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average amounting to $ 58.15; however, porters had to pay for their own meals, lodging, uniforms, and shoe-shine supplies, amounting to an average of $ 33.82 a month. Overtime pay of 60 cents per 100 miles was paid only for monthly service in excess of 11,000 miles, or about 400 hours of road service in a month. Maids received a minimum of $ 70 a month, with the same overtime provision, but they received fewer tips. By contrast, Pullman conductors, who already had a recognized union to bargain for them, earned a minimum $ 150 a month for 240 hours' work. The company offered a health, disability, and life insurance plan for $ 28 a year, and paid a pension of $ 18 a month to porters who reached age 70 and had at least 20 years of service. The BSCP booklet also reports that in 1925 the
Pullman Company paid out over $ 10 million in dividends to stockholders from an aggregate net company income of more than $ 19 million.
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534:, former cook and porter Frank Rollins, 93, said "the railway wanted Southern boys to run the dining cars because 'they thought they had a certain personality and a certain demeanor that satisfied the Southern passengers better than the boys who came from Chicago.'" Rollins also spoke of the racist comments that black men experienced but commented on positive experiences as well. He recalled, "I used to have a little speech that I'd make. I would walk into the car, and I would say, 'May I have your attention please. My name is Frank Rollins. If you can't remember that, that's OK. You can call me porter – it's right here on the cap, you can be able to remember that. Just don't call me 'boy' and don't call me George.
319:, and published in 2007. Amtrak enlisted the APR Pullman Porter Museum, and partnered with them using the registry to locate and honor surviving Porters through a series of regional ceremonies. Amtrak also attempted to locate additional survivors in order to interview them for a promotional project. A few remaining living former Pullman porters were found, all of whom were in their 90s or over 100 years old at that time. The project coordinator remarked, "Even today, observers are struck by how elegant the elderly men are. When we find them, they are dapper. They are men, even at this age, who wear suits and ties."
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197:, or SPCSCPG, which eventually claimed 31,000 members. Although the SPCSCPG was more interested in defending the dignity of its white members than in achieving any measure of racial justice, it nevertheless had some effects for all porters. In 1926, the SPCSCPG persuaded the Pullman Company to install small racks in each car, displaying a card with the given name of the porter on duty. Of the 12,000 porters and waiters then working for Pullman, only 362 turned out to be named George.
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265:"It didn't pay a livable wage, but they made a living with the tips that they got, because the salary was nothing," says Lyn Hughes, founder of the A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum. The porters were expected to pay for their own meals and uniforms and the company required them to pay for the shoe polish used to shine passengers' shoes daily. There was little job security, and the Pullman Company inspectors were known for suspending porters for trivial reasons.
289:, George Pullman was aware that as former chattel slaves, the men he hired had already received the perfect training and "knew just how to take care of any whim that a customer had". Tye further explained that Pullman was aware that there was never a question that a traveler would be embarrassed by running into one of the porters and having them remember something they had done during their trip that they did not want their wife or husband, perhaps, to know about.
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fan switch." Porters worked 400 hours a month or 11,000 miles, sometimes as much as 20 hours at a stretch. They were expected to arrive at work several hours early to prepare their car, on their own time; they were charged whenever their passengers stole a towel or a water pitcher. On overnight trips, they were allocated only three to four hours of sleep – and that was deducted from their pay.
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the very definition of their jobs, of their kingdom, roiled in contradictions. The porter was servant as well as host. He had the best job in his community and the worst on the train. He could be trusted with his white passengers' children and their safety, but only for the five days of a cross-country trip. He shared his riders' most private moments but, to most, remained an enigma if not an enemy.
436:. Berkeley, California Councilman, U.S. Congressman, and Oakland, California Mayor Ron Dellums was also a descendant of Pullman porters. His father was Verney Dellums, a Pullman porter and a longshoreman. His uncle, C.L. Dellums, was a leader in the Brotherhood of Pullman Car Porters union. Ron Dellums served fourteen terms as a Member of the U.S. House of Representatives.
