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under-watered. To prevent infection, it is ideal to have crops organized in well-spaced rows oriented in the direction of prevailing winds to maximize air movement and facilitate drying after rain. At the end of the fern season, cutting and destroying diseased ferns helps to prevent the spread of infectious spores. The fern may also be removed in its entirety from the field. It is also beneficial to destroy wild asparagus within 400 yards of commercial asparagus fields in order to isolate the crop and reduce the chance of fungal infection.
46:
33:
480:
rust infections stunt or kill young asparagus shoots, causing foliage to fall prematurely, and reduce the ability of the plant to store food reserves. The orange spores are the key sign for this disease because they are the easiest to spot. Examination of the plant for orange spots or laboratory techniques can sense the presence of this fungus.
455:
Severe infection reduces both the size and the number of edible shoots (spears) the following spring. Severely diseased plants may be prematurely desiccated and killed during the summer. Damage is most severe during prolonged dry periods. Asparagus plants weakened by rust are also very susceptible to
390:
to
California in five years. The disease has long been known in Europe, but did not attain prominence in the United States until 1902. Since then, the rust has spread to every important asparagus-growing region in the United States. Even in areas with climate ill suited to support vegetation, such as
479:
Asparagus spears are usually harvested before severe rust symptoms appear. These symptoms include light green, oval lesions, followed by tan blister spots and black, projecting blisters later in the season and indicate the presence of aeciospores, urediospores, and teliospores, respectively. Serious
346:
and give a blackish hue to the top of the plants. The teliospores remain attached in the pustules on asparagus plant parts or plant debris for the remainder of the season and throughout winter. Around springtime when young asparagus shoots are emerging, the overwintering teliospores germinate on the
321:
that cause new infections through the summer season. The spores are carried by air currents to produce numerous infections on other asparagus plants, often in fields several hundred feet or more away. Successive generation of urediniospores may be produced, germinate in the presence of moisture, and
270:
fungus accomplishes this by rust lowering the amounts of root storage metabolites. The infected plant has reduced plant vigor and yield, often leading to death in severe cases. Most rust diseases have several stages, some of which may occur on different hosts; however, in asparagus rust all the life
510:
is recognized as an efficient means of managing rust. Pioneer work on asparagus rust resistance led to the development of the
Washington varieties, including Martha Washington (Norton 1913). Since then much effort has been directed towards identifying resistance, which has led to the development of
492:
practices, and monitoring for lesions are important components of managing rust. Treatments become necessary as soon as the symptoms of rust appear. It is essential to provide adequate irrigation during the fern period that occurs in the summer-spring transition so that plants are neither over- nor
367:
thrives where dews or fogs are prevalent because droplets of water are needed for successful infection of the host plant. At 59 °F (15 °C) a three-hour, spore-wetting period is needed for initial infection. Maximum infection at this temperature occurs after the spores are wet for nine
260:
spears are usually harvested before extensive rust symptoms appear. Symptoms are first noticeable on the growing shoots in early summer as light green, oval lesions, followed by tan blister spots and black, protruding blisters later in the season. The lesions are symptoms of
300:. Aecia sink in towards the center as they mature. In young plantings where the spears are not harvested, these spots develop into yellow, cup-shaped, spore-bearing aecia in concentric ring patterns. Air currents and splashing rains carry the microscopic golden
511:
asparagus cultivars (e.g. Jersey Giant, Jersey
Centennial, Jersey Titan, Delmonte 361 and Greenwich) with quantitative, rather than qualitative resistance, resulting in differences in the intensity of infection. This resistance has been termed 'slow-rusting'.
265:
during early spring, mid-summer and later summer to fall, respectively. Severe rust infections stunt or kill young asparagus shoots, causing foliage to fall prematurely, and reduce the ability of the plant to store food reserves. The
316:
Also known as the red spore phase. During the summer months, reddish-brown, blister-like pustules (uredia) develop on the asparagus shoots. When the pustules mature, they release large numbers of rust-colored spores called
322:
cause infections every 12 to 14 days until late summer, causing severely affected fields to appear reddish brown. These reddish, rust-colored, powdery spores are seen when rubbed against light-colored clothing.
501:
In addition, plant rust-resistant varieties of asparagus, such as Viking KB3, Jersey
Centennial, Jersey Titan, Delmonte 361, Jersey Giant, Greenwich, and Martha Washington, are reported to grow well in
271:
stages (orange spore in spring, red spore in summer, and black spore in autumn and winter) occur on asparagus. Because of this, many observers mistake the different stages of the
296:
and appear during the spring months, from April to July. They are raised, light green in color, and 10–20 mm in length. The lesions turn orange in color and are now called
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Rust is favored by temperatures between 55–90 °F (13–32 °C). The spores need several hours of dew or rain for spores to germinate and infect the host.
