194:
182:
30:
169:(1999) argues that the Pygmies are not descended from residual hunter-gatherer groups, but rather are offshoots of larger neighboring ethnolinguistic groups that had adopted forest subsistence strategies. None of the Pygmy peoples live in the deep forest without trade with agricultural 'patrons'. Blench argues that Pygmies are a deeply established caste, like
162:
Some 30% of the Aka language is not Bantu, and a similar percentage of the Baka language is not
Ubangian. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, and deals with honey-collecting or is otherwise specialized for the forest, and much of it is shared between the two western Pygmy groups. It has been
66:
Though lumped together as "Pygmies" by outsiders, including their patrons, these peoples are not related to each other either ethnically or linguistically. Different Pygmy peoples may have distinct genetic mechanisms for their short stature, demonstrating diverse origins.
87:
families. It is assumed that
Pygmies once spoke their own language(s), but that, through living in symbiosis with other Africans in prehistorical times, they adopted languages belonging to these two families." The linguistic evidence that such languages existed include
116:
which may contain a core of non-Bantu vocabulary. It has been postulated that ancestral speakers may have been part of a complex of non-Pygmoid languages of hunter-gatherer populations in Africa whose only surviving descendants today mostly ring the rainforest.
892:
of Malawi, for example, believe them to be aboriginal peoples, and trace sacred places to them, but Blench suggests that they may have instead migrated from the forest with the Bantu, and were later conflated with aboriginal populations in legend.
163:
proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Pygmy (Mbenga or "Baaka") language. However, this split was only reconstructed to the 15th century, so there is no reason to think that it is ancient.
143:. While there is a scarcity of excavated archaeological sites in Central Africa that could support this hypothesis, genetic studies have shown that Pygmy populations possess ancient divergent
872:
Physically, these southern Twa do not differ from their Bantu neighbors, but have a similar subservient position to their agricultural neighbors as the forest
Pygmies. They may be remnant
1093:"Languages of African rainforest " pygmy " hunter-gatherers: language shifts without cultural admixture. Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective"
1185:
63:
and live in a generally subservient relationship with agricultural "patrons", with which they trade forest products such as meat and honey for agricultural and iron products.
1000:
255:. All attested Pygmy peoples speak languages from these three language families, and only three peoples, the Aka, Baka, and Asua, have their own language.
944:
940:
1153:
Serge
Bahuchet, 2006. "Languages of the African Rainforest « Pygmy » Hunter-Gatherers: Language Shifts without Cultural Admixture."
631:
1530:
1498:
1471:
1449:
1412:
1349:
1327:
770:
1605:
761:
1092:
1192:
921:
Generally speaking; those who are not particularly short, such as the
Babongo and Bedzan, are sometimes distinguished as "pygmoid".
1042:
1163:
Hewlett & Fancher, 2011. "Central
African Hunter-Gatherer Research Traditions". In Cummings, Jordan, & Zvelebil, eds,
1109:
1008:
1553:
1154:
185:
Distribution of Pygmy languages according to
Bahuchet. Green are Bantu, red are Central Sudanic, and purple are Ubangian.
881:
144:
342:
17:
1610:
170:
1143:
1125:
Kazadi 1981:838 reports the Cwa were living with the Luba when they moved south and contacted the Hemba. (
1075:
History of the inhabitants of the central
African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.
393:
In the
Central African Republic north of the Aka are a group who speak the language of their neighbors,
131:
who were partially absorbed or displaced by later immigration of agricultural peoples and adopted their
1245:
1218:
238:
132:
1600:
1178:
948:
301:
858:
1127:
Méprisés et admirés: l'ambivalence des relations entre le Bacwa (Pygmées) et les
Bahemba (Bantu)
1209:
1571:
1506:
1114:
Central African hunter-gatherers in a multi-disciplinary perspective: challenging elusiveness
1079:
Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.
84:
1392:
482:
148:
8:
1430:
248:
930:
Apart from those who live in the savannah or mixed terrain, such as the Bofi and Bedzan.
1372:
1254:
495:
355:
220:
136:
128:
193:
1300:
964:
791:
576:
432:
305:
197:
Modification by Hewlett and Fancher. Bofi is added in the west, and Nsua in the east.
