949:, as only 17% of its habitat occurs in conservation reserves in the Kimberley Region. Small populations on the northern Pentecost and Isdell Rivers are at the highest risk of extirpation, and urgently need a fine-scale targeted approach to help conserve them. A strategy that maintains connectivity across the species distribution and reduces continuing riparian degradation needs to be implemented. Suggested management actions needed at key sites are controlling access of stock and feral herbivores to riparian areas and excluding livestock from riparian zones; reducing the incidence of intense fires that affect fire-sensitive riparian vegetation by implementing improved fire-regimes; controlling the spread of weeds (by identifying and removing them); preservation of quality riparian habitat (involving both on and off-reserve protection); and restoring riparian habitat, especially in areas of high risk.
40:
964:). The Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC) is protecting riparian vegetation on its Mornington-Marion Downs, and Pungalina-Seven Emu sanctuaries by implementing a program of fire management (EcoFire) and introducing herbivore control. EcoFire is a landscape-scale fire management program of the central and north Kimberley (involving 11 properties covering four million hectares including indigenous communities and pastoralists), and helps protect the fire-sensitive vegetation crucial for the survival of the purple-crowned fairywren.
933:
recorded. The species disappeared from the lower
Fitzroy River around the 1920s with the introduction of sheep and cattle grazing, and subsequent replacement of native riparian vegetation by weeds. They disappeared from a large section of the Ord River following construction of the Ord River Dam and subsequent flooding of the area. Finally, a more recent study in the Victoria River region reported ongoing population decline in response to intensive cattle grazing of river frontages. The distribution of
592:
by the presence of cheeks patches and the deep blue color of their tails. The plumage is brown overall, with the wings more greyish brown and the belly cream-buff. The blue tail is long and upright, and all except the central pair of feathers are broadly tipped with white. Their bill is black and the legs and feet are brownish grey. Although there is a slight geographical variation between the two subspecies, only the difference in colour of mantle is noticeable in the field. The crown and nape of
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222:
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763:. Only the females build the small dome shaped nests constructed mainly of fine rootlets, grass, leaves and strips of bark. Pairs may produce up to three broods per year. A clutch containing 2β3 eggs is laid over successive days, and is incubated by only females for 14 days, and chicks fledge after ten days. Fledglings are unable to fly and stay in dense cover for a week and are fed by members of the family group for at least another three weeks.
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generally consist of a breeding pair that is helped by one to six offspring from previous broods, and helpers may stay with their parents for several years before attempting to breed. Only the dominant pair in a group reproduces, and individuals can remain un-reproductive subordinates for several years. These subordinates help raise the offspring, improving productivity as well as the survival of the breeding pair.
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black mask with black cheek patches and an off-white to pale grey orbital ring. The adult female differs in having a blue-tinged grey crown, chestnut ear-coverts, and a greenish blue tail. Immature birds are very similar to adult females except for a duller coloration, a brown crown, and longer tail, though male birds start to show black feathers on the face by six to nine months
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been recorded. Most dispersal occurs when helpers abandon their natal territories in search of their own breeding territory. Dispersal is sex-biased with most subordinate males remaining in their natal territory or moving to neighbouring territories, while females generally disperse further. Females are capable of both long-distance and between-catchment dispersal.
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The population genetic structure of the species suggests it generally disperses along waterways. The average natal dispersal of the purple-crowned fairywren is less than 3 km (1.9 mi) of river distance in quality habitat, but movements of up to 70 km (43 mi) of river distance have
666:
The purple-crowned fairywren is a riparian habitat specialist that occurs in patches of dense river-fringing vegetation in northern
Australia. Its preferred habitat, which lines the permanent freshwater creeks and rivers, consists of a well-developed mid-storey that is composed of dense shrubs (i.e.
