1218:
first hand, presented a different view on Ranjit Singh's empire and governance. According to Ali, Ranjit Singh's government was despotic, and he was a mean monarch in contrast to the
Mughals. His account portrays Ranjit Singh as leading his Khalsa army's "insatiable appetite for plunder", their desire for "fresh cities to pillage", and eliminating the Mughal era "revenue intercepting intermediaries between the peasant-cultivator and the treasury". As a symbolic assertion of power, the Sikhs regularly desecrated Muslim places of worship, including closing of the Jamia Masjid in Srinagar and the conversion of the Bad shahi Mosque in Lahore to an ammunition store and horse stable, but the empire still maintained Persian administrative institutions and court etiquette; the Sikh silver rupees were minted on the Mughal standard with Persian legends.
3496:
harmed their religion and damaged their religious places. In support of this, they claim that not only did the
Muslims of India show resentment, but also that some of them started Tehrik-e-Mujahidin against Ranjit Singh's state. The author, with new evidence from the Fakir Khana archives in Pakistan and England, has developed the hypothesis that the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh and his successors adopted a secular approach towards minorities, including the Muslims - that is, there was not a single movement within the Punjab started by Muslims against the Sikh rulers. Instead, the Tehrik-e-Mujahidin that was launched against the alleged maltreatment of the Muslims was actually the result of a misperception of the Muslims' condition in the Punjab, and a number of studies have already shown that Tehrik-e-Mujahidin had many other motives as well.
828:
4182:
583:
1456:
106:
891:
126:
4136:
59:
173:
241:
86:
1159:
1319:
1222:
their Muslim subjects to freely practice their religion. She also points out the fact that during the reign of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, there was never a single case of rebellion against the Sikh authorities by
Muslims. She further claims any beliefs of maltreatment of Muslims is based upon misunderstandings of the condition of the Muslim community during the Sikh Empire.
3015:
As another example of such soldiers of marginal peasant origin, the Barha
Sayyids, a celebrated troop of soldiers under the Mughals deserve attention. They were said to be the descendants of the families who had, at an uncertain date, moved from their homes in Panjab to a sandy and infertile tract of
3181:
The second power was a new force, which in the 1770s was just emerging and beginning to flex its military muscles: the Mysore
Sultanate of Haidar Ali and his formidable warrior son, Tipu Sultan. Haidar, who was of Punjabi origin, had risen in the ranks of the Mysore army, where he introduced many of
3495:
This study was undertaken with a new paradigm to understand the condition of the
Muslims under Sikh rule in the Punjab. It challenges the stereotypical approaches, which highlight contradictions between Muslims and Sikhs. Some historians have pointed out that the Sikh rulers mistreated the Muslims,
1221:
Historian Robina Yasmin, on the other hand, argues against the stereotypical narratives of claimed anti-Muslim oppression by the Sikh Empire. After researching contemporary sources held in the Fakir Khana archives in
Pakistan and England, she concluded that the Sikh rulers were secular and allowed
1217:
Views of the Sikh Empire rule, are mixed amongst different
Punjabi Muslim groups. Ranjit Singh is seen favourably by a section of Punjabi activists in Pakistan but remains overall largely negative. The mid 19th-century Punjabi Muslim historians, such as Shahamat Ali who experienced the Sikh Empire
3083:
A shared
Persian language, and its corresponding religio-cultural modalities and symbols, ensured that the credentials of deputies from Hindustan and Khurasan would be recognized across Transoxiana. Fazl Ahmad appointed several Punjabi and Peshawari deputies at Balkh, Samarkand, Bukhara, Aqcha,
2085:
First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim
698:
The coalescence of the various tribes, castes and the inhabitants of the Punjab region into a broader common "Punjabi" identity initiated from the onset of the 16th century CE. However, Punjab as a linguistic, geographical and cultural entity had existed for centuries prior. Integration and
3318:
For a section of
Punjabi activists in Pakistan and most Sikhs, Ranjit Singh is a local hero β 'son of the soil' β who successfully thwarted aggressors from the north and established a strong centralised government that provided relief to the people of Punjab after decades of chaos and
1018:. Muslims had majority in southern Punjab by the 16th century, and a definitive Punjabi identity had formed as the inhabitants of Punjab started to be addressed as Punjabis by the outsiders during 17th century. Several Punjabi Muslims rose to high ranks during Mughal period, such as
3591:
Based on the fighting abilities of the ethnic groups and their loyalty to the British, the army designated some groups as martial (such as Sikhs, Punjabi Muslims, the Baloch, Rajputs from Rajasthan, Jats, Dogras, Gurkhas and the Marathas) and restricted recruitment to
1639:
Punjabi Muslims are found almost exclusively in Pakistan with 98% of Punjabis who live in Pakistan following Islam, in contrast to Punjabi Sikhs and Punjabi Hindus who predominantly live in India. Thus religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant
915:
since 1394, who resisted Timur but was defeated and killed. Afterwards, Timur plundered Delhi and massacred its inhabitants. Tughlaq power crumbled and resulted in nobles asserting formal independence. In 1414 the Tughlaq dynasty was itself replaced by
2086:
community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumsicion (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana).
2099:
1166:
Ahmad Shah Durrani and his successors failed to maintain control of Punjab except in Attock, Kasur and Multan where large Afghan colonies were based. Punjab was divided into petty Muslim and Sikh chieftancies. The situation remained as such till
1341:
introduced provincial autonomy to Punjab replacing the system of dyarchy. It provided for the constitution of Punjab Legislative Assembly of 175 members presided by a Speaker and an executive government responsible to the Assembly. The
1194:, who originated in central Punjab, gradually expanded westwards. Owing to their superior European-style military training and discipline, the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh not only gained control of most of Punjab but also conquered
1483:(1179β1266) is recognised as the first major poet of the Punjabi language. Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, many great Sufi saints and poets preached in the Punjabi language, the most prominent being
906:
By the late 14th century, the Tughlaq dynasty had declined, and the sultanate was divided among various warlords. The city of Lahore was intermittently captured by Khokhars. Taking advantage of the prevailing anarchy,
1314:
with the likes of Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal, facts which historian Turab-ul-Hassan Sargana says have been undermined because the elites of Punjab who collaborated with the British are those who still rule Pakistan today.
1234:
viewed Anglo-Sikh wars as war between the Punjab and Hind (India). During colonial period, communal identity superseded regional one, and Punjabi Muslims increasingly disowned Punjabi language in the favour of
1378:, became the dominant political force among Punjabi Muslims, especially among the lower middle echelons and the artisan classes, the Ahrar's having a diversity of Islamic schools but generally subscribed to a
2746:
The latter sultanate was founded by a former Tughluq governor, perhaps from a family of Punjabi Khatri converts, who took the title Muzaffar Shah in the early fifteenth century but reigned for only a short
2375:
While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth
2119:
1354:
in 1942 who remained the Premier till partition in 1947. Although the term of the Assembly was five years, the Assembly continued for about eight years and its last sitting was held on 19 March 1945.
1287:
who waged war against it for three months in central Punjab. He was killed on 21 September 1857 in a skirmish with British colonial forces while inflicting heavy losses to the British.
1275:. After fighting steadily but unsuccessfully for several hours, the sepoys tried to fall back across the river but became trapped on an island, they were defeated by Nicholson in the
3460:
In addition to the masjid's use as a site for military storage, stables for the cavalry horses, and barracks for soldiers, parts of it were also used as storage for powder magazines.
1307:
accounting for around 29% of its total numbers. Due to these reasons, another British academic, Kate Imy, writes that "Punjabi Muslims were the true backbone of the Indian Army."
699:
assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections. Islam spread in the region via missionary Sufi saints whose
4298:
3634:
In 1939, as many as 29% of soldiers in the British Indian Army, which was split between India and Pakistan after Partition, were Punjabi Muslims, mostly from Pakistani Punjab.
4102:
879:
Islam became firmly established in Punjab during the era of Delhi Sultanate, and tribes like Khokhars played an important role in the inter-dynastic struggle. In 1320,
2345:
With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers.
1065:, a dynasty of kingmakers of peasant origins from Punjab, exercised de facto control over the Mughal Empire. Mughal authority in Punjab remained in the hands of
2585:
guvaend' (Amir Khusro in the language of the Punjab wrote an introduction of the battle between Tughlaq and Khusro which in the language of India is called a
703:
dot the landscape of the Punjab region thereby becoming the faith of many by the 16th century. This contributed to the formation of a Punjabi Muslim identity.
