1538:
Puerto Rico. The Free
Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a "Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation" between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process
277:(land redistribution) that limited the area that could be held by large sugarcane interests. Operation Bootstrap enticed U.S. mainland investors to transfer or create manufacturing plants by granting them local and federal tax concessions, but maintaining the access to mainland markets free of import duties. Another incentive was the lower wage scales in the densely populated island. The program accelerated the shift from an agricultural to an industrial society. The 1950s saw the development of labor-intensive light industries, such as textiles; later manufacturing gave way to heavy industry, such as petrochemicals and oil refining, in the 1960s and 1970s. Muñoz MarĂn's development programs brought some prosperity for an emergent middle class. The industrialization was in part fueled by generous local incentives and freedom from federal taxation, while providing access to continental US markets without import duties. As a result, a rural agricultural society was transformed into an industrial working class.
738:
767:
878:
906:
606:, 54% of the ballots cast were against the continuation of the island's status as a territory of the U.S. Of the votes for new status, a 61.1% majority chose statehood. This was by far the most successful referendum for statehood advocates. In all earlier referendums, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum. The
864:
892:
131:(later governor of Pennsylvania). Teaching was conducted entirely in English with Spanish treated as a special subject. However, both Spanish and English were official languages in the island. On November 6, the first elections under the Foraker Act were held and on December 3, the first Legislative Assembly took office. Federico Degetau took office in Washington as the first Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico on March 14, 1901.
852:
Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty".
723:
renegotiated from time to time (such as every 15 years). One report states that "the amounts of financial support ... have been reduced at each renegotiation, and movement toward complete independence is often encouraged". If an FAS is unable to reach a mutually-acceptable agreement on the conditions, it would have no alternative but to become a totally independent nation.
510:(D-NY) proposed on August 25, 2020 that the question of Puerto Rico's political status should be decided by a convention rather than a referendum. Velázquez and Ocasio-Cortez wrote: "Many in Puerto Rico would view Congress pushing statehood not as an end to colonization, but the culmination of it." Resident Commissioner
619:. On December 15, 2022, the U.S. House of Representatives voted in favor of the Puerto Rico Status Act. The act sought to resolve Puerto Rico's status and its relationship to the United States through a binding plebiscite. In April 2023, Puerto Rico's Status Act was reintroduced in the House by Democrats.
126:
On June 5, President McKinley appointed an
Executive Council which included five Puerto Rican members and six U.S. members. The act also established the creation of a judicial system headed by the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and allowed Puerto Rico to send a Resident Commissioner as a representative
390:
reports, in
October 2011, Governor Luis Fortuño set August 12, 2012 as the date to hold the first part of a two-step status plebiscite. The first question was whether voters want to maintain the current commonwealth status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution or whether they prefer
266:
one, which greatly stimulated economic growth from 1950 until the 1970s. Due to billions of dollars of corporate investments, the growth rate was 6% for the 1950s, 5% for the 1960s, and 4% for the 1970s. Puerto Rico became one of the most affluent economies in Latin
America. But it had to import 80%
77:
The results of the referendums favored the current (2024) territorial status until 2012 when, for the first time, the majority (54%) of Puerto Ricans voted against it. Statehood was the preferred option of those who wanted a change. The results were highly controversial: many ballots were left blank
479:
At approximately the same time as the referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the
Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress. Regardless of the outcome of the referendum,
433:
The fourth Puerto Rico statehood referendum occurred on
November 6, 2012. The result a 54% majority of the ballots cast against the continuation of the island's territorial political status, and in favor of a new status. Of votes for new status, a 61.1% majority chose statehood. This was by far the
118:
on April 2, 1900. This act established a civil government and free commerce between Puerto Rico and the United States. The structure of the insular government included a governor appointed by the president, an executive council (the equivalent of a senate), and a legislature with 35 members, though
851:
in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a
Caribbean nation with their own national identity. Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto
722:
The three current Free
Associated States use the American dollar, receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country. Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military. Their agreements with the U.S. must be
706:
The White House Task Force on Puerto Rico offers the following specifics: "Free
Association is a type of independence. A compact of Free Association would establish a mutual agreement that would recognize that the United States and Puerto Rico are closely linked in specific ways as detailed in the
622:
In
