial 'Arabization 2658:

coup against Qasim in February 1963. In November 1963, after considerable infighting amongst the civilian and military wings of the Ba'athists, they were ousted by

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following international concern for the safety of Kurdish refugees. The U.S. and the Coalition established a No Fly Zone over a large part of northern Iraq (see

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Nicola Degli Esposti (2021) The 2017 independence referendum and the political economy of Kurdish nationalism in Iraq, Third World Quarterly, 42:10, 2317-2333,

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in a coup. Then, after another failed offensive, Arif declared a ceasefire in February 1964 which provoked a split among Kurdish urban radicals on one hand and

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civil war broke out. Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures, including the use of

2749:. The agreement left the Kurds helpless and Tehran cut supplies to the Kurdish movement. Barzani went to Iran with many of his supporters. Others surrendered 8507: 2833:, being largely motivated by the Kurdish–Arab ethnic and political conflict. Arab settlement programs reached their peak during the late 1970s, in line with 6403: 5214: 4783: 4699: 8475: 6767: 6315: 3333: 3151: 2192:

conquered the region and it came under the rule of the Gutians in 2150 BCE. The main cities of the region attested in the inscriptions in this period are

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Between 1500 and 1200 BCE Assyria successfully transformed from a relatively insignificant small city state into one of the great powers of the Amarna Age

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Barzani agreed to the ceasefire and fired the radicals from the party. Following the unexpected death of Arif, whereupon he was replaced by his brother,

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with himself as king. It took two years for the British to bring Kurdish areas into submission, while Shaikh Mahmud found refuge in an unknown location.

6459:"Kurdish leaders are postponing plans for a referendum on independence and say they instead will devote their efforts to forging a new Iraqi government" 3664: 3358: 7916: 5176: 4726: 2760:

program by moving Arabs to the vicinity of oil fields in northern Iraq, particularly those around Kirkuk, and other regions, which were populated by

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rain falls in winter and spring, and is usually heavy. Summer and early autumn are virtually dry, and spring is fairly tepid. Iraqi Kurdistan sees

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for the Old Babylonian kings, Subartu is neither Assyria nor Ekallatum but the agglomeration of the little city-kingdoms in northern Mesopotamia

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As a result, the Iraqi government extended its control over the northern region after 15 years and in order to secure its influence, started an

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policies, from the 1960s to the early 2000s, in order to shift the demographics of North Iraq towards Arab domination. The Baath party under

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In early 2nd millennium the region was ruled by the kingdom of Kurda except for two decades in 18th century BCE when it was conquered by the

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The provinces of Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymanyah are rich in agricultural lands. Wheat and other cereals are grown there. Most of the areas are

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The second and more extensive and widespread wave began from March 29, 1987, until April 23, 1989, when the Iraqi army under the command of

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averaging between 9 °C (48 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F) and with lows hovering around 3 °C (37 °F) in some areas and

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Due to its latitude and altitude, Iraqi Kurdistan is cooler and much wetter than the rest of Iraq. Most areas in the region fall within the

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Eskander, Saad (2000). "Britain's Policy in Southern Kurdistan: The Formation and Termination of the First Kurdish Government, 1918-1919".

5036: 4029: 3128:, prompting a condemnation from Baghdad and a threat of "dire consequences" if the oilfields were not relinquished back to Iraq's control. 6265: 4948:

The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers

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Zadeh, Yoosef Abbas; Kirmanj, Sherko (2017). "The Para-Diplomacy of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq and the Kurdish Statehood Enterprise".

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The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire

5668: 4579: 9230: 8588: 7906: 5281:. in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. p. 82. 2715:

In 1973, the US made a secret agreement with the Shah of Iran to begin covertly funding Kurdish rebels against Baghdad through the

2490: 6746: 6535: 4538: 8814: 7166: 4617: 3108: 2859: 8736: 3761: 3608: 6620: 4908: 3023:. Kurdish parties joined forces against the Iraqi government during the war in Spring 2003. Kurdish military forces, known as 8421: 7222: 6962: 6565: 5805: 5507: 5355: 5317: 5246: 5208: 5170: 5130: 5090: 5046: 5008: 4956: 4918: 4880: 4815: 4777: 4693: 4627: 4589: 4548: 4507: 4466: 4425: 4284: 4246: 4208: 4170: 4099: 4061: 4023: 3985: 3904: 3822: 3062: 2403: 512: 7200: 6641: 5558: 5513: 3431: 2324: 992:

Iraqi Kurdistan is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 m (11,847 ft) point known locally as

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Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq

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Between the 16th and 17th century the area nowadays known as Iraqi Kurdistan, (formerly ruled by three principalities of

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The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume I: from the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad

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In September, Kurdish leaders decided to postpone the referendum so as to focus on the fight against ISIL. In November,

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Farouk-Sluglett, M.; Sluglett, P.; Stork, J. (July–September 1984). "Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq".

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that it was willing to satisfy other Iranian demands in return for an end to its aid to the Kurds. With mediation by

3975: 2402:, until the Ottomans managed to decisively seize power in the region starting from the mid 17th century through the 2300:

of Van and Mossoul, 1899. Modern Iraqi Kurdistan is covered by the Mosul vilayet (green), which is divided into the

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and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia. In 1760s BCE the kingdom of Kurda faced an invasion by

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The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, conducted by D. Brewster—Page 511, Original from Oxford University—published 1830

9225: 9039: 8946: 7021: 6821: 3660: 3354: 3099: 714: 617: 350: 17: 3790: 893:. As with the rest of Kurdistan, and unlike most of the rest of Iraq, the region is inland and mountainous. 8966: 8956: 8931: 8809: 7651: 7011: 6976: 5160: 2960: 2728: 2702: 657: 6811: 4720: 39: 9240: 8961: 8492: 8200: 7965: 7928: 7860: 7629: 7076: 6336: 5345: 3812: 2970:

At the same time, Iraq imposed an economic blockade over the region, reducing its oil and food supplies.

2716: 2593: 2584: 2287: 739: 325: 5688: 5665:"Introduction: GENOCIDE IN IRAQ: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993)" 3119:

and the surrounding area, as well as most of the disputed territories in Northern Iraq. On 1 July 2014,

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Ali, Othman (October 1997). "Southern Kurdistan during the last phase of Ottoman control: 1839–1914".

9220: 9022: 8620: 8414: 8005: 7850: 7420: 7215: 6734: 3586: 2956: 2854: 2474: 6786:– Provides news, bulletins, articles and conference information on the situation in Iraqi Kurdistan. 4198: 3111:

and fears of Iraq's collapse, Kurds have increasingly debated the issue of independence. During the

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Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary

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which superseded it, led to the advent of modern West Asia and the modern Republic of Turkey. The

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Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West

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The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE

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dangerously strained from September 1993 after rounds of amalgamations occurred between parties.

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Ur, Jason Alik; De Jong, Lidewijde; Giraud, Jessica; Osborne, James F.; MacGinnis, John (2013).

