Sarcoidosis - Knowledge

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10% of people and hence may be a significant concern in people with liver involvement and requires regular liver function test monitoring. Methotrexate can also lead to pulmonary toxicity (lung damage), although this is fairly uncommon and more commonly it can confound the leukopenia caused by sarcoidosis. Due to these safety concerns it is often recommended that methotrexate is combined with folic acid in order to prevent toxicity. Azathioprine treatment can also lead to liver damage. However, the risk of infection appears to be about 40% lower in those treated with methotrexate instead of azathioprine. Leflunomide is being used as a replacement for methotrexate, possibly due to its purportedly lower rate of pulmonary toxicity. Mycophenolic acid has been used successfully in uveal sarcoidosis, neurosarcoidosis (especially CNS sarcoidosis; minimally effective in sarcoidosis myopathy), and pulmonary sarcoidosis.

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prognosis is generally less favourable, though corticosteroids appear effective in improving AV conduction. The prognosis tends to be less favourable in African Americans than in white Americans. In a Swedish population-based analysis, the majority of cases who did not have severe disease at diagnosis had comparable mortality to the general population. The risk for premature death was markedly (2.3-fold) increased compared to the general population for a smaller group of cases with severe disease at diagnosis. Serious infections, sometimes multiple during the course of disease, and heart failure might contribute to the higher risk of early death in some patients with sarcoidosis.

1267: 1226: 1252: 51: 728:, which is usually hydroxylated within the kidney, but in sarcoidosis patients, hydroxylation of vitamin D can occur outside the kidneys, namely inside the immune cells found in the granulomas the condition produces. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D is the main cause for hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis and is overproduced by sarcoid granulomata. Gamma-interferon produced by activated lymphocytes and macrophages plays a major role in the synthesis of 1 alpha, 25(OH)2D3. Hypercalciuria (excessive secretion of calcium in one's urine) and 1520: 1532: 1508: 1957: 1496: 693:, that is spinal cord involvement, occurs in about 16–43% of neurosarcoidosis cases and is often associated with the poorest prognosis of the neurosarcoidosis subtypes. Whereas facial nerve palsies and acute meningitis due to sarcoidosis tend to have the most favourable prognosis, another common finding in sarcoidosis with neurological involvement is autonomic or sensory small-fiber neuropathy. Neuroendocrine sarcoidosis accounts for about 5–10% of neurosarcoidosis cases and can lead to 618:. Second to conduction abnormalities, in frequency, are ventricular arrhythmias, which occurs in about 23% of cases with cardiac involvement. Sudden cardiac death, either due to ventricular arrhythmias or complete heart block is a rare complication of cardiac sarcoidosis. Cardiac sarcoidosis can cause fibrosis, granuloma formation, or the accumulation of fluid in the interstitium of the heart, or a combination of the former two. Cardiac sarcoidosis may also cause 1298: 2038:, that may interfere with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis where they are prevalent. There may also be differences in the severity of the disease between people of different ethnicities. Several studies suggest the presentation in people of African origin may be more severe and disseminated than for Caucasians, who are more likely to have asymptomatic disease. Manifestation appears to be slightly different according to race and sex. 681:. Cranial nerves are most commonly affected, accounting for about 5–30% of neurosarcoidosis cases, and peripheral facial nerve palsy, often bilateral, is the most common neurological manifestation of sarcoidosis. It occurs suddenly and is usually transient. The central nervous system involvement is present in 10–25% of sarcoidosis cases. Other common manifestations of neurosarcoidosis include optic nerve dysfunction, 2259:. Increased risks associated with sarcoidosis ranging from 30 to 70% have been reported for preeclampsia/eclampsia, cesarian or preterm delivery as well as (non-cardiac) birth defects in first singleton pregnancies. In absolute numbers, birth defects and other complications such as maternal death, cardiac arrest, placental abruption or venous thromboembolism are extremely rare in sarcoidosis pregnancies. 1214: 758:, which is a more commonly intestine-affecting granulomatous disease. About 1–3% of people have evidence of pancreatic involvement at autopsy. Symptomatic kidney involvement occurs in just 0.7% of cases, although evidence of kidney involvement at autopsy has been reported in up to 22% of people and occurs exclusively in cases of chronic disease. Symptomatic kidney involvement is usually 914:

periarthritis appears as a swelling in the soft tissue around the joints that can be seen by ultrasonographic methods. These joint symptoms tend to precede or occur at the same time as erythema nodosum develops. Even when erythema nodosum is absent, it is believed that the combination of hilar lymphadenopathy and ankle periarthritis can be considered as a variant of Löfgren syndrome.

1850:, have been tried as a treatment for sarcoidosis, with successful results being obtained with apremilast in cutaneous sarcoidosis in a small open-label study. Pentoxifylline has been used successfully to treat acute disease although its use is greatly limited by its gastrointestinal toxicity (mostly nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea). Case reports have supported the efficacy of 1139:-mediated immune response. Sarcoidosis has paradoxical effects on inflammatory processes; it is characterized by increased macrophage and CD4 helper T-cell activation, resulting in accelerated inflammation, but immune response to antigen challenges such as tuberculin is suppressed. This paradoxic state of simultaneous hyper- and hypoactivity is suggestive of a state of 404: 2134:, a common suffix in Greek meaning "condition". Thus the whole word means "a condition that resembles crude flesh". The first cases of sarcoïdosis, which were recognised as a new pathological entity, in Scandinavia, at the end of the 19th century exhibited skin nodules resembling cutaneous sarcomas, hence the name initially given. 1819:. Antimalarials have also demonstrated efficacy in treating sarcoidosis-induced hypercalcemia and neurosarcoidosis. Long-term use of antimalarials is limited, however, by their potential to cause irreversible blindness and hence the need for regular ophthalmologic screening. This toxicity is usually less of a problem with 2246:

Sarcoidosis generally does not prevent successful pregnancy and delivery; the increase in estrogen levels during pregnancy may even have a slightly beneficial immunomodulatory effect. In most cases, the course of the disease is unaffected by pregnancy, with improvement in a few cases and worsening of

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Sarcoidosis occurs throughout the world in all races with an average incidence of 16.5 per 100,000 in men and 19 per 100,000 in women. The disease is most common in Northern European countries and the highest annual incidence of 60 per 100,000 is found in Sweden and Iceland. In the United Kingdom the

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While TNF is widely believed to play an important role in the formation of granulomas (this is further supported by the finding that in animal models of mycobacterial granuloma formation inhibition of either TNF or IFN-γ production inhibits granuloma formation), sarcoidosis can and does still develop

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is about 5%. Additionally, in African Americans, who seem to experience more severe and chronic disease, siblings and parents of sarcoidosis cases have about a 2.5-fold increased risk for developing the disease. In Swedish individuals heritability was found to be 39%. In this group, if a first-degree

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The frequency of cardiac involvement varies and is significantly influenced by race; in Japan, more than 25% of those with sarcoidosis have symptomatic cardiac involvement, whereas in the US and Europe, only about 5% of cases present with cardiac involvement. Autopsy studies in the US have revealed a

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and erythema nodosum. These three associated syndromes often occur together in Löfgren syndrome. The arthritis symptoms of Löfgren syndrome occur most frequently in the ankles, followed by the knees, wrists, elbows, and metacarpophalangeal joints. Usually, true arthritis is not present, but instead,

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Histologically, sarcoidosis of the heart is an active granulomatous inflammation surrounded by reactive oedema. The distribution of affected areas is patchy with localised enlargement of heart muscles. This causes scarring and remodelling of the heart, which leads to dilatation of heart cavities and

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Low or moderate-intensity physical training has been shown to improve fatigue, psychological health, and physical functioning in people sarcoidosis without adverse effects. Inspiratory muscle training has also decreased severe fatigue perception in subjects with early stages of sarcoidosis, as well

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In a clinical trial cyclosporine added to prednisone treatment failed to demonstrate any significant benefit over prednisone alone in people with pulmonary sarcoidosis, although there was evidence of increased toxicity from the addition of cyclosporine to the steroid treatment including infections,

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are often used as alternatives to corticosteroids. Of these, methotrexate is most widely used and studied. Methotrexate is considered a first-line treatment in neurosarcoidosis, often in conjunction with corticosteroids. Long-term treatment with methotrexate is associated with liver damage in about

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Symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) involvement occurs in less than 1% of cases (if one excludes the liver), and most commonly the stomach is affected, although the small or large intestine may also be affected in a small portion of cases. Studies at autopsy have revealed GI involvement in less than

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Gross pathology image showing sarcoidosis with honeycombing: Prominent honeycombing is present in the lower lobes accompanied by fibrosis and some honeycombing in the upper lungs. Honeycombing consists of cystically dilated airways separated by scar tissue resembling the honeycomb of bees. It is a

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and death. In benign cases, remission can occur in 24 to 36 months without treatment but regular follow ups are required. Some cases, however, may persist several decades. Two-thirds of people with the condition achieve a remission within 10 years of the diagnosis. When the heart is involved, the

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The exact cause of sarcoidosis is not known. The current working hypothesis is, in genetically susceptible individuals, sarcoidosis is caused through alteration to the immune response after exposure to an environmental, occupational, or infectious agent. Some cases may be caused by treatment with

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affected 1.9 million people globally and they resulted in 122,000 deaths. It is most common in Scandinavians, but occurs in all parts of the world. In the United States, risk is greater among black people as opposed to white people. It usually begins between the ages of 20 and 50. It occurs more

1674:, have been the standard treatment for many years. In some people, this treatment can slow or reverse the course of the disease, but other people do not respond to steroid therapy. The use of corticosteroids in mild disease is controversial because in many cases the disease remits spontaneously. 9096:

Jamilloux Y, Néel A, Lecouffe-Desprets M, Fèvre A, Kerever S, Guillon B, Bouvry D, Varron L, Redares C, Dominique S, Roux M, Chapelon-Abric C, Valeyre D, Ducray F, Bernard C, Broussolle C, Hamidou M, Sève P (April 2014). "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients with sarcoidosis".

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Use of the Scadding scale only provides general information regarding the prognosis of the pulmonary disease over time. Caution is recommended, as it only shows a general relation with physiological markers of the disease and the variation is such that it has limited applicability in individual

5165:"Statement on sarcoidosis. Joint Statement of the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) adopted by the ATS Board of Directors and by the ERS Executive Committee, February 1999". 1459:

Although people with stage 1 radiographs tend to have the acute or subacute, reversible form of the disease, those with stages 2 and 3 often have the chronic, progressive disease; these patterns do not represent consecutive "stages" of sarcoidosis. Thus, except for epidemiologic purposes, this

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Bone involvement in sarcoidosis has been reported in 1–13% of cases. The most frequent sites of involvement are the hands and feet, whereas the spine is less commonly affected. Half of the patients with bony lesions experience pain and stiffness, whereas the other half remain asymptomatic.

889:(swollen glands) is common in sarcoidosis and occurs in 15% of cases. Intrathoracic nodes are enlarged in 75 to 90% of all people; usually this involves the hilar nodes, but the paratracheal nodes are commonly involved. Peripheral lymphadenopathy is very common, particularly involving the 1143:. The anergy may also be responsible for the increased risk of infections and cancer. The regulatory T-lymphocytes in the periphery of sarcoid granulomas appear to suppress IL-2 secretion, which is hypothesized to cause the state of anergy by preventing antigen-specific memory responses. 3892:

Birnie DH, Sauer WH, Bogun F, Cooper JM, Culver DA, Duvernoy CS, Judson MA, Kron J, Mehta D, Cosedis Nielsen J, Patel AR, Ohe T, Raatikainen P, Soejima K (July 2014). "HRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of arrhythmias associated with cardiac sarcoidosis".

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can show an elevated (of at least 3.5) CD4/CD8 T cell ratio, which is indicative (but not proof) of pulmonary sarcoidosis. In at least one study the induced sputum ratio of CD4/CD8 and level of TNF was correlated to those in the lavage fluid. A sarcoidosis-like lung disease called

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There also has been a seasonal clustering observed in sarcoidosis-affected individuals. In Greece about 70% of diagnoses occur between March and May every year, in Spain about 50% of diagnoses occur between April and June, and in Japan it is mostly diagnosed during June and July.