60:
1435:
820:
753:
511:
359:
313:
273:
234:
152:
431:) are the westernmost Pygmies, living in southern Cameroon near the coast, and in
1538:
1335:
1318:
1282:
815:
807:
766:
713:
705:
655:
436:
400:
243:
216:
156:
140:
124:
97:
89:
52:
1028:
Blench, Roger. 1997. "The languages of Africa". In Blench & Spriggs (eds.),
659:
of the Great Lakes (Rwanda, Burundi, eastern D.R. Congo, southern Uganda) speak
201:
There are over a dozen attested Pygmy peoples numbering at least 350,000 in the
1579:
1548:
1543:
1516:
1511:
1425:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1367:
1362:
1308:
1272:
1267:
1057:
901:
The most complete account of Pygmy languages is found in Serge Bahuchet (1993)
841:
824:
803:
799:
709:
660:
519:
507:
503:
491:
487:
371:
367:
269:
121:
109:
76:
75:
An original Pygmy language has been postulated for at least some Pygmy groups.
34:
120:
A common hypothesis is that African Pygmies are the direct descendants of the
1594:
1484:
1457:
1377:
1357:
1290:
1262:
1231:
1226:
1158:
Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective
837:
664:
600:
572:
548:
515:
499:
464:
395:
363:
264:
207:
181:
113:
93:
59:, are of short stature, have a deep cultural and religious affinity with the
47:
543:
29:
1420:
1170:
889:
885:
865:
795:
749:
717:
595:
419:
309:
268:
live in Cameroon not far from the Nigerian border. They speak a dialect of
252:
186:
166:
105:
80:
56:
38:
155:) in high frequencies in contrast to their neighbours (who possess mostly
939:
There are other, undocumented hunter-gatherer forest peoples such as the
854:
832:
622:
567:
455:
212:
202:
51:(African Pygmies) refers to "forest people" who have, or recently had, a
1165:
Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers.
92:
forest vocabulary which is shared by the neighbouring Ubangian-speaking
79:
writes that "African Pygmies speak languages belonging to either to the
877:
778:
701:
296:
101:
486:, or Akoa, of southern Gabon speak several Bantu languages, including
849:
736:
683:
1116:. K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders & G. Rossel eds. 41â60. Leiden: CNWS.
720:), which are either divergent dialects or closely related languages.
696:
55:
economy and a simple, non-hierarchical societal structure based on
988:
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
1479:
873:
1058:"PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF Y CHROMOSOME HAPLOGROUPS A & B IN AFRICA"
952:
636:
864:
The Twa of Angola live among the Ngambwe, Havakona, Zimba and
351:
225:
951:, and there are thought to be more in the two Congos and in
463:) of Congo and northwestern Gabon speak a Bantu language,
173:, and that there was no original Pygmy race or language.
990:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994. p. 154
435:on the coast. They speak two dialects of the Bantu
708:of western D.R. Congo, speak several varieties of
1592:
1110:Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction
1217:
1144:Genetics and linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa
331:Miyaka (N Gabon, Bantu), Luma (N Gabon, Bantu)
108:, and this connection is not ancient) and the
1186:
70:
1200:
1193:
1179:
571:speak their own Central Sudanic language (
1098:. Max-Planck Inst., Leipzig. p. 22.
1090:
1040:
1001:"DDL : CLHASS â Themes and actions"
192:
180:
176:
28:
868:, and presumably speak their languages.
579:, the language of one of their patrons.
14:
1593:
1055:
967:is in approximately the right location
903:Histoire d'une civilisation forestiĂšre
695:
599:(a.k.a. Sua) speak the Bantu language
1326:
1174:
522:, however, may have a non-Bantu core.
347:
33:Distribution of Pygmies according to
1043:"Changing Language, Remaining Pygmy"
1606:Classification of African languages
547:speak the Central Sudanic language
312:which is a Bantu language close to
24:
1041:Bahuchet, Serge (2 January 2012).
333:appear to be Aka (Benzele) groups.
25:
1622:
1136:
1119:
1102:
958:
933:
896:
320:are well known for their music.
1084:
1067:
1049:
1034:
1022:
993:
980:
924:
915:
211:(Aka and Baka) of the western
13:
1:
974:
514:, and perhaps others such as
399:, which is a language of the
1091:Bahuchet, Serge (Aug 2006).
7:
1030:Archaeology and language IV
752:(central D.R. Congo) speak
625:all speak Bantu languages.
10:
1627:
1056:Naidoo, Thijessen (2014).
520:Punu dialect of the Irimba
71:Original Pygmy language(s)
1570:
1529:
1497:
1470:
1448:
1411:
1348:
1317:
1299:
1281:
1253:
1244:
1208:
1146:. Presented at SAfA 2004.
288:
258:
239:Central Sudanic languages
205:. The best known are the
1202:Languages of the Pygmies
1081:Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.
1045:. WSU Press. p. 28.