2845:" program, including large-scale Kurdish deportations and forced Arab settlement in the region. 9200: 9056: 8751: 8512: 8023: 7882: 7752: 7727: 7597: 7349: 6269: 3000: 2783: 2745: 2486: 970: 955: 469: 444: 245: 6093: 5931: 8859: 8826: 8777: 8694: 8540: 8388: 8127: 7995: 7607: 7480: 7459: 7379: 7339: 7230: 6101: 5939: 3144: 2454: 1072: 727: 310: 2375:, all of its territories including what is modern-day Iraqi Kurdistan passed to the Iranian 9126: 8910: 8721: 8545: 8487: 8459: 8407: 8222: 8104: 8038: 8000: 7896: 7822: 7817: 7742: 7590: 7208: 7016: 4376: 3931:

Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (2004). "The Old Akkadian Presence in Nineveh: Fact or Fiction".

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as the new year day, which is celebrated on March 21. It is the first day of the month of

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took place on September 25, with 92.73% voting in favor of independence. This triggered a

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Tameanko, M. 2005: 'Adiabene, the Ancient Jewish Kingdom, and its Coins' Shekel 38, 16–25

2917: 2819: 2572: 2482: 2478: 2418:. Following Nader's death in 1747, Ottoman suzerainty was reimposed, and in 1831, direct 2305: 2251: 2109: 928: 797: 547: 517: 260: 200: 6531: 2458: 9215: 9106: 9101: 8787: 8678: 8658: 8444: 8295: 8290: 8275: 8237: 8212: 8149: 8010: 7945: 7580: 7389: 7304: 6217: 6118: 5956: 5912: 5761: 5646: 5478: 5443: 5408: 5140: 5120: 4657:

Assyrian Collective Identity in the Second Millennium BCE: A Social Categories Approach

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during 1360-1100 BCE Assyria rose to power and transitioned from a city state to empire

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An Account of the State of Roman-Catholick Religion, Sir Richard Steele, Published 1715

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during the Babylonian-Elam war and the kingdom eventually sided with Mari and Babylon.

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in others, dipping to −2 °C (28 °F) and 0 °C (32 °F) on average.

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from the Iraqi government and the British, the most influential leader of the clan,

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was the leader of a series of Kurdish uprisings against the British Mandate of Iraq.

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carried out a genocidal campaign against the Kurds, characterized by the following

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The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism

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History of Ebla, in " Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language"

3529:

N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 95–55 BC",

1056: 981: 881:). Much of the geographical and cultural region of Iraqi Kurdistan is part of the 9245: 9130: 9034: 9012: 8989: 8864: 8842: 8821: 8792: 8782: 8772: 8454: 8449: 8305: 8270: 8159: 8154: 8073: 7984: 7575: 7487: 7475: 7399: 7394: 7384: 7319: 7294: 7279: 7266: 7254: 6815: 6801: 6430: 5695: 5542: 5497: 3415: 3243: 3195: 2964: 2799: 2678: 2647: 2632: 2605: 2564: 2556: 2520:

to power, hoping that he would organize the Kurds to act as a buffer against the

2517: 2442: 2407: 2395: 2387: 2357: 1127:

in some places in summer, with temperatures peaking around August and September.

612: 602: 595: 459: 429: 409: 315: 305: 290: 275: 255: 230: 220: 192: 68: 30:

This article is about the Kurdish region of Iraq. For the autonomous entity, see

6151: 6040:

Gunter, M. M.; Yavuz, M. H. (2005). "The continuing Crisis In Iraqi Kurdistan".

5082: 4581:

Journey to the City: A Companion to the Middle East Galleries at the Penn Museum

9070: 8886: 8854: 8625: 8615: 8595: 8566: 8285: 8260: 7540: 7470: 7136: 6795:

Kurdistan's Politicized Society Confronts a Sultanistic System (Carnegie Paper)

5757: 5642: 5474: 5404: 3686: 3120: 3050: 3046: 2979: 2944: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2823: 2773: 2731:

against the Kurds and pushed them close to the border with Iran. Iraq informed

2427: 2419: 2399: 2361: 2267: 2215: 790: 776: 391: 300: 250: 56: 6114: 5952: 5908: 5868: 5843: 5798:

Effectively Urbanized – Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar

5439: 5273: 4331: 3282: 2743:, Iran and Iraq reached a comprehensive settlement in March 1975 known as the 2508: 9189: 9171: 9158: 9051: 8731: 8668: 8663: 8642: 8358: 8310: 8300: 8265: 8217: 8194: 8169: 7933: 7762: 7757: 7634: 7435: 7284: 6470: 6426:"Tensions mount between Baghdad and Kurdish region as Kurds seize oil fields" 6213: 5893:

Fawcett, L. (2001). "Down but not out? The Kurds in International Politics".

4402:

Kurda resisted the Elamite attempt of controlling the area of the upper land.

4339: 3952: 3865: 3715: 3638: 3191: 2992: 2838: 2811: 2803: 2791: 2761: 2548: 2543: 2391: 2181: 2140: 1966: 1060: 709: 704: 652: 622: 484: 294: 240: 235: 95: 4807:

In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on His Seventy-fifth Birthday, April 29, 1981

4655: 3556: 3154:

in Iraq, in part to protect Kurdish areas such as Erbil from the militants.

9017: 8673: 8184: 7950: 7747: 7455: 7450: 7440: 7274: 6839: 6337:"Two dead, 10 wounded after Iraqi, Kurdish forces clash in northern Iraq – 5238:

The World of the Aramaeans: Studies in Honour of Paul-Eugène Dion, Volume 3

4540:

The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean

3125: 2995:

mediation led the two parties to a formal ceasefire in what was termed the

2921: 2834: 2655: 2568: 2498: 1124: 1110:

also experience lows which average below 0 °C (32 °F) in winter.

751: 746: 464: 434: 766: 8869: 8746: 8741: 8726: 8635: 8605: 8430: 8368: 8330: 8179: 8015: 7940: 7737: 7299: 4769:

Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria

3249: 3071: 2757: 2723:, both of which would be active in the country through the launch of the 2625:

tribes, which led to intertribal warfare throughout 1960 and early 1961.

2423: 2136: 1099: 1045: 1009: 993: 960: 454: 7126: 6221: 4363:

Eshnunna also demanded that Kurda remain neutral and hold on to Subartu.

3049:

was elected President of the new Iraqi administration, while KDP leader

3006: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9061: 9027: 8497: 7445: 5831:

The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention

4117:

Kurda was one of the five most influential states in Upper Mesopotamia.

3960: 2926: 2651: 2415: 2372: 2230: 1037: 1021: 964: 424: 6828:

Web Archives (archived 2015-11-15) – Kurdistan Investment Research

6617:"Kurdistan will hold independence referendum in 2017, senior official" 5073:

Wills, Lawrence M., ed. (2002-11-14), "The Royal Family of Adiabene",

4619:

The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: the History of Empires

4414:

Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary; Winter, Nathan H. (1987-01-01).

3081: Disputed and part of the Kurdish Regional Government since 1991. 3003:

from 1997 onward had an important effect on cessation of hostilities.

2727:

and into the present. By 1974, the Iraqi government retaliated with a

2176:

In Early and Middle Bronze Age the region was geographically known as

9044: 8600: 8255: 8227: 8174: 7712: 7404: 7364: 7156: 6999: 6925: 5235:

Daviau, P. M. Michèle; Weigl, Michael; Wevers, John W. (2001-06-01).