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disorders has been frequently observed. The exact mechanism of this relation is not known, but some evidence supports the hypothesis that this is a consequence of Th1 lymphokine prevalence. Tests of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity have been used to measure progression.

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In sarcoidosis presenting in the Caucasian population, hilar adenopathy and erythema nodosum are the most common initial symptoms. In this population, a biopsy of the gastrocnemius muscle is a useful tool in correctly diagnosing the person. The presence of a noncaseating

451:, a dry, hacking cough, or skin lesions. Less commonly, people may cough up blood. Sarcoidosis is also accompanied by psychological distress and symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are also associated with fatigue. The cutaneous symptoms vary, and range from 2195:, a professor of public policy at Columbia University, died of pneumonia in 2011, less than a year after undergoing a double lung transplant following a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. In 2012, he was posthumously awarded a Pulitzer Prize in history for his biography " 2009:

Sarcoidosis most commonly affects young adults of both sexes, although studies have reported more cases in females. Incidence is highest for individuals younger than 40 and peaks in the age-group from 20 to 29 years; a second peak is observed for women over 50.

1175:, that is, when people receive treatment for HIV, their immune system rebounds and the result is that it starts to attack the antigens of opportunistic infections caught prior to said rebound and the resulting immune response starts to damage healthy tissue. 5708:

Gialafos E, Triposkiadis F, Kouranos V, Rapti A, Kosmas I, Manali E, Giamouzis G, Elezoglou A, Peros I, Anagnostopoulou O, Koulouris N, Gazouli M (2014-12-01). "Relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFA) gene polymorphisms and cardiac sarcoidosis".

1641:. For those presenting with lung symptoms, unless the respiratory impairment is devastating, active pulmonary sarcoidosis is observed usually without therapy for two to three months; if the inflammation does not subside spontaneously, therapy is instituted. 494:

Localization to the lungs is by far the most common manifestation of sarcoidosis. At least 90% of those affected experience lung involvement. Overall, about 50% develop permanent pulmonary abnormalities, and 5 to 15% have progressive fibrosis of the lung

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of heart chambers. When the distribution is diffuse, there would be dilatation of both ventricles of the heart, causing heart failure and arrhythmia. When the conduction system in the intraventricular septum is affected, it would lead to heart block,

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have been reported to cause remission in cutaneous sarcoidosis and improvement in pulmonary sarcoidosis, including improvement in pulmonary function, remodeling of lung parenchyma and prevention of pulmonary fibrosis in separate case series'.

577:. Treatment is not required, since the lesions usually resolve spontaneously in 2–4 weeks. Although it may be disfiguring, cutaneous sarcoidosis rarely causes major problems. Sarcoidosis of the scalp presents with diffuse or patchy hair loss. 2022:, with annual incidence reported as 35.5 and 10.9 per 100,000, respectively. Sarcoidosis is less commonly reported in South America, Spain, India, Canada, and the Philippines. There may be a higher susceptibility to sarcoidosis in those with 918:

also occurs in about one-third of patients with acute sarcoid arthritis, mainly affecting the Achilles tendon and heels. Soft-tissue swelling of the ankles can be prominent, and biopsy of this soft tissue reveals no granulomas, but does show

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frequency of cardiac involvement of about 20–30%, whereas autopsy studies in Japan have shown a frequency of 60%. The presentation of cardiac sarcoidosis can range from asymptomatic conduction abnormalities to fatal ventricular arrhythmia.

1482:(LGE) can detect fibrosis or scar. Lesions at the subpericardium and midwall enhancement of basal septum or inferolateral wall is strongly suggestive of sarcoidosis. MRI can also follow up on the treatment efficacy of corticosteroids and 926:

Chronic sarcoid arthritis usually occurs in the setting of more diffuse organ involvement. The ankles, knees, wrists, elbows, and hands may all be affected in the chronic form and often this presents itself in a polyarticular pattern.

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London J, Grados A, Fermé C, Charmillon A, Maurier F, Deau B, Crickx E, Brice P, Chapelon-Abric C, Haioun C, Burroni B, Alifano M, Le Jeunne C, Guillevin L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Schleinitz N, Mouthon L, Terrier B (November 2014).

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Physical therapy, rehabilitation, and counseling can help avoid deconditioning, and improve social participation, psychological well-being, and activity levels. Key aspects are avoiding exercise intolerance and muscle weakness.

1437:. Sarcoidosis is confused most commonly with neoplastic diseases, such as lymphoma, or with disorders characterized also by a mononuclear cell granulomatous inflammatory process, such as the mycobacterial and fungal disorders. 1922:

as improving functional and maximal exercise capacity and respiratory muscle strength. The duration, frequency, and physical intensity of exercise needs to accommodate impairments such as joint pain, muscle pain, and fatigue.

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in a clinical trial, which may stem from its anti-TNF activity, although it failed to exhibit any efficacy in a pulmonary sarcoidosis clinical trial. Cutaneous disease may be successfully managed with antimalarials (such as

1989:. This may be attributed to the underlying immunological abnormalities that occur during the sarcoidosis disease process. Sarcoidosis can also follow cancer or occur concurrently with cancer. There have been reports of 1029:

Several infectious agents appear to be significantly associated with sarcoidosis, but none of the known associations is specific enough to suggest a direct causative role. The major implicated infectious agents include:

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Sarcoidosis can be involved with the joints, bones, and muscles. This causes a wide variety of musculoskeletal complaints that act through different mechanisms. About 5–15% of cases affect the bones, joints, or muscles.

893:(the most common head and neck manifestation of the disease), axillary, epitrochlear, and inguinal nodes. Approximately 75% of cases show microscopic involvement of the spleen, although only in about 5–10% of cases does 2142:

The World Association of Sarcoidosis and Other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG) is an organisation of physicians involved in the diagnosis and treatment of sarcoidosis and related conditions. WASOG publishes the journal

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was first described. In 1958 the first international conference on sarcoidosis was called in London, likewise the first USA sarcoidosis conference occurred in Washington, D.C., in the year 1961. It has also been called

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The differing incidence across the world may be at least partially attributable to the lack of screening programs in certain regions of the world, and the overshadowing presence of other granulomatous diseases, such as

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is usually higher in people with pulmonary sarcoidosis (usually >3.5), although it can be normal or even abnormally low in some cases. Serum ACE levels have been found to usually correlate with total granuloma load.

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Investigations of genetic susceptibility yielded many candidate genes, but only few were confirmed by further investigations and no reliable genetic markers are known. Currently, the most interesting candidate gene is

9948: 9933: 1767:, and kidney dysfunction. Likewise chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide are seldom used in the treatment of sarcoidosis due to their high degree of toxicity, especially their potential for causing malignancies. 630:

has also been described. Pulmonary arterial hypertension occurs by two mechanisms in cardiac sarcoidosis: reduced left heart function due to granulomas weakening the heart muscle or from impaired blood flow.

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Sarcoidosis may resolve without any treatment within a few years. However, some people may have long-term or severe disease. Some symptoms may be improved with the use of anti-inflammatory drugs such as

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Maneiro JR, Salgado E, Gomez-Reino JJ, Carmona L (August 2012). "Efficacy and safety of TNF antagonists in sarcoidosis: data from the Spanish registry of biologics BIOBADASER and a systematic review".

2682:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 383:

may occasionally be used in an effort to decrease the side effects of steroids. The risk of death is 1–7%. The chance of the disease returning in someone who has had it previously is less than 5%.

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was defined. In 1902 bone involvement was first described by a group of three doctors. Between 1909 and 1910 uveitis in sarcoidosis was first described, and later in 1915 it was emphasised, by Dr.

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Androdias G, Maillet D, Marignier R, Pinède L, Confavreux C, Broussolle C, Vukusic S, Sève P (March 2011). "Mycophenolate mofetil may be effective in CNS sarcoidosis but not in sarcoid myopathy".

2631:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 1067:. A large epidemiological study found little evidence that infectious diseases spanning years before sarcoidosis diagnosis could confer measurable risks for sarcoidosis diagnosis in the future. 4804:

Barbour GL, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky E, Norman AW, Horst RL (August 1981). "Hypercalcemia in an anephric patient with sarcoidosis: evidence for extrarenal generation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D".

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Subramanian P, Chinthalapalli H, Krishnan M, Tarlo SM, Lobbedez T, Pineda ME, Oreopoulos DG (September 2004). "Pregnancy and sarcoidosis: an insight into the pathogenesis of hypercalciuria".

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Around 70% of people have granulomas in their livers, although only in about 20–30% of cases, liver function test anomalies reflecting this fact are seen. About 5–15% of patients exhibit

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found treatment response in about half of subjects, which is similar to that seen with infliximab, but as adalimumab has better tolerability profile it may be preferred over infliximab.

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or chemicals in those who are genetically predisposed. Those with affected family members are at greater risk. Diagnosis is partly based on signs and symptoms, which may be supported by

697:, changes in menstrual cycle and hypothalamic dysfunction. The latter can lead to changes in body temperature, mood, and prolactin (see the endocrine and exocrine section for details). 9061:

Jamilloux Y, Valeyre D, Lortholary O, Bernard C, Kerever S, Lelievre L, Neel A, Broussolle C, Seve P (January 2015). "The spectrum of opportunistic diseases complicating sarcoidosis".

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Holas, Pawel; Kowalski, Joachim; Dubaniewicz, Anna; Farnik, Małgorzata; Jarzemska, Agnieszka; Warzechowska, Marta Maskey-; Bielecki, Maximilian; Domagala-Kulawik, Joanna (2018-07-01).

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Treatments for sarcoidosis vary greatly depending on the patient. At least half of patients require no systemic therapy. Most people (>75%) only require symptomatic treatment with

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is far more common in men than in women and in Caucasians than in other races. In Japanese people, ophthalmologic and cardiac involvement are more common than in other races.

1660:. If drug intervention is indicated, a step-wise approach is often used to explore alternatives in order of increasing side effects and to monitor potentially toxic effects. 1468:

granuloma in a gastrocnemius specimen is definitive evidence of sarcoidosis, as other tuberculoid and fungal diseases extremely rarely present histologically in this muscle.

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Morell F, Levy G, Orriols R, Ferrer J, De Gracia J, Sampol G (April 2002). "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity tests and lymphopenia as activity markers in sarcoidosis".

1902:, even if evidence of sarcoidosis in other organs is present. In the newer approach, testicular, epididymal biopsy and resection of the largest lesion has been proposed. 1320:, as there is no specific test for the condition other than the Kveim-Siltzbach test. To exclude sarcoidosis in a case presenting with pulmonary symptoms might involve a 7904: 1225: 6206:

Verschueren K, Van Essche E, Verschueren P, Taelman V, Westhovens R (November 2007). "Development of sarcoidosis in etanercept-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients".

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in which the inflammatory process involves the alveoli, small bronchi, and small blood vessels. In acute and subacute cases, physical examination usually reveals dry

486:, which has a relatively good prognosis. This form of the disease occurs significantly more often in Scandinavian patients than in those of non-Scandinavian origin. 7013: 6657:"Asymptomatic gastrocnemius muscle biopsy: an extremely sensitive and specific test in the pathologic confirmation of sarcoidosis presenting with hilar adenopathy" 732:(an excessively high amount of calcium in the blood) are seen in <10% of individuals and likely results from the increased 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D production. 9782:

Sharma OP (2005). "Murray Kornfeld, American College of Chest Physician, and sarcoidosis: a historical footnote: 2004 Murray Kornfeld Memorial Founders Lecture".

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Baughman RP, Grutters JC (October 2015). "New treatment strategies for pulmonary sarcoidosis: antimetabolites, biological drugs, and other treatment approaches".

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Drake WP, Oswald-Richter K, Richmond BW, Isom J, Burke VE, Algood H, Braun N, Taylor T, Pandit KV, Aboud C, Yu C, Kaminski N, Boyd AS, King LE (September 2013).