1005:www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr
949:Central African Republic
908:
535:
350:Ngombe) of Cameroon and
302:Central African Republic
147:(especially haplogroups
1167:Oxford University Press
765:(Bambote) northwest of
127:peoples of the central
1073:Serge Bahuchet, 1993,
616:
354:speak closely related
237:, who speak Bantu and
198:
190:
42:
1142:Blench, Roger. 2004.
1108:Blench, Roger. 1999.
1077:In C.M. Hladik, ed.,
386:Population: 30â40,000
327:Population: 30â50,000
196:
184:
177:Peoples and languages
32:
1611:Indigenous languages
888:of Zambia, and the
610:Population: 26,000?
586:Population: 10,000?
558:Population: 10,000?
104:(though not by the
727:Population: 14,000
674:Population: 10,000
356:Ubangian languages
251:, who speak Bantu
221:Ubangian languages
199:
191:
129:African rainforest
43:
1588:
1587:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1525:
1524:
1493:
1492:
1466:
1465:
1444:
1443:
1407:
1406:
1344:
1343:
1240:
1239:
986:Ruhlen, Merritt.
876:populations; the
792:Upemba Depression
646:Population: 1,000
529:Population: 3,000
474:Population: 2,600
446:Population: 4,000
433:Equatorial Guinea
410:Population: 3,000
306:Republic of Congo
85:NigerâKordofanian
16:(Redirected from
1618:
1527:
1526:
1495:
1494:
1468:
1467:
1446:
1445:
1409:
1408:
1346:
1345:
1324:
1323:
1251:
1250:
1215:
1214:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1123:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1007:. Archived from
997:
991:
984:
968:
962:
956:
937:
931:
928:
922:
919:
857:, Zambia, speak
840:, Zambia, speak
823:, Zambia, speak
821:Bangweulu Swamps
699:
378:
377:
349:
274:Bantoid language
235:Ituri Rainforest
21:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1601:Pygmy languages
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1558:
1521:
1489:
1462:
1440:
1403:
1340:
1313:
1295:
1277:
1236:
1219:Central Sudanic
1204:
1199:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1072:
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1054:
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1027:
1023:
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999:
998:
994:
985:
981:
977:
972:
971:
963:
959:
938:
934:
929:
925:
920:
916:
911:
899:
767:Lake Tanganyika
706:Lake Mai-Ndombe
656:Great Lakes Twa
623:Twa populations
619:
538:
437:Mvumbo language
375:
374:
291:
282:Population: 400
265:Medzan (Bedzan)
261:
179:
141:Bantu languages
133:Central Sudanic
125:hunter-gatherer
73:
53:hunter-gatherer
23:
22:
18:Pygmy languages
15:
12:
11:
5:
1624:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1583:
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1083:
1066:
1048:
1033:
1021:
992:
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957:
932:
923:
913:
912:
910:
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898:
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869:
862:
845:
828:
811:
774:
757:
731:
730:
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697:[tÊwa]
678:
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669:
668:
650:
649:
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641:
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618:
615:
614:
613:
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604:
590:
589:
588:
587:
581:
580:
575:), related to
562:
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334:
328:
322:
321:
290:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
260:
257:
178:
175:
145:Y-DNA lineages
122:Late Stone Age
77:Merritt Ruhlen
72:
69:
37:. Many of the
35:Cavalli-Sforza
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1623:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
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1528:
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1394:
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1225:
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1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
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1191:
1189:
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1177:
1176:
1173:
1166:
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1159:
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1151:
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1128:
1122:
1115:
1111:
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1094:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1063:. p. 90.
1059:
1052:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1011:on 2017-12-24
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1006:
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989:
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891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
860:
856:
852:
851:
846:
843:
839:
838:Lukanga Swamp
835:
834:
829:
826:
822:
818:
817:
816:Bangweulu Twa
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
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781:
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772:
768:
764:
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246:
245:
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236:
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228:
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195:
189:is not shown.
188:
183:
174:
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158:
154:
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146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
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107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
86:
82:
78:
68:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
49:
48:Congo Pygmies
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
1572:Unclassified
1507:Luba-Katanga
1210:Nilo-Saharan
1201:
1164:
1157:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1104:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1051:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:the original
1004:
995:
987:
982:
960:
935:
926:
917:
905:, volume 2.
902:
900:
897:Bibliography
871:
848:
831:
814:
796:Luba-Katanga
787:
783:
777:
760:
745:
741:
735:
692:
688:
682:
654:
639:speak Bantu.