September 2023, Roger Wicker reintroduced legislation in the United States Congress on the territorial status of Puerto Rico. a two-round consultation process. Wicker proposed a vote scheduled for August 4, 2024, where Puerto Ricans would have the choice between four alternatives: annexation to
45:
Even though Puerto Rico was granted local autonomy in 1952, it remains a territory of the United States. Its ambiguous status continues to spark political debates which dominate Puerto Rican society. The debate over Puerto Rico has been discussed at various UN hearings where it has been declared a
751:
Should Puerto Rico become fully independent, it would be a sovereign nation, with an independent judiciary and full control over domestic and foreign policy. Relations with the U.S. would be a matter of foreign policy. The U.S. would have no formal obligations to Puerto Rico and its citizens (and
475:
Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with Puerto Rico's financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. According to the Government Development Bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9
241:
In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the Elective Governor Act, signed by President Truman, allowing Puerto Ricans to vote for their own governor, and the first elections under this act were held on November 2, 1948. Luis Muñoz MarĂn, president of the Puerto Rican Senate, successfully campaigned and
150:
on March 2, 1917. The law made Puerto Rico a United States territory which is "organized but unincorporated." Puerto Ricans were also collectively given a restricted U.S. citizenship. This implied that Puerto Ricans in the island did not have full American citizenship rights, such as the right to
1537:
With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of
626:
In July 2024, Governor Pedro Pierluisi calls a plebiscite on the status of Puerto Rico in November 2024, for the first time the island's current status as a U.S. territory will not be an option during the non-binding plebiscite. The executive order follows the U.S. House of Representatives' 2022
610:
was held on June 11, 2017, and offered three options: "Statehood", "Independence/Free Association" and the current status as a Commonwealth. It was originally to be the first referendum not to offer the choice of retaining the current status as a Commonwealth until early 2017. Those who voted
1759:
460:
is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to "solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy," he told the news media. Benefits of statehood include an
452:
The previous plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association/independence and maintaining the current status. The 2017 plebiscite was to offer only two: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. If the majority vote for the latter, a second vote will be held to
476:
protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept. Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding, the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.
627:
approval of a bill to help Puerto Rico move toward a change in territorial status. voters are given the choice of statehood, independence, or independence with free association, the terms of which would be negotiated regarding foreign affairs, U.S. citizenship, and use of the U.S. dollar.
395:. Each option was to be an internationally recognized, constitutionally viable, non-territorial alternative to the current territory status. A bill was brought before the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico in 2011 to effect the governor's proposal. The bill passed on December 28, 2011.
434:
most successful referendum for statehood advocates. In all earlier referendums, votes for statehood were matched almost equally by votes for remaining an American territory, with the remainder for independence. Support for U.S. statehood has risen in each successive popular referendum.
50:. Various US presidents have expressed themselves in favor of statehood but ultimately left the decision to Puerto Rico. President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status were published in 2005, 2007, and 2011. Nonbinding referendums regarding Puerto Rico's status have been held
595:, who has the same duties and obligations as a representative, with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The Resident Commissioner is elected by Puerto Ricans to a four-year term and does serve on a
344:, who has the same duties and obligations as a representative, with the exception of being able to cast votes on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The Resident Commissioner is elected by Puerto Ricans to a four-year term and does serve on
461:
additional $ 10 billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.
559:
As a Commonwealth, Puerto Rico receives less in federal funding than the states. It receives lower Social Security and Medicare benefits. Neither the Commonwealth nor municipal governments of Puerto Rico can file for bankruptcy; that is currently prohibited.
1452:
579:, while not fielding candidates for public office in Puerto Rico, provide the islands with state-sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions. Delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in
328:, while not fielding candidates for public office in Puerto Rico, provide the islands with state-sized voting delegations at their presidential nominating conventions. Delegate selection processes frequently have resulted in
171:
and requires that all goods by water between U.S. ports be carried in U.S.-flag ships, constructed in the United States, owned by U.S. citizens, and crewed by U.S. citizens and U.S. permanent residents. The act also allowed
514:(R) replied on Twitter, "The people's decision is through everyone's vote, not a meeting of the few. Puerto Rico has voted three consecutive times for statehood and it's our tough reality that it's up to Congress to act."