624:
Within a group, males who are breeding molt into their bright crown earlier than their non-breeding subordinates, and do so even sooner after heavy rains the preceding season. Experiments have demonstrated that breeding males view more colourful plumage among nearby males as a source of competition,
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and lives in sedentary groups that maintain their territories, often arranged linearly along creeks and rivers, year-round. However, unlike other species in the genus that are highly promiscuous, purple-crowned fairywrens display high levels of fidelity and low rates of extra-pair paternity. Groups
620:
During the breeding season, adult males develop the spectacular bright purple feathers on their crown. This is bordered by a black face mask and capped with an oblong black spot on top of the head. During the non-breeding season, the male's colourful crown is replaced by grey/brown feathers and its
591:
The purple-crowned fairywren is a small, sexually dimorphic, bird measuring approximately 14 cm (5.5 in) in length, with a wing-span of approximately 16 cm (6.3 in) and weighing only 9β13 g (0.32β0.46 oz). It can be differentiated from other North
Australian fairywrens
317:
The purple-crowned fairywren inhabits riparian habitat with dense vegetation, such as well-developed midstoreys composed of dense shrubs or tall, dense thickets of river grass. Unlike the related superb fairywren, it has not adapted to urbanised habitats very well and has suffered severe population
309:
Like other fairywrens, the purple-crowned fairywren is socially monogamous. However, unlike other species in the genus, it is not sexually promiscuous and shows low rates of extra-pair paternity. However, females with related males as partners will mate with other individuals. This is thought to be
870:
from introduced herbivores, weeds, fire, flooding and mining. Introduced herbivores seeking water eat and trample riparian vegetation that purple-crowned fairywrens rely on for foraging, nesting and shelter. More frequent and/or more intense fires are detrimental as they can modify both the extent
865:
will lay their eggs in the nest of purple-crowned fairywrens. Given the spatial arrangement of small populations in patchily distributed habitat across northern
Australia, the species is potentially vulnerable to decline from loss of fairly small areas of habitat. The purple-crowned fairywren's
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estimate that the overall population size is possibly as low as 10,000, given the extent of available habitat. The species has suffered severe declines in population. It now only occurs on a subset of the waterways where they were previously found. Specifically, three substantial declines are
497:
Combined mitochondrial and nuclear DNA from the purple-crowned fairywren genome suggest that its lineage diverged from those of the splendid and superb fairywrens c. 7β8 million years ago. More recently, the purple-crowned fairywren appears to have diverged from a group that now includes the
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that can reduce the negative effects of inbreeding (although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in the form of extra-pair copulations, i.e. copulation outside the pair bond). Although there are
796:
The species is mainly insectivorous. Birds consume a range of small invertebrates such as beetles, ants, bugs, wasps, grasshoppers, moths, larvae, spiders, and worms and small quantities of seeds. They forage for their prey amongst foliage and in the leaf litter on the ground that may have
654:
The species occurs across the wet-dry tropics of northern
Australia, and is found in the Kimberley region of Western Australia, in the Victoria River region of the Northern Territory, and in the south-western sub-coastal region of the Gulf of Carpentaria in Queensland. Whilst the speciesβ
655:
distribution spans more than 1,500 km (930 mi), it is constrained by the quality and extent of riparian vegetation along waterways. A natural geographic barrier of approximately 300 km (190 mi) of unsuitable habitat separates the two subspecies. The western subspecies
633:
The song of the purple-crowned fairywren is distinct from that of other fairywrens β it is of lower pitch, and quite loud. Breeding pairs use song to communicate and use duets to ward off itinerant fairywrens from their territory. Three calls have been recorded: a loud reel
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ecological and demographic constraints on extra pair matings, 43% of broods produced by incestuously paired females contained extra pair young. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) largely due to the
736:
Group territories are maintained throughout the year, and usually the same site (or area) is used year after year. The spatial arrangement of purple-crowned fairywren territories differ depending on what plant species dominate the understory. Territories in
909:. However, the two recognised subspecies receive separate national conservation management listings. In 2015, the Australian Federal Government upgraded the conservation status of the western subspecies from Vulnerable to Endangered. According to the
54:
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are usually arranged in a linear fashion, and generally occupy between 50β300 m (160β980 ft) of river length, whereas territories may be arranged in a mosaic pattern in areas where the understory consists of tall river-grasses such as
388:
in 1913. Subspecies designation was originally based on differences in plumage coloration and body size of museum skins. More recent genetic analyses continue to support this split. The species has also been placed in the monotypic genus
55:
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decreased by 50% over a two-year period at two sites in the
Victoria River District where grazing and trampling was allowed around habitat patches. Very low breeding success from nest predation was attributed to black rats at one site.
2538:
van Doorn, A; Woinarski JCZ; Werner PA (2015). "Livestock grazing affects habitat quality and persistence of the threatened Purple-crowned Fairy-wren "Malurus coronatus" in the
Victoria River District, Northern Territory, Australia".
813:
of 8.3 years is derived from an average age at first breeding of 2.3 years, an annual survival of adults of 78.0%, and a maximum longevity in the wild of 17 years, with all values estimated from extrapolations of data from other
306:. Purple-crowned fairywrens can be distinguished from other fairywrens in northern Australia by the presence of cheek patches (either black in males or reddish-chocolate in females) and the deep blue colour of their perky tails.
957:
The
Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia (DAFWA) joined with Wungurr Rangers and pastoralists in the north-west Kimberley in an effort to protect parts of their habitat by removing Ornamental rubbervine
871:
and structure of riparian vegetation. Interactions between climate change and habitat degradation are also likely, with the negative impacts of floods likely to be worse for populations living in degraded habitat.