2759:
2581:'Amir Khusro ba Zuban-e-Punjabi ba ibarat-e-marghub muqaddama jang ghazi ul mulk Tughlaq Shah o Nasir uddin Khusro Khan gufta ke aan ra ba Zuban-e-Hind
3586:
6421:
3823:
2697:
1153:
2685:
The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.
3958:
3254:
The Panjab Chiefs: Historical and Biographical Notices of the Principal Families in the Lahore and Rawalpindi Divisions of the Panjab, Volume 2
883:, the former governor of Multan, rebelled against the Khalji rule. With the support of various factions including Khokhars, he established the
4049:
Punjabi people are the ethnic majority in the Punjab region of Pakistan and Northern India accounting for 44.7% of the population in Pakistan.
1865:
1085:
directly annexed the region. Punjab suffered from the eight invasions of the Durrani Afghans between 1748 and 1767, which ravaged the region.
4132:
3984:
1112:
of Lahore also produced many notable scholars and administrators. Other influential Muslim scholars born in Punjab during Mughal era include
1529:, most of which are about love, passion, betrayal, sacrifice, social values and a common man's revolt against a larger system. The qissa of
5565:
3795:
446:
406:
1230:
Before British annexation of Punjab, the consciousness of a Punjabi identity was at its zenith. Writing in 1840s, the Punjabi Muslim poet
852:
invaded Punjab as well, and conquered Lahore and Multan in 1186, marking end of the Ghaznavids. In 1206, he was assassinated at Damiak by
3716:
1956:
6184:
4779:
4124:
2238:
1259:
saw a rebellion in which 35 British soldiers were killed on 7 July 1857. Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of
6703:
2571:
1210:
Nawabs, remained independent from Sikh regime. With Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, Sikh power declined. After suffering defeat in the
3605:
1750:, British major Sir George Fletcher MacMunn would write that Muslims of Punjab "are of many mixed races, but who largely consist of
796:
In Punjab, conversion to Islam occurred mostly amongst pastoralist or agricultural groups that were not integrated into the Hindu
746:, and had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century. Several scholars have identified Takka kingdom with the kingdom of
4710:
1842:
3623:
3084:
Khiva, and Khoqand. Some of the Punjabi migrants were even acknowledged as native saints of Transoxiana within their lifetimes.
1310:
However, there was also a history of popular resistance from Punjabi Muslims against British colonialism, including during the
4324:
3917:
3890:
3865:
3805:
3778:
3768:
3751:
3535:
3488:
3453:
3426:
3399:
3372:
3345:
3262:
3235:
3208:
3174:
3141:
3076:
3037:
3008:
2981:
2902:
2875:
2837:
2810:
2739:
2678:
2514:
2463:
2414:
2368:
2338:
2221:
2192:
2113:
2078:
1992:
1940:
1897:
1260:
827:
2861:
2800:
6698:
6693:
4319:
4203:
3131:
1788:
611:
4198:
3293:
3107:
2612:
2016:
4140:
928:, who was the most formidable opponent of Delhi sultans in Punjab. South Punjab became independent from Delhi when
3933:
3225:
3552:
2041:
1211:
4190:
4117:
2998:
1023:
17:
6708:
6265:
3944:
1773:
981:
died fighting against him. However, Gakhars continued their resistance, even after Sher Shah Suri's minister
1092:
in cities and towns such as Lahore and Sialkot. Punjabi Muslim scholars were "in high demand", teaching the
868:, with Lahore being the first capital of the sultanate. The early period of the Delhi Sultanate saw several
4303:
4208:
1338:
957:
which succeeded Sayyids had control over little more than the region around Lahore in Punjab. In 1525, the
410:
4703:
2602:
2531:
2328:
1676:
comprise approximately 44.7% of the national population. Ethnic Punjabis, that is, discounting the local
790:
3820:
3610:
The single most numerous "class" of Indian recruits in both world wars, however, was the Punjabi Muslims
1303:, British academic David Omissi calling them the single largest group in both World Wars, at the eve of
1178:
and the Gakhars. Gakhars under Sultan Muqarrab Khan (r.1738β1769) established rule over Potohar and the
6672:
6466:
4631:
978:
4066:
2283:
Eaton, R. M. (2009). "Shrines, Cultivators, and Muslim 'Conversion' in Punjab and Bengal, 1300β1700".
1631:
for every occasion from birth to death including marriage, festivals, fairs and religious ceremonies.
1628:
848:
conquered the city of Ghazni, forcing the Ghaznavids to shift their capital to Lahore. Soon, however,
635:. With a population of more than 112 million, they are the third-largest predominantly Islam-adhering
5770:
5186:
4636:
4110:
4040:
1689:
1351:
869:
766:
765:). However, Islam as a political power got introduced via southern Punjab only after the 8th century
671:
338:
6446:
4610:
4489:
4419:
3198:
3164:
3068:
1872:
1375:
1268:
1248:
994:
435:
224:
2489:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib
6546:
6541:
5638:
5480:
4584:
4539:
3682:
3000:
Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850
2213:
2105:
1768:
1685:
1669:
1589:
Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions.
1343:
1322:
1069:
who gave nominal allegiance to the Mughal emperor in Delhi; however it collapsed in Punjab after
966:
720:
309:
3481:
Muslims Under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance
6129:
4696:
4514:
3281:
1701:
1504:
1363:
880:
716:
604:
431:
362:
3907:
3062:
2827:
2504:
2453:
2404:
2358:
2068:
1688:
residents, thus number approximately 111,303,000 million in Pakistan; this makes Punjabis the
1174:
The two important Punjabi Muslim states that existed in 18th century Punjab were those of the
6174:
5775:
4919:
4509:
4394:
4291:
4012:
3508:
3443:
3416:
2729:
1480:
1441:
1326:
1311:
1280:
421:
397:
4061:
2866:. History of Science, Philosophy, and Culture in Indian Civilization. Vol. XIV Part 4.
2253:
993:
were part of Mughal nobility when Humayun regained Delhi after defeating Sur dynasty in the
5823:
5608:
5342:
4944:
4564:
3695:
Tahir Kamran (2013) "Majlis-i-Ahrar-i-Islam: religion, socialism and agitation in action",
3337:
Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780β1870
2142:
2045:
1871:. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. p. 5. Archived from
1604:
1508:
1113:
832:
1132:. Tipu Sultan, who is widely hailed as a freedom fighter in South Asia, led Mysore during
8:
6602:
6169:
6017:
5272:
4549:
4429:
4424:
4399:
3857:
Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights
3182:
the innovations he had learned from observing French troops at work in the Carnatic Wars.
2239:"Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)"
2049:
1677:
1512:
1437:
1347:
1300:
1088:
During these centuries of Mughal rule, Punjabi Muslims established great institutions of
1051:
357:
286:
924:, a Punjabi chieftain. Much of the time of Sayyid Sultans was spent in fighting against
6376:
5987:
5495:
5430:
5123:
5010:
4879:
4808:
4594:
4529:
4439:
3628:
2954:
2691:
2165:
1813:
1798:
1607:
is the traditional music of Punjab produced using traditional musical instruments like
1537:(1706β1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qissas. Other popular stories include
1395:
1082:
1061:
in 1707, began the decline of Mughal power in the 18th century. Between 1712 and 1719,
1039:
777:. In the 11th century, Muslim conquered northern Punjab after the defeat of the native
683:
416:
367:
3148:
Hyder Ali was originally a Punjabi adventurer in the army of the Hindu king of Mysore.
1455:
6119:
5530:
4574:
4559:
4544:
4494:
4469:
4459:
4171:
4161:
4153:
4144:
3913:
3886:
3861:
3855:
3801:
3774:
3747:
3531:
3484:
3449:
3422:
3395:
3368:
3341:
3289:
3258:
3231:
3204:
3200:
The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire
3194:
3170:
3166:
The Anarchy: The East India Company, Corporate Violence, and the Pillage of an Empire
3160:
3137:
3103:
3072:
3043:
3033:
3004:
2977:
2946:
2898:
2871:
2867:
2833:
2806:
2735:
2674:
2648:
2608:
2510:
2459:
2435:
2410:
2364:
2334:
2217:
2188:
2109:
2074:
2033:
2012:
1988:
1936:
1838:
1793:
1763:
1681:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1133:
990:
933:
861:
824:
plateau were noted for their martial capabilities and gradually converted to Islam.
