Independence movement in Puerto Rico

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Puerto Rico. The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process

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the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence: "allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".

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political organizations joined forces and formed the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, with Coll y Cuchi as party president. The party's chief goal was to achieve independence from the United States. This party contended that by international law, the Spanish had no authority under the Treaty of Paris to cede the island, as it was no longer theirs. In 1924 Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos joined the party and was named vice-president.

2322:(files) concerning individuals of all social groups and ages. Approximately 75,000 persons were listed as under political police surveillance. Historians and critics found that the massive surveillance apparatus was directed primarily against Puerto Rico's independence movement. As a result, many independence supporters moved to the Popular Democratic Party to support its opposition to statehood. 1271:. Diego was elected to the House of Delegates, the only locally elected body of government then allowed by the U.S., over which Diego presided from 1904 to 1917. The House of Delegates was subject to the U.S. President's veto power and unsuccessfully voted for the island's right to independence and self-government. It petitioned against imposition of 2417:

associated state -- a type of independence in close alliance with the United States. Some 61 percent of those who answered the second question chose statehood. That 61 percent wasn't the majority, however. Over 470,000 voters intentionally left the second question blank, meaning that only 45 percent of those casting ballots supported statehood.

2070:(EPB, in english: Boricua Popular Army), and others began engaging in subversive activities against the US government and military to bring attention to the colonial condition of Puerto Rico. In 1977, Rubén Berríos Martínez, then the President of the Puerto Rican Independence Party, wrote a long and detailed article in 900:. Agüeybaná II's people, who were armed only with spears, bows, and arrows, were no match for the guns of the Spanish forces, resulting in Agüeybaná II being shot and killed in the battle. The revolt ultimately failed, and many Taíno either committed suicide or fled to the interior, mountainous regions of the island. 1111:, to be flown at the coup. The Mayor of Yauco, Francisco Lluch Barreras, learned of the planned uprising, and notified the island's Spanish governor. When Fidel Velez, one of the separatist leaders, learned that the word was out, he met with other leaders and forced them to begin the insurrection immediately. 2042:, four nationalists opened fire on US Representatives during a debate on the floor of the US Congress, wounding five men, one seriously. The Nationalists were tried and convicted in federal court and sentenced effectively to life imprisonment. In 1978 and 1979, their sentences were commuted by President 1025:(born on the island). The critical state of the economy, along with the increasing repression imposed by the Spanish, served as catalysts for the rebellion. The stronghold of the movement were towns located on the mountains of the west of the island. The rebels looted local stores and offices owned by 2392:

Sixty years later, a majority of those who voted on the second question of a 2012 referendum, to indicate what type of arrangement they preferred, voted to seek admission as a state into the United States. 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% voted for free association and 5.49% voted for independence.

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Note that the UN's Special Committee has often referred to Puerto Rico as a nation in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for

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presented a legislative proposal to grant independence to Puerto Rico, but many people believed that it had unfavorable economic conditions. Barceló and the Liberal Party favored the Bill, because it would give Puerto Rico its independence; Muñoz Marín opposed the Bill because he wanted Puerto Rico's

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In 1919, Puerto Rico had two major organizations that supported independence: the Nationalist Youth and the Independence Association. Also in 1919, José Coll y Cuchí, a member of the Union Party of Puerto Rico, left the party and formed the Nationalist Association of Puerto Rico. In 1922, these three

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On March 24, 1897, Velez and his men marched towards Yauco, planning to attack the barracks of the Spanish Civil Guard, to gain control of their arms and ammunition. At arrival, they were ambushed by Spanish forces. When a firefight broke out, the rebels quickly retreated. On March 26, a group headed

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revolutionaries encountered heavy resistance from the Spanish militia and retreated to Lares. The Spanish militia rounded up the rebels and quickly brought the insurrection to an end. The government imprisoned some 475 rebels, and a military court imposed the death penalty, for treason and sedition,

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reporting that "calls for Puerto Rico's independence have existed since the days of Spanish colonial rule and continued after the United States seized control of the island in 1898 (...) although many Puerto Ricans express deep patriotism for the island, the independence impulse has never translated

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At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators voted on a bill that allows the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the 2017 referendum and the bill, action

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In the 1960s, the United States received international condemnation for holding onto the world's oldest colony. By the 1960s, a new phase of the Puerto Rican independence movement began. Several organizations began to use "clandestine armed struggle" against the US government. Underground "people's

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The White House Task Force on Puerto Rico offers the following specifics: "Free Association is a type of independence. A compact of Free Association would establish a mutual agreement that would recognize that the United States and Puerto Rico are closely linked in specific ways as detailed in the

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With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of

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the referendum on the island's future was, in fact, a two-part vote that actually revealed that most want an end to the status quo, but not necessarily statehood ... And the results were: 809,000 votes for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association ... So

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seek to achieve independence either through peaceful political means or violent revolutionary actions. The Independence Party has elected some legislative candidates, but in recent elections has not won more than a small percentage of votes for its gubernatorial candidates (2.04% in 2008) or the

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asserts that it "support the right of the United States citizens of Puerto Rico to be admitted to the Union as a fully sovereign state if they freely so determine," that Congress should "define the constitutionally valid options for Puerto Rico" to gain permanent non-territorial status, and said

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On May 11, 1930, Pedro Albizu Campos was elected president of the Nationalist Party. Under his leadership, in the 1930s the party became the largest independence movement in Puerto Rico. But, after disappointing electoral outcomes and strong repression by the territorial police, by the mid-1930s

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the referendum consisted of two questions. First, it asked voters if they wanted to keep their current U.S. commonwealth status. Dissatisfaction emerged victorious with 52 percent of the vote. The referendum then asked if voters wanted to become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a freely

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sentiments and political parties exist on the island. Since the beginning of the 19th century, organizations advocating independence in Puerto Rico have attempted both peaceful political means as well as violent revolutionary actions to achieve its objectives. The declaration of independence of

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was strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option . ... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. Benefits of statehood include an

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In a status referendum in 2012, which had a two-part vote, 5.5% voted for independence. Analysts noted that the results were ambiguous because of issues related to the structure of questions and supporters of the commonwealth status urging voters to abstain from voting on the second question.

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on the new constitution, to determine the status of the island's relationship to the U.S. The people voted by nearly 82% in favor of the new constitution and Free Associated State, or Commonwealth. Nationalists criticized the constitution because the Commonwealth was subject to US laws and to

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The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The 2017 referendum offered three options: Statehood, Commonwealth and Independence/Free Association. If the majority vote for the latter, a second vote will be held to determine the

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The Puerto Rican independence movement took new measures after the Free Associate State was authorized. On October 30, 1950, with the new autonomist Commonwealth status about to go into effect, multiple Nationalist uprisings occurred, in an effort to focus world attention on the Movement's

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argued in the late 20th century that, after 1898 "Puerto Rico was turned into a plantation for U.S. agribusiness, later an export platform for taxpayer-subsidized U.S. corporations, and the site of major U.S. military bases and petroleum refineries." By 1930, over 40 percent of all the

2130:, while stating that "the Communist Party of the USA continues its support for independence of Puerto Rico and the transfer of all sovereign powers to Puerto Rico." Their platform supported the people's "acquisition of their internationally recognized right to independence and 2163:

that he supported Puerto Rican independence, saying that "it's an embarrassment that Latin America and the Caribbean in the 21st century still have colonies. Let the imperial elites of the U.S. say whatever they want." Also at this summit, the president of Argentina,

1729: 1915:, signed into law a bill passed by the Puerto Rican Senate, which was controlled by elected PPD representatives. It prohibited discussion of independence, militant independence activism, and significantly curtailed other Puerto Rican independence activities. The 2513:

additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.

4361: 950:, joined forces with the Venezuelan government, under the leadership of Simón Bolívar, to lead an insurrection against the Spanish colonial forces in Puerto Rico. The Spanish occupation forces were the object of more than thirty conspiracies. Some, like the 4898:

Wilma E. Reverón Collazo. Introducción a la historia del MPI en el 160 Aniversario del Natalicio de Eugenio María de Hostos. Capaprieto /Movimiento Independentista Nacional Hostosiano - Mayagüez. Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. 11 January 1999. Retrieved 4 Juna

1777:. Barceló and Muñoz Marín were both elected Senators. By 1936, differences between Muñoz Marín and Barceló began to surface, as well as between those followers who considered Muñoz Marín the true leader and those who considered Barceló as their leader. 2801: 2477:

reported in December 2013 that, since Puerto Ricans became US citizens in 1917, they have "been divided over their relationship with the mainland" on whether to become a US state, become independent, or a self-governing territory under US control.