2458:
Skroblin, A; Legge S (2012). "The influence of fine-scale habitat requirements and riparian degradation on the distribution of the purple-crowned fairy-wren ("Malurus coronatus coronatus") in northern
Australia".
1997:
Skroblin, A; Legge S (2012). "The influence of fine-scale habitat requirements and riparian degradation on the distribution of the purple-crowned fairy-wren ("Malurus coronatus coronatus") in northern
Australia".
330:
are chief concerns for the population. The Australian government and conservation groups have active conservation interventions for the species, including for fire and invasive species management.
2561:"Conservation of the patchily distributed and declining purple- crowned fairy-wren ("Malurus coronatus coronatus") across a vast landscape: the need for a collaborative landscape-scale approach"
298:
meaning "crown", owing to the distinctive purple circle of crown feathers sported by breeding males. Genetic evidence shows that the purple-crowned fairywren is most closely related to the
888:
Predation by invasive species such as feral cats and black rats is also a threat as degradation of the understory causes a reduction of shelter exposing birds to predation. Populations of
685:
as seen in the Victoria River District. A tall dense canopy of emergent trees, used as a temporary refuge during flooding events that submerge the mid-storey, is often dominated by
2410:
Kingma, SA; Hall ML; Peters A (2011). "No evidence for offspring sex-ratio adjustment to social or environmental conditions in cooperatively breeding purple-crowned fairy-wrens".
945:
The protection of riparian vegetation needs to be a priority for managers of all land tenures to ensure their persistence. Active conservation is more urgent for the endangered
797:
accumulated as debris during floods. Group members will forage separately, hopping rapidly through the dense undergrowth, but remain in contact with each other by making soft
2183:
van Doorn, A; Low Choy J (2009). "A description of the primary habitat of the purple-crowned fairy-wren ("Malurus coronatus coronatus") in the Victoria River District, N.T".
663:
occurs along most rivers draining into south-western and southern Gulf of Carpentaria from Roper River in Northern Territory to Leichhardt and Flinders Rivers in Queensland.
751:
Breeding can occur at any time throughout the year, if conditions are suitable, with peaks in the early (March to May) and late (August to November) dry season. Most
1178:
Skroblin, A; Cockburn A; Legge S (2014). "The population genetics of the purple-crowned fairy-wren ("Malurus coronatus coronatus"), a declining riparian passerine".
1982:
Smith, LA; Johnstone RE (1977). "Status of the purple-crowned wren ("Malurus coronatus") and buff-sided robin ("Poecilodryas superciliosa") in Western Australia".
744:
681:
1960:
Boekel, C (1979). "Notes on the status and behaviour of the purple-crowned fairy-wren "Malurus coronatus" in the Victoria River Downs area, Northern Territory".
659:
occurs in the midsections of large river catchments that drain the Central Kimberley Plateau, and along sections of the Victoria River. The eastern subspecies
679:), as seen in the Kimberley region or areas of 1.5β2 m (4 ft 11 in β 6 ft 7 in) tall, dense thickets of river grass dominated by
669:
1233:
Christidis L, Schodde R (1997). "Relationships within the Australo-Papuan Fairy-wrens (Aves: Malurinae): an evaluation of the utility of allozyme data".
1912:
Skroblin, A; Legge S (2010). "The distribution and status of the western subspecies of the purple-crowned fairy-wren ("Malurus coronatus coronatus")".
1687:
Rowley, I; Russell E (1993). "The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren "Malurus coronatus". 2. Breeding biology, social organisation, demography and management".
3188:
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1616:
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2274:
1762:
Fan, Marie; Teunissen, Niki; Hall, Michelle; Aranzamendi, Nataly; Kingma, Sjouke; Roast, Michael; Delhey, Kaspar; Peters, Anne (2018).
1438:
1382:"A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds: taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data"
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Numerous native animals potentially prey on eggs and nestlings of the purple-crowned fairywren, such as small semi-aquatic monitors (
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3162:
1275:"Relationships within the Australo-Papuan Fairy-wrens (Aves : Malurinae) : an Evaluation of the Utility of Allozyme Data"
3201:
819:
393:, but protein evidence supports its placement in the current genus. Alternative names for the purple-crowned fairywren include
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an adaptation to avoid inbreeding depression. They build small dome-shaped nests in which 2β3 eggs are laid, with up to three
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per year. It is mainly insectivorous, feeding on a wide variety of invertebrates, and supplements its diet with seeds.
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2706:
1874:
Rowley, Ian (1993). "The Purple-crowned Fairy-wren Malurus coronatus. 1. History, distribution and present status".