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the servant class and having to take a lot of abuse. Many passengers called every porter "George", as if he were George
Pullman's "boy" (servant), a practice that was born in the South where slaves were named after their slavemasters/owners. The only ones who protested were other men named George, who founded the
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journalist writes, "They were dignified men who did undignified labor. They made beds and cleaned toilets. They shined shoes, dusted jackets, cooked meals and washed dishes in cramped and rolling quarters." Amtrak invited five retired members of The
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters to speak at the
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Pullman went on to become the largest single employer of in
America, and the job of Pullman porter was, for most of the 101-year history of the Pullman Company, one of the very best a Black man could aspire to, in status and eventually in pay. The porter reigned supreme on George's sleeper cars. But
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According to historian Greg LeRoy, "A Pullman Porter was really kind of a glorified hotel maid and bellhop in what
Pullman called a hotel on wheels. The Pullman Company thought of the porters as a piece of equipment, just like another button on a panel – the same as a light switch or a
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The number of porters employed by railroads declined as sleeping car service dwindled in the 1960s as passenger numbers dwindled due to competition from auto and air travel, and sleeping car services were discontinued on many trains. By 1969, the ranks of the
Pullman sleeping car porters had declined
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While the pay was very low by the standards of the day, in an era of significant racial prejudice, being a
Pullman porter was one of the best jobs available for African-American men. Thus, for black men, while this was an opportunity, at the same time it was also an experience of being stereotyped as
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used by some railroads that did not operate their own; the dining cars were typically staffed with
African-American cooks and waiters, under the supervision of a white steward: "With the advent of the dining car, it was no longer possible to have the conductor and porters do double duty: a dining car
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In the late 19th century, Pullman porters were among the only people in their communities to travel extensively. Consequently, they became a conduit of new information and ideas from the wider world to their communities. Many
Pullman porters supported community projects, including schools, and saved
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The
Pullman Company was a separate business from the railroad lines. It owned and operated sleeping cars that were attached to most long-distance passenger trains. Pullman was essentially a chain of hotels on wheels ... Pullman provided a Porter (attendant) that prepared the beds in the evening and
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for human rights in United States history. Interviewed in a neighborhood newspaper, founder Lyn Hughes suggested that some people in the Chicago area may prefer to celebrate the anniversary of the march in their own community rather than travel to Washington. She added that many people are unaware
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As early as 1900, Porters started to rally and organize for better wages and treatment. Porters who worked an average of 300-400 hours per month, were paid a fixed monthly wage regardless of hours or length of trips. They were also subjected to easy dismissal or termination based on minor or false
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would ride ... all the porters wanted to be on that run. The reason why? Not only because he gave every porter $ 100.00, but it was just the fun, the excitement, the respect that he gave the porters. Instead of their names being George, he called everybody by their first name. He always had like a
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Pullman also employed African-American maids on deluxe trains to care for women's needs, especially women with children; in 1926, Pullman employed about 200 maids and over 10,000 porters. Maids assisted ladies with bathing, gave manicures and dressed hair, sewed and pressed clothing, shined shoes,
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In 2008, Amtrak, in partnership with the A. Philip Randolph Museum, honored Pullman porters in Chicago. Museum founder Lyn Hughes spoke at the event saying, "It's significant when an organization like Amtrak takes the time to honor those who contributed directly to its own history. It's also very
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were good looking, clean and immaculate in their dress. Their style was quite manly, their language was carefully crafted, so that they had a sense of intelligence about them. They were good role models for young men ... eing a Pullman porter was a prestigious position because it offered a steady
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A 1926 report by the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (which finally achieved recognition by the Pullman Company in 1937), using the results of a survey by the Labor Bureau, Inc., stated that the minimum monthly wage for a regular porter was $ 72.50, with the average being $ 78.11, and tips on
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A porter was expected to greet passengers, carry baggage, make up the sleeping berths, serve food and drinks brought from the dining car, shine shoes, and keep the cars tidy. He needed to be available night and day to wait on the passengers. He was expected to always smile; thus the porters often
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ended in 1865 Pullman knew that there was a large pool of former slaves who would be looking for work; he also had a very clear racial conception. He was aware that most Americans, unlike the wealthy, did not have personal servants in their homes. Pullman also knew the wealthy were accustomed to
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From the start, Pullman's ads promoting his new sleeper service featured these porters. Initially, they were one of the features that most clearly distinguished his carriages from those of competitors, but eventually nearly all would follow his lead, hiring African-Americans as porters, cooks,
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By the 1960s, between the decline of the passenger rail system and the cultural shifts in American society, the Pullman porters' contribution became obscured, becoming for some in the African-American community a symbol of subservience to white cultural and economic domination.