187:, social, political and economic changes began to take place that have continued to shape the island's character today. The late 1940s brought the beginning of a major migration to the continental United States, mainly to
714:
that would be negotiated between the U.S. and Puerto Rico. That document might cover topics such as the role of the US military in Puerto Rico, the use of the US currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether
1820:
1765:
293:
of Puerto Rico. The U.S. Congress had granted commonwealth status on Puerto Rico that enhanced Puerto Rico's political status from protectorate to commonwealth. This, coupled with Muñoz MarĂn's reversal on not pursuing
421:
said: "I will support the people of Puerto Rico if they make a decision that they would prefer to become a state; that's a decision that I will support. I don't have preconditions that I would impose." President
167:. A bill of rights, which established elections to be held every four years, was also created. The act also made English the official language of the Puerto Rican courts. Section 27 of the Jones Acts deals with
195:
money back to their families. The main reasons for this were an undesirable economic situation brought by the Great Depression, as well as heavy recruitment made by the U.S. armed forces and U.S. companies.
686:
were to choose this option - and only 33% voted for it in 2012 - and if it were granted by the US Congress, Puerto Rico would become a Free Associated State. This could give Puerto Rico a similar status to
437:
Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum, creating confusion as to the voters' true desire, Congress decided to ignore the vote but provided funding for a future referendum.
453:
determine the preference: full independence as a nation or associated free state status with independence but with a "free and voluntary political association" between Puerto Rico and the United States.
1462:
1821:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
1766:
United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (1971).
360:
on the political status of Puerto Rico was held. Voters overwhelmingly affirmed continuation of Commonwealth status (with 60.4% voting to remain a commonwealth, 39% voting to work towards
616:
485:
840:
and how to assist it in achieving "independence" or "decolonization". In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a "colonial relationship" existed between the US and Puerto Rico.
305:
was approved by voters in a referendum, and the island organized as the Estado Libre Asociado (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico). That same year marked the first time that the
468:
would be negotiated, covering topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico, the use of the US currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether
1824:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
1769:
Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples
966:
387:
657:, which has a similar population, currently has four representatives). Similarly, Puerto Rico would get a population-dependent number of electors to the
844:
707:
compact. Compacts of this sort are based on the national sovereignty of each country, and either nation can unilaterally terminate the association."
152:
1714:
1229:
1610:
78:
and the results were criticized by several parties. The federal government took no action except to provide funding for a subsequent referendum.
1853:"Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico"
1241:
1583:
1880:
426:
had also supported the referendum, writing, "I am firmly committed to the principle that the question of political status is a matter of
1887:
1636:
1261:
1925:
1894:
1700:
1657:
1520:
661:(cf. Utah's current six electors). The apportionment of federal aid to the island would be handled as for other states (increased).
1257:
677:
414:
39:
1910:
Puerto Rico’s Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions - Congressional Research Service (CRS Report)
1412:
1311:
556:
This is the status for Puerto Rico in June 2017 and the next referendum was not originally to offer this as an option for voters.
403:
160:
1216:
1286:
650:
584:
333:
816:
This option was very popular with Puerto Rican Political leaders of the late nineteenth century. It involved Puerto Rico with
649:
with full voting rights; Puerto Rico would be represented in the Senate by two senators and the size of its delegation to the
502:
A yes-no vote on statehood was held on November 3, 2020. It had not been approved by the US Justice Department. Congresswomen
1836:
1781:
1194:
996:
596:
345:
1339:
991:
986:
732:
607:
603:
592:
497:
447:
399:
381:
369:
341:
35:
664:
The outcome of the referendum will not offer any benefit unless the US Congress agrees to implement the change desired by
961:
591:, however, Puerto Rico is represented in the House of Representatives by an elected representative commonly known as the
564:
529:
523:
340:, however, Puerto Rico is represented in the House of Representatives by an elected representative commonly known as the
313:
220:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
599:. Puerto Ricans residing in the U.S. states have all rights and privileges of other U.S. citizens living in the states.
348:. Puerto Ricans residing in the U.S. states have all rights and privileges of other U.S. citizens living in the states.