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348:
1832:
Hall, ML; Peters A (2008). "Coordination between the sexes for territorial defence in a duetting fairy-wren".
1764:"From ornament to armament or loss of function? Breeding plumage acquisition in a genetically monogamous bird"
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Marki, Petter; Jonsson, Knud; Irestedt, Martin; Nguyen, Jacqueline; Rahbek, Carsten; Fjeldsa, Jon (2016).
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1523:"Supermatrix phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian Meliphagides radiation (Aves: Passeriformes)"
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is slightly bluer, and its mantle and upper back has weak blue-grey shading, whereas the slightly larger
2618:
3079:
2843:
2494:
Hall, R (1902). "Notes on a collection of bird skins from the Fitzroy River, north-western Australia".
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439:
1008:
770:(greater than 30% reduction in hatchability of eggs). Females paired with related males may undertake
3092:
2136:"Multiple benefits of cooperative breeding in purple-crowned fairy-wrens: a consequence of fidelity?"
1724:"No fitness benefits of early molt in a fairy-wren: relaxed sexual selection under genetic monogamy?"
1080:"Multiple benefits of cooperative breeding in purple-crowned fairy-wrens: a consequence of fidelity?"
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818:. The oldest confirmed record of a wild individual is a minimum age of 12 years according to the
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438:. It is also sometimes placed as a sister to clade including the two "blue wrens" along with the
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Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 5: Tyrant-flycatchers to Chats
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may be close to 10,000 mature individuals in a single subpopulation, while recent surveys of
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Incestuous matings by the purple-crowned fairywren result in severe fitness costs due to
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642:β a contact call between birds in a group when foraging, and an alarm call β a harsh
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has a browner back, as well as a buff-coloured, rather than white, breast and belly.
275:
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1941:
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has been severely reduced since the subspecies was first discovered 140 years ago.
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2015:
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570:, previously considered a separate species, it is found in north-central Australia.
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435:
430:, commonly known as fairywrens. Within the genus it is most closely related to the
327:
299:
3128:
2393:
2334:
1845:
356:
The purple-crowned fairywren was first collected in 1855 and 1856 by the explorer
3240:
3001:
2961:
2909:
2585:
2246:
1314:"A Species Tree for the Australo-Papuan Fairy-wrens and Allies (Aves: Maluridae)"
918:
867:
858:
810:
809:
The time to maturity for purple-crowned fairywrens is one year for both sexes. A
563:
381:
2203:"Breeding synchronization facilitates extrapair mating for inbreeding avoidance"
1546:
776:
3050:
2956:
2934:
1589:
518:
2431:
1522:
457:. It was previously classified as a member of the Old World flycatcher family
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1405:
1298:
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838:
579:
486:
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Like other fairywrens, the purple-crowned fairywren is unrelated to the true
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85:
80:
2219:
2202:
1788:
1763:
1740:
1466:
1332:
338:
221:
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2385:
2364:
Charlesworth D, Willis JH (2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression".
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1423:
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1366:
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1078:
Kingma, Sjouke A.; Hall, Michelle L.; Arriero, Elena; Peters, Anne (2010).
482:
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458:
2342:
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These evolutionary radiations followed an earlier split of the grasswrens
3245:
3175:
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18:
Species of songbird endemic to northern Australia in the family Maluridae
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family, Maluridae. It is the largest of the eleven species in the genus
3253:
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2894:
2865:
1555:
545:
534:
478:
369:
211:
1895:
1708:
3180:
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2716:
1380:
Barker, F Keith; Barrowclough, George F; Groth, Jeff G (2002-02-07).
752:
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from what would become the emu-wrens and fairy wrens approximately 23
466:
462:
152:
112:
3154:
3021:
2675:
2377:
1933:
1646:
1290:
1256:
1187:
884:), a prolific invasive weed of northern Australian riparian habitats
3044:
2662:
2248:
The Myth of Monogamy: Fidelity and Infidelity in Animals and People
1355:
Schodde, Richard; Royal Australasian Ornithologists' Union (1975).
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have been recorded close to the ground in thickets of river grass,
285:
132:
2061:
3087:
2788:
2509:
1647:
Barrett, G; Silcocks A; Barry S; Cunningham R; Poulter R (2003).
426:
280:
172:
913:, the western subspecies meets the criteria for being listed as
2648:
2537:
2321:
Morell, V. (1998). "Evolution of sex: A new look at monogamy".