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reported on the island economy's "dire financial straits." Referring to the 2012 referendum, it said that "Puerto Rico is unlikely to become a state any time soon. Because the island remains a territory, the decision is ultimately out of

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in the United States asserted in its 2012 platform that it "will continue to work on improving Puerto Rico's economic status by promoting job creation, education, health care, clean energy, and economic development on the Island." The

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approval by the US executive and legislative branches of government, branches which Puerto Ricans did not participate in electing. As the government suppressed the Nationalist leaders, their political activities and influence waned.

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by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party, organized to commemorate the ending of slavery in Puerto Rico, resulted in the deaths of 17 unarmed citizens and 2 policemen at the hands of the territorial police, an event known as the

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proclaimed the flag of the revolt as the national flag of an independent “Republic of Puerto Rico”, making it the first flag of Puerto Rico. However, the rebels replaced the flag with a new revolutionary flag, the

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In March 2023, a diaspora group petitioned the United States Congress to create an American-Puerto Rican Commission to promote the decolonization and independence of Puerto Rico from the United States of America.

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New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005; pp.66, 178. ("U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731

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In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act, which seeks to resolve its territorial status and relationship with the United States through a binding plebiscite at the federal level, was reintroduced in the House by

4040: 1315:." The American government supported American corporations with military force on occasion. The profits generated by this one-sided arrangement were enormous, as US corporations developed large plantations. 1294:

The newly created Puerto Rico Union Party advocated allowing voters to choose among non-colonial options, including annexation, an independent protectorate, and full autonomy. Another new party called the

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does not support independence for Puerto Rico, but calls for "full representation for the U.S. territories of Guam and Puerto Rico, all Native American reservations, and the District of Columbia."

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On February 23, 1936, Colonel Elisha Francis Riggs, formerly of the US Army and the highest police officer in the island, was assassinated in retaliation for the Río Piedras events by Nationalists

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United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).

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United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).

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A number of social groups, political parties, and individuals worldwide have supported the concept of Puerto Rican independence. On the island itself, it is a fringe but intense movement, with

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The main political parties in Puerto Rico have supported a continuing relationship with the United States and been supported by the electorate. By the 1940s, voters had elected a majority of

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preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States.

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wrote a manifesto for independence. The Independence Party was the first party in the history of the island to openly support independence from the United States as part of its platform.

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and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization". In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.

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in San Juan to protest the legislative proposal to approve the present Puerto Rican flag, the official flag of the insular government. Nationalists preferred the flag used during the

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and other prominent Puerto Ricans were successful in interceding, and the national government ordered a general amnesty and release of all the prisoners. Numerous leaders, such as

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Hundreds of thousands of voters abstained from the question, so the proportion of voters for statehood was actually 45% of the total eligible electorate rather than a majority.

1751:. The Liberal Party's political agenda was the same as that of the original Union Party, urging independence for Puerto Rico. Among those who joined him in the "new" party were 4765: 1326:

after serving as treasurer. He resigned in 1915, but stayed on the board. The company operated the largest sugar-refining operation in the world and was later renamed as the

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owner, and Mateo Mercado. Later that year, the local Civil Guard discovered their plans and arrested all those involved. They were soon released and allowed to return home.

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owned by Domino Sugar and U.S. banking interests. These bank syndicates also owned the insular postal system, the coastal railroad, and the San Juan international seaport.

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compact. Compacts of this sort are based on the national sovereignty of each country, and either nation can unilaterally terminate the association." The content of the

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Through the 1930s, U.S. banking interests and corporations expanded their control of lands throughout Latin America. Taking Puerto Rico was seen as a part of American "

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Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

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Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

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of Yauco, but were overcome. The government arrested more than 150 rebels, charged them with various crimes against the state, and sent them to prison in the City of

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emerged, founded by Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón in 1912, which promoted Puerto Rico's independence. That same year, Scott Colón, Zeno Gandía, Matienzo Cintrón, and

937:, also known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico", fought for the independence of South America together with Bolívar; he also wanted an independent Puerto Rico. 933:

to liberate South America from Spanish rule. Bolívar sought to create a federation of Latin American nations, to include Puerto Rico and Cuba. Brigadier General

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revolt of 1868. They made plans for a major coup in Puerto Rico. Lluberas returned to Puerto Rico with the new revolutionary flag of Puerto Rico adopted by the

1029:(Spanish-born residents) and took over the city hall. They took as prisoners Spanish merchants and local government officials. The revolutionaries placed their 6062: 1331: 388: 245: 4644: 2640: 1275:, but the US granted citizenship to island residents. Despite these failures, Diego became known as the "Father of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement." 2822: 368: 342: 255: 4072: 2868: 5644: 3734: 1951: 1426: 290: 1080:

In 1896, a group of residents of Yauco who supported independence joined forces to overthrow the Spanish government in the island. The group was led by

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might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether

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Muñoz Marín and his followers, who included Felisa Rincón de Gautier and Ernesto Ramos Antonini, held an assembly in the town of Arecibo to found the

6118: 6093: 5792: 3794: 2196: 694: 223: 4859: 4617:"Puerto Rico referendum historic, but complex: 809,000 vote for statehood, only 73,000 for independence, and 441,000 for sovereign free association" 4141: 3367: 5373: 2676: 2200: 2180: 2146: 4592: 4501:"Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico" 4243: 3985: 5700: 5669: 4115: 3893: 3847: 3517:

28 December 1999; p. A03. "Apology Isn't Enough for Puerto Rico Spy Victims." Retrieved July 8, 2009, hosted at Latin American Studies website.

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presidential candidates and could be expected to vote for the same party for Congressional seats if statehood were approved by Congress.

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would surely use every tactic at its disposal to block a statehood bill," as the island voters have been overwhelmingly supportive of

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Since the second half of the 20th century, the independence movement has trailed significantly behind the pro-Commonwealth and pro-

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movements at the ballots. Independence also received the least support, less than 4.5% of the vote, in the status referendums in

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Diego resigned from the position in order to pursue independence. On 19 February 1904, he co-founded the Unionist Party, or the

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statehood did not actually receive 61% of the vote — until you ignore the nearly half a million people who cast blank ballots.

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During the 1932 elections, the Liberal Party faced the Alliance, then a coalition of the Republican Party of Puerto Rico and

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Albizu opted against the electoral political process. He advocated violent revolution as the means to achieve independence.

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on the high altar of the church to signify that the revolution had begun. The Republic of Puerto Rico was proclaimed, and

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that, while Puerto Rico's status should be supported by a referendum sponsored by "the U.S. government." Neither of the

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by Jose Nicolas Quiñones Torres and Ramon Torres fought Spanish colonial forces (mostly island men) in a barrio called

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Mireya Navarro (November 28, 2003). "New Light on Old F.B.I. Fight; Decades of Surveillance of Puerto Rican Groups".

3682: 3546: 3319: 2600: 1923:) also made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the 1140: 200: 5583: 5205: 4445: 2165: 1871:. Rosado and Beauchamp were arrested, and summarily executed without a trial at the police headquarters in San Juan. 1667: 5993: 5619: 5263: 5052: 4904:

Chains of Empire, Projects of State: Political Education and U.S. Colonial Rule in Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

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In March 2023, Cuba reiterated its commitment to self-determination and independence of the people of Puerto Rico.