3163: 3024: 2885:, the Iraqi government again implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a 2663: 2450: 2411: 2155: 1080: 1017: 854: 761: 756: 449: 414: 404: 374: 124: 5988:

Barkey, H. J.; Laipson, E. (2005). "Iraqi Kurds And Iraq's Future".

3944: 2628: 2532:. However, defiant to the British, in 1922 Shaikh Mahmud declared a 7772: 7602: 7585: 7359: 7354: 7171: 7161: 6783: 6704:"Iraq's Kurdistan says to respect court decision banning secession" 3159: 3020: 2902: 2875: 2815: 2686: 2674: 2376: 2297: 2263: 2255: 2243: 2223: 2212: 2193: 1116: 1103: 1092: 986: 940: 901: 771: 689: 479: 439: 379: 369: 6400:"The tide is finally turning for the Kurds – Especially in Turkey" 3557:"Climate: Arbil – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table" 2438: 2258:

Empire until the middle of the second century BCE when it fell to

8232: 8189: 7369: 7314: 6806: 6708: 6677: 6646: 6504: 3782: 3075:

Disputed areas in Iraq prior to the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive

2991:

had the potential to earn several million dollars a week. Direct

2975: 2795: 2736: 2707: 2368: 2337: 2201: 2197: 2185: 2177: 2159: 1774: 1107: 489: 474: 384: 3716:"The Republic of Iraq, Drought in northern parts of the country" 2394:) was continuously passed back and forth between archrivals the 2242:

and the kingdom of Musasir in early 1st millennium BCE. Modern

8874: 8112: 7767: 6673:"Iraqi forces seize oil city Kirkuk from Kurds in bold advance" 5844:"Death Clouds: Saddam Hussein's Chemical War Against the Kurds" 5502:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 18. 3202: 3167: 3116: 2732: 2720: 2529: 2521: 2365: 2301: 2239: 2235: 2180:

and was inhabited by the Hurrian speaking Subarians along with

1041: 1025: 997: 917: 858: 694: 419: 129: 8399: 6497:"House Republican Wants To Work Around Baghdad, Arm the Kurds" 5746:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5631:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5463:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

3896:

Akkad: The First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions

3814:

Akkad: The First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions

2410:. In the early 18th century, it briefly passed to the Iranian 8325: 7309: 6017:

Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy

3136: 2988: 2696: 2567:

was forced into exile in Iran in 1945. Later he moved to the

2525: 2502: 2383: 2205: 2144: 1135: 1120: 1111: 905: 866: 842: 734: 494: 159: 88: 78: 5781: 5391:

Dahlman, C. (2002). "The Political Geography of Kurdistan".

5118: 3544:

The Role of Hostages in Roman Diplomacy with Sasanian Persia

2320:). To the east is Persia and south is the vilayet of Bagdad. 2266:. Between 3rd and 4th centuries the region was ruled by the 7520: 7497: 7240: 7234: 3382:

Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland

3087: Disputed and under the control of central government. 2334: 2219: 874: 846: 149: 139: 6642:"Massive 'yes' vote in Iraqi Kurd independence referendum" 5499:

Ghosts of Halabja: Saddam Hussein and the Kurdish genocide

4458:

The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach

3536: 2767: 6069:

The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy, or Division?

4015:

Urkesh and the Hurrians: Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen

996:("black tent"). Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan include the 6587:"Barzani: Kurdistan will hold referendum before October" 4725:(in Italian). Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzari. 1984. 3783:"UNPO: Iraqi Kurdistan: Erbil Best Arab Tourism Capital" 3724:

Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations

2433: 6094:"Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post-civil war society" 5932:"Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post-civil war society" 5744:

Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".

5629:

Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".

5461:

Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".

3053:

became President of the Kurdistan Regional Government.

2666:(Freedom fighters) forces led by Barzani on the other. 43:

Approximate map of the Kurdish-populated region of Iraq

5869:"Human Rights Watch Report About Anfal Campaign, 1993" 4615: 3848: 3094:

prospect of secession from Baghdad by September 2012.

6308:"Iraqi Kurdish leader says region will defend itself" 5818:

International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues

5777: 5775: 5309:

E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936

4413: 836: 6374:"Kurdish Leader: We Will Vote For Independence Soon" 6371: 4537:

Bang, Peter Fibiger; Scheidel, Walter (2013-01-31).

3211: 4238:

A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC

4200:

The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy

3496: 3014: 2848: 2449:During World War I, the British and French divided 1750:for records, humidity, snow and precipitation days 27:

Kurdish-inhabited and self-governing region in Iraq

6237:"The Quiet Kurdish Rivalry over Iraq's Presidency" 6066: 5772: 5709:"Page 9 – The Internally Displaced People of Iraq" 4749:"The Development of the Middle Assyrian Provinces" 4162:The Ancient Near East: The Origins of Civilization 2246:district was a religious center of the Urartians. 5547:. Mellen Research University Press. p. 119. 5234: 5165:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1985. p. 459. 4845:A sketch of Semitic origins: social and religious 4584:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 251. 4087: 3209:in Kurdish calendar and the first day of spring. 2481:(which then consisted of two autonomous regions: 2340:in the mid 7th century AD as the invading forces 9187: 6766:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6178:. IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 5544:Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 4753:Altorientalische Forschungen, 2012, 39(1):87-111 4158: 4134:(in German). Akademie-Verlag. 2001. p. 94. 3635:"Erbil Weather Forecast and Climate Information" 3549: 2778:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq 7056:Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations) 6418: 4384:Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires 3325:عێراقی دوای سەددام و چارەنووسی باشووری کوردستان 2135:In prehistoric times, the region was home to a 1098:Among other cities in the climate table below, 6302: 6300: 5578: 3420:(in German). Europaverlag. pp. 5, 18–19. 2999:in September 1998. It is also argued that the 2949:United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 8415: 7216: 6855: 6532:"BBC News – Iraq conflict: Why Irbil matters" 6071:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 174. 5987: 5077:, Oxford University Press, pp. 213–226, 3611:. What's the Weather Like.org. Archived from 3175:2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum 3067:2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum 2937: 2863:Graves of the Halabja chemical attack victims 2578: 2477:and granted the United Kingdom mandates over 2238:. The region was partially under the rule of 798: 6869: 6199: 4910:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire 4536: 3533:, Vol. 39, Issue 2, April 1952, pp. 156–163. 3019:Iraqi Kurds played an important role in the 2963:(PUK). The region also has its own flag and 2874:fleeing to Turkey in April 1991, during the 2356:Caliphates, before becoming part of various 857:, which also includes parts of southeastern 849:. It is considered one of the four parts of 6297: 6176:"Kurds Reluctant to Send Troops to Baghdad" 6039: 5145:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4577: 4159:Caubet, Annie; Pouyssegur, Patrick (1998). 938:. One of the ancient names of Kurdistan is 8422: 8408: 7223: 7209: 6862: 6848: 6749:. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19 6091: 6014: 5929: 5796:Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz. 5540: 5203:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63. 4772:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. 4622:. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–3. 4578:Tinney, Steve; Sonik, Karen (2019-05-17). 4461:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. 3930: 3531:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 3056: 2788:forcibly displaced and culturally Arabized 2753:and the rebellion ended after a few days. 2697:Second Kurdish Iraqi War Algiers Agreement 2604:by Arab nationalists on the 14 July 1958, 2461:(which did not enter into force), and the 805: 791: 7531:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 5790: 5608:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 5428:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 5375: 4996: 4906: 4502:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 60, 67. 2426:, when the Ottomans were defeated by the 7355:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 5425: 4803: 4765: 4196: 3980:. Oxford University Press. p. 731. 3892: 3810: 3384:. University of Texas Press. p. 2. 3130: 3070: 3005: 2947:at the end of the Persian Gulf War. The 2866: 2858: 2706: 2627: 2588: 2507: 2437: 2422:rule was established which lasted until 2323: 2291: 1055: 980: 969: 959: 900: 38: 6494: 6173: 5892: 5603: 5390: 5305: 5034: 4835: 4374: 4272: 4234: 4049: 2768:Arabization campaign and PUK insurgency 14: 9188: 6747:"Cultural Orientation Resource Center" 6456: 6289:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 5743: 5716:The Brookings Institution–SAIS Project 5689:"A Chronology of U.S.-Kurdish History" 5628: 5460: 5343: 4944: 4868: 4841: 4681: 4454: 4316:"Prophecy in Hamath, Israel, and Mari" 4276:King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography 4018:. Undena Publications. pp. 91–2. 4011: 3734:from the original on 26 September 2021 3667:from the original on September 6, 2014 3482:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3413: 3379: 3321: 2371:. Following the disintegration of the 2254:and was thereafter ruled by the Greek 2139:culture such as has been found at the 8403: 8090: 7982: 7804: 7679: 7252: 7204: 6843: 6832:Kurds in the Contemporary Middle East 6156:(MA thesis). Florida State University 6149: 6067:Stansfield, G.; Anderson, L. (2004). 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5495: 5196: 5119:Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). (1984). 5072: 4864: 4862: 4495: 4279:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. 3973: 3710: 3708: 3563:from the original on 10 November 2013 3115:, Iraqi Kurdistan seized the city of 3063:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq 2895:which resulted in thousands of deaths 2493:. Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the 2434:Kurdish revolts under British control 2130: 1079:), with areas to the southwest being 513:Kurdish rebellions during World War I 8384: 8326:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 6555: 6529: 6372:Agence France Presse (1 July 2014). 6234: 4688:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 73–4. 4653: 4313: 4241:. John Wiley & Sons. p. x. 3693:from the original on 2 February 2017 2932: 2829:The campaigns took place during the 8374: 7044:Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan 6380:from the original on 30 August 2017 6019:. New York: Routledge. p. 96. 5075:Ancient Jewish Novels: An Anthology 4273:Mieroop, Marc Van De (2008-04-30). 4235:Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015-08-03). 3499:Geopolitics: An Introductory Reader 3268: 2711:Kurdistan Autonomous Region in 1975 2270:until it was incorporated into the 2096:(temperatures and rainfall amount) 985:A canyon near the northern city of 934:The name was also formerly spelled 829: 24: 6597:from the original on June 17, 2016 6495:McLEARY, PAUL (20 November 2014). 5527: 4859: 3705: 3355:"Ala û sirûda netewiya Kurdistanê" 3303:from the original on 9 August 2022 3271:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 2524:, who had territorial claims over 2112:, but there are also some smaller 1028:river enters Iraqi Kurdistan from 1024:flow east–west in the region. The 931:for Kurdistan is "Land of Kurds". 25: 9262: 6777: 6735:doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1949978 6438:from the original on 12 July 2014 6402:. Business Insider. 3 July 2014. 5800:. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186). 4872:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History 4848:. The Macmillan Company. p. 4766:Postgate, Nicholas (2014-01-13). 3361:from the original on 28 July 2022 2281: 8383: 8373: 8363: 8354: 8353: 7659:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 7233: 6902: 6739: 6727: 6696: 6665: 6634: 6609: 6579: 6549: 6523: 6488: 6450: 6406:from the original on 4 July 2014 6150:Lortz, Michael G. (2005-10-28). 6054:10.1111/j.1061-1924.2005.00190.x 6002:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2005.00225.x 5496:Saedi, Michael J. Kelly (2008). 5393:Eurasian Geography and Economics 4875:. Psychology Press. p. 90. 4746: 4056:. Eisenbrauns. pp. xx, 48. 