533:
27:
1551:
623:
the United States, independence, sovereignty in free association, and a free state associated with the United States.
417:, leading candidates for both major parties said they supported the referendum process. Former Massachusetts governor
1385:
1142:
930:
658:
636:
568:
361:
317:
31:
19:
1797:
1353:
1018:"Incorporating the Lonely Star: How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States"
941:
771:
761:
692:
576:
572:
325:
321:
290:
176:
to be extended to the island, and over 20,000 Puerto Rican soldiers were sent to the United States Army during the
151:
vote for electors for the president of the United States. The act divided governmental powers into three branches:
1682:
956:
837:
783:
567:
as that is a right reserved by the U.S. Constitution to admitted states and the District of Columbia through the
316:
as that is a right reserved by the U.S. Constitution to admitted states and the District of Columbia through the
1798:"XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pages 14–15"
925:
688:
407:
23:
511:
231:, sing a patriotic song, talk of independence or to fight for the liberation of the island. It resembled the
1882:
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (December 2005) - President William J. Clinton.
1491:
946:
611:
overwhelmingly chose statehood by 97%; turnout, however, was 23%, a historically low figure. Action by the
537:
398:
In the event, both referendum questions were placed on a single ballot for voting on November 6, 2012. The
1039:
951:
711:
700:
465:
391:
a non-territorial option. The second question presented three status options: statehood, independence or
302:
1889:
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (December 2007) - President George W. Bush.
799:
824:
joining and becoming a confederation. There are still a few supporters of this option in the island.
365:
295:
289:
signed Public Act 600, which allowed Puerto Ricans to draft their own constitution establishing the
1903:
Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress - Congressional Research Service (CRS Report)
1896:
Report By the President's Task Force On Puerto Rico's Status (March 2011) - President Barack Obama.
1611:"Puerto Rico finalizes details of upcoming referendum on political status amid criticism over cost"
936:
507:
164:
147:
96:
368:). Other referendums have been held to determine the political status of Puerto Rico, in 1993 and
1040:"Make room for 51st star? Spending bill includes $ 2.5 million for vote on Puerto RIco statehood"
971:
811:
406:
endorsed the current Commonwealth position; it called for abstention in the second question. The
208:
139:
737:
976:
646:
612:
580:
481:
329:
200:
128:
119:
the executive veto required a two-thirds vote to override. The first appointed civil governor,
92:
1828:
1773:
1132:
791:
224:
216:
156:
120:
1588:
883:
588:
337:
204:
766:
155:(appointed by the President of the United States), legislative (consisting of a 19-member
8:
744:
306:
270:
259:
228:
548:
Plebiscites on the status issue have presented the people of Puerto Rico these options:
457:
1740:
1315:
869:
821:
427:
115:
1173:"Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions"
503:
1852:
1832:
1777:
1138:
1061:
794:. In addition, becoming part of Spain again would allow Puerto Ricans to move to the
696:
263:
111:
1083:
911:
392:
242:
became the first democratically elected Governor of the island on January 2, 1949.
1822:
1767:
1457:
897:
286:
274:
127:
to Congress. The Department of Education was subsequently formed, headed by Dr.
1017:
795:
787:
741:
615:
would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the
484:
would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the
232:
91:
Puerto Rico became an American territory in 1898 when, as per the terms of the
752:
vice versa), other than those agreed by bilateral agreements of both nations.
583:
being held in Puerto Rico. U.S. Citizens residing in Puerto Rico do not elect
332:
being held in Puerto Rico. U.S. Citizens residing in Puerto Rico do not elect
1919:
1109:
981:
716:
683:
665:
563:
Puerto Ricans and other U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in
469:
312:
Puerto Ricans and other U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote in
188:
143:
1701:"Puerto Rico will include status plebiscite in November's general elections"
1658:"Bill to resolve Puerto Rico's territorial status reintroduced in the House"
1521:"Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017)"
1584:"Ocasio-Cortez, Velázquez call for convention to decide Puerto Rico status"
1556:
1417:
1363:
1358:
423:
184:
173:
26:
should change. Four major viewpoints emerge in principle: that Puerto Rico
1901:
1908:
1804:
1172:
920:
418:
177:
107:
891:
642:
357:
192:
103:
ceded the island (and several other possessions) to the United States.