774:
770:
712:
597:
402:
380:
345:
333:
252:
209:
2169:
6526:
6456:
6328:
6323:
6202:
6139:
6134:
6109:
6060:
5969:
5745:
5435:
5327:
5257:
5103:
5088:
4985:
4889:
4844:
4569:
4554:
4519:
4484:
4464:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4286:
4276:
4261:
4251:
4246:
4236:
4135:
3700:
3030:
Afghanistan at war : from the 18th-century Durrani dynasty to the 21st century
2938:
2666:
2640:
2292:
2157:
1901:
1866:"The Pakistani Diaspora in Europe and Its Impact on Democracy Building in Pakistan"
1665:
1598:
1476:
1424:
1203:
1187:
1093:
929:
911:
led a brutal invasion of Delhi sultanate in 1398. Lahore had been under control of
821:
797:
782:
675:
663:
523:
489:
387:
321:
299:
269:
264:
259:
155:
147:
2506:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
6318:
6250:
6207:
6179:
6075:
5873:
5863:
5618:
5575:
5520:
5510:
5500:
5450:
5372:
5332:
5176:
5005:
5000:
4990:
4980:
4965:
4960:
4804:
4626:
4589:
4579:
4504:
4499:
4479:
4474:
4454:
4444:
4434:
4389:
4271:
4266:
4218:
4013:"South Asia :: Pakistan β The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency"
3827:
3704:
3389:
3362:
3335:
3252:
3097:
2892:
2712:
2548:
2487:
2311:
2008:
1673:
1584:
1398:, millions also migrated from East Punjab to West Punjab to escape violence from
1027:
1015:
1011:
912:
895:
884:
865:
644:
514:
441:
426:
392:
6667:
6617:
6574:
6501:
6486:
6476:
6333:
6285:
6007:
5974:
5964:
5813:
5727:
5699:
5603:
5540:
5465:
5405:
5357:
5237:
5194:
5055:
5030:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4834:
4814:
4799:
4739:
4719:
4534:
4524:
4449:
4241:
4231:
4094:
2479:
2296:
1808:
1783:
1751:
1736:
1732:
1720:
1551:
1121:
1117:
970:
917:
873:
849:
755:
687:
469:
111:
3794:
Long, Roger D.; Singh, Gurharpal; Samad, Yunas; Talbot, Ian (8 October 2015).
2161:
2040:
2014 estimates, numbers subject to rapid population growth); about 10 million
6687:
6652:
6642:
6637:
6597:
6592:
6521:
6516:
6416:
6406:
6391:
6298:
6275:
6144:
6096:
6086:
6027:
5992:
5931:
5921:
5828:
5798:
5765:
5760:
5750:
5717:
5613:
5515:
5505:
5485:
5455:
5445:
5400:
5392:
5297:
5252:
5222:
5148:
5138:
5063:
4975:
4884:
4744:
4329:
4281:
4256:
3047:
2950:
2652:
1545:
1539:
1524:
1256:
1252:
1231:
1062:
958:
735:
679:
587:
582:
240:
131:
4688:
2628:
1410:, followed by Punjabis. After 1971, Punjabis became the majority ethnicity.
1081:
who attempted to make Punjab independent. After his untimely death in 1758,
1042:, who was also from Punjab, and led the Mughal army to Balkh in 1646 during
1034:. Saadullah Khan oversaw construction of several Mughal monuments including
890:
519:
6632:
6622:
6607:
6245:
6227:
6217:
5939:
5906:
5868:
5838:
5755:
5740:
5425:
5420:
5317:
5302:
5232:
5227:
5158:
5093:
5068:
5045:
5040:
5025:
5015:
4819:
4769:
4759:
4754:
3364:
Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir
2644:
2483:
2313:
Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh
2037:
1740:
1728:
1653:
1488:
1304:
1296:
1168:
1149:
1097:
1089:
1047:
1019:
1002:
954:
778:
751:
640:
965:
invaded Delhi Sultanate and conquered it by defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the
6627:
6612:
6584:
6566:
6531:
6481:
6401:
6255:
6154:
5949:
5944:
5790:
5694:
5560:
5555:
5490:
5410:
5204:
5171:
5143:
4939:
4824:
4181:
3885:(New rev. ed.). PaαΉiΔlΔ: Pabalikeshana BiΕ«ro, PaΓ±jΔbΔ« YΕ«niwarasiαΉΔ«.
3840:
2942:
2430:
1530:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1460:
1449:
1214:, their territory was annexed in 1849 by the British East India Company.
1183:
1129:
986:
887:. Some of the earliest mentions of Punjabi language date to this period.
853:
651:
531:
484:
183:
2958:
2926:
2731:
Across the Green Sea: Histories from the Western Indian Ocean, 1440-1640
2402:
1406:
militias. After independence, Bengalis formed the majority ethnicity of
6647:
6556:
6436:
6411:
6240:
6047:
6012:
5888:
5570:
5470:
5337:
5292:
5153:
4970:
4839:
4667:
4662:
4657:
2029:
1778:
1716:
1590:
1534:
1500:
1445:
1272:
1175:
1128:, stated to be a Punjabi adventurer in the army of Mysore, and his son
1105:
1043:
921:
899:
813:
809:
801:
655:
569:
565:
553:
549:
545:
187:
2774:
6551:
6451:
6338:
6303:
6270:
6032:
6002:
5979:
5911:
5898:
5883:
5585:
5550:
5377:
5307:
5242:
5133:
4849:
3667:
1649:
1207:
1179:
1125:
1074:
1070:
1058:
1035:
982:
561:
557:
539:
535:
527:
504:
3662:
3309:
2185:
Globalisation and the region : explorations in Punjabi identity
1318:
977:. This caused Sher Shah Suri to invade Pothohar and the local chief
969:. The Gakhars of Potohar remained loyal to the house of Babur after
816:
over the centuries and converted to Islam, albeit a syncretic form.
172:
6561:
6441:
6353:
6348:
6114:
6081:
6070:
5954:
5689:
5676:
5623:
5525:
5415:
5387:
5367:
5312:
5199:
5113:
5108:
5083:
4995:
4226:
3906:
Davis, Wade; Harrison, K. David; Howell, Catherine Herbert (2007).
2976:(1st ed.). New Delhi Mumbai Chennai: Viva Books. p. 130.
1984:
1932:
1569:
for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the
1560:
1407:
1367:
1199:
739:
659:
628:
499:
281:
232:
205:
64:
3959:"Pakistan's first digital census records 249.5 million population"
6662:
6511:
6496:
6491:
6396:
6371:
6366:
6293:
6189:
6124:
6055:
6022:
5997:
5959:
5848:
5808:
5803:
5712:
5704:
5671:
5661:
5656:
5628:
5593:
5347:
5322:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5214:
5118:
5078:
4894:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4784:
4764:
4749:
4677:
4166:
2974:
The Ruling Elite - Iranian Nobility under Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
2187:. Coventry, United Kingdom: Association for Punjab Studies (UK).
1898:"American Pakistan Foundation Ready To Engage Pakistani Diaspora"
1620:
1563:(1802β1892). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the
1264:
1195:
1182:
whilst the Sials with their capital at Jhang conquered the Lower
1101:
1054:
of Chiniot was also a grand vizier in the early Shah Jahani era.
1031:
974:
857:
845:
817:
743:
636:
509:
494:
3797:
State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security
2143:"Language, the Nation, and Symbolic Capital: The Case of Punjab"
6536:
6506:
6471:
6461:
6431:
6426:
6386:
6358:
6343:
6313:
6308:
6260:
6222:
6212:
6197:
6149:
6065:
6037:
5926:
5916:
5878:
5853:
5843:
5833:
5818:
5780:
5735:
5681:
5648:
5545:
5352:
5282:
5262:
5181:
5166:
5128:
5073:
5035:
4929:
4924:
4899:
4854:
4829:
4794:
4789:
4672:
4652:
3445:
The Friday Mosque in the City: Liminality, Ritual, and Politics
3251:
Griffin, Lepel Henry; Massy, Charles Francis (11 August 2015).
2406:
Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects
1624:
1612:
1594:
1565:
1475:
Punjabi Muslims had a major contribution in the development of
1464:
1433:
1429:
1399:
1284:
1158:
1137:
1109:
937:
925:
786:
700:
667:
276:
151:
3624:"In fact: Punjabis dominate the Pakistan Army β but only just"
1816:, the script used by Punjabi Muslims to read and write Punjabi
1299:" by the British colonialists, made a substantial part of the
1267:
rebelled and began to move to Delhi. They were intercepted by
6657:
6381:
6280:
6232:
6164:
6159:
5858:
5666:
5633:
5598:
5535:
5475:
5460:
5440:
5382:
5362:
5247:
5098:
4934:
4774:
2533:
The Rajputs: History, Clans, Culture, and Nobility Β· Volume 1
2403:
James L. Wescoat; Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (1 January 1996).