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appropriate as it's the culmination of the effort to create the Pullman Porter Registry. We started the Registry with Amtrak and now we're coming full circle with its completion and the honoring of these great African American men." Hughes is also author of
68:. The Pullman Company also operated sleeping cars in Mexico from the 1880s until November 13, 1970. The term "porter" has been superseded in modern American usage by "sleeping car attendant", with the former term being considered "somewhat derogatory".
1839:"The Oakland Tribune tells the story of Pullman Porters. These gracious and hard working men paved the way for the African-American middle class and provided first class professional service aboard the largest hotel system ever created on wheels"
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sought out former slaves to work on his sleeper cars. Their job was to carry passengers’ baggage, shine shoes, set up and maintain the sleeping berths, and serve passengers. Pullman porters served American railroads from the late 1860s until the
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began organizing the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Using the motto "Fight or Be Slaves", on August 25, 1925, 500 porters met in Harlem and decided to make an effort to organize. Under Randolph's leadership the first black union, the
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event. The eldest of the five, Lee Gibson, age 98, spoke of his journey to the event (by rail) saying, "It was nice. I got the service I used to give." He spoke of his years as porter with fondness saying, It was a wonderful life."
554:. Scheduled activities included speakers and screenings of films related to black labor history. Two organizers said that two former Pullman porters, Milton Jones (age 98) and Benjamin Gaines (age 90), were expected to attend.
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By forming the first black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, Pullman porters also laid the groundwork for the Civil Rights Movement, which began in the 1950s. Union organizer and former Pullman porter
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required a trained staff" and "depending on the train and the sophistication of the meals, a staff could consist of a dozen men." A small number of Asian Americans worked in Pullman dining cars following the 1950s.
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The black community looked up to Pullman porters and many people credit them as significant contributors to the development of America's black middle class. Black historian and civil-rights activist
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ceased its United States operations on December 31, 1968, though some sleeping-car porters continued working on cars operated by the railroads themselves and, beginning in 1971,
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and needed to rely on tips to earn enough to make a living. Walter Biggs, son of a Pullman porter, spoke of memories of being a Pullman porter as told to him by his father:
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made them in the morning. Porters attended to additional needs such as room service from the dining car, sending and receiving telegrams, shining shoes, and valet service.
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became aware of The Pullman Porters National Historic Registry of African American Railroad Employees, a five-year research project conducted by Dr. Lyn Hughes, for the
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accusations by mainly white passengers. Initial efforts were largely unsuccessful and also increased risk of retributory termination for attempting to unionize.
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Until the 1960s, Pullman porters in the United States were almost exclusively black, and have been widely credited with contributing to the development of the
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490:. Additionally, in 2001, the museum began compiling a national registry of black railroad employees who worked for the railroad from the late 1800s to 1969.
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television series which depicts the history of Black Canadian and African-American men who worked as Pullman porters, as well as the creation of the
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pioneered sleeping accommodations on trains, and by the late 1860s, he was hiring only African-Americans to serve as porters. After the
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honored about 20 of the 200 former Pullman employees who were still alive at that time as part of National Train Day. Speaking to
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Hughes, Lyn (2007). "Southern Registrant ID: 1359, Benjamin Franklin Gaines, City/State: Evanston, IL, Position: Club car".
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rigorously to ensure that their children were able to obtain an education and thus better employment. Supreme Court Justice
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296:. Fleming was the co-founder and executive editor of Northern California's largest weekly African-American newspaper, the
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in overall charge of the train), who was invariably white. The Pullman Company employed Mexican men as porters in Mexico.
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of documents relating to the Pullman Company's industrial relations, including porters' working conditions and grievances
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Black historian and journalist Thomas Fleming began his career as a bellhop and then spent five years as a cook for the
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waiter or butler, but to staff the Pullman cars with "properly humble" workers in uniform was something the American
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out of jail after she refused to move on the bus, and who selected her as the figure to build the boycott around.
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In August 2013, the A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum celebrated the 50 year anniversary of the historic
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An Anthology of Respect: The Pullman Porters National Historic Registry of African American Railroad Employees
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An Anthology Of Respect: The Pullman Porters National Historic Registry Of African American Railroad Employees
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had never experienced. Hence, part of the appeal of traveling on sleeping cars was, in a sense, to have an
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631: – A type of long, square bread developed to be baked in the small kitchens of rail cars
620:(1982) – A documentary about the organization of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
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piano in the car and they sang and danced and had a great time. He was just a fun person to be around.