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loss in some areas. While the species overall is considered of
122:
2133:
1439:"Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation"
979:
977:
3149:
705:
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analysis has shown the family Maluridae to be related to the
289:
1590:"Lyrebirds, scrubbirds, bowerbirds & Australasian wrens"
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to northern Australia. The species name is derived from the
1761:
974:
906:
878:
Male purple-crowned fairywren in a patch of noogoora burr (
454:
271:
142:
1520:
1268:
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1177:
470:
1210:"Malurus coronatus (Purple-crowned Fairywren) β Avibase"
901:
The purple-crowned fairywren is currently classified as
2043:
1617:"Subspecies: Malurus (Malurus) coronatus macgillivrayi"
1386:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1379:
1263:
1077:
612:
Crown of the male purple-crowned fairywren (subspecies
368:. The species was first described by the ornithologist
2510:"Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment"
1361:. Melbourne: Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union.
1035:
Bird Families of the World: Fairy-wrens and Grasswrens
983:
322:
for conservation, its western subspecies is listed as
2453:
2451:
2449:
2409:
2064:"Radical loss of an extreme extra-pair mating system"
2062:
Kingma, SA; Hall ML; Segelbacher G; Peters A (2009).
1682:
1680:
1678:
1312:
Lee, June Y.; Joseph, Leo; Edwards, Scott V. (2012).
861:. Many Malurids are major cuckoo hosts in Australia.
583:
Male and female purple-crowned fairywren (subspecies
372:
in 1858. The specific name comes from the Latin word
2514:
Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
2288:: 62β7. Archived from the original on March 11, 2011
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1672:
1670:
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1651:. Melbourne: Royal Australian Ornithologists Union.
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and is found in north-western regions of Australia.
2446:
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2245:
2134:Kingma, SA; Hall ML; Arriero E; Peters A (2010).
1981:
1655:
1272:
1232:
1009:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22703760A93935604.en
3273:
2558:
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1358:Interim list of Australian songbirds: passerines
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917:while the eastern subspecies meets criteria for
342:An illustration of purple-crowned fairywrens by
2533:
2531:
2529:
2457:
1996:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1686:
1446:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1134:Higgins, PJ; Peter JM (2001). Steele WK (ed.).
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2048:. Melbourne: Birds Australia CSIRO Publishing.
2039:
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2035:
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2031:
2029:
1642:
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1061:"Purple-crowned Fairywren (Malurus coronatus)"
2700:
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2244:Lipton, Judith Eve; Barash, David P. (2001).
2129:
2127:
2057:
2055:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1869:
1867:
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1273:Christidis, Leslie; Schodde, Richard (1997).
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1160:The Fairy-Wrens: A Monograph of the Maluridae
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779:expression of deleterious recessive alleles.
2714:
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1990:
1977:
1975:
1902:
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1059:Rowley, Ian; Russell, Eleanor (2020-03-04).
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465:before being placed in the newly recognised
461:and later as a member of the warbler family
2252:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company.
2026:
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625:and behave more aggressively towards them.
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2676:Explore Species: Purple-crowned Fairywren
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2218:
2201:Kingma, SA; Hall, ML; Peters, A. (2013).
2196:
2194:
2159:
2107:
2097:
2087:
2046:The Action Plan for Australian Birds 2010
1972:
1797:
1787:
1739:
1554:
1475:
1465:
1413:
1331:
1246:
1103:
1023:
1007:
424:It is one of eleven species in the genus
2943:
2487:
2272:
2044:Garnett, ST; Szabo JK; Dutson G (2011).
1822:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
873:
714:
607:
578:
337:
2611:
1157:
952:
731:
3274:
2320:
2191:
1959:
1873:
1436:
1430:
820:Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme
3026:
3025:
2688:
2678:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
1614:
1596:. International Ornithologists' Union
1527:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1507:
2493:
1715:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
791:
723:, the purple-crowned fairywren is a
719:Like all other species in the genus
450:, also called the bicoloured wrens.
3282:IUCN Red List least concern species
2412:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1755:
1721:
1578:
995:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2619:"AWC Fire management spatial data"
2275:"MonogamyβA variable relationship"
866:greatest threat is degradation or
14:
3323:
2641:
1649:The New Atlas of Australian Birds
1071:
1045:
2661:
2647:
2481:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02331.x
2418:(6) (65th ed.): 1203β1213.
2161:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01697.x
2020:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02331.x
1162:. Melbourne: Lansdowne Editions.
1105:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01697.x
628:
550:western purple-crowned fairywren
326:. Livestock grazing, fires, and
99:
3292:Birds of the Northern Territory
2623:Australian Wildlife Conservancy
2502:
2006:(8) (37(8) ed.): 874β884.
1608:
1588:; Donsker, David, eds. (2017).
1373:
1348:
1305:
984:BirdLife International (2016).
940:
47:Male purple-crowned fairy-wren
2559:Skroblin, A; Legge S (2013a).
2543:(4) (115th ed.): 302β308.
2467:(8) (37th ed.): 874β884.