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campus, killed four Puerto Rican Nationalist Party supporters and one policeman. The event came to be known as the

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Some Modern Puerto Rican independence movements have claimed historic connection to the 16th century and the

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declared Puerto Rico a free republic. Two days after the creation of the Commonwealth, two Nationalists

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In recent years, primarily in online spaces, there has been a growth in support for reunification with

2429: 2268: 2239: 1657: 1038: 923: 310: 240: 5578: 5145: 5140: 5110: 1574: 1218: 1058: 1054: 994: 915: 5983: 5243: 5215: 4139:"Calle 13’s René "Residente" Pérez on Revolutionary Music, WikiLeaks & Puerto Rican Independence" 2751:""A Tremendous Jump for Progressive Forces": Puerto Rico Election Signals End of Two-Party Dominance" 1849: 1672: 1232:, sought independence from the United States via political accommodation. On June 5, 1900, President 1198: 277: 5573: 5408: 5238: 5165: 4122: 3882: 3858: 1597: 1569: 1268: 1175: 5851: 5348: 5190: 3008: 1187: 1159:

After four hundred years of colonial rule by the Spanish Empire, Puerto Rico gained autonomy as an

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hands ... the legislature is highly unlikely to prioritise a Puerto Rican statehood bill ... the

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supports the current status of Puerto Rico as a self-governing unincorporated territory, and the

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During the 1930s and 1940s, Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros took part in violent incidents:

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Roque Planas, "Puerto Rico Statehood: 5 Reasons Why The Island Won't Become The 51st State"

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In the mid-century, the "Cointelpro program" was a project conducted by the United States

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American Gunfight: The Plot To Kill Harry Truman – And The Shoot-Out That Stopped It

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After Puerto Rico became an American possession during the Spanish–American War in 1898,

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Pages: 305-06; Publisher: Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario (1992); Language: Spanish;

2509: 1908:, judge of the Federal Court in Puerto Rico. Winship tried to suppress the Nationalists. 814:, with 52,52% voting to being a state. A seventh referendum will be held on November 5, 428: 372: 6026: 5614: 5568: 5523: 5418: 5368: 5248: 4919: 4384: 2703:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from 2675:(in Spanish). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones de Puerto Rico. 2012-11-08. Archived from 2564: 2131: 1885: 1564: 1544: 1479: 1287: 1283: 1125: 1120: 1073: 1037:

was proclaimed interim president. The revolutionaries offered immediate freedom to any

990: 970: 955: 930: 210: 193: 5413: 5125: 3762:

Terrorist Organization Profile: Armed Commandos of Liberation. Retrieved on 2008-12-04

2175:

Other individuals and groups supporting Puerto Rican independence have included: poet

1868: 1822: 1602: 1322:, the first civilian U.S. governor of Puerto Rico, succeeded to the presidency of the 437: 5988: 5973: 5953: 5508: 5303: 5253: 4996: 4867: 4642:"The Economist explains" blog: D.R., "Could Puerto Rico become America's 51st state?" 4573: 4500: 4480: 4425: 3776: 3773:

Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule: Political Persecution and the Quest for Human Rights

3717: 3678: 3651: 3595: 3565: 3542: 3486: 3315: 3081: 3038: 2929: 2908: 2816: 1770: 1642: 1355: 851: 509: 5548: 5258: 3190: 2204: 2066:(OVRP, in english: Organization of Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution), The 1549: 993:

and declared the independence of the Republic of Puerto Rico on September 23, 1868.

5958: 5943: 5680:

Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

5115: 4991: 3121: 2606:

Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence

2592: 2277: 2248: 1319: 1312: 1245: 1233: 5493: 5210: 5135: 4336: 3210: 2837: 2176: 1904:. Soon afterward, two Nationalist partisans/guerrilleros attempted to assassinate 1524: 1229: 392: 5893: 5729: 5659: 5649: 5433: 5423: 5343: 5120: 4831: 4648: 4623: 4599: 4470: 4415: 4293: 4167: 4145: 4099: 4076: 3830: 3700: 3508: 3438:

American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934

3420: 3389:

American Sugar Kingdom: The Plantation Economy of the Spanish Caribbean 1898-1934

3371: 3280: 3261: 3197: 3150: 3128: 3015: 2996: 2971: 2952: 2891: 2872: 2645: 2473: 2184: 2072: 2027: 2015: 2014:

The National Guard, commanded by the Puerto Rico Adjutant General Major General

2004: 1976: 1972: 1897: 1875: 1514: 1441: 1431: 1260: 667: 3413: 5629: 5609: 5428: 5298: 4973: 3637: 3054: 2434: 1996: 1890: 1842: 1484: 1407: 1228:

A number of leaders, including a well-known intellectual and legislator called

1179: 985: 975: 951: 910: 755: 720: 355: 47: 4936:

Portraits of Notable Individuals in the Struggle for Puerto Rican Independence

4092: 4015: 2521:

will be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the

2199:, a member of Organizacion Socialista Internacional; Puerto Rican nationalist 2169: 1955: 1810: 6077: 5543: 5503: 5448: 5220: 4934: 4871: 3760:

http://www.start.umd.edu/data/tops/terrorist_organization_profile.asp?id=3947

3670: 3541:; by Jorge Rodriguez Beruff; Publisher: Universidad de Puerto Rico; pg. 178; 3254: 2987: 2884: 2502: 2451: 2339: 1632: 1534: 1499: 1256: 1144: 1092: 1011: 724: 712: 594: 4758:"Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)" 3479:

Puerto Rico Por Encima de Todo: Vida y Obra de Antonio R. Barceló, 1868-1938

3402:

Beet sugar in the West; a history of the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company, 1891-1966

2330:

legislative elections (4.5-5% of the island-wide legislative vote in 2008).

5538: 5488: 5453: 5338: 3245:

San Juan, Puerto Rico: Litografía Real Hermanos, Inc. 1959. Tomo I. p. 114.

2150: 2043: 1967:

They catalyzed roughly a dozen skirmishes throughout Puerto Rico including

1864: 1627: 1617: 1504: 1346: 1335: 1327: 892:, killing 80 Spanish settlers. First explorer and governor of Puerto Rico, 749: 363: 2307:(PIP). It has continued to participate in the island's electoral process. 5378: 5363: 5283: 4893: 4452: 4161:"Oscar Lopez Rivera: Imprisoned for Supporting Puerto Rican Independence" 2774: 2235: 2076:

that declared that the 'only solution' was independence for Puerto Rico.

1818: 1351: 989:(Cry of Lares) took place, in which revolutionaries occupied the town of 745: 359: 151: 73: 4895:

Historia del Movimiento Pro Independencia--antecesor historico del MINH.

662: 3143: 2544: 2285: 1911:

On June 10, 1948, the United States-appointed Governor of Puerto Rico,

1206:

The United States was granted possession of Puerto Rico as part of the

1085: 829:

achieved 13.6% of the vote, a significant increase in support from the

779:

Current flag of Puerto Rico, also used by Puerto Rican independentists.

5016: 4860:"Puerto Rico movement pitches solution to economic woes: rejoin Spain" 2780: 2256: 1278: 865: 775: 4244:"Cuba repeats commitment to a just, supportive and sustainable world" 3947: 2154: 2026:

Acknowledging the importance of the question of Puerto Rican status,

1068: 896:, led the Spaniards in a series of offensives that culminated in the 873: 1713: 5717: 4604: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3308:

Dyreson, Mark; Mangan, J.A.; Park, Roberta J. (13 September 2013).

3161: 3159: 2946:"María de las Mercedes - La primera Independentista Puertorriquena" 2407: 2010: 1225:. Zeno Gandia returned to the island and continued as an activist. 741: 908:

Several revolts against the Spanish rulers by the native born, or

861: 5011: 5001: 2054:(MIRA, in english: Revolutionary Independence Movement in Arms), 914:, occurred in the 19th century. These include the conspiracy at 856: 3693: 3340: 3156: 2046:

to time served, and they were allowed to return to Puerto Rico.

1896:

On July 25, 1938, shots were fired at the US colonial governor,

965: 27:

Initiatives by inhabitants throughout the history of Puerto Rico

5006: 4793:"Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?" 3502:"19 Were killed including 2 policemen caught in the cross-fire" 3243:

Historia de los Partidos Políticos Puertorriqueños (1898-1956).

1786:(Clear, Authentic and Complete Liberal Party), later named the 2122:

Minority parties have expressed different positions: in 2005,

1259:

to advocate for independence for Puerto Rico in the form of a

1193: 715:

have initiated several movements to gain independence for the

4971: 3824:

Paul Lewis, "Recruiting For Iraq War Undercut in Puerto Rico"

2777:"History from Puerto Rico: A Guide to the Island of Boriquén" 2673:"CEE Event - CONDICIÓN POLÍTICA TERRITORIAL ACTUAL - Resumen" 2540: 1164: 959: 4827:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood" 2064:

Organización de Voluntarios por la Revolución Puertorriqueña

1248:. The Executive Cabinet also included six American members. 1182:. The newfound autonomy was short-lived, as Puerto Rico was 1143:

where he lived in exile. Mattei Lluberas went into exile in

1065:, Lacroix, Aurelio Méndez and others, were sent into exile. 3848:"Moving America Forward: 2012 Democratic National Platform" 1342:

over the entire Puerto Rican economy through Domino Sugar.