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and the role of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and other African-Americans in the U.S.
87:. Porters worked under the supervision of a Pullman conductor (distinct from the railroad's own
1286:"Thomas Fleming, the nation's oldest and longest-running black journalist, sparkles on the web"
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income and an opportunity to travel across the country, which was rare for at that time.
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1746:"Amtrak Celebrates National Train Day with Ceremony Honoring Pullman Porters in Chicago"
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1412:. U. S. Govt. Print. Off. for the United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. pp.
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America's Lone Star Constitution: How Supreme Court Cases from Texas Shape the Nation
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Dining By Rail: The History and Recipes of America's Golden Age of Railroad Cuisine
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Rising from the Rails: The Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class
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were descendants of Pullman porters. Marshall was also a porter himself, as were
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continued using this service as a selling point in their advertisements for the
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Rising from the Rails: Pullman Porters and the Making of the Black Middle Class
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358:. Members had to be white males; because the order did not admit Black people,
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Abraham Lincoln Pullman sleeper car – each car received a name.
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166:(railway station porters). According to the Museum of the American Railroad:
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African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement
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654:(1996) – A documentary about Black railway porters in Canada
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486:. The museum houses a collection of artifacts and documents related to the
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My Name's Not George: The Story of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.
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1258:. New York City: Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. 1926. Archived from
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757:"Service and Grace amid a Class Struggle: The Story of the Pullman Porter"
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In 1978, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters merged with the larger
1498:"Pullman Porter Museum to Celebrate 50th Anniversary of Historic March"
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An Anthology of Respect: The Pullman Porter National Historic Registry
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One of the most remarkable stories I liked hearing about was how when
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545:(also known as "The Great March on Washington"), one of the largest
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Marching Together: Women of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
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that Asa Philip Randolph was the initial activist who inspired the
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Society for the Prevention of Calling Sleeping Car Porters "George"
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National Archives and Records Administration: Bayard Rustin Papers
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367:, was formed and slowly working conditions and salaries improved.
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Pullman: Labor, Race, and the Urban Landscape in a Company Town
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in 1925. The union was instrumental in the advancement of the
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1530:"Pullman porters tell tales of a train ride through history"
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Pullman advertising poster, 1894, depicting a Pullman waiter
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915:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27.
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794:. Oakland: University of California Press. p. 111.
607: – The first African-American trade union
79:, Pullman porters formed the first all-black union, the
1950:"Milton William Jones, 98, one of last Pullman porters"
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1163:"Pullman Porters, The: From Servitude to Civil Rights"
201:, a former Canadian porter, titled his autobiography,
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Pullman Porter – Lives on the Railroad
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Food on the Rails: The Golden Era of Railroad Dining
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In addition to sleeping cars, Pullman also provided
1616:"Museum chronicles African-American labor movement"
876:. New York City: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 79.
830:Spero, Sterling D.; Harris, Abram L. (2019-05-06),
514:honored Pullman porters in Oakland, California. An
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956:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. pp.
694:"Pullman Porters Helped Build Black Middle Class"
448:A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum, Chicago
375:played a crucial role in organizing the landmark
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1869:"Former Pullman Porter Subtly Confronted Racism"
993:"Pullman Porters, Creating A Black Middle Class"
979:Maids worked on the "deluxe" and limited runs...
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179:Pullman porter making an upper berth aboard the
1409:Handbook of American trade-unions: 1936 edition
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1027:Cavanaugh, Maureen; Finn, Pat (23 March 2010).
836:, Columbia University Press, pp. 430–460,
254:called the job, ironically, "miles of smiles".
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1385:. New York City: Henry Holt. pp. 75–112.
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1099:"Choosing Servility To Staff America's Trains"
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476:the original rowhouses built by George Pullman
1777:"Pullman Porters Take Their Place in History"
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342:sleeping car, on display in Duluth, Minnesota
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237:A porter is shown vacuuming the carpet in a
137:on railroads had not been widely developed.
43:were men hired to work for the railroads as
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1808:"Oldest Pullman Porter dies in Los Angeles"
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1066:"Five Things to Know About Pullman Porters"
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249:Porters serving in a dining car, circa 1927
1775:Zielenziger, Michael (February 13, 2009).
1590:"A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum"
1029:"The African-American Railroad Experience"
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2025:A. Philip Randolph / Sleeping Car Porters
1614:Ihejirika, Maudlyne (February 16, 2012).