1803:
1724:
1641:
1616:
1608:
1403:
1350:
formed the government in 1937. Sir Sikandar was succeeded by
1191:
1078:
1066:
1007:
962:
908:
731:
632:
479:
474:
464:
176:
91:
3528:
The Skull of Alum Beg. The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857
2529:
6104:
4734:
3717:"The Punjab partition: when protectors become perpetrators"
2396:
1645:
1571:
1279:. However, the main opponent of British rule in Punjab was
1236:
1190:
under their chief Inayatullah Khan (r.1747β1787). However,
872:. Ultimately, Mongols were defeated during the rule of the
805:
159:
3985:"Pakistan population increased by approx 25% in six years"
3016:
what is now the eastern part of the Muzaffarnagar district
2607:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 148.
1523:
The Punjabi language is famous for its rich literature of
658:. Most of them are primarily geographically native to the
3648:
Faithful Fighters: Identity and Power in the British Army
2802:
A Lamp for the Dark World: Akbar, India's Greatest Mughal
2711:
Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan; KΔnΕ«nago, KΔlikΔ RaΓ±jana (1965).
2452:
Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
2101:
Punjab reconsidered : history, culture, and practice
1964:
1715:
The major tribes and clans among Punjabi Muslims are the
1700:
Punjabi Muslim society is centered around the concept of
793:
and effectively acted as a second capital of the empire.
3286:
Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier
3418:
Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints Beyond the Oxus and Indus
3064:
Hidden Caliphate: Sufi Saints beyond the Oxus and Indus
2357:
Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014).
2067:
Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (6 March 2014).
1271:
with an equal British force as they tried to cross the
3333:
1370:
political party founded in 1929 as an offshoot of the
936:
in western India are also described as having Punjabi
754:
to have converted to Islam during the reign of Caliph
3314:
Is Ranjit Singhβs statue in Lahore worth celebrating?
3276:
3274:
2764:
by Henry Miers Elliot, John Dowson, Volume IV, p. 493
2327:
Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020).
773:, established in 855 after the disintegration of the
666:, but a large group of them have ancestry across the
3793:
3905:
3606:"Military Planning and Wartime Recruitment (India)"
3560:
Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society
3032:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 21.
2760:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
2629:"Tamerlane: sword of Islam, conqueror of the world"
2097:
1601:; are other important genres in the Punjab region.
3744:Sufism in Punjab: Mystics, Literature, and Shrines
3587:"Ethnicity and Military Recruitment in South Asia"
3360:
3271:
2434:
3909:Book of Peoples of the World: A Guide to Cultures
2884:
2665:
2579:. Quaid-i Azam University, Islamabad. p. 1.
1712:), social brotherhood within the tribe and clan.
650:The majority of Punjabi Muslims are adherents of
6685:
3550:
3329:
3327:
2458:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269β270.
1863:
102:
3912:. National Geographic Books. pp. 132β133.
3770:Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism
2894:Punjab, the Land of Beauty, Love, and Mysticism
2710:
2673:. University of California Press. p. 105.
2326:
1981:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten
1929:Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten
1922:
1920:
1432:has also played a major role in the history of
122:
2805:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 100β101.
2502:
2478:
2356:
2316:. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37.
2066:
1459:The shrine of 13th century Punjabi Sufi saint
1263:. On 9 July, most of the brigade of sepoys at
4718:
4704:
4118:
4035:
4033:
3324:
3257:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 505.
2546:
2073:. Oxford University Press. pp. 489β491.
2009:Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times
1290:
1242:
835:, one of the most notable Punjabi Sufi saints
742:had declined in Punjab after the fall of the
605:
3742:Singh, Surinder; Gaur, Ishwar Dayal (2009).
3660:
3584:
3250:
3130:Olson, James Stuart; Shadle, Robert (1996).
3027:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2727:
2696:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2600:
1917:
3622:Khatlani, Sameer Arshad (7 December 2016).
3483:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 127β132.
3441:
3387:
3381:
3367:. Oxford University Press. pp. 39β41.
3340:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233.
3136:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 273.
3133:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire
3129:
2859:
2451:
2360:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion
2330:Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart
2207:
2182:
2176:
2070:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion
1487:. Punjabi Sufi poetry also developed under
932:broke away in 1445. The rulers of medieval
769:. The first Muslim state in Punjab was the
734:in the seventh century, Punjab was part of
4711:
4697:
4125:
4111:
4030:
4007:
4005:
3553:"Rai Ahmad Khan Kharral (Myth or Reality)"
3442:Chida-Razvi, Mehreen (20 September 2020).
3003:. Cambridge University Press. p. 18.
2927:"The Mughal Occupation of Balkh 1646β1647"
2536:. the University of Michigan. p. 490.
2208:Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. (1999).
2183:Singh, Pritam; Thandi, Shinder S. (1996).
1841:. Census Department, Government of India.
1707:
1120:. Between 1761 and 1799, the south Indian
612:
598:
55:
42:
27:Ethnic Punjabis who are adherents of Islam
3741:
3661:Abdul Rehman, Ibrahim (1 November 2020).
3193:
3159:
2846:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1357:
1332:
3621:
3530:. Oxford University Press. p. 133.
3421:. Harvard University Press. p. 45.
3394:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 263β265.
3095:
3089:
2569:
2363:. Oxford University Press. p. 490.
2032:and 36.4 million Bengali Muslims in the
1831:
1454:
1317:
1157:
889:
826:
812:would be contacted by Sufi mystics like
5677:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats
4002:
3223:
2972:Khan, Mohammad Afzal (1 January 2016).
2825:
2639:(6): 44β3450-44-3450. 1 February 2007.
2509:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 267.
2309:
2028:roughly 152 million Bengali Muslims in
1857:
82:
14:
6686:
3880:
3766:
3603:
3525:
3478:
2890:
2829:History, Religion and Culture of India
2798:
2671:India in the Persianate Age: 1000β1765
2441:. New York: Columbia University Press.
2055:
1978:
1926:
1845:from the original on 13 September 2015
1555:by Hashim Shah (c. 1735βc. 1843), and
1499:(1640β1724), Ali Haider (1690β1785),
1202:(1833) from Durrani Afghans. Only the
943:
789:emerged as a thriving city, rivalling
4692:
4106:
3853:
3479:Yasmin, Robina (2022). "Conclusion".
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3388:Clive Dewey (1991). D. A. Low (ed.).
3280:
2996:
2924:
2530:RΔnΔ MuαΈ₯ammad Sarvar KΜ²hΜ²ΔnΜ² (2005).
2429:
2423:
2282:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2236:
2140:
2098:Malhotra, Anshu; Mir, Farina (2012).
1389:
989:in the region. Gakhar chiefs such as
670:as a whole. Punjabi Muslims speak or
3814:
3685:. Provincial Assembly of the Punjab.
3650:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58.
3585:Balachandran, P. K. (21 July 2020).
3414:
3060:
2971:
2573:Punjabi Language During British Rule
2210:Punjabi identity in a global context
1362:During the 1930s and the 1940s, the
1073:died in 1753. Last Nawab of Punjab,
50:Regions with significant populations
3773:. Royal Book Company. p. 131.
3645:
3448:. Intellect Books. pp. 91β94.
2997:Kolff, Dirk H. A. (8 August 2002).
2897:. Royal Book Company. p. 402.
2387:
1708:
1695:
1627:and more. There is a wide range of
1038:under the supervision of architect
24:
4299:Archaeological sites and monuments
3841:"Articles on Bulleh Shah's Poetry"
3683:"Punjab Legislative Assembly 1937"
3663:"NON-FICTION: WHEN PUNJAB ROSE UP"
3544:
3465:
2659:
2392:. al-Waqar Publishers. p. 20.
2271:
1789:List of Rulers of Pothohar Plateau
1295:Punjabi Muslims, classified as a "
1225:
839:
239:
25:
6720:
4089:MacMunn, George Fletcher (1911).
3881:Thinda, Karanaila SiαΉ
gha (1996).
3415:Ziad, Waleed (16 November 2021).
3391:Political Inheritance of Pakistan
3123:
2333:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
1987:: Aleph Book Company. p. 2.
1935:: Aleph Book Company. p. 1.