3242: 3228: 3214: 3015:During and after US-led invasion 2849:Iran–Iraq War and Anfal Campaign 1119:occasionally in the winter, and 77: 9231:Kurdistan independence movement 8429: 8138:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 7561:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 7551:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 7290:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 6716:from the original on 2020-08-02 6685:from the original on 2018-07-04 6654:from the original on 2021-10-27 6623:from the original on 2017-04-02 6568:from the original on 2018-10-29 6538:from the original on 2014-08-09 6477:from the original on 2016-03-17 6351:from the original on 2012-11-22 6329: 6318:from the original on 2015-09-24 6258: 6247:from the original on 2022-07-05 6228: 6193: 6182:from the original on 2010-08-20 6167: 6143: 6132:from the original on 2020-03-07 6085: 6060: 6033: 6008: 5981: 5970:from the original on 2020-03-07 5923: 5896:Review of International Studies 5886: 5875:from the original on 2010-10-19 5861: 5850:from the original on 2011-07-23 5836: 5823: 5810: 5737: 5701: 5682: 5671:from the original on 2010-06-15 5657: 5622: 5597: 5572: 5561:from the original on 2023-07-03 5516:from the original on 2016-01-07 5489: 5454: 5419: 5384: 5364:from the original on 2023-07-03 5337: 5326:from the original on 2023-07-03 5299: 5288:from the original on 2021-04-21 5266: 5255:from the original on 2023-07-03 5228: 5217:from the original on 2023-07-03 5190: 5179:from the original on 2023-07-03 5153: 5112: 5098: 5066: 5055:from the original on 2023-07-03 5028: 5017:from the original on 2023-07-03 4997:Mclachlan, Keith (2016-11-10). 4990: 4976: 4965:from the original on 2023-07-03 4938: 4927:from the original on 2023-07-03 4900: 4889:from the original on 2023-07-03 4824:from the original on 2023-07-03 4797: 4786:from the original on 2023-07-03 4759: 4740: 4729:from the original on 2023-07-03 4713: 4702:from the original on 2023-07-03 4675: 4664:from the original on 2021-04-21 4647: 4636:from the original on 2023-07-03 4609: 4598:from the original on 2023-07-03 4571: 4557:from the original on 2023-07-03 4530: 4516:from the original on 2023-07-03 4489: 4475:from the original on 2023-07-03 4455:Düring, Bleda S. (2020-01-30). 4448: 4434:from the original on 2023-07-03 4407: 4393:from the original on 2023-07-03 4377:"Mari Archive Letters ARM 2 23" 4375:Heimpel, Wolfgang (June 2000). 4368: 4354:from the original on 2021-04-21 4307: 4293:from the original on 2023-07-03 4266: 4255:from the original on 2023-07-03 4228: 4217:from the original on 2023-07-03 4190: 4179:from the original on 2023-07-03 4152: 4138:from the original on 2023-07-03 4122: 4108:from the original on 2023-07-03 4081: 4070:from the original on 2023-07-03 4043: 4032:from the original on 2023-07-03 4005: 3994:from the original on 2023-07-03 3967: 3924: 3913:from the original on 2023-07-03 3886: 3875:from the original on 2021-04-21 3842: 3831:from the original on 2023-07-03 3804: 3793:from the original on 2021-08-08 3775: 3764:from the original on 2016-08-27 3758:Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation 3746: 3679: 3653: 3627: 3601: 3575: 3523: 3514: 3434:from the original on 2023-07-03 3336:from the original on 2021-03-08 3332:(Catalog record) (in Kurdish). 3150:In August 2014, the US began a 2196:, Azuhinum, Ninet (Nineveh), 7421:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 6913: 6784:The Kurdish Institute of Paris 5350:. Gorgias Press. p. 264. 5347:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest 5241:. A&C Black. p. 171. 5197:Crone, Patricia (2012-06-28). 5035:Marciak, Michał (2017-07-17). 4804:Lacheman, Ernest René (1981). 4682:Bonatz, Dominik (2014-04-01). 4197:Liverani, Mario (2013-12-04). 3687:"Weather averages for Amadiya" 3661:"Weather averages for Amadiya" 3505: 3490: 3445: 3407: 3373: 3347: 3315: 3297:"مێژوو "وارماوا" له‌ كوردستان" 3289: 3262: 2719:and in collaboration with the 2497:were eventually taken over by 2379:in the earliest 16th century. 2342:conquered the Sassanian Empire 912:The exact origins of the name 13: 1: 8688:Eastern and Southeastern Asia 7680: 6015:Stansfield, G. R. V. (2003). 5698:, PBS. Retrieved 20 Aug 2011. 5581:The Kurdish Revolt, 1961–1970 5000:The Boundaries of Modern Iran 4842:Barton, George Aaron (1902). 3585:. My Forecast. Archived from 3256: 3100:Kurdistan Regional Government 2469:granted France mandates over 2404:Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–39) 2167: 2148: 2143:. The region was host to the 1536:Average rainfall mm (inches) 908:, capital of Kurdistan Region 351:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings 7917:in ISIL-controlled territory 7805: 7114: 6893:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 6879: 5604:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002). 4131:Altorientalische Forschungen 4094:. Eisenbrauns. p. 169. 3113:2014 Northern Iraq offensive 2961:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 2512:Kingdom of Kurdistan in 1923 2333:The region was conquered by 949: 896: 845:-populated part of northern 7: 8091: 7983: 7828:Council of Representatives 7566:Weapons of mass destruction 7253: 7049:Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan 5344:Morony, Michael G. (2005). 5122:The History of Ancient Iran 5083:10.1093/0195151429.003.0010 4810:. Eisenbrauns. p. 11. 4420:. Eisenbrauns. p. 98. 2972:Elections held in June 1992 2717:Central Intelligence Agency 2288:Spread of Islam among Kurds 2039:Average precipitation days 1895:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1825:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1757:What's the Weather Like.org 1396:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1256:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 837: 10: 9267: 8761:Central and Eastern Europe 7556:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 7094:Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline 6818: (archived 2012-02-13) 6812:Kurdistan – The Other Iraq 6457:Gutman, Roy (2014-09-05). 5758:10.1177/000271627743300111 5643:10.1177/000271627743300111 5579:O'Ballance, Edgar (1973). 5475:10.1177/000271627743300111 5405:10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.271 5041:. BRILL. pp. 278–81. 4320:Harvard Theological Review 4203:. Routledge. p. 226. 4088:Michael C. Astour (1987). 4050:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003). 3189: 3185: 3135:Pro-independence rally in 3060: 3010:Kurdish Federation in 1998 2938:After the Persian Gulf War 2852: 2771: 2700: 2615:Kurdistan Democratic Party 2582: 2579:Barzani Revolt (1960–1970) 2571:after the collapse of the 2516:In 1922, Britain restored 2285: 2123: 2119: 2103: 2091: 2082: 1772: 1754: 1741: 1133: 1051: 953: 558:Kurdish Republic of Lachin 543:Kurdish Republic of Ararat 29: 9123:Border changes since 1914 9115: 9089: 9005: 8982: 8919: 8835: 8760: 8687: 8651: 8559: 8533: 8468: 8437: 8349: 8248: 8103: 8099: 8086: 7991: 7978: 7813: 7800: 7688: 7675: 7496: 7413: 7265: 7261: 7248: 7180: 7149: 7122: 7113: 7084: 7075: 6984: 6975: 6921: 6912: 6899: 6878: 6530:Arun, Neil (1970-01-01). 6241:Arab Center Washington DC 6115:10.1080/01436590500127867 5953:10.1080/01436590500127867 5909:10.1017/S0260210500011098 5541:Hassanpour, Amir (1992). 5440:10.1080/13530190020000501 5125:. C.H.Beck. p. 222. 4907:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). 4332:10.1017/S0017816000004004 4012:Cotsen, Lloyd E. (1998). 3637:. Erbilia. Archived from 3497:Jason Dittmer, Jo Sharp. 3283:10.1080/13602009708716377 2957:Operation Provide Comfort 2901:constituted a systematic 2855:Kurdish rebellion of 1983 2693:strengthen their forces. 2489:) and what was to become 2038: 1964: 1894: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1693: 1649: 1605: 1535: 1465: 1395: 1325: 1255: 1185: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 8798:unification with Moldova 8481:Turks and Caicos Islands 7907:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 7818:Administrative divisions 6790:Iraqi Kurdistan timeline 5583:. Hamden: Archon Books. 4543:. OUP USA. p. 138. 3893:Liverani, Mario (1993). 3811:Liverani, Mario (1993). 3663:. World Weather Online. 3324: 3201:example, they celebrate 2703:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 2260:Mithridates I of Parthia 2229:In 16th century BCE the 2158:site in Kurdistan is at 1065:Mediterranean vegetation 8848:unification with Kosovo 7466:Mandate for Mesopotamia 7340:First Babylonian Empire 7061:Independence referendum 6092:Leezenberg, M. (2005). 5930:Leezenberg, M. (2005). 5312:. BRILL. p. 1136. 5306:Houtsma, M. Th (1993). 4660:(Thesis). p. 232. 4654:Valk, Jonathan (2018). 4314:Ross, James F. (1970). 4165:. Terrail. p. 97. 3899:. Sargon. p. 139. 3817:. Sargon. p. 139. 3322:Yassin, Borhan (2008). 3057:Following US withdrawal 2585:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 9211:Geography of Kurdistan 9057:Greater Germanic Reich 8855:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7625:Insurgency (2011–2013) 7546:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 7350:Middle Assyrian Empire 6888:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4496:Bryce, Trevor (2009). 3414:Khalil, Fadel (1992). 