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1222:"Miles of Smiles – About Pullman Porters"
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396:Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Clerks
2020:A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum
1133:The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
543:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
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317:A. Philip Randolph Pullman Porter Museum
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1464:"Miles of Smiles About Pullman Porters"
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225:to 325 men with an average age of 63.
2034:1910 Heavyweight Pullman Business Car
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1506:. Chicago. 2013-08-07. Archived from
1435:"Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters"
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1192:"The Sad Plight of Passenger Service"
285:According to Larry Tye, who authored
1837:Grace, Michael (February 11, 2009).
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478:to house workers, it is part of the
402:Contribution to a black middle class
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488:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
484:National Historic Landmark District
365:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
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133:Prior to the 1860s, the concept of
81:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
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1756:from the original on July 15, 2019
1744:Grace, Michael L. (May 10, 2008).
1706:Hughes, Lyn (September 19, 2007).
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617:Miles of Smiles, Years of Struggle
107:and helped care for children. The
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2013:
1064:Blakemore, Erin (June 20, 2016).
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1202:from the original on 18 May 2022
458:In 1995, Lyn Hughes founded the
352:Order of Sleeping Car Conductors
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1899:"March on Washington (Program)"
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1127:Ito, Gail Arlene (2008-04-16).
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1009:from the original on 2011-12-11
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762:Museum of the American Railroad
480:U.S. Department of the Interior
424:and former San Francisco Mayor
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277:Pullman porter photographed at
1985:. Hughes-Peterson Publishing.
1317:"Reflections on Black History"
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870:Porterfield, James D. (1993).
863:
781:
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493:
462:to celebrate both the life of
410:observed in a 2013 interview:
383:in 1955. It was he who bailed
1:
1564:U.S. House of Representatives
1535:The Christian Science Monitor
1528:Harry Bruinius (2008-02-29).
1406:Stewart, Estelle May (1936).
1284:Millard, Max (January 1999).
1129:"Stanley G. Grizzle (1918– )"
948:Chateauvert, Melinda (1998).
673:
598:10,000 Black Men Named George
73:black middle class in America
51:. Starting shortly after the
32:A Pullman porter assisting a
16:Passenger railroad car worker
1097:Tye, Lawrence (2011-05-05).
788:Powe, Jr., Lucas A. (2018).
730:"Pullman Notes and Timeline"
552:March on Washington Movement
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1352:"US Slave: Pullman Porters"
1103:Alicia Patterson Foundation
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10:
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662:(2022) – A
583:Mancel Warrick, father of
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109:Central of Georgia Railway
75:. Under the leadership of
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1932:A. Philip Randolph Museum
340:William Crooks locomotive
294:Southern Pacific Railroad
432:and the photojournalist
207:Porters were not paid a
1676:"Pullman Porter Museum"
1354:. Usslave.blogspot.de.
833:20. The Pullman Porters
558:Notable Pullman porters
241:parlor car, circa 1910.
1439:Windsor Mosaic Website
909:Quinzio, Jeri (2014).
449:
417:
377:Montgomery bus boycott
343:
332:
309:
282:
250:
242:
239:Great Northern Railway
222:
189:
173:
130:
37:
1956:. February 27, 2014.
1928:"Programs and Events"
1873:All Things Considered
1167:WTTW: Chicago Stories
842:10.7312/sper93144-021
699:All Things Considered
474:and housed in one of
452:Further information:
447:
412:
356:Kansas City, Missouri
338:
330:
304:
279:Chicago Union Station
276:
248:
236:
213:
178:
168:
128:
117:well into the 1950s.
85:Civil Rights Movement
31:
2084:Obsolete occupations
1812:BlackMansStreetToday
1561:"DELLUMS, Ronald V."
506:In 2009, as part of
2079:Railway occupations
1712:. Hughes-Peterson.
1379:Tye, Larry (2005).
1321:Columbus Free Press
1291:Columbus Free Press
1196:The Meriden Journal
508:Black History Month
472:South Side, Chicago
1350:Ron (2012-04-26).
1252:The Pullman Porter
1198:. 6 January 1969.
640:Pullman train (UK)
464:A. Philip Randolph
450:
360:A. Philip Randolph
344:
333:
283:
251:
243:
199:Stanley G. Grizzle
190:
146:being served by a
131:
77:A. Philip Randolph
53:American Civil War
38:
22:The Pullman Porter
19:For the film, see
1992:978-0-9793-9411-9
1954:Chicago Sun-Times
1843:Cruising the Past
1818:on March 15, 2018
1806:Lowe, Frederick.