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to the smaller branches, where they germinate and infect when free moisture as dew, fog, or rain is present. The common, brown, blister-like pustules (
1725:
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Also known as the black spore phase. Near the beginning of autumn, production of rust-colored urediospores is replaced by the formation of black
1777:
1838:
1634:
1480:
Hepler, P.R.; J.P. McCollum; A.E. Thompson. "Inheritance of resistance to asparagus rust: results of recent investigations in
Illinois".
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spreads rapidly due to poor field maintenance and close proximity of crop fields – asparagus rust was enabled to establish itself from
355:) infect nearby emerging shoots or spears. This infection results in pycnia, producing pyciniospores and repeating the disease cycle.
1699:
1738:
1180:
Statler, G.D.; R.E. Gold (1980). "Comparative virulence of basidiospore and urediospore cultures of three pathogenic races of
1113:
Beraga, L.; M.B Linn; H.W. Anderson (1960). "Development of the asparagus pathogen in relation to temperature and moisture".
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713:
Fiume, F; G. Fiume (2003). "Response of some asparagus varieties to rust, Fusarium crown root rot, and violet root rot".
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spores. These spores are designed to withstand the harsh winter conditions. The large, two-celled, thick-walled, black
279:
are present worldwide wherever asparagus is being grown. Asparagus rust is a serious threat to the asparagus industry.
256:. Asparagus rust occurs wherever the plant is grown and attacks asparagus plants during and after the cutting season.
1576:
1438:
Blanchette, Bonnie; J.V. Groth; Luther Waters (1982). "Evaluation of
Asparagus for Resistance to Puccinia asparagi".
1146:
1346:
Eskelson, S.; F. Crawford (1997). "Biological and
Economic Assessment of the Impact of Pesticide Use on Asparagus".
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in early spring, and produce new infections on growing asparagus spears. The black-brown lesions are called
156:
1625:
338:
are formed either in existing uredia or newly formed pustules. Spores overwinter on host plant residue,
1406:
Egel, D. "Midwest
Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers". University of Illinois Extension.
1391:
Kahn, R.P. (1952). "An investigation of asparagus rust in
Illinois, its causal agent and its control".
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1691:
943:
Michigan State
University Extension Bulletin 1304: Commercial Vegetable Recommendations for Asparagus
45:
520:
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of California, have reported severe rust damage, with many crop fields having 100% infection rate.
912:. Washington State University: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics.
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564:"The Water-Regulation of Puccinia Asparagi: a Contribution to the Biology of a Parasitic Fungus"
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1587:
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1096:
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Kontaxis, D.G. (1977). "Epiphytotix of rust on aspragus in the Imperial Valley, California".
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378:
140:
625:
Vakalounakis, D.J.; Pavlou (1999). "Puccinia asparagi on Asparagus officianalis in Greece".
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1508:
8:
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Cantaluppi Jr., C.; R. Precheur (1993). "Asparagus Production Management and Marketing".
413:
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Foster, J.M.; M.K. Hausbeck. "Evaluation of fungicides for control of asparagus rust".
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244:– all develop upon the same host plant . Rust diseases are among the most destructive
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Also known as the orange spore phase. Oval legions develop. These legions are called
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Johnson, D.A (1986). "Two components of slow-rusting in asparagus infected with
1686:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1361:
Norton, J.B. (1913). "Methods used in breeding asparagus for rust resistance".
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741:. The Canadian Phytopathological Society and Entomological Society of Canada.
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245:
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891:
852:
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Deising, H.B. (2008). "The role of fungal appressoria in plant infection".
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107:
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1197:
1041:
Aegerter, B.J. "UC Pest Management Guidelines: Asparagus". UC IPM Online.
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1166:. London, England.: Blackwell Scientific Publications. pp. 550–56.
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also attacks a number of nonedible species of asparagus, including
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444:
435:. It has also been observed to attack the common onion, Welsh or
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life cycle as the presence of different diseases. The effects of
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927:. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. p. 148.
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382:) is grown. As with many crop diseases, rust disease caused by
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293:
253:
249:
67:
961:"The Potential Occurrence of Puccinia Asparagi in New Zealand"
702:. Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service. p. 66.
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University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station Series
1465:
Gould, S.L. (1994). "Disease-Resistant Vegetable Varieties".
1078:
Webb, P. "Asparagus Rust". University of Minnesota Extension.
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Asparagus rust is found worldwide wherever garden asparagus (
297:
1479:
1112:
597:
Laboratory Notes and Directions in General Plant Morphology
1375:
1281:
Bisby, Guy (1943). "Geographical Distribution of Fungi".
684:. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. pp. 1–3.
483:
232:
fungus, meaning that all stages of its life cycle –
1345:
450:
958:
792:"The molecular mechanisms of conidial germination"
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865:
715:Community Agricultural Applied Biological Science
252:following destruction of grains, vegetables, and
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1497:"Mechanism of Acquired Immunity to a Plant Rust"
1179:
1553:
789:
739:Diseases and Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada
1348:Washington State University Extension Bulletin
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1331:Kellerman, W.A. (1904). "Puccinia asparagi".
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868:"Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyond"
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1859:Taxa named by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle
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1139:Diseases of Vegetable Crops in Australia
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1023:Babadoost, M. (1990). "Asparagus rust".
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506:. Genetic resistance in asparagus to
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997:Vegetable Diseases and their Control
910:Asparagus Integrated Pest Management
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700:Growing Asparagus in the Home Garden
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1839:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
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1164:European Handbook of Plant Diseases
999:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
959:Viljanen-Rollinson, S.L.H. (2006).
922:
537:
199:Puccinia discoidearum var. asparagi
13:
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866:Voegele, R.T.; K. Mendgen (2003).
809:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10667.x
654:The New Oxford Book of Food Plants
639:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1999.tb00819.x
613:
484:Prevention, treatment, and control
14:
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766:. New York MacMillan Publishing.
548:. CABI Publications. p. 576.
460:, root rot, and decline disease
308:) develop about two weeks later.
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1245:Liberato, J.R. "Asparagus rust (
1077:
884:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00761.x
451:Economic and agricultural impact
44:
1556:Plant Disease Management Report
824:
682:Diseases of Asparagus Factsheet
311:
790:Osherov, N.; G.S. May (2001).
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1:
1363:U.S. Bur. Plant Ind. Bulletin
1318:California Plant Dis. Report.
845:10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01319-8
530:
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965:New Zealand Plant Protection
945:. Michigan State University.
488:Effective field sanitation,
351:. The sporidia (also called
7:
1025:Report on Plant Disease RPD
656:. Oxford University Press.
514:
372:Global / local distribution
10:
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978:10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4454
224:is the causative agent of
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796:FEMS Microbiology Letters
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41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1577:USDA ARS Fungal Database
1854:Fungi described in 1805
1844:Stem vegetable diseases
941:Zandstra, B.H. (1999).
546:Dictionary of the Fungi
1495:Yarwood, C.E. (1954).
833:Microbes and Infection
680:Wukasch, R.T. (1982).
476:
1522:10.1073/pnas.40.6.374
737:Howard, R.J. (1994).
652:Vaughn, J.G. (1997).
599:. General Books LLC.
595:Tilden, J.E. (2012).
562:Smith, Ralph (1904).
497:Host-plant resistance
471:
379:Asparagus officinalis
347:old stems to produce
191:Persooniella asparagi
1350:. Bulletin MISC0193.
1283:The Botanical Review
1232:10.1094/phyto-76-208
1198:10.1094/phyto-70-555
1162:Smith, I.M. (1988).
1141:. CSIRO Publishing.
1137:Persley, D. (2010).
995:Sherf, I.M. (1988).
925:Rust Fungi of Kerala
762:Ellis, M.B. (1985).
359:Favorable conditions
202:(DC.) Wallr., (1833)
186:(DC.) Kuntze, (1898)
1513:1954PNAS...40..374Y
1333:Journal of Mycology
908:Davis, R.M (1986).
698:Lerner, R. (2002).
544:Kirk, P.M. (2008).
1295:10.1007/bf02872486
477:
464:Symptoms and signs
423:, asparagus fern (
194:(DC.) Syd., (1922)
1826:
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1816:puccinia-asparagi
1801:Open Tree of Life
1626:Puccinia asparagi
1596:Puccinia asparagi
1588:Taxon identifiers
1452:10.1094/pd-66-904
1419:Missing or empty
1262:Missing or empty
1247:Puccinia asparagi
1216:Puccinia asparagi
1115:Plant Dis. Report
1091:Missing or empty
1054:Missing or empty
839:(13): 1631–1641.
568:Botanical Gazette
508:Puccinia asparagi
474:Puccinia asparagi
397:Puccinia asparagi
384:Puccinia asparagi
365:Puccinia asparagi
277:Puccinia asparagi
273:Puccinia asparagi
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263:Puccinia asparagi
248:, known to cause
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281:
246:plant diseases
226:asparagus rust
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:Uredo asparagi
204:
196:
188:
180:
169:
168:
162:
161:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1876:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:(6): 374–78.