3152:campaign of airstrikes 3140: 3090: 3011: 3001:Oil-for-Food Programme 2878: 2864: 2831:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 2712: 2639: 2597: 2518:Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji 2513: 2446: 2330: 2321: 1123:is common. There is a 1068: 989: 978: 967: 956:Geography of Kurdistan 909: 44: 9251:Eastern Mediterranean 9045:Annexation of Austria 7912:in post-invasion Iraq 7618:U.S. troop withdrawal 7380:Neo-Babylonian Empire 6650:. 27 September 2017. 6102:Third World Quarterly 5940:Third World Quarterly 5381:Roemer (1989), p. 285 5162:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4984:Anabasis III.IV.10-11 4945:Joseph, John (2000). 4913:. BRILL. p. 43. 4854:ishtar shrine arbela. 3974:Potts, D. T. (2020). 3583:"Irbil, Iraq Climate" 3398:(north, Turkey), and 3380:Bengio, Ofra (2014). 3182:who remain in power. 3134: 3074: 3061:Further information: 3009: 2978:: one imposed by the 2870: 2862: 2710: 2631: 2592: 2511: 2455:Sykes-Picot Agreement 2441: 2327: 2295: 2087:(precipitation days) 1073:Mediterranean climate 1059: 984: 973: 963: 927:term for region. The 904: 42: 9226:Subdivisions of Iraq 8705:annexation of Taiwan 7861:Council of Ministers 7743:Mesopotamian Marshes 6963:Disputed territories 6712:. 14 November 2017. 6511:on November 20, 2014 6376:. Business Insider. 6174:Abdulrahman, Frman. 5829:Francis Kofi Abiew. 4951:. BRILL. p. 8. 3609:"Erbil climate info" 3559:. Climate-Data.org. 2997:Washington Agreement 2689:in the same period. 2551:initiated a Kurdish 2316:), and Souleimanié ( 2162:, the centre of the 2126:History of the Kurds 2085:World Weather Online 1186:Record high °C (°F) 891:Constitution of Iraq 873:), and northwestern 658:Kurdish philosophers 538:Kingdom of Kurdistan 364:Karduchian dynasties 9168: / 8123:Mesopotamian Arabic 7929:Freedom of religion 7375:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7345:Old Assyrian Period 7330:Neo-Sumerian Empire 6991:(autonomous region) 6826:Library of Congress 6681:. 17 October 2017. 6501:www.defensenews.com 6202:Middle East Journal 4869:Chahin, M. (2001). 2918:Ali Hassan al-Majid 2893:against the Kurds, 2820:settler colonialist 2786:government of Iraq 2573:Republic of Mahabad 2483:Mandatory Palestine 2252:Alexander The Great 1650:Average snowy days 1606:Average rainy days 1466:Record low °C (°F) 1326:Daily mean °C (°F) 929:literal translation 548:Republic of Mahabad 518:Simko Shikak revolt 9241:Separatism in Iraq 8589:Western Azerbaijan 8523:Dominican Republic 8054:Telecommunications 8029:Foreign Investment 7966:Wars and conflicts 7902:in pre-Saddam Iraq 7866:Presidency Council 7652:2019–2021 protests 7581:Invasion of Kuwait 7405:Sassanid Asorestan 7400:Parthian Babylonia 7395:Seleucid Babylonia 7390:Achaemenid Assyria 7305:Jemdet Nasr period 7012:Presidency Council 6800:2015-08-20 at the 6593:. March 23, 2016. 6235:Kharroub, Tamara. 6042:Middle East Policy 5990:Middle East Policy 5816:Prof. Rimki Basu. 5694:2017-10-10 at the 3179:military operation 3141: 3091: 3012: 2879: 2865: 2713: 2640: 2637:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2598: 2594:The Barzani revolt 2514: 2463:Treaty of Lausanne 2447: 2406:and the resulting 2331: 2322: 2276:Church of the East 2190:Naram-Sin of Akkad 2131:Pre-Islamic period 2114:irrigation systems 1069: 990: 979: 968: 910: 889:recognized by the 863:Northern Kurdistan 822:Southern Kurdistan 508:Kurdistansky Uyezd 154:Southern Kurdistan 134:Northern Kurdistan 45: 9236:Upper Mesopotamia 9206:Geography of Iraq 9172:36.917°N 44.033°E 9151: 9150: 9118:Related concepts: 8397: 8396: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8340: 8331:Mandaean New Year 8082: 8081: 7974: 7973: 7956:Political parties 7851:Foreign relations 7796: 7795: 7703:Lower Mesopotamia 7698:Upper Mesopotamia 7671: 7670: 7667: 7666: 7431:Abbasid Caliphate 7426:Umayyad Caliphate 7335:Isin-Larsa period 7198: 7197: 7145: 7144: 7109: 7108: 7071: 7070: 7039:Foreign relations 6971: 6970: 6807:The Kurds of Iraq 6109:(4–5): 631–647 . 5947:(4–5): 631–647 . 5806:978-2-7132-2295-5 5509:978-0-275-99210-1 5357:978-1-59333-315-7 5319:978-90-04-09790-2 5248:978-0-567-63737-6 5210:978-1-139-51076-9 5172:978-0-7100-9090-4 5132:978-3-406-09397-5 5092:978-0-19-515142-8 5048:978-90-04-35072-4 5010:978-1-315-39936-2 4958:978-90-04-11641-2 4920:978-90-04-09172-6 4882:978-0-7007-1452-0 4817:978-0-931464-08-9 4779:978-1-107-51327-3 4695:978-3-11-026640-5 4629:978-0-19-753276-8 4591:978-1-931707-14-5 4550:978-0-19-518831-8 4509:978-0-415-39485-7 4468:978-1-108-47874-8 4427:978-1-57506-060-6 4286:978-0-470-69534-0 4248:978-1-118-71816-2 4210:978-1-134-75091-7 4172:978-2-87939-152-6 4101:978-1-57506-060-6 4063:978-1-57506-080-4 4025:978-0-89003-501-6 3987:978-0-19-068785-4 3906:978-88-11-20468-8 3824:978-88-11-20468-8 3615:on 4 October 2013 3589:on 4 October 2013 3386:Hence the terms: 3139:in September 2017 2933:Autonomous period 2741:Houari Boumediene 2671:Abdul Rahman Arif 2610:Abdul Karim Qasim 2495:Arabian Peninsula 2467:League of Nations 2100: 2099: 1773:Climate data for 1766: 1765: 1696:relative humidity 1134:Climate data for 1063:is surrounded by 1030:Turkish Kurdistan 975:Greater Zab River 916:are unclear. The 887:autonomous region 879:Eastern Kurdistan 871:Western Kurdistan 851:Greater Kurdistan 838:Başûrê Kurdistanê 835: 815: 814: 679:Kurdish languages 578:Turkish Kurdistan 573:Iranian Kurdistan 553:Al-Anfal campaign 523:Koçgiri Rebellion 164:Western Kurdistan 144:Eastern Kurdistan 16:(Redirected from 9258: 9221:Politics of Iraq 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9178: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9164: 9161: 9102:Papua New Guinea 8424: 8417: 8410: 8401: 8400: 8387: 8386: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8357: 8356: 8101: 8100: 8088: 8087: 8019: 7980: 7979: 7831: 7802: 7801: 7788:Sinjar Mountains 7778:Zagros Mountains 7718:Hamrin Mountains 7677: 7676: 7640:Mosul liberation 7613:Iraqi insurgency 7535:National Command 7524: 7360:Simurrum culture 7263: 7262: 7250: 7249: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7202: 7201: 7120: 7119: 7082: 7081: 7007: 6989:Kurdistan Region 6982: 6981: 6958: 6950: 6942: 6934: 6919: 6918: 6907: 6906: 6864: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6840: 6772: 6771: 6765: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6721: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6669: 6663: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6628: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6602: 6583: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6507:. Archived from 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6463:The Toronto Star 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6369: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6323: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6268:. Archived from 6262: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6131: 6098: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6012: 6006: 6005: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5969: 5936: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5855: 5840: 5834: 5827: 5821: 5814: 5808: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5779: 5770: 5769: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5724: 5718:. Archived from 5713: 5705: 5699: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5303: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5280: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5060: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4734: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4603: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4562: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4521: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4440: 4439: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4359: 4311: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4143: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4075: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4009: 4003: 4002: 4000: 3999: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3855: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3727:. 11 June 2021. 3720: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3689:. Climate-Data. 