1715:"Puerto Rico movement pitches solution to economic woes: rejoin Spain"
372:. Both times, although by smaller margins, the status quo was upheld.
827:
645:
of the United States. The state would have due representation in the
235:
1637:"House votes in favor of resolving Puerto Rico's territorial status"
790:. Many Puerto Ricans recently requested Spanish Citizenship per the
710:
The specifics of the association agreement would be detailed in the
219:), officially Law 53 of 1948, which started as a bill passed by the
211:. On June 10, 1948, Piñero signed into law what became known as the
1661:
1641:
168:
250:
Puerto Rico continues to struggle to define its political status.
1217:
Romney supports Puerto Rican statehood without English condition
1195:"Puerto Rico votes for U.S. statehood in non-binding referendum"
1413:"Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?"
1354:"Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag?"
805:
1165:
779:
110:(also known as the Organic Act of 1900) sponsored by Senator
100:
1453:"Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood"
1230:
Obama Wants Puerto Rico to Decide Statehood or Independence
817:
654:
273:
was sponsored by governor Muñoz MarĂn. It was coupled with
641:
If this status were granted, Puerto Rico would become the
227:, in May 1948. The new law made it illegal to display the
203:
designated the first Puerto Rican, Commissioner Resident
1306:
1304:
833:
464:
If the majority favor free association with the U.S. a
1827:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
1772:. Vol. 23. United Nations Publications. pp.
1552:"Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now"
262:, an attempt to transform Puerto Rico's economy to an
1062:"Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain"
967:
United Nations list of non-self-governing territories
1301:
859:
778:
This option calls for Puerto Rico to become part of
774:, appropriated by the Spanish reunification movement
747:, commonly associated with the independence movement
617:
Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution
486:
Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
845:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization
828:United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization
1335:
1333:
532:is scheduled for November 5, 2024, alongside the
1917:
1477:
1312:"An Introduction to Puerto Rico's Status Debate"
551:
1137:(5th ed.). Moon Publications. p. 23.
543:
163:, all elected by the Puerto Rican people), and
1747:. The North American Congress on Latin America
1515:
1513:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1330:
1130:
388:President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status
18:There are differing points of view on whether
1570:Six words: the ability to file for bankruptcy
1252:
1250:
1745:The North American Congress on Latin America
1707:
1683:"Wicker Reintroduces Puerto Rico Status Act"
1340:Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time
1287:"Puerto Rico vote could change ties to U.S."
806:Former option for an Antillean Confederation
146:on December 5, 1916, and signed into law by
1510:
1433:
1386:"Part of our country but still not a State"
755:
1289:SFGate. Associated Press. November 4, 2012
1247:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1107:
351:
134:
1581:
1314:. Let Puerto Rico Decide. Archived from
1228:Roger Runningen & Julianna Goldman,
1103:
1101:
765:
736:
678:Free association movement in Puerto Rico
671:
1655:
1281:
1279:
1182:
653:would be determined by its population (
404:Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico
245:
1918:
1550:White, Gillian B. (November 9, 2017).
1498:. Puerto Rico Report. February 3, 2017
1383:
1076:
1015:
280:
253:
46:colony of the United States by the UN
1738:
1582:Conradis, Brandon (August 25, 2020).
1549:
1098:
1022:Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy
997:Index of Puerto Rico-related articles
386:Following the recommendations of the
238:passed in the United States in 1940.
199:Political changes began in 1946 when
86:
1450:
1351:
1276:
1156:The Puerto Rican legislature passed
1110:"History of Puerto Rico - 1900-1949"
992:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
987:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
733:Independence movement in Puerto Rico
659:electoral college for the Presidency
608:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
604:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
498:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2020
448:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017
410:endorsed the independence position.
400:New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico
382:Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
1741:"Puerto Rico at the United Nations"
1084:"Foraker Act (Organic Act of 1900)"
1016:Willie, Santana (January 1, 2016).
962:Special Committee on Decolonization
699:, countries which currently have a
524:2024 Puerto Rican status referendum
48:Special Committee on Decolonization
13:
1874:
1656:Acevedo, Nicole (April 20, 2023).