630:
621:The various
620:
594:
566:
542:
481:
460:
454:
428:
424:
418:
394:
341:
330:
317:
295:
263:
262:
253:Rwanda-Rundi
242:
230:
224:
206:
200:
187:Southern Twa
167:Roger Blench
165:
161:
157:haplogroup E
119:
81:Nilo-Saharan
74:
65:
61:Congo forest
46:
44:
41:are missing.
39:southern Twa
26:
1246:NigerâCongo
855:Kafue Flats
833:Lukanga Twa
318:Benzele Aka
249:Great Lakes
213:Congo basin
203:Congo Basin
171:blacksmiths
112:dialect of
1595:Categories
1431:Lia-Ntomba
1160:. Leipzig.
1015:2017-01-22
975:References
779:Upemba Twa
702:Lake Tumba
689:Ntomba Twa
310:Aka (Yaka)
241:, and the
215:who speak
100:-speaking
1373:West Teke
850:Kafwe Twa
790:) of the
773:language.
762:Mbote Twa
737:Kasai Twa
684:Mongo Twa
496:West Teke
233:) of the
45:The term
1393:Kaning'i
1255:Ubangian
965:Holoholo
784:Luba Twa
769:speak a
742:Kuba Twa
712:(Konda,
577:Mangbetu
459:(a.k.a.
423:(a.k.a.
366:proper,
362:branch:
304:and the
137:Ubangian
1480:Kirundi
1436:Bushong
1301:Bantoid
947:of the
945:Bolimba
874:Khoisan
853:of the
836:of the
754:Bushong
512:Kaningi
403:branch.
379:Ngondi.
358:of the
314:Lingala
300:of the
247:of the
1539:Taabwa
1531:Zone M
1499:Zone L
1472:Zone J
1450:Zone D
1413:Zone C
1350:Zone B
1336:Mvumbo
1328:Zone A
1133:51-4.)
1131:Africa
1112:? In:
953:Angola
884:, and
808:Taabwa
806:, and
794:speak
716:, and
714:Ntomba
637:Uganda
518:. The
370:, and
360:Ngbaka
348:a.k.a.
316:. The
308:speak
289:Mbenga
259:Bedzan
231:et al.
223:; the
208:Mbenga
90:Mbenga
1580:Rimba
1554:Tonga
1549:Lenje
1544:Bemba
1517:Songe
1512:Hemba
1426:Mongo
1398:Rimba
1388:Myene
1383:Lumbu
1368:Njebi
1363:Tsogo
1319:Bantu
1309:Tikar
1283:Gbaya
1273:Gundi
1268:Ganzi
1096:(PDF)
1061:(PDF)
941:Mbati
909:Notes
890:Chewa
886:Lenje
882:Tonga
866:Himba
859:Tonga
842:Lenje
825:Bemba
804:Songe
800:Hemba
750:Kasai
748:) of
710:Mongo
700:) of
661:Rundi
596:Kango
536:Mbuti
508:Myene
504:Lumbu
492:Nzebi
488:Tsogo
483:Bongo
420:Gyele
401:Gbaya
372:Gundi
368:Ganzi
352:Gabon
270:Tikar
229:(Efe
226:Mbuti
217:Bantu
110:Rimba
106:Mbuti
98:Bantu
57:bands
1485:Kiga
1458:Bila
1378:Punu
1358:Ngom
1291:Bofi
1263:Baka
1232:Asoa
1227:Lese
943:and
847:The
830:The
813:The
776:The
759:The
734:The
704:and
681:The
665:Kiga
663:and
653:The
632:Nsua
629:The
601:Bila
593:The
573:Asoa
568:Asoa
565:The
549:Lese
541:The
516:Yasa
500:Punu
465:Ngom
461:Koya
456:Kola
453:The
429:Koya
425:Kola
417:The
396:Bofi
364:Baka
343:Baka
340:The
294:The
272:, a
219:and
151:and
139:and
114:Punu
96:and
94:Baka
1421:Aka
1156:In
878:Ila
819:of
788:Cwa
782:or
771:D20
746:Cwa
740:or
718:Lia
693:Cwa
687:or
635:of
617:Twa
544:Efé
427:or
376:AKA
297:Aka
244:Twa
159:).
102:Aka
83:or
1597::
1129:.
1003:.
880:,
802:,
798:,
510:,
506:,
502:,
498:,
494:,
490:,
276:.
135:,
1400:?
1194:e
1187:t
1180:v
1018:.
955:.
861:.
844:.
827:.
810:.
786:(
756:.
744:(
691:(
667:.
603:.
551:.
467:.
439:.
346:(
153:B
149:A
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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