7168:"Infection risk in sarcoidosis patients treated with methotrexate compared to azathioprine: A retrospective 'target trial' emulated with Swedish real-world data" 1397: 861:

may reflect bone marrow involvement, but the most common mechanism is a redistribution of blood T cells to sites of disease. Other nonspecific findings include

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can be seen in sarcoidosis. Hamazaki–Wesenberg bodies can be seen in lymph nodes and more rarely in lung biopsies with sarcoidosis and are inclusion bodies of

9173:, Beard CM, Ballard DJ, Kurland LT (May 1986). "The epidemiology of sarcoidosis in Rochester, Minnesota: a population-based study of incidence and survival". 8673:

Kornacker M, Kraemer A, Leo E, Ho AD (February 2002). "Occurrence of sarcoidosis subsequent to chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: report of two cases".

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is either cooperating in disease or another gene between these two loci is associated. In nonpersistent disease, a strong genetic association exists with

2049:, educators, military personnel, those who work in industries where pesticides are used, law enforcement, and healthcare personnel. In the year after the 10213: 9491: 4634:

Vardhanabhuti V, Venkatanarasimha N, Bhatnagar G, Maviki M, Iyengar S, Adams WM, Suresh P (March 2012). "Extra-pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis".

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Rutherford RM, Brutsche MH, Kearns M, Bourke M, Stevens F, Gilmartin JJ (September 2004). "Prevalence of coeliac disease in patients with sarcoidosis".

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Marcellis R, Van der Veeke M, Mesters I, Drent M, De Bie R, De Vries G, Lenssen A (June 2015). "Does physical training reduce fatigue in sarcoidosis?".

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than in European Americans. The skin is the second-most commonly affected organ after the lungs. The most common lesions are erythema nodosum, plaques,

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Bhat P, Cervantes-Castañeda RA, Doctor PP, Anzaar F, Foster CS (May–June 2009). "Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for sarcoidosis-associated uveitis".

1981:, and cancer in other organs known to be affected in sarcoidosis. In sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome, sarcoidosis is followed by the development of a 300:

can be affected. The signs and symptoms depend on the organ involved. Often, no symptoms or only mild symptoms are seen. When it affects the lungs,

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Rosenbloom J, Castro SV, Jimenez SA (February 2010). "Narrative review: fibrotic diseases: cellular and molecular mechanisms and novel therapies".

5992:"Are infectious diseases risk factors for sarcoidosis or a result of reverse causation? Findings from a population-based nested case-control study" 3849:

Yatsynovich Y, Dittoe N, Petrov M, Maroz N (February 2018). "Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Review of Contemporary Challenges in Diagnosis and Treatment".

2900: 1479: 647:, and retinal inflammation, which may result in loss of visual acuity or blindness. The most common ophthalmologic manifestation of sarcoidosis is 3980:

Youssef G, Beanlands RS, Birnie DH, Nery PB (December 2011). "Cardiac sarcoidosis: applications of imaging in diagnosis and directing treatment".

1775:, on the other hand, has failed to demonstrate any significant efficacy in people with uveal sarcoidosis in a couple of clinical trials. Likewise 1046:. A meta-analysis investigating the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis found it was present in 26.4% of cases, but they also detected a possible 9671: 1894:

Because of its uncommon nature, the treatment of male reproductive tract sarcoidosis is controversial. Since the differential diagnosis includes

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People with sarcoidosis may have a range of symptoms that do not correspond with objective physical evidence of disease but that still decrease

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Rossides, Marios; Kullberg, Susanna; Grunewald, Johan; Eklund, Anders; Di Giuseppe, Daniela; Askling, Johan; Arkema, Elizabeth V (2021-05-21).

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Nunes H, Uzunhan Y, Freynet O, Humbert M, Brillet PY, Kambouchner M, Valeyre D (June 2012). "Pulmonary hypertension complicating sarcoidosis".

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and sarcoidosis-related arrhythmias are believed to be strong risk factors of heart failure in sarcoidosis. A small (20-40%) increased risk of

2791: 2408: 2147:. Additionally, the Foundation for Sarcoidosis Research (FSR) is devoted to supporting research into sarcoidosis and its possible treatments. 9438: 3356:

Tolaney SM, Colson YL, Gill RR, Schulte S, Duggan MM, Shulman LN, Winer EP (October 2007). "Sarcoidosis mimicking metastatic breast cancer".

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associated with sarcoidosis. Sometimes, sarcoidosis, even untreated, can be complicated by opportunistic infections although these are rare.

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Sadek MM, Yung D, Birnie DH, Beanlands RS, Nery PB (September 2013). "Corticosteroid therapy for cardiac sarcoidosis: a systematic review".

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Antonelli A, Fazzi P, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, Ferrannini E (August 2006). "Prevalence of hypothyroidism and Graves disease in sarcoidosis".

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Rossides, Marios; Kullberg, Susanna; Giuseppe, Daniela Di; Eklund, Anders; Grunewald, Johan; Askling, Johan; Arkema, Elizabeth V. (2021).

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Rossides, Marios; Kullberg, Susanna; Grunewald, Johan; Eklund, Anders; Di Giuseppe, Daniela; Askling, Johan; Arkema, Elizabeth V. (2021).

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can occur; other exocrine glands are affected only rarely. The eyes, their glands, or the parotid glands are affected in 20–50% of cases.

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de Kleijn, Willemien PE; De Vries, Jolanda; Lower, Elyse E; Elfferich, Marjon DP; Baughman, Robert P; Drent, Marjolein (September 2009).

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Grunewald J, Eklund A, Olerup O (March 2004). "Human leukocyte antigen class I alleles and the disease course in sarcoidosis patients".

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had sarcoidosis. In 2005, he mentioned that the disease was in remission. His death on August 9, 2008, was caused by complications from

1495: 9031: 2336: 685:, palate dysfunction, neuroendocrine changes, hearing abnormalities, hypothalamic and pituitary abnormalities, chronic meningitis, and 9554: 8893:

Zambrana F, Antúnez A, García-Mata J, Mellado JM, Villar JL (June 2009). "Sarcoidosis as a diagnostic pitfall of pancreatic cancer".

5018: 4578:

Said G, Lacroix C, Planté-Bordeneuve V, Le Page L, Pico F, Presles O, Senant J, Remy P, Rondepierre P, Mallecourt J (February 2002).

4023:

Reuhl J, Schneider M, Sievert H, Lutz FU, Zieger G (October 1997). "Myocardial sarcoidosis as a rare cause of sudden cardiac death".

741:

enlargement occurs in about 5–10% of cases. Bilateral involvement is the rule. The gland is usually not tender, but firm and smooth.

9468: 1887:) has also proven itself effective in treating chronic cutaneous (that is, it affects the skin) sarcoidosis in one clinical trial. 622:

when granulomas cause myocardial fibrosis and scarring. Congestive heart failure affects 25-75% of those with cardiac sarcoidosis.

2544:

Drent M, Cremers JP, Jansen TL (May 2014). "Pulmonology meets rheumatology in sarcoidosis: a review on the therapeutic approach".

1973:

Some 1990s studies indicated that people with sarcoidosis appear to be at significantly increased risk for cancer, in particular

6736: 6679: 3156:

Sweiss NJ, Patterson K, Sawaqed R, Jabbar U, Korsten P, Hogarth K, Wollman R, Garcia JG, Niewold TB, Baughman RP (August 2010).

1266: 909:

Arthritic syndromes can be categorized as acute or chronic. Sarcoidosis patients with acute arthritis often also have bilateral

7932: 7903:

Julian MW, Shao G, Schlesinger LS, Huang Q, Cosmar DG, Bhatt NY, Culver DA, Baughman RP, Wood KL, Crouser ED (February 2013).

935:, that is associated with pain, swelling, overlying skin erythema, and underlying bony changes may also occur. Development of 10127: 2525: 2287: 17: 7691: 1965:

The disease can remit spontaneously or become chronic, with exacerbations and remissions. In some cases, it can progress to

8597:

Askling J, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Hillerdal G, Ekbom A (November 1999). "Increased risk for cancer following sarcoidosis".

3514: 1652:, biologic agents especially monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies. Investigational treatments include specific 1361: 7905:"Nicotine treatment improves Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 9 responsiveness in active pulmonary sarcoidosis" 2518:

Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders

1063:

has been identified as a possible antigen catalyst of sarcoidosis. The disease has also been reported by transmission via

9963: 7044: 1630: 7958:"Oral antimycobacterial therapy in chronic cutaneous sarcoidosis: a randomized, single-masked, placebo-controlled study" 1474:(CMR) is one modality for diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. It has 78% specificity in diagnosing cardiac sarcoidosis. Its 1213: 526:

The four stages of pulmonary involvement are based on radiological stage of the disease, which is helpful in prognosis:

10188: 10147: 9153: 5436:

Rossman MD, Kreider ME (August 2007). "Lesson learned from ACCESS (A Case Controlled Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis)".

4949: 3785: 2151: 1471: 1251: 560: 6542: 5397:"Sarcoidosis with palpable nodular myositis, periostitis and large-vessel vasculitis stimulating Takayasu's arteritis" 5119:

Cremers JP, Drent M, Baughman RP, Wijnen PA, Koek GH (September 2012). "Therapeutic approach of hepatic sarcoidosis".

4060:"Myocardial sarcoidosis, bouts of ventricular tachycardia, psychiatric manifestations and sudden death. A case report" 3830: 614:

Conduction abnormalities are the most common cardiac manifestations of sarcoidosis in humans and can include complete

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Spruit MA, Wouters EF, Gosselink R (2005). "Rehabilitation programmes in sarcoidosis: a multidisciplinary approach".

2238:(1850–1894) had a history of chronic coughs and chest complaints, and sarcoidosis has been suggested as a diagnosis. 1936:

Treatments for symptomatic neuropathic pain in sarcoidosis patients is similar to that for other causes, and include

1391:, and the glycoprotein KL-6. Angiotensin-converting enzyme blood levels are used in the monitoring of sarcoidosis. A 8716:

Suvajdzic N, Milenkovic B, Perunicic M, Stojsic J, Jankovic S (2007). "Two cases of sarcoidosis-lymphoma syndrome".

7764:

Belkhou A, Younsi R, El Bouchti I, El Hassani S (July 2008). "Rituximab as a treatment alternative in sarcoidosis".

6619: 9492:"World Trade Center "sarcoid-like" granulomatous pulmonary disease in New York City Fire Department rescue workers" 3703:

Heath CR, David J, Taylor SC (January 2012). "Sarcoidosis: Are there differences in your skin of color patients?".

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Cathcart S, Sami N, Elewski B (May 2012). "Sarcoidosis as an adverse effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors".

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Any of the components of the nervous system can be involved. Sarcoidosis affecting the nervous system is known as

355:

in the blood. The diagnosis should be made only after excluding other possible causes of similar symptoms such as

5016:

Vera C, Funaro D, Bouffard D (July–August 2013). "Vulvar sarcoidosis: case report and review of the literature".

1132: 531: 508: 475: 9865:"Maternal and infant outcomes in sarcoidosis pregnancy: a Swedish population-based cohort study of first births" 5939: 2212:

Several historical figures are suspected of having sarcoidosis. In a 2014 letter to the British medical journal

1871:

patches have been found to possess anti-inflammatory effects in sarcoidosis patients, although whether they had

2182:

died in 2004, with pulmonary and cardiac sarcoidosis being contributing factors to his fatal heart arrhythmia.

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Yamasawa H, Ishii Y, Kitamura S (2000). "Concurrence of sarcoidosis and lung cancer. A report of four cases".

4580:"Nerve granulomas and vasculitis in sarcoid peripheral neuropathy: a clinicopathological study of 11 patients" 2917: 327:

The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown. Some believe it may be due to an immune reaction to a trigger such as an

8165:"Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training in Subjects With Sarcoidosis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial" 7817:

Kaura V, Kaura SH, Kaura CS (2007). "ACE Inhibitor in the treatment of cutaneous and lymphatic sarcoidosis".

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Kamangar, N; Rohani, P; Shorr, AF (6 February 2014). Peters, SP; Talavera, F; Rice, TD; Mosenifar, Z (eds.).