1202:
1033:Rowley, I; Russell, E (1997).
673:and/or a freshwater mangrove,
574:
514:around six million years ago.
1:
2335:10.1126/science.281.5385.1982
2185:Northern Territory Naturalist
1984:Western Australian Naturalist
1846:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.01.010
1279:Australian Journal of Zoology
1235:Australian Journal of Zoology
1180:Australian Journal of Zoology
967:
961:Cryptostegia madagascariensis
528:
2586:10.1371/journal.pone.0064942
2571:(5) (8th ed.): e64942.
1615:Australia, Atlas of Living.
782:
492:
7:
3080:Malurus_(Malurus)_coronatus
1594:World Bird List Version 7.3
1547:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.021
804:
548:, 1858): Also known as the
419:purple-crowned wren-warbler
10:
3328:
3302:Endemic birds of Australia
2844:White-shouldered fairywren
1182:(62nd ed.): 251β259.
863:Horsfield's bronze-cuckoos
560:M. coronatus macgillivrayi
537:are currently recognized:
440:white-shouldered fairywren
20:
3034:
2931:
2884:
2862:
2785:
2758:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2432:10.1007/s00265-010-1133-7
2306:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2140:Journal of Animal Ecology
1986:(13th ed.): 185β188.
1768:Journal of Animal Ecology
1084:Journal of Animal Ecology
896:
485:in the large superfamily
384:described the subspecies
228:
219:
201:
194:
96:Scientific classification
94:
72:
63:
51:
46:
37:
33:Purple-crowned fairywren
32:
3312:Taxa named by John Gould
2967:White-throated grasswren
2874:Orange-crowned fairywren
2839:Purple-crowned fairywren
2074:(1) (9th ed.): 15.
1840:(76th ed.): 65β73.
1002:: e.T22703760A93935604.
926:M. c. macgillivrayi
924:The population size for
688:Eucalyptus camaldulensis
661:M. c. macgillivrayi
650:Distribution and habitat
603:
594:M. c. macgillivrayi
568:MacGillivray's fairywren
469:in 1975. More recently,
386:M. c. macgillivrayi
358:Joseph Ravenscroft Elsey
334:Taxonomy and systematics
262:purple-crowned fairywren
21:Not to be confused with
3307:Birds described in 1858
2915:Rufous-crowned emu-wren
2819:Blue-breasted fairywren
2809:Purple-backed fairywren
2498:(1st ed.): 87β112.
2273:Reichard, U.H. (2002).
2187:(21st ed.): 24β33.
1962:Australian Bird Watcher
1789:10.1111/1365-2656.12855
1467:10.1073/pnas.0401892101
1140:Oxford University Press
1039:Oxford University Press
851:common brown tree snake
676:Barringtonia acutangula
566:, 1913): Also known as
500:blue-breasted fairywren
399:lilac-crowned fairywren
2997:Thick-billed grasswren
2977:Short-tailed grasswren
2972:Carpentarian grasswren
2854:White-winged fairywren
2772:Broad-billed fairywren
2099:10.1186/1472-6785-9-15
1437:Barker, Keith (2004).
1398:10.1098/rspb.2001.1883
885:
682:Chionachne cyanthopoda
617:
588:
542:M. coronatus coronatus
444:white-winged fairywren
411:purple-crowned warbler
395:crowned superb warbler
375:
353:
349:The Birds of Australia
294:
2230:10.1093/beheco/art078
2220:10.1093/beheco/art078
1741:10.1093/beheco/arx065
1333:10.1093/sysbio/syr101
877:
839:yellow-spotted goanna
768:inbreeding depression
715:Behaviour and ecology
694:Melaleuca leucadendra
611:
582:
341:
2849:Red-backed fairywren
2824:Red-winged fairywren
2814:Variegated fairywren
2777:Campbell's fairywren
2658:at Wikimedia Commons
953:Conservation efforts
947:M. c. coronatus
935:M. c. coronatus
930:M. c. coronatus
890:M. c. coronatus
732:Breeding and nesting
657:M. c. coronatus
636:cheepa-cheepa-cheepa
598:M. c. coronatus
512:variegated fairywren
504:red-winged fairywren
448:red-backed fairywren
23:purple-crowned fairy
3297:Birds of Queensland
3007:Kalkadoon grasswren
2752:Wallace's fairywren
2726:Subfamily Malurinae
2577:2013PLoSO...864942S
2473:2012AusEc..37..874S
2424:2011BEcoS..65.1203K
2329:(5385): 1982β1983.
2282:Max Planck Research
2152:2010JAnEc..79..757K
2080:2009BMCE....9...15K
2012:2012AusEc..37..874S
1926:2010EmuAO.110..339S
1888:1993EmuAO..93..220R
1780:2018JAnEc..87.1274F
1722:Fan, Marie (2017).