1104:, even being considered there as
1010:, Punjab region was divided into
73:
6704:Demographics of Punjab, Pakistan
4180:
4134:
3099:Islam in the Indian Subcontinent
2604:A Historical atlas of South Asia
2601:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
2553:Islam and the Modern Age Society
1754:at various times in the past."
1752:Rajput tribes converted to Islam
1690:largest ethnic group in Pakistan
1549:by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658β1707),
1374:and a close collaborator of the
1026:(1645β1656). He belonged to the
948:
800:social class hierarchy, such as
581:
171:
124:
104:
84:
57:
4083:
4054:
3977:
3951:
3926:
3899:
3874:
3847:
3833:
3787:
3760:
3735:
3709:
3697:South Asian History and Culture
3689:
3675:
3654:
3639:
3615:
3597:
3578:
3519:
3501:
3435:
3408:
3354:
3334:Christopher Alan Bayly (1996).
3302:
3244:
3224:Wikeley, J. M. (21 July 2020).
3217:
3203:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 370.
3187:
3169:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 264.
3153:
3054:
3021:
2990:
2965:
2918:
2819:
2799:Sharma, Parvati (15 May 2023).
2792:
2767:
2752:
2721:
2717:. Orient Longmans. p. 286.
2704:
2621:
2594:
2563:
2540:
2523:
2496:
2472:
2445:
2409:. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 149.
2381:
2350:
2320:
2303:
2230:
2201:
2134:
2091:
2042:Bangladeshis in the Middle East
1668:is 127 million as noted in the
1634:
1440:were born in Punjab, including
953:By the early 16th century, the
804:, who were known to Muslims as
760:
725:
3604:Omissi, David (8 April 2001).
3230:. Alpha Editions. p. 23.
2022:
2001:
1972:
1949:
1914:(US Embassy, Islamabad Report)
1890:
1664:While the total population of
1143:
639:ethnicity in the world, after
13:
1:
3945:Pakistan Bureau of Statistics
2734:. University of Texas Press.
2728:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2024).
2011:, Intercultural Press, 2005,
1825:
1774:List of Punjabi Muslim tribes
1518:
654:, while a minority adhere to
3705:10.1080/19472498.2013.824678
3096:Schimmel, Annemarie (1980).
2779:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
2492:. People's Publishing House.
2437:Muslim Civilization in India
2390:Taxila and the Western World
2285:The Medieval History Journal
1983:. New Delhi, India; Urbana,
1931:. New Delhi, India; Urbana,
1346:under a Punjabi Muslim, Sir
1339:Government of India Act 1935
1108:within their lifetimes. The
1006:written during the reign of
973:overthrew the Mughals under
860:. One of his Mamluk slaves,
750:, whose king is reported by
7:
4062:"Punjab Province, Pakistan"
4041:"Ethnic Groups in Pakistan"
3767:Quddus, Syed Abdul (1992).
3509:"The River that played god"
3361:Chitralekha Zutshi (2004).
2832:. Isha Books. p. 205.
2252:(2): 153β72. Archived from
1757:
1470:
1251:reached Punjab quite late.
693:
71:
10:
6725:
3800:. Routledge. p. 156.
3028:Tom Lansford, ed. (2017).
2931:Journal of Islamic Studies
2863:Different Types of History
2549:"Islam and the Modern Age"
2388:αΈΔr, SaifurraαΈ₯mΔn (1984).
2297:10.1177/097194580901200202
1659:
1582:
1422:
1413:
1291:In the British Indian Army
1243:War of Independence (1857)
1198:(1818), Multan (1818) and
1147:
1136:and also pioneered modern
870:Mongol invasions of Punjab
710:
706:
6699:Ethnic groups in Pakistan
6694:Islam in Punjab, Pakistan
6583:
6095:
6046:
5897:
5789:
5726:
5647:
5584:
5213:
5054:
4953:
4727:
4645:
4637:Faisalabad Hockey Stadium
4619:
4603:
4382:
4338:
4312:
4217:
4189:
4178:
4152:
3860:. Ahmedabad : Mapin Pub.
3551:Saeed Ahmed Butt (2015).
2860:Bharati Ray, ed. (2009).
2246:Journal of Punjab Studies
2162:10.1017/s0021911808001204
2007:Margaret Kleffner Nydell
1979:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013).
1927:Gandhi, Rajmohan (2013).
1418:
1352:Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana
767:Umayyad conquest of Sindh
201:
196:
170:
165:
146:
141:
121:
101:
81:
54:
49:
40:
4611:University of the Punjab
3934:"Population by Religion"
3069:Harvard University Press
2150:Journal of Asian Studies
1820:
1597:, commonly practiced in
1578:
1376:Indian National Congress
995:Second Battle of Panipat
41:
6547:Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh
6542:Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh
4067:Encyclopædia Britannica
3526:Wagner, Kim A. (2018).
2925:Foltz, Richard (1996).
2762:: The Muhammadan Period
2714:Sher Shah and His Times
2503:Satish Chandra (2004).
2310:Chhabra, G. S. (1968).
2214:Oxford University Press
2106:Oxford University Press
1769:List of Punjabi Muslims
1382:interpretation with an
1323:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan
967:first battle of Panipat
721:List of Punjabi Muslims
3883:PaΓ±jΔba dΔ loka wirasΔ
3746:. Delhi: Aakar Books.
2645:10.5860/choice.44-3450
2547:ZΜ²Δkir αΈ€usain (1996).
2237:Singh, Prtiam (2012).
2141:Ayers, Alyssa (2008).
1957:"Pakistan Census 2017"
1864:Nadia Mushtaq Abbasi.
1505:Saleh Muhammad Safoori
1467:
1364:Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam
1358:Majlis-e Ahrar-e Islam
1333:Administrative reforms
1329:
1261:Colonel William Spring
1163:
1162:Map of Doabs in Punjab
903:
836:
717:Religion in the Punjab
244:
6175:Bhale Sultan Khanzada
5718:Bohras (Daudi Bohras)
5672:Tangals (the Sayyids)
4292:Salwar (Punjabi) Suit
3826:10 April 2003 at the
3197:(10 September 2019).
3163:(10 September 2019).
3102:. BRILL. p. 90.
3061:Ziad, Waleed (2021).
2891:Quddus, S.A. (1992).
2633:Choice Reviews Online
1481:Fariduddin Ganjshakar
1458:
1442:Fariduddin Ganjshakar
1423:Further information:
1327:Premier of the Punjab
1321:
1312:1857 Indian Rebellion
1277:Battle of Trimmu Ghat
1171:took Lahore in 1799.
1161:
893:
830:
814:Fariduddin Ganjshakar
631:who are adherents of
243:
197:Related ethnic groups
6709:Muslims by ethnicity
6018:Shaikhs of Rajasthan
3854:Pande, Alka (1999).
3830:sikh-heritage.co.uk.
2870:India. p. 204.
2826:Gajrani, S. (2004).
2046:Bengalis in Pakistan
1839:"Indian Census 2011"
1670:2023 Pakistan census
1605:Folk music of Punjab
1114:Abdul Hakim Sialkoti
1100:, in cities such as
1090:Islamic civilization
833:Shrine of Baba Farid
808:. The tribes of the
4199:Provincial Assembly
4091:The Armies of India
2455:India before Europe
2050:British Bangladeshi
1904:on 29 November 2014
1748:The Armies of India
1513:Khwaja Ghulam Farid
1509:Mian Muhammad Baksh
1366:, an anti-colonial
1348:Sikandar Hayat Khan
1301:British Indian Army
1239:in Persian script.
944:Early modern period
894:Territories of the
680:Perso-Arabic script
37:
5709:Dakhnis or Pathans
5521:Shaikhs of Gujarat
3821:Shiv Kumar Batalvi
3646:Imy, Kate (2023).
3629:The Indian Express
3288:. London: Abacus.
3195:Dalrymple, William
3161:Dalrymple, William
2943:10.1093/jis/7.1.49
2259:on 24 January 2016
1814:Shahmukhi alphabet
1799:Punjabi Christians
1557:Qissa Puran Bhagat
1468:
1390:After independence
1386:approach as well.
1330:
1164:
1083:Ahmad Shah Durrani
1040:Ustad Ahmad Lahori
904:
864:, established the
837:
245:
35:
6681:
6680:
6319:Kayastha Musalman
6120:Bachgoti Khanzada
5531:Sayyid of Gujarat
5397:Maliks of Gujarat
4686:
4685:
4172:History of Lahore
4162:History of Punjab
4147:, Pakistan topics
3919:978-1-4262-0238-4
3892:978-81-7380-223-2
3867:978-1-890206-15-4
3807:978-1-317-44820-4
3780:978-969-407-130-5
3753:978-81-89833-93-0
3537:978-0-19-087023-2
3515:. 13 August 2012.