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Izbicki G, Chavko R, Banauch GI, Weiden MD, Berger KI, Aldrich TK, Hall C, Kelly KJ, Prezant DJ (May 2007).

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Lodha S, Sanchez M, Prystowsky S (August 2009). "Sarcoidosis of the skin: a review for the pulmonologist".

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Sahoo DH, Bandyopadhyay D, Xu M, Pearson K, Parambil JG, Lazar CA, Chapman JT, Culver DA (November 2011).

6655:

Andonopoulos AP, Papadimitriou C, Melachrinou M, Meimaris N, Vlahanastasi C, Bounas A, Georgiou P (2001).

6114:

Bargagli E, Olivieri C, Rottoli P (December 2011). "Cytokine modulators in the treatment of sarcoidosis".

6473:

Hawtin KE, Roddie ME, Mauri FA, Copley SJ (August 2010). "Pulmonary sarcoidosis: the 'Great Pretender'".

2247:

symptoms in very few cases, although it is worth noting that a number of the immunosuppressants (such as

1998: 1891:

has also been tried as a treatment for pulmonary sarcoidosis with some early success in one small trial.

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Reich JM (January 1985). "Acute myeloblastic leukemia and sarcoidosis. Implications for pathogenesis".

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Nozaki K, Judson MA (June 2012). "Neurosarcoidosis: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment".

1088: 1052: 8811:"Benign lesions in cancer patients: Case 1. Sarcoidosis after chemoradiation for head and neck cancer" 6564:

Kamangar N, Rohani P, Shorr AF (6 February 2014). Peters SP, Talavera F, Rice TD, Mosenifar Z (eds.).

3404:

Kamangar N, Rohani P, Shorr AF (6 February 2014). Peters SP, Talavera F, Rice TD, Mosenifar Z (eds.).

2946:

Kamangar N, Rohani P, Shorr AF (6 February 2014). Peters SP, Talavera F, Rice TD, Mosenifar Z (eds.).

724:

in women. It also frequently causes an increase in 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D, the active metabolite of

10120: 8460:"Risk of first and recurrent serious infection in sarcoidosis: a Swedish register-based cohort study" 8458:

Rossides M, Kullberg S, Eklund A, Di Giuseppe D, Grunewald J, Askling J, Arkema EV (September 2020).

6876:

White ES, Lynch JP (June 2007). "Current and emerging strategies for the management of sarcoidosis".

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seen in sarcoidosis are calcium and protein inclusions inside of giant cells as part of a granuloma.

500: 387: 244: 10098: 8243: 7354:"Effect and safety of mycophenolate mofetil in chronic pulmonary sarcoidosis: a retrospective study" 5990:

Rossides M, Kullberg S, Askling J, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Di Giuseppe D, Arkema EV (November 2020).

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Grunewald J (August 2010). "Review: role of genetics in susceptibility and outcome of sarcoidosis".

5634: 4217:"Risk and predictors of heart failure in sarcoidosis in a population-based cohort study from Sweden" 9974: 9408: 2783: 2404: 1771:

has been used successfully to treat pulmonary sarcoidosis in clinical trials in a number of cases.

1607: 869:. People with sarcoidosis often have immunologic anomalies like allergies to test antigens such as 802:

has been reported in about 5% of people at autopsy. In males, sarcoidosis may lead to infertility.

619: 201: 9430: 6596: 5501:

Rossides M, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Kullberg S, Di Giuseppe D, Askling J, Arkema EV (August 2018).

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Yafasova A, Fosbøl EL, Schou M, Gustafsson F, Rossing K, Bundgaard H, et al. (August 2020).

4284:"Risk of acute myocardial infarction in sarcoidosis: A population-based cohort study from Sweden" 1812: 1582: 1444: 1152: 1151:. B cells also likely play a role in the pathophysiology of sarcoidosis. Serum levels of soluble 592: 9577: 6846: 3405: 2947: 2085:, that it was a systemic condition. This same year lung involvement was also described. In 1937 5629: 3301:"Relationship of emotional distress and physical concerns with fatigue severity in sarcoidosis" 2277: 2235: 2223: 1994: 1657: 1617: 1416: 1392: 1380: 1337: 1317: 1160: 880: 799: 596: 464: 205: 188: 10014: 9300:

Lazarus A (November 2009). "Sarcoidosis: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, and genetics".

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Köcher L, Rossides M, Remaeus K, Grunewald J, Eklund A, Kullberg S, Arkema EV (August 2020).

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Drent M, Strookappe B, Hoitsma E, De Vries J (December 2015). "Consequences of Sarcoidosis".

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for "Use of Roflumilast to Prevent Exacerbations in Fibrotic Sarcoidosis Patients (REFS)" at

1740: 1683: 1333: 957: 910: 833:

Abnormal blood tests are frequent, accounting for over 50% of cases, but are not diagnostic.

817:(which is the most common liver function test anomaly seen in those with sarcoidosis), while 809:. Only 5–30% of cases of liver involvement are symptomatic. Usually, these changes reflect a 721: 686: 627: 424: 419:

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can affect any organ, although it can be

9636: 7873: 3609:

Chen ES, Moller DR (July 2011). "Sarcoidosis--scientific progress and clinical challenges".

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Karakantza M, Matutes E, MacLennan K, O'Connor NT, Srivastava PC, Catovsky D (March 1996).

5503:"Familial aggregation and heritability of sarcoidosis: a Swedish nested case-control study" 2279:

Elsevier's Dictionary of Medicine and Biology: in English, Greek, German, Italian and Latin

2231: 2050: 2014:

prevalence is 16 in 100,000. In the United States, sarcoidosis is more common in people of

1986: 1791: 1612: 890: 866: 814: 538: 8762:"Sarcoidosis occurring after lymphoma: report of 14 patients and review of the literature" 4493:

Qazi FA, Thorne JE, Jabs DA (October 2003). "Scleral nodule associated with sarcoidosis".

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Bodaghi B, Touitou V, Fardeau C, Chapelon C, LeHoang P (June 2012). "Ocular sarcoidosis".

1779:

has failed to show any benefit in those with pulmonary sarcoidosis. One clinical trial of

1455:

fibrocystic sarcoidosis typically with upward hilar retraction, cystic and bullous changes

8: 9952: 9460: 4415:

Jamilloux Y, Kodjikian L, Broussolle C, Sève P (August 2014). "Sarcoidosis and uveitis".

2069:

as a condition causing red, raised rashes on the face, arms, and hands. In 1889 the term

2062: 1990: 1831: 1587: 1552: 1425: 1301: 1239: 1192: 936: 932: 392: 348: 305: 116: 10162: 4159: 3435:

Baughman RP, Lower EE, Gibson K (June 2012). "Pulmonary manifestations of sarcoidosis".

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is rarely seen in sarcoidosis and has been found to present itself at the femoral bone.

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Charlier P, Froesch P (December 2013). "Robespierre: the oldest case of sarcoidosis?".

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Kusano KF, Satomi K (February 2016). "Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis".

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Shimamura Y, Taniguchi Y, Yoshimatsu R, Kawase S, Yamagami T, Terada Y (January 2016).

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Wurm K, Löhr G (March 1986). "Immuno-cytological blood tests in cases of sarcoidosis".

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Papadia M, Herbort CP, Mochizuki M (December 2010). "Diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis".

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risk alleles are also being investigated. In persistent sarcoidosis, the HLA haplotype

981: 755: 709: 694: 656: 428: 391:

often in women than men. Sarcoidosis was first described in 1877 by the English doctor

97: 9725: 9267: 8632:

Tana C, Giamberardino MA, Di Gioacchino M, Mezzetti A, Schiavone C (April–June 2013).

8574: 8549: 6970:"Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide for pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis" 6823: 6286:"Giant cell formation in sarcoidosis: cell fusion or proliferation with non-division?" 6052: 5884: 5859: 5577:

Spagnolo P, Grunewald J (May 2013). "Recent advances in the genetics of sarcoidosis".

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Hulten E, Aslam S, Osborne M, Abbasi S, Bittencourt MS, Blankstein R (February 2016).

4036: 2697: 2646: 1159:(ACE) are higher in people with sarcoidosis. Likewise the ratio of CD4/CD8 T cells in 980:

with sarcoidosis have a family member with the condition, whereas the same figure for

423:

and is discovered by accident in about 5% of cases. Common symptoms, which tend to be

9985: 9896: 9834: 9799: 9764: 9741: 9729: 9607: 9514: 9353: 9317: 9283: 9271: 9225: 9221: 9190: 9149: 9114: 9078: 9035: 9000: 8959: 8910: 8867: 8832: 8791: 8733: 8690: 8655: 8614: 8579: 8530: 8489: 8437: 8406:

Rossides M, Kullberg S, Askling J, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Arkema EV (February 2018).

8385: 8350: 8280: 8217: 8186: 8145: 8101: 8074: 8028: 7987: 7924: 7877: 7834: 7830: 7781: 7728: 7683: 7649: 7644: 7627: 7601: 7550: 7486: 7451: 7447: 7416: 7375: 7334: 7285: 7242: 7207: 7189: 7148: 7090: 7036: 6991: 6950: 6893: 6827: 6777: 6710: 6671: 6656: 6534: 6490: 6455: 6420: 6412: 6373: 6365: 6323: 6305: 6301: 6266: 6223: 6188: 6139: 6091: 6056: 6021: 5972: 5931: 5889: 5840: 5799: 5759: 5718: 5694: 5682: 5647: 5594: 5559: 5524: 5480: 5453: 5418: 5377: 5336: 5258: 5217: 5194: 5182: 5136: 5101: 5035: 4998: 4945: 4915: 4873: 4821: 4786: 4745: 4686: 4651: 4601: 4560: 4510: 4467: 4432: 4397: 4362: 4317: 4305: 4268: 4256: 4238: 4173: 4116: 4081: 4040: 3997: 3959: 3910: 3878: 3866: 3822: 3781: 3755: 3720: 3685: 3626: 3582: 3547: 3510: 3452: 3373: 3338: 3320: 3285: 3273: 3235: 3187: 3100: 3018: 3006: 2998: 2892: 2888: 2847: 2765: 2711: 2660: 2609: 2561: 2521: 2498: 2456: 2283: 2219: 1895: 1876: 1695: 1475: 1408: 985:

family member was affected, a person has a four-fold greater risk of being affected.

822: 566: 175: 81: 50: 9957: 9846: 9313: 9237: 9047: 8922: 8879: 8745: 8702: 8122:

Strookappe B, Swigris J, De Vries J, Elfferich M, Knevel T, Drent M (October 2015).

7889: 7846: 7498: 7297: 7254: 7086: 6905: 6789: 6722: 6451: 6235: 6151: 5606: 5413: 5396: 5047: 4479: 4128: 4009: 3638: 3543: 3231: 2573: 2165:, though Mac's agent states the sarcoidosis was not related to his fatal pneumonia. 367:. In cases where the condition causes significant health problems, steroids such as 10157: 10025: 9886: 9876: 9826: 9791: 9721: 9506: 9382: 9309: 9263: 9217: 9182: 9126: 9106: 9070: 9027: 8990: 8949: 8902: 8859: 8822: 8781: 8773: 8725: 8682: 8645: 8606: 8569: 8561: 8520: 8479: 8471: 8427: 8419: 8377: 8292: 8270: 8209: 8176: 8135: 8066: 8018: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7916: 7869: 7826: 7773: 7718: 7639: 7591: 7581: 7540: 7530: 7478: 7443: 7406: 7365: 7324: 7277: 7234: 7197: 7179: 7138: 7082: 7028: 6981: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6885: 6819: 6769: 6737:"FDG-PET is a Superior Tool in the Diagnosis and Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis" 6702: 6524: 6482: 6447: 6404: 6357: 6313: 6297: 6258: 6215: 6178: 6131: 6123: 6083: 6048: 6011: 6003: 5923: 5879: 5871: 5830: 5791: 5782:

Müller-Quernheim J, Prasse A, Zissel G (June 2012). "Pathogenesis of sarcoidosis".