1701:1993EmuAO..93..235R
1539:2017MolPE.107..516M
1458:2004PNAS..10111040B
1452:(30): 11040β11045.
1214:avibase.bsc-eoc.org
1158:Schodde, R (1982).
1096:2010JAnEc..79..757K
881:Xanthium strumarium
757:C. cyanthopoda
745:C. cyanthopoda
725:cooperative breeder
554:nominate subspecies
525:million years ago.
415:purple-crowned wren
66:Conservation status
2982:Striated grasswren
2834:Splendid fairywren
2207:Behavioral Ecology
1728:Behavioral Ecology
1319:Systematic Biology
1065:Birds of the World
886:
772:extra pair matings
700:Melaleuca argentea
670:Pandanus aquaticus
618:
589:
432:splendid fairywren
407:mauve-crowned wren
403:lilac-crowned wren
354:
304:splendid fairywren
270:) is a species of
3269:
3268:
3259:Malurus-coronatus
3066:Malurus coronatus
3036:Malurus coronatus
3028:Taxon identifiers
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
2992:Western grasswren
2927:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2905:Southern emu-wren
2885:Tribe Stipiturini
2880:
2879:
2799:Emperor fairywren
2669:Malurus coronatus
2655:Malurus coronatus
2652:Media related to
2259:978-0-7167-4004-9
1896:10.1071/mu9930220
1709:10.1071/mu9930235
1392:(1488): 295β308.
988:Malurus coronatus
847:common tree snake
828:Varanus mitchelli
792:Diet and foraging
761:P. aquaticus
380:, meaning crown.
276:Australasian wren
267:Malurus coronatus
258:
257:
205:Malurus coronatus
187:M. coronatus
89:
57:
3319:
3262:
3261:
3249:
3248:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3222:
3210:
3209:
3197:
3196:
3184:
3183:
3171:
3170:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3093:680AC77FEADF08DC
3083:
3082:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3023:
3022:
2987:Eyrean grasswren
2941:
2940:
2889:
2888:
2829:Superb fairywren
2804:Lovely fairywren
2738:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2709:
2702:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2666:Data related to
2665:
2651:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2556:
2545:
2544:
2535:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2455:
2444:
2443:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2251:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2213:(6): 1390β1397.
2198:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2024:
2023:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1969:
1957:
1946:
1945:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1834:Animal Behaviour
1829:
1820:
1819:
1801:
1791:
1774:(5): 1274β1285.
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1743:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1684:
1653:
1652:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1518:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1488:. Archived from
1479:
1469:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1335:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1175:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1107:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1011:
981:
859:pheasant coucals
843:Gilbert's dragon
834:V. mertensi
801:sounding calls.
508:lovely fairywren
436:superb fairywren
378:
328:invasive species
300:superb fairywren
297:
245:
232:
224:
207:
104:
103:
83:
78:
77:
59:
58:
42:
30:
29:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3257:
3252:
3244:
3241:Observation.org
3239:
3231:
3226:
3218:
3213:
3205:
3200:
3192:
3187:
3179:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3125:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3030:
3020:
3011:
3002:Dusky grasswren
2962:Black grasswren
2919:
2910:Mallee emu-wren
2876:
2858:
2781:
2754:
2720:
2713:
2682:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2557:
2548:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2492:
2488:
2461:Austral Ecology
2456:
2447:
2408:
2401:
2378:10.1038/nrg2664
2366:Nat. Rev. Genet
2362:
2358:
2319:
2315:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2242:
2238:
2199:
2192:
2181:
2177:
2132:
2125:
2089:10.1.1.358.3255
2060:
2053:
2042:
2027:
2000:Austral Ecology
1995:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1949:
1934:10.1071/mu10029
1910:
1903:
1872:
1861:
1830:
1823:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1720:
1716:
1685:
1656:
1645:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1567:
1519:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1378:
1374:
1353:
1349:
1310:
1306:
1291:10.1071/zo96068
1271:
1264:
1257:10.1071/ZO96068
1248:10.1.1.694.5285
1231:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1188:10.1071/ZO13087
1176:
1167:
1156:
1147:
1132:
1121:
1076:
1072:
1057:
1046:
1031:
1024:
1014:
1012:
982:
975:
970:
955:
943:
919:Near Threatened
899:
868:loss of habitat
811:generation time
807:
794:
785:
734:
717:
652:
631:
606:
577:
531:
495:
382:Gregory Mathews
336:
254:
246: Range of
243:
241:
233: Range of
230:
215:
209:
203:
190:
98:
90:
79:
75:
68:
53:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3123:
3110:
3097:
3084:
3071:
3056:
3040:
3038:
3032:
3031:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Grey grasswren
2953:
2951:
2938:
2935:Amytornithinae
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2795:
2793:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2734:Tribe Malurini
2728:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:at Wikispecies
2659:
2643:
2642:External links
2640:
2637:
2636:
2610:
2546:
2525:
2501:
2486:
2445:
2399:
2372:(11): 783β96.
