31:
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58:
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691:
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1165:– and not wheat. The durable spore type produced on the alternate host allows the disease to persist in wheat even in more inhospitable environments. Planting resistant crops will prevent disease, however, virulence mutations will give rise to new strains of fungi that overcome plant resistance. Although the disease cannot be stopped by removal of the alternate host, the life cycle is disrupted and the
1214:
rust disease, can be confused with common rust. Southern rust's distinguishing characteristic is that pustules form mostly on the upper leaf surface and spores are more orange in color. Southern rust spreads more quickly and has a higher economic impact when hot, humid weather conditions persist. Timely fungicide applications to control southern rust are more crucial than with common rust.
289:, are currently accepted. Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants. However, each species has a range of hosts and cannot be transmitted to non-host plants. In addition, most rust fungi cannot be
544:). These serve as repeating dikaryotic vegetative spores. These spores are referred to as the repeating stage because they can cause auto-infection on the primary host, re-infecting the same host on which the spores were produced. They are often profuse, red/orange, and a prominent sign of rust disease.
1213:
In some large acreage crops, fungicides are applied by air. The process is expensive and fungicide application is best reserved for seasons when foliar diseases are severe. Research indicates, the higher the foliar disease severity, the greater the return from the use of fungicides. Southern corn
1176:
Demicyclic disease: Because there is no repeating stage in the life cycle of demicyclic fungi, removal of the primary or the alternate host will disrupt the disease cycle. This method, however, is not highly effective in managing all demicyclic diseases. Cedar-apple rust disease, for example, can
433:
Rusts are among the most harmful pathogens to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Rust fungi are major concerns and limiting factors for successful cultivation of agricultural and forest crops. White pine blister rust, wheat stem rust, soybean rust, and coffee rust are examples of notoriously
1012:
mechanism to allow the mechanised collection of spores for study – Cherry & Peet 1966's improved version gathers even more efficiently. This device was first put to work testing the composition of the spores themselves, especially substances coating the outside of the spores which
339:
that only infect living plants. Infections begin when a spore lands on the plant surface, germinates, and invades its host. Infection is limited to plant parts such as leaves, petioles, tender shoots, stem, fruits, etc. Plants with severe rust infection may appear stunted,
1177:
persist despite removal of one of the hosts since spores can be disseminated from long distances. The severity of cedar-apple rust disease can be managed by removal of basidiospore producing galls from junipers or the application of protective fungicides to junipers.
612:
rust fungi require two unrelated hosts to complete their life cycle, with the primary host being infected by aeciospores and the alternate host being infected by basidiospores. This can be contrasted with an autoecious fungus, such as
596:, and the aecial states, thus possess only uredinia and telia. Spermagonia may be absent from each type but especially the microcyclic life cycle. In macrocyclic and demicyclic life cycles, the rust may be either host alternating (
348:, and make spore-producing fruiting bodies within or, more often, on the surfaces of affected plant parts. Some rust species form perennial systemic infections that may cause plant deformities such as growth retardation,
484:
Rust fungi can produce up to five spore types from corresponding fruiting body types during their life cycle, depending on the species. Roman numerals have traditionally been used to refer to these morphological types.
1101:
The control methods of rust fungus diseases depend largely on the life cycle of the particular pathogen. The following are examples of disease management plans used to control macrocyclic and demicyclic diseases:
1221:
High moisture levels may exacerbate rust disease symptoms. The avoidance of overhead watering at night, using drip irrigation, reducing crop density, and using fans to circulate air flow may decrease disease
1141:, preventing the formation of basidiospores which infect the primary host. Although spores from white pines cannot infect other white pines, survival spores may overwinter on infected pines and reinfect
1231:
Inspection of imported plants and cuttings for symptoms. It is important to continuously observe the plants because rust diseases have a latent period (plant has the disease but shows no symptoms).
3172:
1255:). Recently, a total of 95 rust fungi belonging to 25 genera associated with 117 forest plant species belonging to 80 host genera under 43 host families were reported from the
671:. When a spore encounters a susceptible plant, it can germinate and infect plant tissues. A rust spores typically germinates on a plant surface, growing a short hypha called a
3068:
639:, comprise species that are capable of parasitizing plants of many families. Other rust genera appear to be restricted to certain plant groups. Host restriction may, in
434:
damaging threats to economically important crops. Climate change may increase the prevalence of some rust species while causing others to decline through increased CO
1201:, good soil drainage, and careful watering may minimize problems. Any appearance of rust must be immediately dealt with by removing and burning all affected leaves.
954:
888:
706:. From the underside of an appressorium, a slender hypha grows downward to infect plant cells. It is thought that the whole process is mediated by stretch-sensitive
843:
619:, which can complete all parts of its life cycle on a single host species. Understanding the life cycles of rust fungi allows for proper disease management.