1750:Cruising the Past
1719:978-0-9793-9411-9
1621:Chicago Sun-Times
1468:Paul Wagner Films
1392:978-0-8050-7850-3
1226:Paul Wagner Films
967:978-0-2520-2340-8
922:978-1-4422-2733-0
883:978-0-3121-8711-8
851:978-0-231-89223-0
801:978-0-5202-9781-4
547:political rallies
422:Thurgood Marshall
188:bound for Chicago
2091:
2048:Newberry Library
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1934:. Archived from
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1814:. Archived from
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1653:. Archived from
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1592:. Archived from
1586:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
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1453:
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1450:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1367:
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1363:
1347:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1265:on 14 March 2018
1264:
1257:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1105:. Archived from
1094:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
988:
982:
981:
976:
974:
955:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
906:
900:
899:
897:
895:
867:
861:
860:
859:
858:
827:
818:
817:
815:
813:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
769:on 13 March 2018
765:. Archived from
753:
744:
743:
741:
740:
726:
720:
719:
717:
715:
690:
564:Big Bill Broonzy
537:
454:Pullman District
269:Characterization
229:Duties and wages
36:with her luggage
2101:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2074:Pullman Company
2054:
2053:
2032:Abraham Lincoln
2016:
2011:
2002:
2000:
1993:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1910:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1691:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1377:
1370:
1361:
1359:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1161:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1062:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
989:
985:
972:
970:
968:
946:
942:
932:
930:
923:
907:
903:
893:
891:
884:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
828:
821:
811:
809:
802:
786:
782:
772:
770:
755:
754:
747:
738:
736:
728:
727:
723:
713:
711:
702:. May 7, 2009.
692:
691:
680:
676:
624:Pullman Company
593:
560:
535:
496:
456:
442:
404:
325:
271:
231:
185:Capitol Limited
123:
62:Pullman Company
41:Pullman porters
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2099:
2098:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2036:
2027:
2022:
2015:
2014:External links
2012:
2010:
2009:
1991:
1971:
1941:
1938:on 2014-03-29.
1919:
1905:. 1963-08-28.
1890:
1860:
1829:
1798:
1767:
1736:
1718:
1698:
1667:
1638:
1606:
1581:
1566:. 2023-04-23.
1552:
1520:
1484:
1455:
1426:
1398:
1391:
1368:
1337:
1308:
1276:
1242:
1213:
1183:
1149:
1119:
1084:
1051:
1019:
983:
966:
940:
921:
901:
882:
862:
850:
819:
800:
780:
745:
721:
677:
675:
672:
671:
670:
655:
651:The Road Taken
647:
642:
637:
635:Pullman Strike
632:
626:
621:
613:
608:
602:
592:
589:
588:
587:
585:Dionne Warwick
581:
576:
574:Oscar Micheaux
571:
566:
559:
556:
528:Michele Norris
495:
492:
468:labor movement
441:
438:
403:
400:
324:
321:
270:
267:
230:
227:
217:Jackie Gleason
139:George Pullman
122:
119:
57:George Pullman
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
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2067:
2065:
2062:
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2049:
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2042:
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2037:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1848:
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1840:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1802:
1786:
1782:
1781:AARP Bulletin
1778:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1657:on 2013-12-02
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1596:on 2008-05-15
1595:
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1556:
1541:
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1531:
1524:
1510:on 2014-02-25
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1187:
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1158:
1156:
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1134:
1130:
1123:
1109:on 2013-09-21
1108:
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1000:
999:
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987:
980:
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875:
874:
866:
853:
847:
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839:
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807:
803:
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793:
792:
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768:
764:
763:
758:
752:
750:
735:
734:utahrails.net
731:
725:
709:
705:
701:
700:
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689:
687:
685:
683:
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669:
665:
661:
660:
656:
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646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
630:
627:
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622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
606:
603:
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544:
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533:
529:
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520:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
470:. Located in
469:
465:
461:
455:
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427:
423:
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411:
409:
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187:
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177:
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144:
140:
136:
135:sleeping cars
127:
118:
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50:
49:sleeping cars
46:
42:
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30:
24:
23:
2031:
2001:. Retrieved
1981:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1953:
1944:
1936:the original
1931:
1922:
1911:. Retrieved
1902:
1893:
1881:. Retrieved
1872:
1863:
1853:February 16,
1851:. Retrieved
1842:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1816:the original
1811:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1780:
1770:
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1749:
1739:
1728:. Retrieved
1708:
1701:
1690:. Retrieved
1681:ABC7 Chicago
1679:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1647:"Lyn Hughes"
1641:
1630:. Retrieved
1619:
1609:
1598:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1584:
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1563:
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1533:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:the original
1501:
1476:. Retrieved
1467:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1408:
1401:
1381:
1360:. Retrieved
1329:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1300:. Retrieved
1289:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1260:the original
1251:
1245:
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1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1195:
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1141:. Retrieved
1132:
1122:
1111:. Retrieved
1107:the original
1102:
1075:. Retrieved
1069:
1043:. Retrieved
1032:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
996:
991:Tye, Larry.