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Sarcoidosis is characterized by the formation of non-necrotizing ("non-caseating")

1104: 1064: 1047: 977: 871: 850: 846: 759: 678: 672: 639:

Eye involvement occurs in about 10–90% of cases. Manifestations in the eye include

471: 456: 340: 321: 269: 59: 7800: 7747: 7723: 7706: 5963:

Padilla ML, Schilero GJ, Teirstein AS (March 2002). "Donor-acquired sarcoidosis".

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Holmes J, Lazarus A (November 2009). "Sarcoidosis: extrathoracic manifestations".

2978: 2234:'s 1827 death have been described as possibly consistent with sarcoidosis. Author 1933:

have shown some effectiveness as an adjunct for treatment of sarcoidosis fatigue.

565:

Sarcoidosis involves the skin in between 9 and 37% of cases and is more common in

10061: 9979: 9686:"Wall Street Journal's Joseph Rago Died of Natural Causes, Medical Examiner Says" 9145: 9110: 9074: 8938:"Hairy cell leukemia and sarcoidosis: a case report and review of the literature" 8610: 7777: 7668: 7281: 6706: 5819:"Molecular evidence for the role of mycobacteria in sarcoidosis: a meta-analysis" 5178: 5132: 4463: 4428: 4233: 2994: 2557: 2227: 2192: 2053:, the rate of sarcoidosis incidence went up four-fold (to 86 cases per 100,000). 2015: 1926: 1911: 1711:

As the granulomas are caused by collections of immune system cells, particularly

1597: 1430: 1376: 1305: 1243: 1200: 886: 787: 403: 336: 313: 297: 9649: 9386: 8777: 8475: 8423: 6408: 5519: 5502: 4817: 3906: 3862: 2226:

may have had sarcoidosis, causing him impairment during his time as head of the

1489:

PET scan is able to quantify disease activity which cannot be performed by CMR.

663:). Development of scleral nodule associated with sarcoidosis has been observed. 58:

Chest X-ray showing the typical nodularity of sarcoidosis, predominantly in the

9990: 9881: 8650: 8633: 8525: 8508: 8381: 8023: 8007:"Quercetin reduces markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in sarcoidosis" 8006: 7329: 7312: 6486: 6007: 4647: 4300: 4283: 3716: 2751: 2103: 2095: 2074: 2023: 2019: 1941: 1937: 1863: 1847: 1843: 1732: 1663: 1649: 1645: 1404:(CVID) and therefore serum antibody levels should be measured to exclude CVID. 1365: 1353: 1257: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 865:, occurring in the majority of sarcoidosis cases, increased hepatic enzymes or 600: 344: 10036: 9032:

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Antoniu SA (January 2010). "Targeting the TNF-alpha pathway in sarcoidosis".

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Differential diagnosis includes metastatic disease, lymphoma, septic emboli,

1272: 1136: 1112: 1108: 1096: 729: 644: 570: 444: 332: 181: 9942: 9830: 8827: 8810: 6654: 5086: 5031: 4869: 4633: 4348: 3993: 3945: 3622: 1794:

has been used successfully as a treatment for cases with liver involvement.

10152: 9900: 9838: 9803: 9768: 9733: 9518: 9321: 9275: 9229: 9118: 9082: 8963: 8954: 8937: 8914: 8871: 8836: 8795: 8737: 8694: 8659: 8618: 8534: 8493: 8441: 8389: 8354: 8284: 8190: 8181: 8164: 8149: 8105: 8078: 8032: 7991: 7928: 7881: 7838: 7785: 7732: 7687: 7667:

Bakker GJ, Haan YC, Maillette de Buy Wenniger LJ, Beuers U (October 2012).