534:2024 Puerto Rican general election
517:
491:
441:
375:
123:, was inaugurated on May 1, 1900.
14:
1937:
1492:"What's a Free Associated State?"
1451:Coto, Danica (February 3, 2017).
1232:, Bloomberg News (June 14, 2011).
1178:. Congressional Research Service.
931:Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007
847:has referred to Puerto Rico as a
637:Statehood movement in Puerto Rico
40:becomes a freely associated state
1926:Political history of Puerto Rico
1410:
1384:Crabbe, Nathan (June 15, 2014).
942:Territories of the United States
904:
890:
876:
862:
762:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
430:for the people of Puerto Rico."
1845:
1814:
1790:
1732:
1693:
1675:
1649:
1629:
1603:
1575:
1543:
1527:. BALLOTPEDIA. February 6, 2017
1404:
1377:
1345:
1235:
1222:
957:Political status of Puerto Rico
838:Political status of Puerto Rico
726:
571:system. Nevertheless, both the
415:2012 U.S. presidential campaign
320:system. Nevertheless, both the
258:In 1950, Washington introduced
1352:Wyss, Jim (January 26, 2017).
1209:
1124:
1054:
1032:
1009:
926:Puerto Rico statehood movement
408:Puerto Rico Independence Party
106:The U.S. Congress enacted the
24:territory of the United States
20:Puerto Rico's political status
1:
1003:
552:Commonwealth (current status)
309:could be publicly displayed.
81:
1560:. The Atlantic Monthly Group
1242:Statement of President Obama
1219:, CBS News (March 16, 2012).
1160:(the "gag law") in May 1948.
947:Voting rights in Puerto Rico
630:
544:Options for political status
538:2024 United States elections
356:On July 23, 1967, the first
298:angered some Puerto Ricans.
264:industrialized and developed
28:maintains its current status
7:
952:Sovereigntism (Puerto Rico)
855:
712:Compact of Free Association
701:Compact of Free Association
466:Compact of Free Association
303:Constitution of Puerto Rico
10:
1942:
809:
800:European Union citizenship
759:
730:
675:
634:
521:
495:
445:
379:
836:has been considering the
296:Puerto Rican Independence
287:President Harry S. Truman
36:becomes fully independent
937:Puerto Rican citizenship
933:(H.R. 900 & S. 1936)
756:Reunification with Spain
719:would be U.S. citizens.
703:with the United States.
651:House of Representatives
512:Jenniffer González-Colón
508:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
472:would be U.S. citizens.
402:endorsed statehood. The
221:Puerto Rican legislature
161:house of representatives
148:President Woodrow Wilson
1131:Pariser, Harry (1987).
972:Politics of Puerto Rico
812:Antillean Confederation
772:Province of Puerto Rico
597:congressional committee
364:, and 0.6% wishing for
352:First three referendums
346:congressional committee
135:Jones Act and the 1940s
1739:LĂłpez, Ana M. (2014).
1342:, CNN, 7 November 2012
977:History of Puerto Rico
775:
748:
647:United States Congress
613:United States Congress
581:presidential primaries
565:presidential elections
482:United States Congress
330:presidential primaries
314:presidential elections
301:On July 25, 1952, the
201:President Harry Truman
129:Martin Grove Brumbaugh
1689:. September 28, 2023.
1687:www.wicker-senate.gov
1086:. Library of Congress
792:Historical Memory Law
769:
740:
672:Free Associated State
593:Resident Commissioner
342:Resident Commissioner
121:Charles Herbert Allen
1645:. December 15, 2022.
1461:. DC. Archived from
1318:on February 16, 2012
884:United States portal
784:autonomous community
585:U.S. Representatives
334:U.S. Representatives
246:1950s to present-day
142:was approved by the
97:Spanish–American War
95:which concluded the
1859:. UN. June 20, 2016
1465:on February 4, 2017
1264:on November 7, 2012
1134:Explore Puerto Rico
682:If the majority of
307:Flag of Puerto Rico
281:Commonwealth status
271:Operation Bootstrap
260:Operation Bootstrap
254:Operation Bootstrap
191:, for work, and to
183:In the years after
1496:Puerto Rico Report
1042:. January 22, 2014
870:Puerto Rico portal
822:Dominican Republic
776:
749:
428:self-determination
207:, to serve as the
116:President McKinley
87:Prior to Jones Act
32:becomes a US state
1838:978-92-1-810211-9
1810:on July 31, 2009.