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3481: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3458:. Archived from 3457: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3266: 3252: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3236:Geography portal 3233: 3232: 3231: 3224: 3222:Kurdistan portal 3219: 3218: 3217: 3126:Kirkuk oilfields 3086: 3080: 2951:gave birth to a 2891:chemical weapons 2844: 2839:Ba'athist regime 2818:), in line with 2660:Abdul Salam Arif 2459:Treaty of Sèvres 2352:, and later the 2272:Sassanian Empire 2172: 2169: 2153: 2150: 1770: 1769: 1744:Climate-Data.org 1131: 1130: 1014:Qandil mountains 1006:Hamrin Mountains 1002:Sinjar Mountains 883:Kurdistan Region 841:) refers to the 840: 834:romanized: 833: 831: 830:باشووری کوردستان 807: 800: 793: 681: 633:Historical sites 583:Syrian Kurdistan 567:Kurdistan Region 533:Dersim Rebellion 528:Ararat rebellion 365: 81: 71: 60: 52: 47: 46: 32:Kurdistan Region 21: 9266: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9259: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9196:Iraqi Kurdistan 9186: 9185: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9147: 9111: 9085: 9001: 8983:Northern Europe 8978: 8952:Italian Grisons 8915: 8882:North Macedonia 8836:Southern Europe 8831: 8756: 8683: 8647: 8555: 8529: 8464: 8433: 8428: 8398: 8393: 8337: 8321:Public holidays 8244: 8095: 8078: 8017: 7987: 7970: 7829: 7809: 7792: 7723:Iraqi Kurdistan 7713:Euphrates river 7684: 7663: 7630:War (2014–2017) 7576:Operation Opera 7522: 7492: 7488:Arab Federation 7476:Kingdom of Iraq 7409: 7385:Fall of Babylon 7320:Akkadian Empire 7295:Samarra culture 7280:Hassuna culture 7257: 7244: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7199: 7194: 7176: 7150:Security forces 7141: 7105: 7067: 7001: 6967: 6956: 6948: 6940: 6932: 6908: 6901: 6897: 6874: 6871:Iraqi Kurdistan 6868: 6837: 6816:Wayback Machine 6802:Wayback Machine 6780: 6775: 6759: 6758: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6732: 6728: 6719: 6717: 6702: 6701: 6697: 6688: 6686: 6671: 6670: 6666: 6657: 6655: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6626: 6624: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6600: 6598: 6585: 6584: 6580: 6571: 6569: 6554: 6550: 6541: 6539: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6431:Washington Post 6424: 6423: 6419: 6409: 6407: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6370: 6363: 6354: 6352: 6335: 6334: 6330: 6321: 6319: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6282: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6266:"Archived copy" 6264: 6263: 6259: 6250: 6248: 6233: 6229: 6198: 6194: 6185: 6183: 6172: 6168: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6096: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6065: 6061: 6048:(1): 122–133 . 6038: 6034: 6027: 6013: 6009: 5986: 5982: 5973: 5971: 5967: 5934: 5928: 5924: 5903:(1): 109–118 . 5891: 5887: 5878: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5853: 5851: 5846:. Dlawer.info. 5842: 5841: 5837: 5828: 5824: 5815: 5811: 5795: 5791: 5780: 5773: 5752:(1): 112–124 . 5742: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5696:Wayback Machine 5687: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5637:(1): 112–124 . 5627: 5623: 5616: 5602: 5598: 5591: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5562: 5555: 5539: 5528: 5519: 5517: 5510: 5494: 5490: 5469:(1): 112–124 . 5459: 5455: 5434:(2): 139–163 . 5424: 5420: 5399:(4): 271–299 . 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5358: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5327: 5320: 5304: 5300: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5256: 5249: 5233: 5229: 5220: 5218: 5211: 5195: 5191: 5182: 5180: 5173: 5159: 5158: 5154: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5117: 5113: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5071: 5067: 5058: 5056: 5049: 5033: 5029: 5020: 5018: 5011: 4995: 4991: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4968: 4966: 4959: 4943: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4921: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4890: 4883: 4867: 4860: 4840: 4836: 4827: 4825: 4818: 4802: 4798: 4789: 4787: 4780: 4764: 4760: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4696: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4665: 4652: 4648: 4639: 4637: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4601: 4599: 4592: 4576: 4572: 4560: 4558: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4494: 4490: 4478: 4476: 4469: 4453: 4449: 4437: 4435: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4379: 4373: 4369: 4357: 4355: 4312: 4308: 4296: 4294: 4287: 4271: 4267: 4258: 4256: 4249: 4233: 4229: 4220: 4218: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4157: 4153: 4141: 4139: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4111: 4109: 4102: 4086: 4082: 4073: 4071: 4064: 4048: 4044: 4035: 4033: 4026: 4010: 4006: 3997: 3995: 3988: 3972: 3968: 3945:10.2307/4200552 3929: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3907: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3832: 3825: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3794: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3616: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3566: 3564: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3495: 3491: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3455: 3453:"Archived copy" 3451: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3428: 3412: 3408: 3394:(south, Iraq), 3378: 3374: 3364: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3330:Lund University 3326: 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3213: 3198: 3196:Kurdish culture 3190:Main articles: 3188: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3059: 3017: 2965:national anthem 2940: 2935: 2857: 2851: 2842: 2837:efforts of the 2780: 2772:Main articles: 2770: 2705: 2699: 2648:Iraqi Air Force 2633:Mustafa Barzani 2608:was invited by 2606:Mustafa Barzani 2587: 2581: 2565:Mustafa Barzani 2557:Mustafa Barzani 2534:Kurdish Kingdom 2443:Mahmud Barzanji 2436: 2408:Treaty of Zuhab 2290: 2284: 2171: 6000 BCE 2170: 2164:Hassuna culture 2154:. The earliest 2152: 7000 BCE 2151: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2106: 2101: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1767: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1054: 958: 952: 899: 818:Iraqi Kurdistan 811: 782: 781: 730: 720: 719: 684: 677: 673: 663: 662: 603:Kurdish culture 598: 588: 587: 563:Iraqi Kurdistan 503: 410:Mir Jafar Dasni 400: 368: 363: 359: 346: 336: 335: 111: 101: 100: 91: 72: 69:Kurdish culture 65:Kurdish history 63: 62: 61: 54: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9264: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9177:36.917; 44.033 9149: 9148: 9116: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9086: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9049: 9048: 9047: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9020: 9015: 9009: 9007: 9006:Western Europe 9003: 9002: 9000: 8999: 8998: 8997: 8986: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8914: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8884: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8839: 8837: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8812: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8773:Czechoslovakia 8770: 8764: 8762: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8655: 8653: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8633: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8581: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8563: 8561: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8535: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8483: 8472: 8470: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8441: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8427: 8426: 8419: 8412: 8404: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8381: 8371: 8361: 8350: 8347: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8245: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8210: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8198: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8115: 8109: 8107: 8097: 8096: 8084: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8077: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8059:Transportation 8056: 8051: 8049:Stock Exchange 8046: 8044:Reconstruction 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8024:Infrastructure 8021: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7909: 7904: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7890: 7883:Prime Minister 7880: 7879: 7878: 7868: 7863: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7656: 7655: 7654: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7593: 7591:1991 uprisings 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7541:Saddam Hussein 7538: 7527: 7526: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7471:Mandatory Iraq 7468: 7463: 7460:Mamluk dynasty 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7417: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7325:Gutian dynasty 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7259: 7258: 7246: 7245: 7228: 7227: 7220: 7213: 7205: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7123: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7063: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7032:Prime Minister 7029: 7027:Vice President 7024: 7019: 7014: 6997: 6992: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6952: 6944: 6936: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6890: 6884: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: articles 6867: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6844: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6822:Baghdad Invest 6819: 6809: 6804: 6792: 6787: 6779: 6778:External links 6776: 6774: 6773: 6738: 6726: 6695: 6664: 6633: 6608: 6578: 6548: 6522: 6487: 6449: 6417: 6391: 6361: 6347:. 