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Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. 2924:from the original on May 7, 2009 2906:from the original on 2016-03-04. 2889:10.1097/00063198-200209000-00013 2197:Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention 1875:requires further investigation. 1530: 1518: 1506: 1494: 1413:granulomatosis with polyangiitis 1402:common variable immunodeficiency 1280: 1265: 1250: 1224: 1212: 125:: lumps, ulcers, discolored skin 10135: 9441:from the original on 6 May 2016 9375:New England Journal of Medicine 9314:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.04.008 7087:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.06.002 6452:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.06.001 6431: 6384: 6277: 6251:New England Journal of Medicine 6242: 6158: 5983: 5956: 5900: 5851: 5810: 5729: 5701: 5658: 5570: 5535: 5473:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 5464: 5429: 5228: 5112: 5009: 4958: 4884: 4797: 4756: 4705: 4571: 4486: 4443: 4408: 4373: 4324: 4275: 4208: 4135: 4016: 3885: 3794: 3731: 3696: 3645: 3558: 3544:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.04.009 3523: 3428: 3349: 3292: 3232:10.1016/j.disamonth.2009.05.002 3149: 2970: 2910: 2776: 2546:Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2230:. The symptoms associated with 2004: 1452:bilateral pulmonary infiltrates 1362:Gömöri methenamine silver stain 1187:in various organs and tissues. 1133:transforming growth factor beta 607:and heart valves are uncommon. 532:bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy 509:pulmonary arterial hypertension 507:. At least 5% of cases include 476:bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy 395:as a non-painful skin disease. 266:Besnier–Boeck–Schaumann disease 10073:. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp 10062:Sarcoidosis UK Information Hub 7974:10.1001/jamadermatol.2013.4646 6937:10.1002/14651858.CD001114.pub2 6741:American College of Cardiology 4025:Forensic Science International 3803:"Sarcoidosis-induced alopecia" 2509: 2269: 2150:There have been concerns that 1316:Diagnosis of sarcoidosis is a 1169:immune reconstitution syndrome 13: 1: 9726:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62694-X 9614:. CBS2Chicago. Archived from 9268:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12888-7 8554:Journal of Clinical Pathology 7724:10.1001/archdermatol.2011.301 6824:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00199-X 6627:Journal of Insurance Medicine 6053:10.1016/S0167-5699(97)80019-9 5591:10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101532 5414:10.1093/rheumatology/38.3.287 5254:10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70172-8 4507:10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00454-9 4037:10.1016/S0379-0738(97)00106-0 3131:The Merck Manual Home Edition 2698:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 2647:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 2262: 1400:can be seen in patients with 1389:angiotensin converting enzyme 1157:angiotensin converting enzyme 1070: 923:similar to erythema nodosum. 353:angiotensin-converting enzyme 351:level, or elevated levels of 105:Depends on the organ involved 9111:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000318 9075:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.006 8815:Journal of Clinical Oncology 8611:10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9904045 7778:10.1016/j.jbspin.2008.01.025 7282:10.1212/WNL.0b013e318212aafb 6707:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-307877 5179:10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.ats4-99 5133:10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283541626 4464:10.3109/09273948.2010.524344 4429:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.04.001 4234:10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319129 3611:Nature Reviews. Rheumatology 2995:10.1097/MCP.0b013e32832d0403 2558:10.1097/bor.0000000000000052 2241: 2218:, it was suggested that the 2126:meaning "flesh", the suffix 2117: 1983:lymphoproliferative disorder 1951: 1838:(a thalidomide derivative), 1624: 1292: 455:and noduli (small bumps) to 7: 9576:Grimes W (10 August 2008). 9387:10.1056/NEJM193901262200404 8778:10.1097/MD.0000000000000121 8476:10.1183/13993003.00767-2020 8424:10.1183/13993003.01815-2017 7862:Annals of Internal Medicine 6409:10.1053/j.semdp.2007.06.002 5579:Journal of Medical Genetics 5520:10.1183/13993003.00385-2018 5373:10.1093/rheumatology/kev319 4818:10.1056/NEJM198108203050807 4718:Pain Research and Treatment 4337:Archives of Medical Science 4227:(6): heartjnl–2021–319129. 3907:10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.03.043 3863:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.08.009 3125:King, TE Jr. (March 2008). 1999:acute myeloblastic leukemia 1905: 1219:Sarcoidosis in a lymph node 1155:(HLA) class I antigens and 1101:tumor necrosis factor alpha 1019:tumor necrosis factor alpha 967: 877:purified protein derivative 628:acute myocardial infarction 10: 10230: 9882:10.1186/s12931-020-01493-y 8651:10.1177/039463201302600204 8526:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.06.038 8382:10.1016/j.cjca.2013.02.004 8024:10.1016/j.clnu.2011.01.010 7330:10.1016/j.rmed.2012.01.013 7311:Judson MA (October 2012). 6487:10.1016/j.crad.2010.03.004 6116:Rheumatology International 6008:10.1007/s10654-020-00611-w 5173:(2): 736–55. August 1999. 4940:Fausto N, Abbas A (2004). 4648:10.1016/j.crad.2011.04.018 4301:10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106624 3807:Dermatology Online Journal 3717:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.068 2784:"What Causes Sarcoidosis?" 2752:10.1164/rccm.201006-0865CI 2282:. Elsevier. p. 1454. 2056: 1089:Granulomatous inflammation 1053:Mycobacterium tuberculosis 670: 558: 415:Sarcoid affecting the skin 10189:Ailments of unknown cause 10143: 10000: 9919: 8907:10.1007/s12094-009-0375-1 8730:10.1007/s12032-007-0026-8 8687:10.1007/s00277-001-0415-6 8214:10.1183/1025448x.00032021 8141:10.1007/s00408-015-9784-9 8071:10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.013 8059:Clinics in Chest Medicine 7483:10.1517/14728220903449244 7239:10.1080/09273940902862992 7144:10.1183/09031936.00060612 6987:10.1183/09031936.00195010 6890:10.1517/14656566.8.9.1293 6774:10.1007/s12016-015-8492-9 6618:Joanne Mambretti (2004). 6220:10.1007/s10067-007-0594-1 6128:10.1007/s00296-011-1969-9 5836:10.1183/09031936.00002607 5796:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.03.018 5644:10.1164/rccm.200303-459OC 5556:10.1513/pats.200606-136MS 5450:10.1513/pats.200607-138MS 5323:10.1016/j.rdc.2013.02.007 5074:Indian Journal of Urology 4683:10.1007/s11916-011-0180-8 4557:10.1016/j.lpm.2011.12.017 4394:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.004 4113:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.002 3682:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.02.046 3579:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.04.003 3449:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.03.019 3317:10.36141/svdld.v35i2.6604 2606:10.1016/j.rdc.2015.08.012 2495:10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.003 2483:Clinics in Chest Medicine 2453:10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.015 2441:Clinics in Chest Medicine 2276:Konstantinidis G (2005). 2178:American football player 1873:disease-modifying effects 1787:Specific organ treatments 1568:Hypopigmented sarcoidosis 1563:Ichthyosiform sarcoidosis 1558:Erythrodermic sarcoidosis 1135:(TGF-β), indicative of a 901:Bone, joints, and muscles 712:this frequently leads to 501:interstitial lung disease 459:, granuloma annulare, or 388:interstitial lung disease 272:that form lumps known as 251: 245:interstitial lung disease 239: 229: 211: 187: 174: 164: 156: 148: 138: 96: 80: 66: 57: 48: 40: 35: 9796:10.1378/chest.128.3.1830 6530:10.3390/medicina46070063 6088:10.1378/chest.121.4.1239 2834:10.1177/1759720x15591310 2816:Kobak S (October 2015). 2407:. NHLBI. June 14, 2013. 2083:Jörgen Nielsen Schaumann 1925:Neurostimulants such as 1763:malignancies (cancers), 1608:Subcutaneous sarcoidosis 1486:of cardiac sarcoidosis. 1480:late gadolinium contrast 950: 931:similar to that seen in 828: 620:congestive heart failure 580: 202:infectious mononucleosis 9831:10.1378/chest.126.3.995 9691:The Wall Street Journal 9670:Donna J. Miller (????) 9140:Sam AH, Teo JT (2010). 8828:10.1200/JCO.2005.02.089 7711:Archives of Dermatology 5087:10.4103/0970-1591.82848 5032:10.2310/7750.2012.12083 4870:10.1378/chest.130.2.526 4349:10.5114/aoms.2011.24118 3994:10.1136/hrt.2011.226076 3946:10.1136/hrt.2005.080481 3623:10.1038/nrrheum.2011.93 2207:The Wall Street Journal 1834:(PDE4) inhibitors like 1813:tetracycline antibiotic 1583:Morpheaform sarcoidosis 1445:bihilar lymphadenopathy 1153:human leukocyte antigen 593:ventricular tachycardia 554: 8955:10.1038/sj.leu.2403074 8307:"What Is Sarcoidosis?" 8182:10.4187/respcare.04312 7798:Clinical trial number 7745:Clinical trial number 5679:10.1055/s-0030-1262206 3655:, 8th edition, p. 846. 3370:10.3816/CBC.2007.n.044 3358:Clinical Breast Cancer 3174:10.1055/s-0030-1262214 3086:10.1186/1750-1172-2-46 2329:"What Is Sarcoidosis?" 2236:Robert Louis Stevenson 2224:Maximilien Robespierre 1995:acute myeloid leukemia 1962: 1944:and prolonged-release 1684:steroid-sparing agents 1658:mesenchymal stem cells 1618:Ulcerative sarcoidosis 1393:bronchoalveolar lavage 1381:interleukin-2 receptor 1338:fine-needle aspiration 1313: 1161:bronchoalveolar lavage 960:(TNF) inhibitors like 881:hypergammaglobulinemia 800:Testicular involvement 701:Endocrine and exocrine 634: 597:ventricular arrhythmia 416: 408: 320:, and a rash known as 206:pulmonary eosinophilia 189:Differential diagnosis 180:Based on symptoms and 152:Few years to long term 9511:10.1378/chest.06-2114 9461:"Mission & Goals" 7921:10.1378/chest.12-0383 7033:10.1378/chest.12-1060 6208:Clinical Rheumatology 5928:10.1378/chest.10-0188 3930:"Cardiac sarcoidosis" 3752:10.1378/chest.08-1527 1959: 1741:tumor necrosis factor 1731:), immunomodulatory ( 1334:endoscopic ultrasound 1304:of the chest showing 1300: 958:tumor necrosis factor 911:hilar lymphadenopathy 766:clearance and little 722:nonpuerperal mastitis 687:peripheral neuropathy 539:pulmonary infiltrates 414: 406: 73:sar-koy-DOH-sis 18:Pulmonary sarcoidosis 10168:Heerfordt's syndrome 9869:Respiratory Research 9063:Autoimmunity Reviews 8675:Annals of Hematology 8566:10.1136/jcp.49.3.208 7317:Respiratory Medicine 6566:"Sarcoidosis Workup" 6263:10.1056/NEJMra071714 5876:10.1136/thx.51.5.530 4782:10.1093/qjmed/hcg103 4597:10.1093/brain/awf027 4417:Autoimmunity Reviews 4288:Respiratory Medicine 3443:(6 Pt 2): e289–302. 2232:Ludwig van Beethoven 2051:September 11 attacks 1987:non-Hodgkin lymphoma 1792:Ursodeoxycholic acid 1613:Systemic sarcoidosis 1240:Langhans giant cells 1193:Langhans giant cells 867:alkaline phosphatase 815:alkaline phosphatase 144:More common in women 10209:Autoimmune diseases 9618:on October 21, 2009 9169:Henke CE, Henke G, 8605:(5 Pt 1): 1668–72. 7536:10.2147/DDDT.S31064 7412:10.1056/NEJMc032345 6597:"Case of the Month" 5790:(6 Pt 2): e275–87. 4984:10.1155/2013/260704 4731:10.1155/2012/256024 4551:(6 Pt 2): e331–48. 4388:(6 Pt 2): e349–54. 4192:"About Sarcoidosis" 4107:(6 Pt 2): e317–30. 3676:(6 Pt 2): e355–74. 3573:(6 Pt 2): e303–16. 2157:Comedian and actor 2138:Society and culture 2063:Jonathan Hutchinson 1991:hairy cell leukemia 1832:phosphodiesterase 4 1830:Recently selective 1743:treatment (such as 1588:Mucosal sarcoidosis 1553:Annular sarcoidosis 1476:T2-weighted imaging 1426:Mycobacterium avium 1318:matter of exclusion 937:Jaccoud arthropathy 933:psoriatic arthritis 537:Stage II: BHL with 470:The combination of 449:shortness of breath 443:(14–38% of cases), 393:Jonathan Hutchinson 349:parathyroid hormone 306:shortness of breath 117:shortness of breath 10001:External resources 9610:(August 9, 2008). 9582:The New York Times 8011:Clinical Nutrition 7806:ClinicalTrials.gov 7766:Joint, Bone, Spine 7753:ClinicalTrials.gov 7185:10.1111/resp.14001 6851:Medscape Reference 6601:Diagnostic Imaging 6570:Medscape Reference 6475:Clinical Radiology 6184:10.1093/ndt/gfl369 4912:10.4158/EP12131.CR 4900:Endocrine Practice 4636:Clinical Radiology 3819:10.5070/D30FP92370 3410:Medscape Reference 2952:Medscape Reference 2169:Karen "Duff" Duffy 2152:World Trade Center 2073:was coined by Dr. 1967:pulmonary fibrosis 1963: 1821:hydroxychloroquine 1809:hydroxychloroquine 1707:Immunosuppressants 1409:rheumatoid nodules 1360:bacilli stain and 1314: 1312:due to sarcoidosis 982:European Americans 710:hyperprolactinemia 695:diabetes insipidus 657:Heerfordt syndrome 546:Stage IV: fibrosis 417: 409: 399:Signs and symptoms 345:high blood calcium 270:inflammatory cells 10176: 10175: 10057: 10056: 9553:. US Government. 8864:10.1159/000029470 8276:10.1586/ECI.12.93 7587:10.2147/TCRM.S967 7371:10.1159/000345596 6362:10.5858/134.5.667 6257:(21): 2153–2165. 6002:(11): 1087–1097. 3653:Clinical Medicine 3651:Kumar and Clark, 3270:10.1136/bmj.b3206 2790:. June 14, 2013. 2600:(1): 119–35, ix. 2527:978-0-323-07699-9 2516:Ferri FF (2010). 2372:. June 14, 2013. 2335:. June 14, 2013. 2289:978-0-08-046012-3 2220:French Revolution 2087:uveoparotid fever 1898:, some recommend 1896:testicular cancer 1877:Antimycobacterial 1696:mycophenolic acid 1656:combinations and 1234:sarcoidosis with 1065:organ transplants 1025:Infectious agents 1021:(TNFA) variants. 978:African Americans 823:aminotransferases 624:Diabetes mellitus 567:African Americans 490:Respiratory tract 337:large lymph nodes 314:large lymph nodes 259: 258: 243:1.9 million with 176:Diagnostic method 30:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 10221: 10163:Löfgren syndrome 10158:Neurosarcoidosis 10130: 10123: 10116: 10107: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10092: 10090: 10082: 10080: 10078: 9917: 9916: 9905: 9904: 9894: 9884: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9709: 9703: 9702: 9700: 9698: 9681: 9675: 9668: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9657: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9533: 9527: 9521:. Archived from 9496: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9457: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9345: 9326: 9325: 9297: 9288: 9287: 9262:(9363): 1111–8. 9251: 9242: 9241: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9137: 9131: 9130: 9093: 9087: 9086: 9058: 9052: 9051: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8998: 8974: 8968: 8967: 8957: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8830: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8789: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8718:Medical Oncology 8713: 8707: 8706: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8653: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8594: 8588: 8587: 8577: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8528: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8487: 8455: 8446: 8445: 8435: 8403: 8394: 8393: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8338: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8303: 8297: 8296: 8278: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8235: 8227: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8184: 8169:Respiratory Care 8160: 8154: 8153: 8143: 8119: 8110: 8109: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8054: 8037: 8036: 8026: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7985: 7962:JAMA Dermatology 7953: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7937: 7931:. 