3490:978-0-7556-4034-8
3455:978-1-78938-304-1
3428:978-0-674-24881-6
3401:978-1-349-11556-3
3374:978-0-19-521939-5
3347:978-0-521-66360-1
3264:978-1-297-73366-6
3237:978-93-5404-023-8
3227:Punjabi Musalmans
3210:978-1-63557-395-4
3176:978-1-63557-395-4
3143:978-0-313-27917-1
3078:978-0-674-24881-6
3039:978-1-59884-759-8
3010:978-0-521-52305-9
2983:978-81-309-1370-4
2904:978-969-407-130-5
2877:978-81-317-1818-6
2868:Pearson Education
2839:978-81-8205-059-4
2812:978-1-5381-7790-7
2741:978-1-4773-2879-8
2680:978-0-520-32512-8
2667:Eaton; Richard M.
2516:978-81-241-1064-5
2465:978-0-521-80904-7
2416:978-0-88402-235-0
2370:978-0-19-971354-7
2340:978-1-5275-5748-2
2223:978-0-19-564864-5
2194:978-1-874699-05-7
2115:978-0-19-807801-2
2080:978-0-19-971354-7
2034:Republic of India
1994:978-93-83064-41-0
1942:978-93-83064-41-0
1878:on 21 August 2010
1794:Islam in Pakistan
1764:History of Punjab
1746:In his 1911-book
1436:. Many prominent
1396:Partition of 1947
1384:Islamic socialist
1372:Khilafat Movement
1249:Rebellion of 1857
1188:Sindh Sagar Doabs
1134:Anglo-Mysore Wars
1122:kingdom of Mysore
1022:(Prime Minister)
1000:According to the
934:Gujarat Sultanate
862:Qutb ud-Din Aibak
775:Abbasid Caliphate
771:Emirate of Multan
730:At the advent of
713:History of Punjab
622:
621:
218:
217:
210:Pakistani Muslims
16:(Redirected from
6716:
6527:Sadaat-e-Bilgram
6492:Rajput Musalmaan
6467:Qaum-e-Punjabian
6329:Khokhar Khanzada
6266:Gujjar Musalmaan
4713:
4706:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4267:Pothwari dialect
4247:Saraiki language
4237:Punjabi language
4184:
4139:
4138:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4047:. 30 July 2019.
4037:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3831:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3713:
3707:
3699:, 4:4, 465-482,
3693:
3687:
3686:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3476:
3463:
3462:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3278:
3269:
3268:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2771:
2765:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2280:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2118:. Archived from
2095:
2089:
2088:
2064:
2053:
2026:
2020:
2019:, page xxiii, 14
2005:
1999:
1998:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1924:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1711:
1710:
1696:Tribes and clans
1644:population with
1599:Punjab, Pakistan
1511:(1830β1907) and
1477:Punjabi language
1425:Sufism in Punjab
1247:The news of the
1204:Bahawalpur state
1094:Islamic sciences
1046:war against the
1016:Multan provinces
985:constructed the
930:Langah Sultanate
764:
762:
676:Punjabi language
614:
607:
600:
585:
339:Mexican American
220:
219:
192:
191:
175:
148:Standard Punjabi
134:
130:
128:
127:
114:
110:
108:
107:
94:
90:
88:
87:
76:
67:
63:
61:
60:
44:
43:ΩΎΩΨ¬Ψ§Ψ¨Ϋ Ω
ΩΨ³ΩΩΩΩ
Ψ§ΪΊ
38:
34:
21:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6713:
6684:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6579:
6575:Tyagi Musalmaan
6354:Lalkhani Rajput
6251:Gautam Khanzada
6228:Dhobi Musalmaan
6194:Muslim Bhumihar
6180:Bhatti Khanzada
6091:
6076:Deccani Muslims
6042:
5893:
5874:Muslim Raj Gond
5864:Konkani Muslims
5785:
5722:
5643:
5619:Konkani Muslims
5580:
5551:Sulaymani Bohra
5511:Sandhai Muslims
5333:Ghanchi-Pinjara
5209:
5191:Shaikh of Bihar
5050:
4949:
4805:Deccani Muslims
4723:
4717:
4687:
4682:
4641:
4627:Gaddafi Stadium
4615:
4599:
4490:Mandi Bahauddin
4420:Dera Ghazi Khan
4378:
4348:Dera Ghazi Khan
4334:
4308:
4213:
4185:
4176:
4148:
4133:
4131:
4101:
4095:A & C Black
4088:
4084:
4073:
4071:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3920:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3852:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3828:Wayback Machine
3819:
3815:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3740:
3736:
3726:
3724:
3723:. 2 August 2018
3715:
3714:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3659:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3620:
3616:
3602:
3598:
3583:
3579:
3569:
3567:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3524:
3520:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3491:
3477:
3466:
3456:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3332:
3325:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3192:
3188:
3177:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3079:
3071:. p. 132.
3059:
3055:
3040:
3026:
3022:
3011:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2970:
2966:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2858:
2847:
2840:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2757:
2753:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2709:
2705:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2664:
2660:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2599:
2595:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2545:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2501:
2497:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2450:
2446:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2401:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2281:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2181:
2177:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2122:on 7 March 2016
2116:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2065:
2056:
2027:
2023:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1977:
1973:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1925:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1760:
1698:
1692:by population.
1674:ethnic Punjabis
1662:
1637:
1587:
1585:Music of Punjab
1581:
1543:by Fazal Shah,
1521:
1473:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1392:
1360:
1335:
1293:
1245:
1228:
1226:Colonial period
1212:Anglo-Sikh wars
1156:
1146:
1050:in the region.
951:
946:
913:Shaikha Khokhar
896:Delhi Sultanate
885:Tughlaq dynasty
866:Delhi Sultanate
842:
840:Medieval period
759:
728:
723:
711:Main articles:
709:
696:
625:Punjabi Muslims
618:
586:
576:
575:
460:
452:
451:
383:
373:
372:
302:
292:
291:
255:
214:
181:
180:
179:
152:Western Punjabi
125:
123:
105:
103:
85:
83:
58:
56:
45:
36:Punjabi Muslims
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6722:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6679:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6670:
6668:Shershahabadia
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6618:Iraqi Biradari
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6569:
6567:Teli Musalmaan
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6299:Kakorvi Shaikh
6296:
6291:
6288:
6286:Iraqi Biradari
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6052:
6050:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5903:
5901:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5728:Madhya Pradesh
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5195:Shershahabadia
5192:
5189:
5187:Syed (Mallick)
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5124:Malik of Bihar
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4905:Muslim Rajputs
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4835:Iraqi Biradari
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Rahim Yar Khan
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4242:Saraiki people
4239:
4234:
4232:Punjabi tribes
4229:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4204:Chief Minister
4201:
4195:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4097:. pp. 131β132.
4082:
4053:
4045:Worldatlas.com
4029:
4001:
3976:
3963:Pakistan Today
3950:
3925:
3918:
3898:
3891:
3873:
3866:
3846:
3832:
3813:
3806:
3786:
3779:
3759:
3752:
3734:
3721:South Asia@LSE
3708:
3688:
3674:
3653:
3638:
3614:
3596:
3577:
3543:
3536:
3518:
3500:
3489:
3464:
3454:
3434:
3427:
3407:
3400:
3380:
3373:
3353:
3346:
3323:
3301:
3294:
3282:Allen, Charles
3270:
3263:
3243:
3236:
3216:
3209:
3186:
3175:
3152:
3142:
3122:
3108:
3088:
3077:
3053:
3038:
3020:
3009:
2989:
2982:
2964:
2917:
2903:
2883:
2876:
2845:
2838:
2818:
2811:
2791:
2766:
2751:
2740:
2720:
2703:
2679:
2658:
2620:
2613:
2593:
2570:Tariq Rahman.
2562:
2539:
2522:
2515:
2495:
2480:Mohammad Habib
2471:
2464:
2444:
2422:
2415:
2395:
2380:
2369:
2349:
2339:
2319:
2302:
2291:(2): 191β220.