2012-11-19. 6328: 6314:. 2012-11-18. 6296: 6257: 6227: 6192: 6166: 6142: 6084: 6077: 6059: 6032: 6025: 6007: 5980: 5922: 5885: 5860: 5835: 5822: 5809: 5789: 5771: 5736: 5725:on 21 May 2013 5700: 5681: 5656: 5621: 5614: 5596: 5589: 5571: 5553: 5526: 5508: 5488: 5453: 5418: 5383: 5374: 5356: 5336: 5318: 5298: 5265: 5247: 5227: 5209: 5189: 5171: 5152: 5131: 5111: 5097: 5091: 5065: 5047: 5027: 5009: 4989: 4975: 4957: 4937: 4919: 4899: 4881: 4858: 4834: 4816: 4796: 4778: 4758: 4739: 4712: 4694: 4674: 4646: 4628: 4608: 4590: 4570: 4549: 4529: 4508: 4488: 4467: 4447: 4426: 4406: 4367: 4306: 4285: 4265: 4247: 4227: 4209: 4189: 4171: 4151: 4121: 4100: 4080: 4062: 4042: 4024: 4004: 3986: 3966: 3923: 3905: 3885: 3841: 3823: 3803: 3774: 3745: 3704: 3678: 3652: 3641:on 9 July 2013 3626: 3600: 3574: 3548: 3535: 3522: 3513: 3504: 3489: 3444: 3426: 3406: 3402:(west, Syria). 3390:(east, Iran), 3372: 3357:(in Kurdish). 3346: 3314: 3299:(in Kurdish). 3288: 3277:(2): 283–291. 3260: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3239: 3225: 3187: 3184: 3121:Masoud Barzani 3083: 3077: 3076: 3058: 3055: 3051:Masoud Barzani 3047:Jalal Talabani 3016: 3013: 2980:United Nations 2945:Saddam Hussein 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2914:Saddam Hussein 2907:Kurdish people 2899:Anfal campaign 2850: 2847: 2824:Saddam Hussein 2774:PUK insurgency 2769: 2766: 2725:Iraqi invasion 2701:Main article: 2698: 2695: 2583:Main article: 2580: 2577: 2435: 2432: 2283: 2282:Islamic period 2280: 2268:House of Kayus 2188:. In 2200 BCE 2132: 2129: 2121: 2118: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1752: 1751: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1138: 1129: 1053: 1050: 951: 948: 898: 895: 885:(KRI), a semi- 813: 812: 810: 809: 802: 795: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 777:Zoroastrianism 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 743: 742: 731: 726: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 686: 685: 682: 674: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 599: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 585: 580: 575: 570: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 498: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 395: 394: 388: 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 354: 353: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 326:United Kingdom 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 190: 185: 179: 178: 168: 167: 157: 147: 137: 127: 121: 120: 112: 107: 106: 103: 102: 99: 98: 92: 87: 86: 83: 82: 74: 73: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9263: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9201:Kurds in Iraq 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9184: 9181: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9131:Reunification 9128: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9052:Pan-Germanism 9050: 9046: 9043: 9042: 9041: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9033: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8988: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8912: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8844: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8652:Southern Asia 8650: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8534:South America 8532: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8498:United States 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8469:North America 8467: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8402: 8390: 8382: 8380: 8372: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8352: 8351: 8348: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8202: 8199: 8196: 8195:Iraqi Turkmen 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7898: 7895: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7830:(legislative) 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7808: 7803: 7799: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7763:Syrian Desert 7761: 7759: 7758:Shatt al-Arab 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7693:Faw peninsula 7691: 7690: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7674: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7635:Fall of Mosul 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7608:U.S. invasion 7606: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Iran–Iraq War 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7478: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7436:Buyid dynasty 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7285:Halaf culture 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 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Routledge. 5002: 5001: 4993: 4985: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4950: 4949: 4941: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4888: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4865: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4846: 4838: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4747:Llop, Jaume. 4743: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4678: 4663: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4620: 4612: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4574: 4567: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4533: 4526: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4492: 4485: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4460: 4459: 4451: 4444: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4403: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4364: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4278: 4277: 4269: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4193: 4178: 4174: 4168: 4164: 4163: 4155: 4148: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4084: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4017: 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3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2993:United States 2990: 2984: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883:Iran–Iraq War 2877: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2729:new offensive 2726: 2722: 2718: 2709: 2704: 2694: 2690: 2688: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602:military coup 2595: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2549:Ahmed Barzani 2545: 2542:By 1927, the 2540: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 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Retrieved 3291: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3206: 3199: 3172: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3109:Iraqi crisis 3105: 3096: 3092: 3044: 3036:Sulaymaniyah 3029: 3018: 2996: 2985: 2969: 2952: 2941: 2922:human rights 2911: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2835:depopulation 2828: 2790:minorities ( 2781: 2755: 2750: 2746:Algiers Pact 2744: 2714: 2691: 2683: 2679:Ba'ath Party 2668: 2645: 2641: 2622: 2618: 2599: 2569:Soviet Union 2561: 2544:Barzani clan 2541: 2538: 2515: 2499:Saudi Arabia 2448: 2381: 2332: 2318:Sulaymaniyah 2308:), Kerkouk ( 2304:of Mossoul ( 2248: 2228: 2216:Shamshi Adad 2210: 2175: 2163: 2160:Tell Hassuna 2134: 2107: 2094:Climate-Data 2093: 2084: 1969:mm (inches) 1760: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1125:seasonal lag 1097: 1089: 1084: 1076: 1070: 1034: 991: 946: 939: 935: 933: 920: 913: 911: 865:), northern 821: 817: 816: 747:Christianity 618:Celebrations 562: 500: 499: 435:Hasanwayhids 397: 396: 356: 355: 311:Turkmenistan 172: 171: 153: 116: 115: 36: 9175: / 9139:Revisionism 9081:Switzerland 9076:Netherlands 8737:Philippines 8636:Pan-Turkism 8431:Irredentism 8379:WikiProject 8180:Marsh Arabs 8165:Circassians 7846:Foreign aid 7738:Mesopotamia 7300:Uruk period 6515:20 November 5871:. 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