1783:978-92-1-810211-9
1392:. Gainesville, FL
1244:(March 11, 2011).
1064:. Yale University
782:once again as an
770:1873 Flag of the
569:Electoral College
530:status referendum
318:Electoral College
285:On July 4, 1950,
229:Puerto Rican flag
213:Ley de la Mordaza
209:island's governor
112:Joseph B. Foraker
1933:
1869:
1868:
1866:
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1818:
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1811:
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1803:. Archived from
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1260:. Archived from
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1215:Sarah B. Boxer,
1213:
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832:Since 1953, the
693:Marshall Islands
577:Republican Party
573:Democratic Party
458:Ricardo RossellĂł
393:free association
326:Republican Party
322:Democratic Party
225:Luis Muñoz MarĂn
159:and a 39-member
1941:
1940:
1936:
1935:
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1932:
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1877:
1875:Further reading
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518:2024 referendum
504:Nydia Velázquez
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442:2017 referendum
384:
378:
376:2012 referendum
354:
283:
275:agrarian reform
256:
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205:Jesús T. Piñero
178:First World War
137:
93:Treaty of Paris
89:
84:
12:
11:
5:
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843:Note that the
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810:Main article:
807:
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796:European Union
788:Canary Islands
786:, such as the
757:
754:
742:Grito de Lares
731:Main article:
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676:Main article:
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496:Main article:
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480:action by the
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233:anti-communist
223:, presided by
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717:Puerto Ricans
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1863:February 21,
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
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1816:
1805:the original
1792:
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1751:February 21,
1749:. Retrieved
1744:
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1719:The Guardian
1718:
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1564:February 21,
1562:. Retrieved
1557:The Atlantic
1555:
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1524:
1502:February 23,
1500:. Retrieved
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1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1456:
1425:February 24,
1423:. Retrieved
1418:Miami Herald
1416:
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1396:February 24,
1394:. Retrieved
1389:
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1367:. Retrieved
1364:Miami Herald
1359:Miami Herald
1357:
1347:
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1316:the original
1291:. Retrieved
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1262:the original
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1046:February 22,
1044:. Retrieved
1034:
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185:World War II
182:
174:conscription
138:
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114:, signed by
105:
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1525:Ballotpedia
1411:Wyss, Jim.
1293:November 8,
1268:November 8,
1258:"CEE Event"
1201:November 8,
921:Puerto Rico
506:(D-NY) and
419:Mitt Romney
413:During the
108:Foraker Act
1595:August 26,
1197:. CBS News
1158:la mordaza
1004:References
760:See also:
689:Micronesia
643:51st state
358:plebiscite
82:Background
1621:August 8,
1322:March 29,
1150:August 2,
1116:August 2,
1090:August 2,
1068:August 2,
631:Statehood
456:Governor
362:statehood
236:Smith Act
153:executive
1920:Category
1724:March 4,
1662:NBC News
1642:NBC News
1589:The Hill
856:See also
820:and the
798:per the
589:Senators
536:and the
528:Another
338:Senators
169:cabotage
165:judicial
1667:June 9,
1615:AP News
1421:. Miami
602:In the
370:in 1998
217:Gag Law
52:in 1967
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695:, and
691:, the
157:senate
70:, and
1829:10–11
1808:(PDF)
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1774:10–11
1176:(PDF)
780:Spain
697:Palau
193:remit
101:Spain
38:, or
22:as a
1865:2017
1833:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1753:2017
1726:2016
1669:2023
1623:2024
1597:2020
1566:2017
1533:2017
1504:2017
1471:2017
1427:2017
1398:2017
1371:2017
1324:2012
1295:2012
1270:2012
1203:2012
1152:2015
1139:ISBN
1118:2015
1092:2015
1070:2015
1048:2017
1028:(4).
818:Cuba
745:flag
655:Utah
575:and
324:and
72:2020
68:2017
64:2012
60:1998
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587:or
336:or
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