4116:"Research Justice: Decolonizing Knowledge, Building Power" 4070:"Venezuelan Leader to Press for Puerto Rican Independence" 2926:

Puerto Rico in the American Century: A History Since 1898,

2528: 727:. Today, the movement is most commonly represented by the 4274:

The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803-1898,

2315: 2289: 2260: 2227: 2062:(FALN, in english: Armed Forces of National Liberation), 1837:

On April 6, 1932, Nationalist partisans marched into the

1728: 5873:

Chamber of Marketing, Industry, and Distribution of Food

4666:"Statehood remains an uneasy question for Puerto Ricans" 3485:; Page 292; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto (January 2008); 2355:

Since 1953, the United Nations has been considering the

4307:"Puerto Rico Votes on Status: A Primer on Independence" 2835: 2168:, pledged to vote for independence of Puerto Rico; and 4475:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 4420:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp. 3978:"2012 Green Party Platform: Puerto Rican Independence" 3440:, pp.221-227; University of North Carolina Press, 1999 753:

Puerto Rico occurred on September 23, 1868 during the

3391:, pp. 45-47; University of North Carolina Press, 1999 3381: 3191:

Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War

2726:"Is Statehood Next for Puerto Rico? It's Complicated" 2641:

United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

1879:

immediate independence but with favorable conditions.

1361: 97:

Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña

3675:

Elections in the Americas: A Data Handbook, Volume I

3057:

Noticias de la XVII Brigada Juan Rius Rivera en Cuba

2616:

Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Puerto Rico)

2554: 2523:

Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution

2234:

Levinson and Sparrow in their 2005 book suggest the

1848:

On October 24, 1935, a confrontation with police at

1076:" was the last revolt against the Spanish Government 969:

Roman Catholic Church and Plaza de la Revolución in

929:

Many Puerto Ricans became inspired by the ideals of

4214:"The Future Of Puerto Rico's Independence Movement" 1952:

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s

1931: 1427:

Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s

5923: 5759: 5068:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation 2775:Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration (1940). 2269: 2240: 2153:in January 2014, Nicolas Maduro, the President of 2126:passed a resolution about Puerto Rico, condemning 2052:Movimiento Independentista Revolucionario en Armas 1964:dissatisfaction with the new commonwealth status. 1735:advocated armed revolution to achieve independence 1217:traveled to Washington, D.C. where, together with 854:. In this revolt, Agüeybaná II, the most powerful 836: 147:Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation 4184:"Who will determine Puerto Rico's future status?" 3918:"Communist Party, USA: Resolution on Puerto Rico" 3795:"Independence for Puerto Rico: The Only Solution" 3307: 2839:Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 2701:"CEE Event - OPCIONES NO TERRITORIALES - Resumen" 864:people of Puerto Rico at the time, together with 6075: 4391:. The North American Congress on Latin America. 3712:Navarro, Sharon Ann, and Mejia, Armando Xavier. 3636: 2821:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2147:Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 3885:We Believe in America: 2012 Republican Platform 1720:, founder of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 4916: 4531:Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century 2651:Movimento Nacional Sindicalista de Puerto Rico 2058:(CAL, in english: Armed Liberation Commands), 1154: 723:between 1493 and 1898 and since then from the 5909: 5745: 4957: 4287:"Race Space and the Puerto Rican citizenship" 4272:Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, 3716:, Santa Barbara, California: ABC–CLIO, 2004. 3153:, Flags of the World, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009 1694: 1210:, which concluded the Spanish–American War. 763:. The revolting members and followers of the 688: 4389:The North American Congress on Latin America 3714:Latino Americans and Political Participation 3557: 3551: 3353:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3167:Puerto Rico: A Socio-Historic Interpretation 2905:The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact 2040:1954 United States Capitol shooting incident 1900:during a parade; they killed Police Colonel 1318:Several years after leaving office, in 1913 802:A fourth referendum was held on november 6, 384:30th House of Representatives of Puerto Rico 4908:Comparative Studies in Society and History, 4637: 4635: 3646:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 2543:rather than statehood, in what is known as 1783:Partido Liberal, Neto, Auténtico y Completo 1194:Seeking independence from the United States 1099:, which included the exiled group from the 5916: 5902: 5752: 5738: 4964: 4950: 4299: 4248:Prensa Latina - Latin American News Agency 4035: 4033: 3590:El ataque Nacionalista a La Fortaleza; by 3394: 2829: 2804:. Archived from the original on 2009-05-31 2432:, journalist and a co-host of the TV show 2213: 2111:in Puerto Rico supports independence: the 1701: 1687: 1447:Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman 1389:Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1174:. It was signed by Spanish Prime Minister 695: 681: 36: 4093:"Puerto Rico still deserves independence" 3594:; Page 7; Publisher: Publicaciones RENÉ; 3285: 2626:Proposed political status for Puerto Rico 2481: 2366: 2172:"called for an independent Puerto Rico." 1273:U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans in 1917 6119:Anti-American sentiment in North America 6094:Political advocacy groups in Puerto Rico 5058:Hostosian National Independence Movement 4734:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017. 4704:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017. 4632: 3792: 3527:The Puerto Ricans: a documentary history 3378:, 16 June 1915, accessed 2 November 2013 3186: 3184: 3134:, Sabana Grande, Retrieved Feb. 25, 2009 3095: 3093: 2980: 2866:"Land Tenure Development in Puerto Rico" 2779:. The University Society. Archived from 2217: 2138:had a platform supporting independence. 2009: 1817: 1727: 1712: 1277: 1197: 1067: 1008:(Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico) 997:was the leader of this revolt. Earlier, 964: 918:in 1809, and the uprisings of people in 774: 302:17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico 102:Hostosian National Independence Movement 6032:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 5038:Independence Association of Puerto Rico 4820: 4818: 4030: 3474: 3472: 3404:; University of Washington Press, 1966. 3072: 3070: 3068: 2768: 2529:Online rise in reunification with Spain 2344: 1354:in Puerto Rico had been converted into 903: 107:Independence Association of Puerto Rico 14: 6076: 5701:La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío 5645:Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s 5095:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional 4857: 4803:from the original on February 25, 2017 4738:from the original on February 24, 2017 4708:from the original on February 24, 2017 4578:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4511:from the original on February 11, 2017 4395:from the original on February 22, 2017 3793:Martinez, Ruben Berrios (April 1977). 3358: 3076:"Historia militar de Puerto Rico"; by 2859: 2695: 2693: 2667: 2665: 2060:Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional 886:Villa de Sotomayor (Sotomayor Village) 833:when it received only 2.1% of votes. 765:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico 565:United States House of Representatives 132:Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico 6037:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 5897: 5733: 5670:U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954) 4945: 4382: 3928:from the original on 27 February 2014 3211:"José de Diego - Library of Congress" 3181: 3172: 3090: 2611:Latin America-United States relations 1053:on all the prisoners. But in Madrid, 4978:Independence movement in Puerto Rico 4824: 4815: 3958:from the original on 7 December 2015 3805:from the original on 23 January 2015 3529:, Markus Wiener Publishers, 2008P179 3469: 3065: 3024: 2907:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. 2488:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017 2373:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012 2117:New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico 2079: 1306: 1123:. These attacks became known as the 1097:Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee 1004:Comité Revolucionario de Puerto Rico 570:Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico 31:Independence movement in Puerto Rico 6053:2012 U.S. state secession petitions 4385:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations" 4224:from the original on 6 October 2014 3457:from the original on 6 October 2014 3311:Mapping an Empire of American Sport 2939: 2690: 2662: 2636:Special Committee on Decolonization 2351:Special Committee on Decolonization 2325:In the 21st century, a majority of 1995:. During the 1950 Jayuya Uprising, 1452:1954 United States Capitol shooting 24: 6104:Puerto Rican independence movement 4887: 4364:from the original on 15 March 2023 4254:from the original on 26 March 2023 3664: 3532: 3443: 3248: 3203: 3101:"1898 La Guerra Hispano Americana" 2999:. Retrieved on September 26, 2007. 2299:worked for independence. In 1946, 2274:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2245:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1949:Newsreel scenes in Spanish of the 1362:Formation of the Nationalist Party 831:2016 Puerto Rican general election 823:2020 Puerto Rican general election 25: 18:Puerto Rican Independence Movement 6130: 6063:List of state partition proposals 4928: 4825:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017). 4764:. BALLOTPEDIA. February 6, 2017. 4728:"What's a Free Associated State?" 4698:"What's a Free Associated State?" 4678:from the original on 13 July 2014 4507:. United Nations. June 20, 2016. 4333:"2008 Election Results (Spanish)" 3328:from the original on 1 April 2023 3223:from the original on 11 July 2018 2601:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 2032:plebiscite in Puerto Rico in 1952 2018:and under the orders of Governor 1762:By 1932 Luis Muñoz Rivera's son, 1132:. It was the first time that the 6099:Political history of Puerto Rico 5994:Northwest Territorial Imperative 4972: 4790: 4768:from the original on May 6, 2017 4008:"Platform - Socialist Party USA" 3035:Historia militar de Puerto Rico; 2836:Smithsonian Institution (1907). 2585: 2571: 2557: 2535:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico 2222:Puerto Rican Nationalist leader 2136:Green Party of the United States 1944: 1932:Events under Commonwealth status 1801: 1383: 1345:American professor and activist 1330:company. According to historian 1186:by the United States during the 841: 661: 174: 6109:Separatism in the United States 6022:Mississippi Secession Ordinance 5048:Puerto Rican Independence Party 4851: 4784: 4750: 4720: 4690: 4658: 4610: 4586: 4523: 4493: 4462: 4438: 4376: 4350: 4325: 4280: 4266: 4236: 4206: 4176: 4154: 4132: 4108: 4086: 4063: 4000: 3970: 3940: 3910: 3899:from the original on 2014-07-30 3875: 3840: 3817: 3786: 3765: 3753: 3727: 3706: 3687: 3640:; Bainbridge, John Jr. (2005). 3630: 3604: 3584: 3561:Puerto Rico Under Colonial Rule 3520: 3495: 3430: 3414:Noam Chomsky, "A Century Later" 3407: 3301: 3267: 3235: 3137: 3115: 3047: 3002: 2958: 2918: 2897: 2757:from the original on 2021-04-14 2732:from the original on 2021-04-10 2357:Political status of Puerto Rico 2312:Federal Bureau of Investigation 2305:Puerto Rican Independence Party 1324:American Sugar Refining Company 1267:, Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón and 1167:on November 25, 1897 through a 1147:, joining a group known as the 837:Seeking independence from Spain 827:Puerto Rican Independence Party 500:Puerto Rican Independence Party 117:Puerto Rican Independence Party 5925:Secession in the United States 5826:Statehood Students Association 5760:Advocacy groups in Puerto Rico 5584:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach 5216:José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado 5053:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 3355:, pp.52-83; Random House, 1972 3169:, pp.46-62; Random House, 1972 2878: 2842:. Harvard University. p. 2794: 2743: 2718: 2422:Similarly, as reported by the 2297:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 2166:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 2056:Comandos Armados de Liberación 1884:On March 21, 1937, a march in 1827:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 1743:In 1932, the pro-independence 1668:Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach 1334:, Charles Allen leveraged his 1297:Puerto Rico Independence Party 1236:named De Diego, together with 1184:invaded, occupied, and annexed 1091:In 1897, Lluberas traveled to 127:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party 13: 1: 6012:Confederate States of America 5605:Ducoudray Holstein Expedition 5519:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila 5279:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia 5131:María de las Mercedes Barbudo 4858:Kassam, Ashifa (2015-08-30). 