986:
978:
971:. Retrieved
951:
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911:
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872:
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832:
810:. Retrieved
790:
783:
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
760:
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733:
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697:
657:
649:
645:Sleeping car
629:Pullman loaf
615:
611:Gandy dancer
601:(2002) Movie
596:
540:
524:Philadelphia
521:
505:
500:
497:
459:
457:
434:Gordon Parks
426:Willie Brown
418:
413:
408:Timuel Black
405:
393:
389:
369:
349:
345:
323:Unionization
310:
305:
299:Sun-Reporter
297:
291:
286:
284:
264:
260:
256:
252:
223:
214:
209:livable wage
206:
202:
191:
183:
169:
162:waiters and
160:
158:experience.
152:middle class
132:
112:
105:
93:
70:
40:
39:
21:
1206:14 November
1077:16 February
1071:Smithsonian
973:16 February
579:E. D. Nixon
494:Recognition
482:'s Pullman
373:E. D. Nixon
156:upper class
114:Nancy Hanks
100:dining cars
96:parlor cars
2058:Categories
2003:2016-02-23
1913:2013-05-21
1730:2023-02-16
1692:2023-02-16
1661:2014-02-15
1651:Encore.org
1632:2023-02-16
1600:2009-03-09
1574:2023-04-22
1546:2014-02-15
1514:2014-02-15
1478:2021-08-15
1449:2013-08-07
1420:2013-08-07
1362:2014-02-15
1331:2013-07-19
1302:2024-01-05
1236:2013-07-19
1177:2013-07-19
1143:2021-02-26
1113:2013-07-19
1045:2023-02-16
1013:2023-02-16
857:2024-04-02
739:2024-04-02
674:References
659:The Porter
385:Rosa Parks
1964:March 29,
1883:March 13,
1822:March 14,
1791:March 13,
1760:March 14,
1034:KPBS News
998:Fresh Air
430:Malcolm X
311:In 2008,
143:Civil War
89:conductor
34:passenger
1997:Archived
1958:Archived
1907:Archived
1877:Archived
1847:Archived
1785:Archived
1754:Archived
1724:Archived
1686:Archived
1626:Archived
1568:Archived
1540:Archived
1472:Archived
1443:Archived
1356:Archived
1325:Archived
1296:Archived
1269:14 March
1230:Archived
1200:Archived
1171:Archived
1137:Archived
1039:Archived
1007:Archived
933:12 March
927:Archived
894:12 March
888:Archived
812:12 March
806:Archived
773:12 March
714:12 March
708:Archived
591:See also
569:Nat Love
522:In 2009
164:Red Caps
148:liveried
1875:. NPR.
1503:DNAinfo
381:Alabama
181:B&O
121:History
45:porters
1989:
1716:
1389:
964:
919:
880:
848:
798:
512:Amtrak
313:Amtrak
281:, 1943
66:Amtrak
1263:(PDF)
1256:(PDF)
960:–27.
2030:The
1987:ISBN
1966:2014
1885:2018
1855:2023
1824:2018
1793:2018
1762:2018
1714:ISBN
1416:–253
1387:ISBN
1271:2018
1208:2013
1079:2023
975:2023
962:ISBN
935:2018
917:ISBN
896:2018
878:ISBN
846:ISBN
814:2018
796:ISBN
775:2018
716:2018
516:AARP
350:The
98:and
1414:252
1003:NPR
838:doi
704:NPR
664:CBC
532:NPR
530:of
379:in
47:on
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1952:.
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1779:.
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