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Archived from 7018: 7009: 7000: 6999: 6989: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6948: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6807: 6794: 6793: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6747: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6661: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6635: 6624: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6561: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6514: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6388: 6382: 6381: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6203: 6197: 6196: 6186: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6111: 6100: 6099: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6041:Immunology Today 6036: 6030: 6029: 6019: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5944: 5938:. Archived from 5913: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5887: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5838: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5779: 5768: 5767: 5757: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5662: 5656: 5655: 5637: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5539: 5533: 5532: 5522: 5498: 5489: 5488: 5468: 5462: 5461: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5416: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5375: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5334: 5302: 5267: 5266: 5256: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5205: 5199: 5198: 5162: 5153: 5152: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5099: 5089: 5065: 5052: 5051: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4986: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4897: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4853: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4760: 4754: 4753: 4743: 4733: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4631: 4610: 4609: 4599: 4590:(Pt 2): 264–75. 4575: 4569: 4568: 4540: 4519: 4518: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4360: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4303: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4254: 4236: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4020: 4014: 4013: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3846: 3835: 3834: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3773: 3764: 3763: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3711:(1): 121.e1–14. 3700: 3694: 3693: 3665: 3656: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3606: 3591: 3590: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3516:978-0-07174889-6 3502: 3461: 3460: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3401: 3382: 3381: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3336: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3253: 3244: 3243: 3215: 3196: 3195: 3185: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3122: 3109: 3108: 3098: 3088: 3064: 3023: 3022: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2874: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2845: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2731: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2678: 2669: 2668: 2658: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2589: 2578: 2577: 2541: 2532: 2531: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2436: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2401: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2362: 2349: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2325: 2294: 2293: 2273: 2253:cyclophosphamide 2091:Löfgren syndrome 2040:Erythema nodosum 1717:cyclophosphamide 1666:, most commonly 1593:Neurosarcoidosis 1573:Löfgren syndrome 1534: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1322:chest radiograph 1308:(arrows) in the 1284: 1269: 1254: 1228: 1216: 1197:Schaumann bodies 1105:interferon gamma 1048:publication bias 851:hemolytic anemia 847:Thrombocytopenia 760:nephrocalcinosis 679:neurosarcoidosis 673:Neurosarcoidosis 484:Löfgren syndrome 472:erythema nodosum 457:erythema nodosum 341:root of the lung 322:erythema nodosum 310:Löfgren syndrome 142:20–50 years old 53: 33: 32: 21: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10172: 10139: 10134: 10094: 10093: 10084: 10083: 10076: 10074: 10058: 10053: 10052: 9996: 9995: 9928: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9861: 9854: 9815: 9811: 9780: 9776: 9753: 9749: 9710: 9706: 9696: 9694: 9682: 9678: 9669: 9665: 9655: 9653: 9648: 9647: 9643: 9634: 9630: 9621: 9619: 9605: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9531: 9529: 9525: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9459: 9458: 9454: 9444: 9442: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9399: 9398: 9394: 9371: 9367: 9360: 9346: 9329: 9302:Disease-a-Month 9298: 9291: 9252: 9245: 9206: 9202: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9146:Wiley-Blackwell 9138: 9134: 9105:(15): 1307–13. 9094: 9090: 9059: 9055: 9016: 9012: 8975: 8971: 8934: 8930: 8891: 8887: 8848: 8844: 8807: 8803: 8757: 8753: 8714: 8710: 8671: 8667: 8630: 8626: 8595: 8591: 8546: 8542: 8505: 8501: 8456: 8449: 8404: 8397: 8366: 8362: 8339: 8330: 8320: 8318: 8305: 8304: 8300: 8255: 8251: 8239: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8202: 8198: 8161: 8157: 8120: 8113: 8090: 8086: 8055: 8040: 8003: 7999: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7939: 7935: 7901: 7897: 7858: 7854: 7815: 7811: 7797: 7793: 7762: 7758: 7744: 7740: 7703: 7699: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7624: 7613: 7566: 7562: 7515: 7506: 7467: 7463: 7432: 7428: 7391: 7387: 7350: 7346: 7323:(10): 1351–61. 7309: 7305: 7276:(13): 1168–72. 7266: 7262: 7223: 7219: 7164: 7160: 7123: 7102: 7075:Disease-a-Month 7071: 7062: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7016: 7010: 7003: 6966: 6962: 6931:(2): CD001114. 6917: 6913: 6884:(9): 1293–311. 6874: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6843: 6839: 6808: 6797: 6758: 6754: 6745: 6743: 6735: 6734: 6730: 6691: 6687: 6659: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6633: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6562: 6553: 6545: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6471: 6467: 6446:(11): 693–703. 6440:Disease-a-Month 6436: 6432: 6389: 6385: 6342: 6335: 6282: 6278: 6247: 6243: 6214:(11): 1969–71. 6204: 6200: 6163: 6159: 6122:(12): 1539–44. 6112: 6103: 6072: 6068: 6037: 6033: 5988: 5984: 5961: 5957: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5856: 5852: 5815: 5811: 5784:Presse Médicale 5780: 5771: 5734: 5730: 5706: 5702: 5663: 5659: 5635:10.1.1.321.2788 5618: 5614: 5575: 5571: 5540: 5536: 5499: 5492: 5469: 5465: 5434: 5430: 5393: 5389: 5352: 5348: 5303: 5270: 5233: 5229: 5206: 5202: 5164: 5163: 5156: 5117: 5113: 5066: 5055: 5014: 5010: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4938: 4927: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4854: 4847: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4802: 4798: 4761: 4757: 4710: 4706: 4667: 4663: 4632: 4613: 4576: 4572: 4545:Presse Médicale 4541: 4522: 4491: 4487: 4448: 4444: 4413: 4409: 4382:Presse Médicale 4378: 4374: 4329: 4325: 4280: 4276: 4213: 4209: 4200: 4198: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4140: 4136: 4101:Presse Médicale 4097: 4093: 4056: 4052: 4021: 4017: 3988:(24): 2078–87. 3978: 3971: 3926: 3922: 3890: 3886: 3847: 3838: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3774: 3767: 3736: 3732: 3701: 3697: 3670:Presse Médicale 3666: 3659: 3650: 3646: 3607: 3594: 3567:Presse Médicale 3563: 3559: 3532:Disease-a-Month 3528: 3524: 3517: 3503: 3464: 3437:Presse Médicale 3433: 3429: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3385: 3354: 3350: 3297: 3293: 3254: 3247: 3220:Disease-a-Month 3216: 3199: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3123: 3112: 3065: 3026: 2975: 2971: 2961: 2959: 2944: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2903: 2872: 2866: 2859: 2814: 2807: 2797: 2795: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2732: 2723: 2680: 2679: 2672: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2590: 2581: 2542: 2535: 2528: 2514: 2510: 2479: 2468: 2437: 2424: 2414: 2412: 2403: 2402: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2327: 2326: 2297: 2290: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2244: 2228:Reign of Terror 2193:Manning Marable 2140: 2120: 2059: 2016:African descent 2007: 1954: 1942:anticonvulsants 1938:antidepressants 1927:methylphenidate 1912:quality of life 1908: 1789: 1709: 1680: 1678:Antimetabolites 1664:Corticosteroids 1650:antimetabolites 1646:glucocorticoids 1627: 1622: 1598:Papular sarcoid 1545: 1538: 1535: 1526: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1502: 1499: 1431:cytomegalovirus 1377:serum amyloid A 1340:of mediastinal 1306:lymphadenopathy 1295: 1288: 1285: 1276: 1270: 1261: 1255: 1246: 1244:asteroid bodies 1229: 1220: 1217: 1201:Asteroid bodies 1191:, specifically 1181: 1086: 1084:Pathophysiology 1075:Association of 1073: 1027: 976:. About 20% of 970: 953: 903: 887:Lymphadenopathy 831: 788:fallopian tubes 756:Crohn's disease 751: 703: 675: 669: 637: 583: 563: 557: 492: 401: 343:on both sides, 264:(also known as 143: 134: 76: 31: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10227: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10199:Abdominal pain 10196: 10194:Lung disorders 10191: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10133: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10064: 10055: 10054: 10051: 10050: 10039: 10028: 10017: 10005: 10004: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9994: 9993: 9982: 9971: 9960: 9945: 9929: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920:Classification 9913: 9912:External links 9910: 9907: 9906: 9852: 9809: 9790:(3): 1830–35. 9774: 9747: 9720:(9910): 2068. 9704: 9676: 9663: 9652:. May 20, 2005 9641: 9628: 9599: 9568: 9538: 9505:(5): 1414–23. 9482: 9452: 9422: 9392: 9381:(4): 143–145. 9365: 9358: 9327: 9308:(11): 649–60. 9289: 9243: 9200: 9161: 9155:978-1405183239 9154: 9142:Rapid Medicine 9132: 9088: 9053: 9010: 8969: 8948:(10): 2057–9. 8928: 8885: 8842: 8801: 8751: 8708: 8665: 8624: 8589: 8540: 8519:(7): 767–777. 8499: 8447: 8418:(2): 1701815. 8395: 8376:(9): 1034–41. 8360: 8328: 8298: 8249: 8240:|journal= 8222: 8196: 8155: 8111: 8084: 8038: 7997: 7948: 7915:(2): 461–470. 7895: 7852: 7809: 7791: 7756: 7738: 7697: 7659: 7611: 7580:(6): 1305–13. 7560: 7504: 7461: 7426: 7405:(17): 1798–9. 7385: 7344: 7303: 7260: 7217: 7178:(5): 452–460. 7158: 7137:(6): 1424–38. 7100: 7081:(11): 704–18. 7060: 7027:(4): 827–836. 7001: 6980:(5): 1145–50. 6960: 6911: 6868: 6837: 6818:(10): 813–22. 6795: 6752: 6728: 6685: 6647: 6610: 6587: 6551: 6500: 6465: 6430: 6403:(3): 150–161. 6383: 6356:(5): 667–690. 6333: 6296:(3): 476–486. 6276: 6241: 6198: 6177:(10): 2690–4. 6157: 6101: 6082:(4): 1239–44. 6066: 6031: 5982: 5955: 5899: 5850: 5809: 5769: 5728: 5700: 5657: 5628:(6): 696–702. 5612: 5569: 5534: 5513:(2): 1800385. 5490: 5463: 5428: 5387: 5346: 5268: 5227: 5200: 5154: 5111: 5053: 5008: 4957: 4951:978-0721601878 4950: 4925: 4883: 4845: 4831: 4796: 4755: 4704: 4661: 4611: 4570: 4520: 4485: 4442: 4407: 4372: 4323: 4274: 4207: 4183: 4134: 4091: 4050: 4015: 3969: 3920: 3901:(7): 1305–23. 3884: 3857:(2): 113–125. 3836: 3793: 3787:978-0808923510 3786: 3765: 3746:(2): 583–596. 3730: 3695: 3657: 3644: 3592: 3557: 3538:(11): 661–74. 3522: 3515: 3462: 3427: 3383: 3364:(10): 804–10. 3348: 3311:(2): 160–164. 3291: 3245: 3226:(11): 675–92. 3197: 3148: 3110: 3024: 2989:(5): 499–506. 2969: 2935: 2909: 2857: 2828:(5): 196–205. 2805: 2775: 2721: 2670: 2619: 2579: 2533: 2526: 2508: 2489:(4): 585–602. 2466: 2422: 2387: 2350: 2295: 2288: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2243: 2240: 2139: 2136: 2119: 2116: 2075:Ernest Besnier 2058: 2055: 2024:celiac disease 2006: 2003: 1953: 1950: 1907: 1904: 1864:ACE inhibitors 1848:pentoxifylline 1844:PDE4 inhibitor 1788: 1785: 1733:pentoxifylline 1708: 1705: 1679: 1676: 1633:(NSAIDs) like 1626: 1623: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1549: 1544: 1543:Classification 1541: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1493: 1457: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1366:microorganisms 1364:) to rule out 1354:flow cytometry 1294: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1279: 1277: 1275:in sarcoidosis 1271: 1264: 1262: 1260:in sarcoidosis 1258:Schaumann body 1256: 1249: 1247: 1230: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1211: 1180: 1179:Histopathology 1177: 1095:and activated 1085: 1082: 1072: 1069: 1026: 1023: 969: 966: 952: 949: 902: 899: 830: 827: 750: 747: 702: 699: 671:Main article: 668: 667:Nervous system 665: 636: 633: 582: 579: 559:Main article: 556: 553: 548: 547: 544: 541: 535: 491: 488: 433:lack of energy 400: 397: 347:with a normal 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 241: 237: 236: 235:Mortality 1–7% 233: 227: 226: 213: 209: 208: 191: 185: 184: 178: 172: 171: 170:Family history 168: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 133: 132: 126: 120: 106: 102: 100: 94: 93: 84: 78: 77: 75: 74: 70: 68: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 29: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10226: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10142: 10138: 10131: 10126: 10124: 10119: 10117: 10112: 10111: 10108: 10100: 10088: 10072: 10071: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10049: 10045: 10044: 10040: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10018: 10016: 10012: 10011: 10007: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9992: 9988: 9987: 9983: 9981: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9927: 9922: 9918: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9859: 9857: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9813: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9770: 9766: 9763:(3): 258–63. 9762: 9758: 9751: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9708: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9667: 9651: 9645: 9638: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9556: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9528:on 2014-02-25 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9508: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9456: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9361: 9359:9781904097884 9355: 9351: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9303: 9296: 9294: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9250: 9248: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9057: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9014: 9006: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8932: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8755: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8724:(4): 469–71. 8723: 8719: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8644:(2): 305–13. 8643: 8639: 8635: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8560:(3): 208–12. 8559: 8555: 8551: 8544: 8536: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8454: 8452: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8400: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8245: 8233: 8225: 8223:9781904097372 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8192: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8175:(4): 483–94. 