2356:
2313:
2265:
2258:
2236:
2190:
2175:
2146:(4): 757β768.
2123:
2051:
2025:
1989:
1971:
1947:
1920:(4): 339β347.
1901:
1882:(4): 220β234.
1859:
1821:
1754:
1714:
1695:(4): 235β250.
1654:
1632:
1621:bie.ala.org.au
1607:
1577:
1506:
1429:
1372:
1347:
1326:(2): 253β271.
1304:
1285:(2): 113β129.
1262:
1241:(2): 113β129.
1225:
1201:
1165:
1145:
1138:. Oxford, UK:
1119:
1070:
1044:
1022:
972:
971:
969:
966:
954:
951:
942:
939:
898:
895:
806:
803:
793:
790:
784:
781:
733:
730:
716:
713:
651:
648:
630:
627:
605:
602:
576:
573:
572:
571:
557:
530:
527:
519:Amytornithinae
494:
491:
366:Robinson River
362:Victoria River
335:
332:
256:
255:
242:
229:
226:
225:
217:
216:
210:
199:
198:
192:
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184:
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116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
92:
91:
73:
70:
69:
64:
61:
60:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3324:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:Chenorhamphus
2757:
2753:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2664:
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475:Meliphagidae
459:Muscicapidae
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3060:Wikispecies
2068:BMC Ecology
1734:(4): 1055.
1586:Gill, Frank
1556:10852/65203
1533:: 516β529.
1015:16 November
575:Description
481:), and the
479:honeyeaters
352:, 1840-1848
3276:Categories
3254:Xeno-canto
2933:Subfamily
2895:Stipiturus
2866:Clytomyias
2519:2021-02-23
1747:6 November
1626:2020-11-02
1570:6 November
1499:5 November
1219:2017-12-03
1037:. Oxford:
968:References
915:Endangered
822:database.
777:homozygous
535:subspecies
529:Subspecies
510:, and the
446:, and the
370:John Gould
324:endangered
2947:Amytornis
2744:Sipodotus
2717:Maluridae
2084:CiteSeerX
1406:0962-8452
1299:1446-5698
1243:CiteSeerX
783:Dispersal
493:Evolution
467:Maluridae
463:Sylviidae
239:coronatus
181:Species:
163:Maluridae
119:Kingdom:
113:Eukaryota
3220:22703760
3194:10460353
3106:22703760
3101:BirdLife
3051:Q1584142
3045:Wikidata
2605:23734229
2565:PLOS ONE
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2386:19834483
2351:31391458
2292:24 April
2170:20443991
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1942:86403589
1854:53156871
1816:49415262
1808:29943467
1565:28017855
1486:15263073
1424:11839199
1342:21978990
1196:84297899
1114:20443991
805:Survival
739:Pandanus
312:clutches
159:Family:
133:Chordata
129:Phylum:
123:Animalia
109:Domain:
86:IUCN 3.1
3287:Malurus
3168:2487503
3155:pucfai2
3129:pucfai2
3088:Avibase
2789:Malurus
2719:species
2715:Extant
2629:1 April
2596:3667184
2573:Bibcode
2469:Bibcode
2420:Bibcode
2343:9767050
2323:Science
2148:Bibcode
2109:2693124
2076:Bibcode
2008:Bibcode
1922:Bibcode
1884:Bibcode
1776:Bibcode
1697:Bibcode
1535:Bibcode
1454:Bibcode
1415:1690884
1367:3546788
1092:Bibcode
905:by the
721:Malurus
564:Mathews
427:Malurus
286:endemic
284:and is
281:Malurus
274:in the
250:subsp.
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174:Malurus
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1938:S2CID
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1600:2 Dec
1493:(PDF)
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753:nests
706:Ficus
604:Crown
546:Gould
455:wrens
292:word
290:Latin
248:M. c.
235:M. c.
212:Gould
3228:NCBI
3215:IUCN
3202:ITIS
3163:GBIF
3114:BOLD
2631:2016
2601:PMID
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2339:PMID
2308:link
2294:2013
2254:ISBN
2166:PMID
2114:PMID
1804:PMID
1749:2020
1602:2017
1572:2020
1561:PMID
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1482:PMID
1420:PMID
1402:ISSN
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1000:2016
907:IUCN
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302:and
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