3298:Ribes Tovar et al., p.122-144 3178:Ribes Tovar et al., p.106-109 2753:. Democracy Now. 2020-11-20. 2656: 2301:Gilberto Concepción de Gracia 1648:Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila 1161:overseas autonomous community 1101:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares) 1050:Grito de Lares (Cry of Lares) 1001:and Betances had founded the 941:María de las Mercedes Barbudo 656:Politics of the United States 542:Municipalities of Puerto Rico 256:Government-owned corporations 5665:Truman assassination attempt 5043:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 3558:Bosque Pérez, Ramón (2006). 2986:The Women from Puerto Rico. 2965:Meaning of "Independentista" 2885:"Puerto Rico's First People" 2621:Puerto Rico (proposed state) 2403:Latin American News Dispatch 1745:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 122:Puerto Rican Socialist Party 112:Liberal Party of Puerto Rico 7: 5836:Workers' Socialist Movement 5783:Constitution of Puerto Rico 5655:San Juan Nationalist revolt 5264:Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres 2631:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico) 2550: 2499:Compact of Free Association 2379:Partido Popular Democrático 1981:San Juan Nationalist revolt 1437:San Juan Nationalist revolt 1155:Spanish Charter of Autonomy 770:current flag of Puerto Rico 10: 6135: 5033:Union Party of Puerto Rico 3694:FBI Files on Puerto Ricans 3564:. SUNY Press. p. 71. 3465:– via angelfire.com. 3105:www.proyectosalonhogar.com 2976:Spanish-English Dictionary 2532: 2485: 2370: 2348: 2226:died in a gun battle with 1874:In 1936, the U.S. Senator 1109:current flag of the island 505:Citizen's Victory Movement 311:26th Senate of Puerto Rico 251:Fiscal agent and financing 201:United States Constitution 142:Union Party of Puerto Rico 6045: 6004: 5931: 5883:Manufacturers Association 5860: 5844: 5816:Proposed political status 5791: 5765: 5709: 5688: 5597: 5387: 5359:María de Lourdes Santiago 5354:Manuel Rodríguez Orellana 5229: 5196:Antonio Valero de Bernabé 5103: 5076: 5025: 4984: 3703:. Retrieved on 2008-12-04 3365:Charles H. Allen Resigns" 3351:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel; 3165:Maldonado-Denis, Manuel; 2145:During the summit of the 1983:, and other shootouts in 1943: 1938: 1850:University of Puerto Rico 1800: 1795: 1788:People's Democratic Party 1202:Political cartoon of 1898 1136:was flown on the island. 1130:(Attempted Coup of Yauco) 1014:. Betances wrote several 935:Antonio Valero de Bernabé 620:Proposed political status 329:Larry Seilhamer Rodríguez 79: 67: 62:Puerto Rican independence 56: 35: 6114:Puerto Rican nationalism 5852:Center for a New Economy 5191:Arturo Alfonso Schomburg 5161:Francisco Ramírez Medina 5151:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 3020:Puerto Rico Encyclopedia 2505:would be U.S. citizens. 2405:, wrote as an editor in 2203:, and US Representative 2113:Popular Democratic Party 2068:Ejército Popular Boricua 2001:attempted to assassinate 1790:(PPD for Spanish name). 1771:Santiago Iglesias Pantin 1753:Felisa Rincón de Gautier 1238:Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón 1046:San Sebastián del Pepino 1035:Francisco Ramírez Medina 1010:from their exile in the 958:in 1868, and the one in 517:Political party strength 495:Popular Democratic Party 411:Gabriel Rodríguez Aguiló 380:House of Representatives 206:Puerto Rico Constitution 5778:Civil Rights Commission 5675:Cerro Maravilla murders 5620:Levantamiento de Ciales 5579:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff 5499:Tomás López de Victoria 5484:Andres Figueroa Cordero 5474:Carmelo Delgado Delgado 5294:José M. Dávila Monsanto 5156:Antonio Mattei Lluberas 5146:Francisco Gonzalo Marín 5141:Eugenio María de Hostos 5111:Ramón Emeterio Betances 5026:Political organizations 3400:Arrington, Leonard J.; 2214:20th century to present 2179:, professor and writer 2160:The Wall Street Journal 1806:Newsreel scenes of the 1613:Andres Figueroa Cordero 1608:Carmelo Delgado Delgado 1575:Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff 1530:Tomás López de Victoria 1369:Part of a series on the 1219:Eugenio María de Hostos 1208:Treaty of Paris of 1898 1149:Puerto Rican Commission 1082:Antonio Mattei Lluberas 1055:Eugenio María de Hostos 995:Ramón Emeterio Betances 848:Taíno rebellion of 1511 347:Ángel Chayanne Martínez 316:President of the Senate 167:Politics of Puerto Rico 6084:Independence movements 6058:Ordinance of Secession 5574:Antonio Vélez Alvarado 5469:Isabel Freire de Matos 5459:Juan Antonio Corretjer 5409:Margot Arce de Vázquez 5239:Antonio Rafael Barceló 5166:José Gualberto Padilla 5104:19th century activists 5084:Cadets of the Republic 5077:Militant organizations 4536:(78, 2.003(54)). 2011 4383:López, Ana M. (2014). 4296:, University of Dayton 4012:SocialistParty-USA.net 2728:. Medium. 2021-04-08. 2519:United States Congress 2482:2017 status referendum 2446: 2419: 2387:Estado Libre Associado 2367:2012 status referendum 2231: 2023: 1830: 1757:Ernesto Ramos Antonini 1736: 1721: 1623:Isabel Freire de Matos 1598:Margot Arce de Vázquez 1570:Antonio Vélez Alvarado 1510:Juan Antonio Corretjer 1413:Cadets of the Republic 1338:of Puerto Rico into a 1291: 1203: 1176:Práxedes Mateo Sagasta 1077: 980: 780: 709:history of Puerto Rico 560:Federal representation 266:Office of the Governor 92:Cadets of the Republic 5811:Independence movement 5534:Helen Rodríguez Trías 5514:Francisco Matos Paoli 5479:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco 5439:Rafael Cancel Miranda 5374:Carlos Alberto Torres 5274:Cayetano Coll y Cuchí 5230:20th and 21st century 5171:Lola Rodríguez de Tió 4985:Indigenous resistance 3771:Bosque Pérez, Ramón. 3200:, Library of Congress 3078:Héctor Andrés Negroni 3031:Héctor Andrés Negroni 2875:, University of Maine 2441: 2414: 2295:Founded in 1922, the 2221: 2201:Carlos Alberto Torres 2013: 1821: 1731: 1716: 1658:Helen Rodríguez Trías 1540:Francisco Matos Paoli 1520:Raimundo Díaz Pacheco 1490:Rafael Cancel Miranda 1281: 1201: 1172:(Charter of Autonomy) 1071: 1041:who would join them. 1021:Most dissidents were 968: 778: 537:Mayors in Puerto Rico 490:New Progressive Party 338:Carmelo Ríos Santiago 325:President pro tempore 246:Executive departments 5625:Río Piedras massacre 5329:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 5309:Víctor Manuel Gerena 5244:Félix Benítez Rexach 5089:Boricua Popular Army 4835:. DC. Archived from 4194:on 21 September 2020 3775:. SUNY Press, 2006. 3592:Pedro Aponte Vázquez 3539:Strategy as Politics 2894:, Extra News website 2579:United States portal 2401:, co-founder of the 2345:United Nations' view 2224:Filiberto Ojeda Ríos 2128:American imperialism 2119:supports statehood. 1858:Río Piedras massacre 1673:Félix Benítez Rexach 1592:Notable nationalists 1403:Río Piedras massacre 1340:controlling interest 1332:Federico Ribes Tovar 1253:Union of Puerto Rico 1188:Spanish-American War 1178:and ratified by the 904:Puerto Rican revolts 320:Thomas Rivera Schatz 87:Boricua Popular Army 6017:Louisiana secession 5868:Chamber of Commerce 5831:Status quo movement 5696:Grito de Lares flag 5589:Olga Viscal Garriga 5564:Clemente Soto Vélez 5554:Vidal Santiago Díaz 5464:José Ferrer Canales 5399:Pedro Albizu Campos 5349:Ángel Rivero Méndez 5334:Antonio S. Pedreira 5319:Luis Lloréns Torres 5314:Edwin Irizarry Mora 5186:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 4839:on February 4, 2017 4671:The Washington Post 4628:New York Daily News 4081:Wall Street Journal 4018:on 4 September 2012 3612:"NY Latino Journal" 3514:The Washington Post 3483:Delma S. Arrigoitia 3274:Luis Llorens Torres 3216:Library of Congress 2425:New York Daily News 2140:Socialist Party USA 2124:Communist Party USA 2007:in Washington, DC. 1925:Flag of Puerto Rico 1733:Pedro Albizu Campos 1638:José Ferrer Canales 1580:Olga Viscal Garriga 1560:Clemente Soto Vélez 1555:Vidal Santiago Díaz 1470:Pedro Albizu Campos 1464:Nationalist leaders 1301:Luis Lloréns Torres 1134:flag of Puerto Rico 1084:, a wealthy coffee 999:Segundo Ruiz Belvis 943:, the first female 884:, who attacked the 668:Politics portal 398:Speaker pro tempore 32: 6089:COINTELPRO targets 6027:Missouri secession 5959:Confederate States 5861:Trade associations 5821:Statehood movement 5615:Intentona de Yauco 5569:Griselio Torresola 5524:Ruth Mary Reynolds 5419:Casimiro Berenguer 5369:Alejandrina Torres 5324:Oscar López Rivera 5289:Pedro Ortiz Dávila 5206:Fernando Fernandez 5201:Manuel Zeno Gandía 4920:The New York Times 4732:Puerto Rico Report 4702:Puerto Rico Report 4647:2013-12-24 at the 4622:2014-02-26 at the 4598:2017-10-07 at the 4292:2011-09-27 at the 4166:2014-02-27 at the 4144:2014-02-21 at the 4098:2014-02-25 at the 4083:, 26 January 2014. 4075:2016-03-11 at the 3829:2017-05-23 at the 3799:foreignaffairs.com 3699:2005-03-07 at the 3507:2012-11-22 at the 3419:2014-02-22 at the 3376:The New York Times 3370:2020-02-01 at the 3279:2011-09-27 at the 3260:2007-02-03 at the 3196:2018-01-04 at the 3149:2017-07-04 at the 3127:2000-12-08 at the 3014:2015-09-24 at the 2995:2011-06-11 at the 2970:2012-03-26 at the 2951:2011-04-21 at the 2890:2007-12-31 at the 2871:2006-09-13 at the 2565:Puerto Rico portal 2389:or Commonwealth. 2265:Jones–Shafroth Act 2232: 2193:Oscar López Rivera 2134:..." In 2012, the 2132:self-determination 2024: 1831: 1749:Antonio R. Barceló 1737: 1722: 1565:Griselio Torresola 1545:Ruth Mary Reynolds 1480:Casimiro Berenguer 1397:Events and revolts 1292: 1284:Theodore Roosevelt 1269:Antonio R. Barceló 1242:José Celso Barbosa 1215:Manuel Zeno Gandía 1204: 1169:Carta de Autonomía 1126:Intentona de Yauco 1078: 1074:Intentona de Yauco 1044:In the next town, 1031:revolutionary flag 981: 979:took place in 1868 898:Battle of Yagüecas 894:Juan Ponce de León 781: 740:A spectrum of pro- 575:Jenniffer González 402:José Torres Zamora 271:Transition process 261:Line of succession 30: 6071: 6070: 5891: 5890: 5727: 5726: 5639:Ley de la Mordaza 5529:Germán Rieckehoff 5444:José Coll y Cuchí 5391:Nationalist Party 5304:Leopoldo Figueroa 5254:Americo Boschetti 4486:978-92-1-810211-9 4431:978-92-1-810211-9 4360:. 15 March 2023. 4250:. 25 March 2023. 3988:on 6 October 2014 3781:978-0-7914-6417-5 3722:978-1-85109-523-0 3657:978-0-7432-6068-8 3618:on 26 August 2009 3600:978-1-931702-01-0 3571:978-0-7914-6417-5 3491:978-1-934461-69-3 3451:"Antonio Barcelo" 3111:on March 4, 2016. 