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1484:. 607: 45–47.
1483:
1476:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Plant Disease
1434:
1426:
1413:
1402:
1394:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1342:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1226:(2): 208–14.
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1208:
1199:
1195:
1192:(6): 555–59.
1191:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1148:9780643096387
1144:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1085:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1061:
1048:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1008:
1002:
998:
991:
989:
979:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
953:
944:
937:
935:
926:
919:
911:
904:
902:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:(1): 93–100.
877:
873:
869:
862:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
827:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
784:
775:
769:
765:
758:
750:
744:
740:
733:
731:
729:
720:
716:
709:
701:
694:
692:
683:
676:
674:
665:
659:
655:
648:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:EPPO Bulletin
621:
619:
617:
608:
602:
598:
591:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
556:
547:
540:
536:
526:
524:
519:
518:
512:
509:
505:
494:
491:
481:
475:
470:
461:
459:
458:Fusarium wilt
448:
446:
442:
438:
437:Spanish onion
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
415:
410:
409:
404:
403:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
380:
369:
366:
356:
354:
353:basidiospores
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
323:
320:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
280:
278:
274:
269:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
222:
210:Lasch, (1848)
208:
205:
200:
197:
192:
189:
184:
181:
178:Lasch, (1848)
176:
173:
172:
170:
167:
163:
158:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Basidiomycota
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1595:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1460:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1246:
1240:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1163:
1157:
1138:
1118:
1114:
1024:
996:
968:
964:
942:
924:
923:Mohanan, C.
918:
909:
875:
871:
861:
836:
832:
826:
799:
795:
763:
757:
738:
718:
714:
708:
699:
681:
653:
647:
633:(1–2): 205.
630:
626:
596:
590:
574:(1): 19–43.
571:
567:
545:
539:
522:
507:
500:
487:
478:
473:
472:Symptoms of
454:
430:
424:
418:
414:A. maritimus
412:
406:
400:
396:
383:
377:
375:
364:
362:
329:
315:
312:Second stage
291:
276:
272:
267:
262:
234:pycniospores
225:
220:
219:
218:
206:
198:
190:
182:
174:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
108:Pucciniaceae
24:
18:
1713:iNaturalist
1620:Wikispecies
1446:: 904–906.
971:: 137–140.
426:A. plumosus
336:teliospores
326:Third stage
302:aeciospores
288:First stage
242:teliospores
238:aeciospores
228:. It is an
98:Pucciniales
1833:Categories
1421:|url=
1395:(559): 56.
1365:(263): 60.
1335:(10): 286.
1320:(61): 503.
1264:|url=
1249:)". PaDIL.
1093:|url=
1056:|url=
764:J.P. Ellis
721:: 651–671.
531:References
490:irrigation
408:A. caspius
388:New Jersey
283:Life cycle
230:autoecious
74:Division:
504:Minnesota
340:germinate
258:Asparagus
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1849:Puccinia
1752:MycoBank
1731:10385727
1687:Fungorum
1640:60031280
1635:AusFungi
1611:Q7258185
1605:Wikidata
1558:. V087.
1541:16589490
1412:cite web
1303:39474281
1255:cite web
1121:: 82–86.
1084:cite web
1047:cite web
892:33873671
853:11113382
818:11377860
523:Puccinia
521:List of
515:See also
349:sporidia
166:Synonyms
119:Puccinia
104:Family:
54:Domain:
1705:2515284
1509:Bibcode
525:species
445:shallot
429:), and
368:hours.
254:legumes
114:Genus:
94:Order:
84:Class:
1790:NZOR:
1783:231640
1757:230246
1744:192044
1718:549100
1692:230246
1679:PUCCAS
1666:188432
1539:
1532:534054
1529:
1380:(826).
1301:
1145:
1027:(934).
1003:
890:
851:
816:
770:
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660:
603:
443:, and
441:chives
306:uredia
294:pycnia
250:famine
240:, and
159:(1805)
1813:PPE:
1806:72775
1726:IRMNG
1653:4QCBW
1299:S2CID
344:telia
298:aecia
68:Fungi
1778:NCBI
1739:ITIS
1700:GBIF
1674:EPPO
1537:PMID
1425:help
1268:help
1143:ISBN
1097:help
1060:help
1001:ISBN
888:PMID
849:PMID
814:PMID
768:ISBN
743:ISBN
658:ISBN
601:ISBN
456:the
391:the
1765:NBN
1661:EoL
1648:CoL
1527:PMC
1517:doi
1448:doi
1291:doi
1228:doi
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1194:doi
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973:doi
880:doi
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635:doi
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157:DC.
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