2270:
2229:
2222:
2200:
2193:
2175:
2133:
2114:
2090:
2079:
2054:
2021:
2000:
1993:
1971:
1948:
1941:
1916:
1889:
1856:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:Punjabi Hindus
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:Punjabi people
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1697:
1694:
1661:
1658:
1636:
1633:
1580:
1577:
1552:Sassui Punnhun
1520:
1517:
1472:
1469:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1391:
1388:
1359:
1356:
1344:Unionist Party
1334:
1331:
1325:was the first
1292:
1289:
1281:Rai Ahmad Khan
1269:John Nicholson
1244:
1241:
1227:
1224:
1154:Gakhar kingdom
1145:
1142:
1118:Ahmad Sirhindi
1077:was a Punjabi
1024:Saadullah Khan
971:Sher Shah Suri
950:
947:
945:
942:
918:Sayyid dynasty
874:Khalji dynasty
850:Muhammad Ghori
841:
838:
785:. The city of
763: 833β842
727:
724:
708:
705:
695:
692:
620:
619:
617:
616:
609:
602:
594:
591:
590:
578:
577:
574:
573:
543:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
450:
449:
444:
439:
429:
424:
419:
414:
400:
395:
390:
384:
379:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
365:
360:
349:
348:
343:
342:
341:
325:
324:
322:United Kingdom
313:
312:
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
273:
272:
262:
256:
251:
250:
247:
246:
236:
235:
229:
228:
216:
215:
213:
212:
202:
199:
198:
194:
193:
168:
167:
163:
162:
144:
143:
139:
138:
135:
119:
118:
115:
112:United Kingdom
99:
98:
95:
79:
78:
68:
52:
51:
47:
46:
31:
26:
18:Punjabi Muslim
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6721:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6598:Dawoodi Bohra
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6552:Shaikh Ja'fri
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6522:Sadaat-e-Bara
6520:
6518:
6517:Sadaat Amroha
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6417:Nagar Muslims
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6407:Muslim Chhipi
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6097:Uttar Pradesh
6094:
6088:
6087:Dawoodi Bohra
6085:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6028:Sindhi-Sipahi
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:Dawoodi Bohra
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Dawoodi Bohra
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:Muslim Chhipi
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:Dawoodi Bohra
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:Kodava Maaple
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5583:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:Multani Lohar
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5298:Dawoodi Bohra
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Muslim Chhipi
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4945:Urdu-speaking
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4720:Indian Muslim
4714:
4709:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4632:Iqbal Stadium
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
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4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Saraiki Ajrak
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
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4222:
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4210:
4207:
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4200:
4197:
4196:
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4192:
4188:
4183:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4006:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3965:. 22 May 2023
3964:
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3328:
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3305:
3297:
3295:0-349-11456-0
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3275:
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3256:
3255:
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3196:
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3172:
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3162:
3156:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3126:
3111:
3109:90-04-06117-7
3105:
3101:
3100:
3092:
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2775:"Rohtas Fort"
2770:
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2490:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2212:. New Delhi:
2211:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2156:(3): 917β46.
2155:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2104:. New Delhi:
2103:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2018:
2017:1-931930-25-2
2014:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:Punjabi Sikhs
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1546:Mirza Sahiban
1542:
1541:
1540:Sohni Mahiwal
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1515:(1845β1901).
1514:
1510:
1507:(1747β1826),
1506:
1503:(1722β1798),
1502:
1498:
1495:(1630β1691),
1494:
1491:(1538β1599),
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:Shah Mohammad
1223:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1206:, then under
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:was ruled by
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:The death of
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
949:Mughal Empire
941:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
901:
897:
892:
888:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
844:In 1161, the
834:
829:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:Takka kingdom
733:
722:
718:
714:
704:
702:
691:
689:
688:mother tongue
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Punjab region
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
615:
610:
608:
603:
601:
596:
595:
593:
592:
589:
588:Punjab portal
584:
580:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
456:
455:
448:
445:
443:
440:
437:
436:Folk religion
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
382:
377:
376:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
353:
347:
344:
340:
337:
336:
335:
334:United States
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:North America
323:
320:
319:
318:
317:
311:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
295:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
268:
267:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
254:
249:
248:
242:
238:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
222:
221:
211:
207:
204:
203:
200:
195:
189:
185:
178:
174:
169:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
136:
133:
132:United States
120:
116:
113:
100:
96:
93:
80:
75:
70:111,303,000 (
69:
66:
53:
48:
39:
30:
19:
5486:Patani Bohra
5426:Meta Qureshi
5228:Alavi Bohras
5046:Alavi Bohras
5041:Goan Muslims
5020:
4646:Major cities
4510:Muzaffargarh
4395:Bahawalnagar
4090:
4085:
4072:. Retrieved
4065:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4022:20 September
4020:. Retrieved
4016:
3992:. Retrieved
3988:
3979:
3967:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3940:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3882:
3876:
3856:
3849:
3835:
3816:
3796:
3789:
3769:
3762:
3743:
3737:
3727:21 September
3725:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3696:
3691:
3677:
3666:
3656:
3647:
3641:
3633:
3627:
3617:
3609:
3599:
3590:
3580:
3568:. Retrieved
3566:(2): 173β191
3563:
3559:
3546:
3527:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3480:
3459:
3444:
3437:
3417:
3410:
3390:
3383:
3363:
3356:
3336:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3285:
3253:
3246:
3226:
3219:
3199:
3189:
3180:
3165:
3155:
3147:
3132:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3098:
3091:
3082:
3063:
3056:
3029:
3023:
3014:
2999:
2992:
2973:
2967:
2937:(1): 49β61.
2934:
2930:
2920:
2908:. Retrieved
2893:
2886:
2862:
2828:
2821:
2801:
2794:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:
2769:
2758:
2754:
2745:
2730:
2723:
2713:
2706:
2684:
2670:
2661:
2636:
2632:
2623:
2603:
2596:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2532:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2488:
2484:K. A. Nizami
2474:
2454:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2405:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2374:
2359:
2352:
2344:
2329:
2322:
2312:
2305:
2288:
2284:
2261:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2249:
2245:
2232:
2209:
2203:
2184:
2178:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:the original
2100:
2093:
2084:
2069:
2048:, 5 million
2044:, 1 million
2038:CIA Factbook
2024:
2003:
1980:
1974:
1963:
1951:
1928:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1859:
1847:. Retrieved
1833:
1747:
1745:
1714:
1702:
1699:
1663:
1656:minorities.
1638:
1635:Demographics
1603:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1522:
1489:Shah Hussain
1474:
1428:
1393:
1361:
1336:
1309:
1305:World War II
1297:martial race
1294:
1285:Kharral clan
1276:
1246:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1173:
1169:Ranjit Singh
1165:
1150:Sial kingdom
1098:Central Asia
1087:
1056:
1044:Shah Jahan's
1028:Thaheem clan
1020:Grand Vizier
1003:Ain-i-Akbari
1001:
999:
955:Lodi dynasty
952:
905:
878:
843:
795:
779:Hindu Shahis
752:al-Biladhuri
747:
729:
726:Early period
697:
662:province of
649:
624:
623:
351:
350:
327:
326:
315:
314:
304:
32:Ethnic group
29:
6585:West Bengal
6155:Banu Israil
5950:Hela Mehtar
5824:Chhaparband
5791:Maharashtra
5609:Chhaparband
5556:Sunni Bohra
5491:Patni Jamat
4722:communities
4565:Sheikhupura
4017:www.cia.gov
3115:10 November
2431:Ikram, S. M
1531:Heer Ranjha
1497:Shah Sharaf
1493:Sultan Bahu
1485:Bulleh Shah
1461:Rukn-e-Alam
1450:Bulleh Shah
1438:Sufi saints
1394:During the
1144:Sikh Empire
1130:Tipu Sultan
1110:Kamboh clan
987:Rohtas fort
979:Sarang Khan
881:Ghazi Malik
856:or Punjabi
756:al-Mu'tasim
738:. By then,
686:) as their
652:Sunni Islam
524:Sindh Sagar
363:New Zealand
310:Afghanistan
287:Nationalism
6688:Categories
6557:Shaikhzada
6437:Panchpiria
6412:Muley Jats
6170:Bharbhunja
6048:Tamil Nadu
5889:Tadvi Bhil
5571:Vora Patel
5566:Turk Jamat
5338:Halaypotra
5293:Chundrigar
5273:Bharbhunja
4809:Hyderabadi
4668:Gujranwala
4663:Rawalpindi
4658:Faisalabad
4550:Rawalpindi
4430:Gujranwala
4425:Fasialabad
4400:Bahawalpur
4369:Rawalpindi
4354:Gujranwala
4351:Faisalabad
4345:Bahawalpur
4191:Government
4093:. London:
3941:pbs.gov.pk
2030:Bangladesh
1908:9 November
1882:9 November
1826:References
1779:Jat Muslim
1629:folk songs
1591:Sufi music
1583:See also:
1535:Waris Shah
1519:Literature
1501:Waris Shah
1446:Waris Shah
1273:Ravi River
1148:See also:
1096:as far as
1052:Wazir Khan
991:Kamal Khan
922:Khizr Khan
900:Khizr Khan
810:Bar region
783:Ghaznavids
748:al-Usaifan
656:Shia Islam
447:Television
417:Literature
208:and other
186:majority,
6477:Rai Bhatt
6452:Putliwale
6363:Mandarkia
6339:Kingharia
6304:Kamangars
6271:Halalkhor
6135:Bandhmati
6078:(Pathans)
6033:Singiwala
6003:Qaimkhani
5980:Manganiar
5912:Anderkoti
5899:Rajasthan
5884:Saiqalgar
5713:Ravuthars
5690:Marakkars
5586:Karnataka
5436:Molesalam
5378:Khaskheli
5308:Dhuldhoya
5243:Attarwala
5134:Mirshikar
4604:Education
4595:Wazirabad
4530:Pakpattan
4440:Hafizabad
4383:Districts
4339:Divisions
4325:Districts
4313:Geography
4304:Festivals
3668:Dawn News
3513:Dawn News
3319:violence.