3086:978-84-7844-138-9 3043:978-84-7844-138-9 2934:978-0-8078-3113-7 2928:UNC Press, 2007. 2913:978-0-313-29339-9 2449:In October 2013, 2109:two major parties 2080:Political support 1961: 1960: 1917:Ley de la Mordaza 1816: 1815: 1718:José Coll y Cuchí 1711: 1710: 1653:Germán Rieckehoff 1495:José Coll y Cuchí 1420:Ley de la Mordaza 1377:Nationalist Party 1356:sugar plantations 1307:American business 1265:Luis Muñoz Rivera 922:, San Germán and 719:, first from the 705: 704: 554:Federal relations 485:Political Parties 420:Urayoán Hernández 160: 159: 16:(Redirected from 6126: 5932:Active movements 5918: 5911: 5904: 5895: 5894: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5181:Juan Ríus Rivera 5116:Mariana Bracetti 4976: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4943: 4942: 4924: 4902:Go, J. (2000). " 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4822: 4813: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4788: 4782: 4781: 4775: 4773: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4662: 4656: 4639: 4630: 4614: 4608: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4559: 4553:. Archived from 4552: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4451:. Archived from 4450: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4344: 4335:. Archived from 4329: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4309:. Archived from 4303: 4297: 4284: 4278: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4220:. 29 July 2010. 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4190:. Archived from 4180: 4174: 4158: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4121:. Archived from 4120: 4112: 4106: 4090: 4084: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4047:. Archived from 4037: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4014:. Archived from 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3984:. Archived from 3974: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3924:. 20 July 2005. 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3891: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3857:. Archived from 3852: 3844: 3838: 3837:, 18 August 2007 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3790: 3784: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737:. Archived from 3731: 3725: 3710: 3704: 3691: 3685: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3614:. Archived from 3608: 3602: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3555: 3549: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3499: 3493: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3428: 3427:, September 1998 3411: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3362: 3356: 3349: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3283: 3271: 3265: 3252: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3207: 3201: 3188: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3163: 3154: 3141: 3135: 3133: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3107:. Archived from 3097: 3088: 3074: 3063: 3062: 3051: 3045: 3028: 3022: 3009:"Grito de Lares" 3006: 3000: 2989:Mariana Bracetti 2984: 2978: 2962: 2956: 2943: 2937: 2924:Ayala, César J. 2922: 2916: 2903:Schwab, Gail M. 2901: 2895: 2882: 2876: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2850: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2812: 2810: 2809: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2669: 2595: 2593:Caribbean portal 2590: 2589: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2510:Ricardo Rosselló 2508:Former Governor 2466:Democratic Party 2462:Republican Party 2327:Independentistas 2291: 2275: 2271: 2262: 2246: 2242: 2104:Republican Party 2099:Democratic Party 2050:armies" such as 2020:Luis Muñoz Marín 1948: 1947: 1936: 1935: 1839:Capitol building 1825:, member of the 1805: 1804: 1793: 1792: 1764:Luis Muñoz Marín 1703: 1696: 1689: 1387: 1366: 1365: 1320:Charles H. Allen 1313:Manifest destiny 1290:in the Caribbean 1261:sovereign nation 1246:Charles H. Allen 1234:William McKinley 1095:and visited the 737:revolt of 1868. 697: 690: 683: 666: 665: 608:Political status 429:Tatito Hernández 373:José Luis Dalmau 178: 162: 161: 43:Medium blue flag 40: 33: 29: 21: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6041: 6000: 5927: 5922: 5892: 5887: 5856: 5840: 5787: 5766:Civil liberties 5761: 5758: 5728: 5723: 5705: 5684: 5660:Utuado Uprising 5650:Jayuya Uprising 5593: 5434:Nemesio Canales 5424:Julia de Burgos 5414:Elías Beauchamp 5404:José S. Alegría 5390: 5383: 5344:Miguel Poventud 5231: 5225: 5126:Roberto Cofresí 5121:Mathias Brugman 5099: 5072: 5063:Socialist Front 5021: 4980: 4970: 4931: 4890: 4888:Further reading 4885: 4876: 4874: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4832:Washington Post 4823: 4816: 4806: 4804: 4789: 4785: 4771: 4769: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4739: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4696: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649:Wayback Machine 4640: 4633: 4624:Wayback Machine 4615: 4611: 4600:Wayback Machine 4591: 4587: 4571: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4560:on May 21, 2014 4557: 4550: 4548:"Archived copy" 4546: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4412: 4408: 4398: 4396: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4294:Wayback Machine 4285: 4281: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4172:Dissident Voice 4168:Wayback Machine 4159: 4155: 4146:Wayback Machine 4137: 4133: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4100:Wayback Machine 4091: 4087: 4077:Wayback Machine 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4045:Fox News Latino 4039: 4038: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3961: 3959: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3835:Washington Post 3831:Wayback Machine 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3791: 3787: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3711: 3707: 3701:Wayback Machine 3692: 3688: 3669: 3665: 3658: 3638:Hunter, Stephen 3635: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3509:Wayback Machine 3500: 3496: 3477: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3435: 3431: 3421:Wayback Machine 3412: 3408: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3372:Wayback Machine 3363: 3359: 3350: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3286: 3281:Wayback Machine 3272: 3268: 3262:Wayback Machine 3253: 3249: 3241:Bolivar Pagan. 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3198:Wayback Machine 3189: 3182: 3177: 3173: 3164: 3157: 3151:Wayback Machine 3142: 3138: 3131: 3129:Wayback Machine 3120: 3116: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3075: 3066: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3029: 3025: 3016:Wayback Machine 3007: 3003: 2997:Wayback Machine 2985: 2981: 2972:Wayback Machine 2963: 2959: 2953:Wayback Machine 2944: 2940: 2923: 2919: 2902: 2898: 2892:Wayback Machine 2883: 2879: 2873:Wayback Machine 2864: 2860: 2848: 2846: 2834: 2830: 2814: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2670: 2663: 2659: 2646:Falange Boricua 2591: 2586: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2537: 2531: 2490: 2484: 2474:Washington Post 2447: 2420: 2375: 2369: 2353: 2347: 2273: 2244: 2216: 2197:Roberto Barreto 2094:in the polls." 2090:Washington Post 2082: 2073:Foreign Affairs 2022:, occupy Jayuya 2016:Luis R. Esteves 2005:Harry S. Truman 1977:Utuado Uprising 1973:Jayuya Uprising 1945: 1939:External videos 1934: 1913:Jesús T. Piñero 1898:Blanton Winship 1876:Millard Tydings 1869:Elías Beauchamp 1823:Elías Beauchamp 1802: 1796:External videos 1775:Socialist Party 1747:was founded by 1707: 1678: 1677: 1603:Elías Beauchamp 1593: 1585: 1584: 1515:Julia de Burgos 1475:José S. Alegría 1465: 1457: 1456: 1442:Utuado uprising 1432:Jayuya Uprising 1398: 1390: 1376: 1364: 1309: 1196: 1157: 948:Independentista 906: 888:in present-day 844: 839: 759:revolt against 713:its inhabitants 707:Throughout the 701: 672: 660: 647: 646: 610: 600: 599: 555: 547: 546: 532: 522: 521: 510:Proyect Dignity 475: 467: 466: 457: 447: 446: 438:Ramón Luis Cruz 425:Minority Leader 407:Majority Leader 352:Minority Leader 334:Majority Leader 293: 283: 282: 226: 216: 215: 211:Puerto Rico law 196: 169: 156: 137:Socialist Front 70: 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6132: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5921: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5898: 5889: 5888: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5797: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5773:Bill of Rights 5769: 5767: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5734: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5630:Ponce massacre 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5610:Grito de Lares 5607: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5549:Isolina Rondón 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5429:Blanca Canales 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5299:Elizam Escobar 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5259:Juan Mari Brás 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5235: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4981: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4930: 4929:External links 4927: 4926: 4925: 4914: 4900: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4850: 4814: 4783: 4749: 4719: 4689: 4657: 4655:, October 2013 4631: 4609: 4585: 4522: 4505:United Nations 4492: 4485: 4461: 4458:on 2009-07-31. 4437: 4430: 4406: 4375: 4349: 4324: 4298: 4279: 4265: 4235: 4218:citylimits.org 4205: 4175: 4153: 4150:Democracy Now! 4131: 4128:on 2014-02-26. 