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8118: 8116: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8088: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8065:(4): 727–37. 8064: 8060: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8045: 8043: 8034: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8017:(4): 506–12. 8016: 8012: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7968:(9): 1040–9. 7967: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7938:on 2014-02-25 7934: 7930: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7868:(3): 159–66. 7867: 7863: 7856: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7813: 7807: 7803: 7802: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7682:(8): 349–56. 7681: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7513: 7511: 7509: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7442:(1): 89–103. 7441: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7364:(5): 376–83. 7363: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7264: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7233:(3): 185–90. 7232: 7228: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7050:on 2014-02-25 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7008: 7006: 6997: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6756: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6701:(3): 184–90. 6700: 6696: 6689: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6670:(5): 569–72. 6669: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6560: 6558: 6556: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6481:(8): 642–50. 6480: 6476: 6469: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5945:on 2014-02-25 5941: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5922:(1): 174–82. 5921: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5829:(3): 508–16. 5828: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5748:(1): 133–41. 5747: 5743: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5717:(6): 1125–9. 5716: 5712: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5550:(5): 457–60. 5549: 5545: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5482: 5479:(5): 609–12. 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5317:(2): 277–97. 5316: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5247:(7): 339–42. 5246: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5127:(5): 472–82. 5126: 5122: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5080:(2): 269–71. 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5026:(4): 287–90. 5025: 5021: 5020: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4864:(2): 526–32. 4863: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4775:(8): 553–61. 4774: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4642:(3): 263–76. 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4458:(6): 432–41. 4457: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343:(4): 546–54. 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4031:(3): 145–53. 4030: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3770: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3617:(8): 457–67. 3616: 3612: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406:"Sarcoidosis" 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3250: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168:(4): 463–73. 3167: 3163: 3159: 3152: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069:"Sarcoidosis" 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2883:(5): 416–23. 2882: 2878: 2871: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746:(5): 573–81. 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2552:(3): 276–84. 2551: 2547: 2540: 2538: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2447:(4): 751–67. 2446: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2410: 2406: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067:dermatologist 2064: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1968: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1548: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1516: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1273:Asteroid body 1268: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1222: 1215: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137:T helper cell 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:interleukin 2 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:T-lymphocytes 1094: 1090: 1081: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1000: 999: 994: 993: 986: 983: 979: 975: 965: 963: 959: 948: 946: 940: 938: 934: 930: 924: 922: 917: 912: 907: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 882: 879:. Polyclonal 878: 874: 873: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 746: 744: 740: 736: 733: 731: 730:hypercalcemia 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 674: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:uveoparotitis 642: 632: 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 589: 578: 576: 572: 571:maculopapular 568: 562: 552: 545: 542: 540: 536: 533: 529: 528: 527: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 413: 405: 396: 394: 389: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 360: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 296:, though any 295: 292:, heart, and 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 232: 228: 225: 221: 217: 214: 210: 207: 203: 199: 195: 192: 190: 186: 183: 182:tissue biopsy 179: 177: 173: 169: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 141: 137: 130: 127: 124: 121: 118: 114: 110: 107: 104: 103: 101: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 83: 79: 72: 71: 69: 67:Pronunciation 65: 62:of the lungs. 61: 56: 52: 47: 43: 39: 34: 19: 10153:Lupus pernio 10136: 10075:. Retrieved 10069: 10041: 10030: 10019: 10008: 9984: 9973: 9962: 9947: 9932: 9872: 9868: 9825:(3): 995–8. 9822: 9818: 9812: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9717: 9713: 9707: 9697:12 September 9695:. Retrieved 9689: 9679: 9666: 9654:. Retrieved 9644: 9631: 9620:. Retrieved 9616:the original 9602: 9590:. Retrieved 9581: 9571: 9559:. Retrieved 9550: 9541: 9530:. Retrieved 9523:the original 9502: 9498: 9485: 9473:. Retrieved 9464: 9455: 9443:. Retrieved 9434: 9425: 9413:. Retrieved 9404: 9401:"Join WASOG" 9395: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9349: 9305: 9301: 9259: 9255: 9216:(9): 911–5. 9213: 9209: 9203: 9181:(5): 840–5. 9178: 9174: 9164: 9141: 9135: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9069:(1): 64–74. 9066: 9062: 9056: 9026:(2): 366–9. 9023: 9019: 9013: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8901:(6): 396–8. 8898: 8894: 8888: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8821:(3): 640–1. 8818: 8814: 8804: 8772:(21): e121. 8769: 8765: 8754: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8681:(2): 103–5. 8678: 8674: 8668: 8641: 8637: 8627: 8602: 8598: 8592: 8557: 8553: 8543: 8516: 8512: 8502: 8467: 8463: 8415: 8411: 8373: 8369: 8363: 8349:(1): 89–93. 8346: 8342: 8319:. Retrieved 8310: 8301: 8266: 8262: 8252: 8205: 8199: 8172: 8168: 8158: 8134:(5): 701–8. 8131: 8127: 8100:(1): 53–62. 8097: 8093: 8087: 8062: 8058: 8014: 8010: 8000: 7965: 7961: 7951: 7940:. Retrieved 7933:the original 7912: 7908: 7898: 7865: 7861: 7855: 7825:(3): 183–6. 7822: 7818: 7812: 7799: 7794: 7772:(4): 511–2. 7769: 7765: 7759: 7746: 7741: 7717:(2): 262–4. 7714: 7710: 7700: 7679: 7675: 7662: 7638:(4): 281–9. 7635: 7631: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7526: 7522: 7474: 7470: 7464: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7361: 7357: 7347: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7273: 7269: 7263: 7230: 7226: 7220: 7175: 7171: 7161: 7134: 7130: 7078: 7074: 7052:. Retrieved 7045:the original 7024: 7020: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6859:. Retrieved 6850: 6840: 6815: 6811: 6768:(1): 79–92. 6765: 6761: 6755: 6744:. Retrieved 6740: 6731: 6698: 6694: 6688: 6667: 6663: 6650: 6638:. Retrieved 6626: 6613: 6604: 6600: 6590: 6578:. Retrieved 6569: 6523:(7): 443–6. 6520: 6516: 6503: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6443: 6439: 6433: 6400: 6396: 6386: 6353: 6349: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6174: 6170: 6160: 6119: 6115: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6047:(6): 263–6. 6044: 6040: 6034: 5999: 5995: 5985: 5971:(1): 18–24. 5968: 5964: 5958: 5947:. Retrieved 5940:the original 5919: 5915: 5902: 5870:(5): 530–3. 5867: 5863: 5853: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5787: 5783: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5714: 5710: 5703: 5673:(4): 380–9. 5670: 5666: 5660: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5585:(5): 290–7. 5582: 5578: 5572: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5510: 5506: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5444:(5): 453–6. 5441: 5437: 5431: 5407:(3): 287–8. 5404: 5401:Rheumatology 5400: 5390: 5363: 5360:Rheumatology 5359: 5349: 5314: 5310: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5213: 5209: 5203: 5170: 5166: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5077: 5073: 5023: 5017: 5011: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4941: 4906:(2): e40–3. 4903: 4899: 4886: 4861: 4857: 4839: 4834: 4812:(8): 440–3. 4809: 4805: 4799: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4677:(3): 201–6. 4674: 4670: 4664: 4639: 4635: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4548: 4544: 4501:(4): 752–4. 4498: 4494: 4488: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4423:(8): 840–9. 4420: 4416: 4410: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4340: 4336: 4326: 4291: 4287: 4277: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4199:. Retrieved 4195: 4186: 4154:(1): 50–63. 4151: 4147: 4137: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4070:(4): 306–9. 4067: 4063: 4053: 4028: 4024: 4018: 3985: 3981: 3940:(2): 282–8. 3937: 3933: 3923: 3898: 3895:Heart Rhythm 3894: 3887: 3854: 3850: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3777: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3673: 3669: 3652: 3647: 3614: 3610: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3506: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3418:. Retrieved 3409: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3261: 3257: 3223: 3219: 3165: 3161: 3151: 3139:. Retrieved 3130: 3076: 3072: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2960:. Retrieved 2951: 2926:. Retrieved 2912: 2880: 2876: 2825: 2821: 2796:. Retrieved 2787: 2778: 2743: 2739: 2689: 2685: 2638: 2634: 2597: 2593: 2549: 2545: 2517: 2511: 2486: 2482: 2444: 2440: 2413:. Retrieved 2378:. Retrieved 2369: 2341:. Retrieved 2332: 2278: 2271: 2249:methotrexate 2245: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2191: 2184: 2180:Reggie White 2177: 2167: 2156: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2071:lupus pernio 2060: 2047:firefighters 2044: 2036:tuberculosis 2032: 2028: 2012: 2008: 2005:Epidemiology 1972: 1964: 1935: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1893: 1881:tuberculosis 1860:atorvastatin 1829: 1800:lupus pernio 1790: 1765:hypertension 1761: 1739:), and anti- 1729:cyclosporine 1725:chlorambucil 1710: 1692:methotrexate 1688:azathioprine 1681: 1672:prednisolone 1662: 1643: 1628: 1603:Scar sarcoid 1578:Lupus pernio 1546: 1488: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1439: 1435:cryptococcus 1424: 1421:tuberculosis 1406: 1374: 1344:(EBUS FNA). 1315: 1182: 1166: 1145: 1087: 1074: 1051: 1032:mycobacteria 1028: 1012: 1002: 996: 990: 987: 971: 954: 941: 925: 921:panniculitis 908: 904: 895:splenomegaly 885: 870: 855:splenomegaly 832: 807:hepatomegaly 804: 752: 737: 734: 718:galactorrhea 704: 676: 638: 613: 609: 601:sudden death 584: 575:lupus pernio 564: 549: 525: 493: 469: 461:lupus pernio 421:asymptomatic 418: 385: 381:azathioprine 373:methotrexate 361: 357:tuberculosis 326: 312:with fever, 304:, coughing, 265: 261: 260: 224:methotrexate 194:Tuberculosis 166:Risk factors 128: 122: 119:, chest pain 108: 87:Rheumatology 10137:Sarcoidosis 10095:|work= 10077:19 February 10037:Sarcoidosis 10010:MedlinePlus 9656:January 30, 9608:Le Mignot S 9561:22 February 9475:21 February 9415:21 February 9350:Sarcoidosis 9171:Elveback LR 8989:(1): 58–9. 8858:(1): 90–3. 8321:21 February 8206:Sarcoidosis 7801:NCT00279708 7748:NCT01830959 7477:(1): 21–9. 7172:Respirology 6861:19 February 6580:19 February 6136:11365/35698 5216:(1): 52–9. 5210:Sarcoidosis 3420:19 February 3141:19 February 2962:19 February 2203:Joseph Rago 2187:Sean Levert 2102:disease or 1975:lung cancer 1900:orchiectomy 1840:roflumilast 1825:chloroquine 1817:minocycline 1805:chloroquine 1796:Thalidomide 1737:thalidomide 1700:leflunomide 1466:epithelioid 1419:infection, 1342:lymph nodes 1310:mediastinum 1189:Giant cells 1093:macrophages 1014:HLA DR3-DQ2 945:Periostitis 863:monocytosis 835:Lymphopenia 811:cholestatic 768:proteinuria 683:papilledema 616:heart block 605:pericardium 534:(BHL) alone 467:difficult. 465:distinction 437:weight loss 377:chloroquine 286:lymph nodes 274:granulomata 262:Sarcoidosis 139:Usual onset 41:Other names 36:Sarcoidosis 10183:Categories 10032:Patient UK 9986:DiseasesDB 9875:(1): 225. 9622:2010-03-27 9532:2014-02-22 8269:(2): 111. 7942:2014-02-21 7529:: 325–38. 7054:2014-02-20 6746:2019-08-12 5949:2014-02-20 5366:(1): 102. 4977:: 260704. 4294:: 106624. 4201:2019-08-09 2263:References 2257:teratogens 2215:The Lancet 2159:Bernie Mac 2020:Caucasians 1854:, an anti- 1836:apremilast 1823:than with 1811:) and the 1781:adalimumab 1773:Etanercept 1769:Infliximab 1757:adalimumab 1749:etanercept 1745:infliximab 1721:cladribine 1686:, such as 1668:prednisone 1654:antibiotic 1379:, soluble 1328:of chest, 1236:granulomas 1185:granulomas 1149:etanercept 1077:autoimmune 1071:Autoimmune 1061:peroxidase 1044:rickettsia 995:; several 962:etanercept 929:Dactylitis 916:Enthesitis 859:leukopenia 843:Leukopenia 772:epididymis 764:creatinine 714:amenorrhea 691:Myelopathy 599:, causing 497:parenchyma 482:is called 480:joint pain 427:, include 369:prednisone 220:prednisone 91:Immunology 10097:ignored ( 10087:cite book 10021:eMedicine 9742:205971757 9405:wasog.org 9284:208793787 9099:Neurology 8242:ignored ( 8232:cite book 7270:Neurology 7194:1440-1843 6853:. WebMD. 6629:: 91–92. 6572:. WebMD. 6417:0740-2570 6370:1543-2165 6310:1365-2249 5695:260316603 5630:CiteSeerX 5195:251816742 4318:238217835 4269:235076619 4243:1355-6037 3879:205477032 3412:. WebMD. 3325:2532-179X 3286:220114548 3264:: b3206. 3019:205784334 3003:1070-5287 2954:. WebMD. 2242:Pregnancy 2163:pneumonia 2118:Etymology 2114:disease. 2112:Schaumann 2079:histology 1979:lymphomas 1952:Prognosis 1931:modafinil 1889:Quercetin 1852:rituximab 1777:golimumab 1753:golimumab 1635:ibuprofen 1625:Treatment 1484:prognosis 1429:complex, 1417:varicella 1358:acid fast 1293:Diagnosis 1232:Pulmonary 1205:lysosomes 974:ethnicity 819:bilirubin 794:, or the 776:testicles 743:Dry mouth 726:vitamin D 706:Prolactin 653:parotitis 530:Stage I: 441:arthritis 365:ibuprofen 329:infection 318:arthritis 240:Frequency 231:Prognosis 216:Ibuprofen 212:Treatment 115:, cough, 82:Specialty 10043:Orphanet 10026:med/2063 9901:32854707 9847:14434405 9839:15364785 9804:16162793 9769:17214130 9734:24360387 9592:30 April 9586:Archived 9555:Archived 9519:17400664 9469:Archived 9439:Archived 9437:. 2016. 9409:Archived 9322:19857640 9276:12672326 9238:24306517 9230:15316417 9119:24610328 9083:25305373 9048:29451954 8964:14513061 8942:Leukemia 8923:10589338 8915:19531456 8880:71437158 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