3048:952980822
2951:0955-2340
2692:cite book
2653:0009-4978
1849:25 August
1678:Kashmiris
1654:Christian
1650:Ahmadiyya
1208:Daudpotra
1180:Chaj Doab
1126:Hyder Ali
1075:Adina Beg
1071:Mir Mannu
1059:Aurangzeb
1036:Taj Mahal
983:Todar Mal
940:origins.
854:Isma'ilis
684:Shahmukhi
682:known as
678:(under a
674:with the
660:Pakistani
505:Bhattiana
403:Festivals
358:Australia
190:minority)
142:Languages
6562:Siddiqui
6457:Qalandar
6442:Pankhiya
6349:Lal Begi
6324:Khanzada
6185:Bhatiara
6115:Atishbaz
6082:Nawayath
6071:Marakkar
5970:Khanzada
5955:Hiranbaz
5936:Deshwali
5662:Pusalans
5657:Mappilas
5624:Nawayath
5526:Shaikhda
5416:Mansoori
5388:Machiyar
5343:Hingorja
5313:Doodwala
5200:Thakurai
5114:Lal Begi
5109:Kulhaiya
5104:Khanzada
5084:Churihar
4996:Nawayath
4986:Gujarati
4961:Assamese
4954:Minority
4850:Kashmiri
4845:Khanzada
4780:Bhatiara
4728:Majority
4585:Toba Tek
4575:Talagang
4560:Sargodha
4545:Rajanpur
4495:Mianwali
4470:Kot Addu
4460:Khanewal
4375:Sarghoda
4363:Mianwali
4277:Diaspora
4252:Folklore
4227:Punjabis
4209:Governor
4141:Province
4074:22 March
4070:. 483579
3824:Archived
3284:(2001).
2959:26195477
2669:(2019).
2482:(1981).
2433:(1964).
2376:century.
2170:56127067
1985:Illinois
1933:Illinois
1843:Archived
1758:See also
1703:biraderi
1682:Pashtuns
1561:Qadaryar
1471:Language
1408:Pakistan
1380:Deobandi
1368:Islamist
1200:Peshawar
1138:rocketry
1048:Safavids
961:emperor
858:Khokhars
822:Pothohar
740:Buddhism
694:Identity
672:identify
645:Bengalis
629:Punjabis
500:Bhatiore
432:Religion
411:Pakistan
388:Clothing
368:Malaysia
300:Diaspora
282:Punjabis
270:Dialects
265:Language
260:Folklore
233:Punjabis
225:a series
223:Part of
206:Punjabis
166:Religion
156:dialects
154:and its
65:Pakistan
6663:Sapuria
6537:Salmani
6512:Rohilla
6502:Rangrez
6497:Ramaiya
6447:Pathans
6422:Nalband
6397:Mujavir
6372:Manihar
6367:Malkana
6294:Kabaria
6237:Fareedi
6208:Dakhini
6190:Bhishti
6140:Banjara
6125:Baghban
6061:Kayalar
6056:Rowther
6023:Silawat
6008:Rangrez
5998:Pinjara
5960:Kandera
5922:Cheetah
5849:Gavandi
5809:Bhishti
5804:Baghban
5771:Pathans
5746:Banjara
5705:Nainars
5682:Labbais
5629:Pinjara
5594:Baghban
5576:Vyapari
5516:Sanghar
5496:Pathans
5451:Multani
5406:Makwana
5401:Mandali
5393:Makrani
5373:Khalifa
5348:Hingora
5328:Ghanchi
5323:Galiara
5288:Chunara
5278:Bhishti
5268:Bhadala
5258:Banjara
5215:Gujarat
5163:Pathans
5119:Malkana
5079:Chamail
5021:Punjabi
5006:Marwari
5001:Marathi
4991:Konkani
4966:Bengali
4930:Salmani
4915:Rangrez
4895:Purigpa
4875:Rowther
4870:Mappila
4865:Manihar
4860:Malkana
4785:Bhishti
4765:Baghban
4678:Sialkot
4570:Sialkot
4555:Sahiwal
4520:Narowal
4515:Nankana
4485:Lodhran
4465:Khushab
4415:Chiniot
4410:Chakwal
4405:Bhakkar
4372:Sahiwal
4272:Cuisine
4262:Pothwar
4219:Culture
4167:Harappa
4154:History
2910:29 July
2784:30 July
2486:(ed.).
2263:6 April
2126:6 April
1737:Gujjars
1721:Rajputs
1660:Numbers
1621:Sarangi
1414:Culture
1265:Sialkot
1196:Kashmir
1106:Awliya'
1102:Bukhara
1032:Chiniot
975:Humayun
846:Ghurids
820:of the
818:Gakhars
781:by the
744:Kushans
707:History
701:dargahs
510:Chhachh
495:Derajat
490:Pothwar
459:Regions
393:Cuisine
381:Culture
352:Oceania
253:History
137:263,699
117:500,000
97:535,489
6673:Shamsi
6653:Nashya
6638:Khotta
6507:Rayeen
6472:Qidwai
6462:Qassab
6432:Naqqal
6427:Nanbai
6392:Mughal
6387:Mirasi
6359:Madari
6344:Kunjra
6334:Khumra
6314:Kasgar
6309:Kamboh
6290:Jhojha
6281:Idrisi
6276:Halwai
6261:Goriya
6223:Dharhi
6213:Dafali
6198:Bisati
6150:Behlim
6145:Barhai
6130:Baluch
6110:Ansari
6066:Labbay
6038:Sorgar
5993:Mughal
5975:Langha
5965:Khadem
5927:Chadwa
5917:Chhipa
5907:Ansari
5879:Qassab
5854:Kachar
5844:Garodi
5834:Dhawad
5819:Chhipa
5814:Chaush
5781:Sayyid
5776:Shaikh
5761:Mughal
5741:Ansari
5736:Chhipa
5667:Ossans
5649:Kerala
5639:Assadi
5604:Chaush
5546:Soomra
5541:Sipahi
5501:Salaat
5481:Parmar
5466:Nagori
5446:Mughal
5431:Miyana
5353:Juneja
5283:Chhipa
5263:Behlim
5253:Baloch
5233:Ansari
5182:Sayyid
5177:Sapera
5167:Rayeen
5139:Mughal
5129:Mirasi
5099:Idrisi
5074:Bisati
5069:Ansari
5056:Bihari
5036:Labbay
5031:Telugu
5011:Meitei
4925:Sayyid
4920:Shaikh
4900:Qassab
4890:Pathan
4885:Mughal
4855:Kunjra
4830:Gurjar
4800:Chaush
4795:Chhipa
4790:Bisati
4755:Ansari
4750:Arghon
4673:Multan
4653:Lahore
4590:Vehari
4580:Taunsa
4505:Multan
4500:Murree
4480:Layyah
4475:Lahore
4455:Jhelum
4445:Jampur
4435:Gujrat
4390:Attock
4366:Multan
4360:Lahore
4357:Gujrat
4330:Region
4320:Cities
4145:Punjab
3994:22 May
3969:22 May
3916:
3889:
3864:
3804:
3777:
3750:
3534:
3487:
3452:
3425:
3398:
3371:
3344:
3310:"Dawn"
3292:
3261:
3234:
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