4107: 4085: 4062: 4029: 3999: 3969: 3939: 3909: 3874: 3839: 3816: 3785: 3764: 3752: 3726: 3705: 3686: 3663: 3656: 3629: 3603: 3583: 3570: 3550: 3531: 3519: 3494: 3468: 3442: 3436:Ayala, Cesar; 3429: 3406: 3393: 3387:Ayala, Cesar; 3380: 3357: 3339: 3320: 3300: 3284: 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1527: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1485:Blanca Canales 1482: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1415: 1410: 1408:Ponce massacre 1405: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1388: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1370: 1363: 1360: 1308: 1305: 1195: 1192: 1180:Spanish Cortes 1156: 1153: 1139:Velez fled to 986:Grito de Lares 976:Grito de Lares 952:Lares uprising 905: 902: 860:of the native 843: 840: 838: 835: 756:Grito de Lares 735:(Cry of Lares) 731:Grito de Lares 721:Spanish Empire 703: 702: 700: 699: 692: 685: 677: 674: 673: 671: 670: 658: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 617: 615:Current status 611: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 592: 591: 590: 589: 588: 587: 586: 556: 553: 552: 549: 548: 545: 544: 539: 533: 530:Municipalities 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 482: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 458: 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442: 441: 440: 431: 422: 413: 404: 395: 377: 376: 375: 366: 356:Eduardo Bhatia 349: 340: 331: 322: 294: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 275: 274: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 241:Chief of Staff 238: 227: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 213: 208: 203: 197: 188: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179: 171: 170: 165: 158: 157: 155: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 83: 81: 77: 76: 71: 69:Region served 68: 65: 64: 58: 54: 53: 48:Grito de Lares 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6131: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046:Miscellaneous 6044: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5914: 5912: 5907: 5905: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5801:Sovereigntism 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5755: 5750: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Daniel Santos 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544:Isabel Rosado 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Hugo Margenat 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5494:Lolita Lebrón 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Oscar Collazo 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249:Rubén Berríos 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5221:Marcos Xiorro 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Agustín Stahl 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136:José de Diego 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4913:(2), 333-362. 4912: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4891: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4821: 4819: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4780: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4653:The Economist 4650: 4646: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4618: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4589: 4581: 4575: 4556: 4549: 4532: 4526: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4465: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4433: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4410: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4339:on 2009-10-11 4338: 4334: 4328: 4313:on 2014-10-06 4312: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4275: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4140: 4135: 4124: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4089: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4051:on 2014-10-06 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3973: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3895: 3888: 3886: 3878: 3864:on 2014-03-15 3860: 3856: 3849: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3741:on 2014-10-06 3740: 3736: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3683:9780199283576 3680: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3554: 3548: 3547:0-8477-0160-3 3544: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3473: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3415: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3366: 3361: 3354: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3327: 3323: 3321:9781317980360 3317: 3314:. Routledge. 3313: 3312: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3270: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3140: 3130: 3126: 3123: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3096: 3094: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2983: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2954: 2950: 2947: 2942: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2870: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2832: 2824: 2818: 2803: 2797: 2783:on 2007-11-05 2782: 2778: 2771: 2756: 2752: 2746: 2731: 2727: 2721: 2707:on 2012-11-09 2706: 2702: 2696: 2694: 2679:on 2012-11-09 2678: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2583: 2580: 2569: 2566: 2555: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2536: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2504: 2503:Puerto Ricans 2500: 2494: 2489: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2452:The Economist 2445: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2430:Juan Gonzalez 2428: 2426: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2352: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290:March 2, 1917 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177:Martín Espada 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2088: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2003:US President 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1942: 1937: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1906:Robert Cooper 1903: 1902:Luis Irizarry 1899: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1834: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1809: 1799: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1715: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1692: 1690: 1685: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1663:Daniel Santos 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1633:Isabel Rosado 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535:Hugo Margenat 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1525:Lolita Lebrón 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500:Oscar Collazo 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1289: 1286:wielding his 1285: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1263:, along with 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:José de Diego 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1209: 1200: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1145:New York City 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1107:in 1895, the 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1093:New York City 1089: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 987: 983:In 1868, the 978: 977: 972: 967: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 946: 942: 938: 936: 932: 931:Simón Bolívar 927: 925: 924:Sabana Grande 921: 917: 913: 912: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 868:, cacique of 867: 863: 859: 858: 853: 849: 842:Taíno revolts 834: 832: 828: 824: 819: 817: 813: 809: 805: 800: 798: 794: 790: 786: 777: 773: 771: 766: 762: 758: 757: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 733: 732: 726: 725:United States 722: 718: 714: 710: 698: 693: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 676: 675: 669: 664: 659: 657: 654: 653: 651: 650: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 625:Sovereigntism 623: 622: 621: 618: 616: 613: 612: 609: 604: 603: 596: 595:Insular Cases 593: 584: 580: 576: 573: 572: 571: 568: 567: 566: 563: 562: 561: 558: 557: 551: 550: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 531: 526: 525: 518: 515: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 471: 470: 463: 462:Supreme Court 460: 459: 456: 451: 450: 439: 435: 434:Minority Whip 432: 430: 426: 423: 421: 417: 416:Majority Whip 414: 412: 408: 405: 403: 399: 396: 394: 393:Johnny Méndez 390: 387: 386: 385: 381: 378: 374: 370: 369:Minority Whip 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 348: 344: 343:Majority Whip 341: 339: 335: 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Retrieved 4864:The Guardian 4863: 4853: 4843:February 17, 4841:. Retrieved 4837:the original 4830: 4807:February 24, 4805:. Retrieved 4797:Miami Herald 4796: 4786: 4777: 4772:February 24, 4770:. Retrieved 4761: 4752: 4742:February 23, 4740:. Retrieved 4731: 4722: 4712:February 23, 4710:. Retrieved 4701: 4692: 4680:. Retrieved 4669: 4660: 4652: 4627: 4612: 4603: 4588: 4562:. Retrieved 4555:the original 4538:. Retrieved 4525: 4515:February 21, 4513:. Retrieved 4504: 4495: 4471: 4464: 4453:the original 4440: 4416: 4409: 4399:February 21, 4397:. Retrieved 4388: 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4352: 4341:. Retrieved 4337:the original 4327: 4315:. Retrieved 4311:the original 4301: 4282: 4273: 4268: 4256:. Retrieved 4247: 4238: 4226:. Retrieved 4217: 4208: 4196:. Retrieved 4192:the original 4188:isreview.org 4187: 4178: 4171: 4156: 4149: 4134: 4123:the original 4110: 4103: 4088: 4080: 4065: 4053:. Retrieved 4049:the original 4044: 4020:. Retrieved 4016:the original 4011: 4002: 3990:. 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Retrieved 2677:the original 2538: 2515: 2507: 2495: 2491: 2472: 2470: 2457: 2450: 2448: 2442: 2433: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2402: 2399:Roque Planas 2395: 2391: 2386: 2378: 2376: 2361: 2354: 2336: 2332: 2326: 2324: 2319: 2309: 2303:founded the 2294: 2233: 2209: 2183:, the group 2174: 2158: 2151:Havana, Cuba 2144: 2121: 2096: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2071: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2048: 2044:Jimmy Carter 2037: 2030:supported a 2025: 1966: 1962: 1950: 1916: 1865:Hiram Rosado 1832: 1807: 1781: 1779: 1768: 1761: 1742: 1738: 1723: 1643:René Marqués 1628:Hiram Rosado 1618:Irvin Flores 1505:Rosa Collazo 1419: 1375:Puerto Rican 1347:Noam Chomsky 1344: 1336:governorship 1328:Domino Sugar 1317: 1310: 1293: 1255:, the first 1250: 1227: 1223:US territory 1212: 1205: 1171: 1168: 1158: 1148: 1138: 1129: 1124: 1116: 1113: 1100: 1090: 1079: 1049: 1043: 1027:peninsulares 1026: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1007: 1002: 984: 982: 974: 973:, where the 947: 945:Puerto Rican 939: 928: 909: 907: 885: 877: 855: 852:Agüeybaná II 845: 820: 801: 782: 772:, in 1895. 761:Spanish rule 754: 750:independence 739: 734: 730: 729:flag of the 706: 630:Independence 629: 364:Vargas Vidot 190:Constitution 80:Affiliations 46: 5979:Puerto Rico 5845:Think tanks 5379:Iris Zavala 5364:Piri Thomas 5284:Juan Dalmau 4992:Agüeybaná I 4791:Wyss, Jim. 4762:Ballotpedia 4104:Progressive 3855:dstatic.org 2955:, 80 Grados 2397:Journalist 2263:), and the 2236:Foraker Act 2170:Raúl Castro 1854:Río Piedras 1352:arable land 746:nationalism 360:Juan Dalmau 298:Legislature 291:Legislative 152:Young Lords 74:Puerto Rico 6078:Categories 5949:California 4877:2024-07-19 4564:January 9, 4540:August 10, 4343:2009-10-06 3903:2014-02-22 3868:2014-02-24 3577:2009-03-17 3481:; by: Dr. 2849:2009-03-12 2808:2009-03-12 2787:2009-03-12 2761:2021-04-11 2736:2021-04-11 2711:2012-11-08 2683:2012-11-08 2657:References 2533:See also: 2338:Democrats. 2288:, enacted 2280:, 39 2259:, enacted 2251:, 31 1282:President 1257:mass party 1190:in 1898. 1141:St. Thomas 1086:plantation 1072:The 1897 " 916:San Germán 748:, and pro- 640:Status quo 278:First Lady 5793:Political 5269:Roy Brown 5232:activists 4872:0261-3077 4799:. 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