207:
123:
454:, meaning that they require a living host to complete their life cycle. They generally do not kill the host plant but can severely reduce growth and yield.
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It is probable that most plant species are affected by some species of rust. Rusts are often named after a host species that they infect. For example;
222:
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147:
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167:
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There are definite patterns of relationship with host plant groups and the rust fungi that parasitize them. Some genera of rust fungi, especially
3353:
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Zhou, X. L., et al., A mechanosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus
Uromyces. Science, 1991. 253(5026): p. 1415.
1749:
1336:
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significance. Rust fungi decrease photosynthesis and elicit the emissions of different stress volatiles with increasing severity of infection.
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occurs. The process repeats every 10–14 days, producing numerous spores that can be spread to other parts of the same plant, or to new hosts.
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1546:
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212:
1193:, may help but may never eradicate the disease. Some organic preventative solutions are available and sulphur powder is known to stop spore
578:
Rust fungi are often categorized by their life cycle. Three basic types of life cycles are recognized based on the number of spore types as
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3262:
1707:
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592:. The macrocyclic life cycle has all spore states, the demicyclic lacks the uredinial state, and the microcyclic cycle lacks the basidial,
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Deising, H. B., S. Werner, and M. Wernitz, The role of fungal appressoria in plant infection. Microbes Infect, 2000. 2(13): pp. 1631–41.
3092:
1406:
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880:(stem rust of wheat and Kentucky bluegrass, or black rust of cereals); primary hosts include: Kentucky bluegrass, barley, and wheat;
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stage of the life cycle. They usually do not infect a plant directly; instead they germinate to produce basidia and basidiospores.
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30:
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of nutrients from the plant, nourishing the fungus. The fungus continues growing, penetrating more and more plant cells, until
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in successive stages of reproduction. Each spore type is very host specific, and can typically infect only one kind of plant.
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Crop rotation can break the disease cycle because many rusts are host specific and do not persist long without their host.
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species, apply to both phases of life cycle or to only one phase. As with many pathogen/host pairs, rusts are often in
3045:
Marsalis, M. & Goldberg, N. (2006). Leaf, Stem, And Stripe Rust
Diseases of Wheat. . New Mexico State University.
2807:
Voegele, R. T., and K. Mendgen, Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyond. New
Phytologist, 2003. 159(1): pp. 93–100.
2535:
1088:
1032:
420:
570:. These windborne haploid spores often infect the alternate host in Spring. They are rarely observed outside of the
3451:
2663:
39:
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Sulaiman Eve, Hassan Y; Runno-Paurson; Kaurilind, Eve; Niinemets, Ăślo (2023). "Differential impact of crown rust (
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rich neck band bridges the plant and fungal membranes in the space between the cells for water flow, known as the
3410:
2931:
442:, changes to temperature and humidity, and enhanced spore dispersal due to more frequent extreme weather events.
2867:
Hurtado-Gonzales, O. P.; Valentini, G.; Gilio, T. A.; Martins, A. M.; Song, Q.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (2016).
2840:
Hooker, Arthur L (1967). "The
Genetics and Expression of Resistance in Plants to Rusts of the Genus Puccinia".
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can be devastated in one season; oak trees infected in the main stem within their first five years by the rust
402:
398:
664:
3392:
2988:"Resistance that stacks up: engineering rust and mildew disease control in the cereal crops wheat and barley"
2824:
3064:
Wallis, C. & Lewandowski, D. (2008). Cedar Rust
Diseases of Ornamental Plants. . Ohio State University.
3049:
3203:
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fungus that causes wheat stem rust disease. The sexual stage in this fungus occurs on the alternate host –
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Macrocyclic disease: Developing a management plan for this type of disease depends largely on whether the
2343:
478:
57:
2940:
648:
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Central
Science Laboratory. (2006). Plant Healthcare: Rusts . Retrieved from www.csldiagnostics.co.uk
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which infect white pines. Removal of the alternate host disrupts the life cycle of the rust fungi
1145:
spp. the following season. Infected tissue is removed from white pines and strict quarantines of
1118:
1059:
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391:
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https://woodlandstewards.osu.edu/sites/woodlands/files/d6/files/pubfiles/3055%20cedar%20rust.pdf
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986:, which had heretofore been poorly understood and handled by individual growers as part of the
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733:: plant cell membranes invaginate around the main haustorial body forming a space known as the
3253:
3167:
1170:
849:
261:
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344:(yellowed), or may display signs of infection such as rust fruiting bodies. Rust fungi grow
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938:
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8:
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1987:
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3025:
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2711:
Peterson, R., (1974). The Rust Fungus Life Cycle. The
Botanical Review. 40(4), 453-513.
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152:
52:
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3029:
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2898:
2869:"Fine Mapping of Ur-3, a Historically Important Rust Resistance Locus in Common Bean"
2750:
2628:
2620:
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2498:
2428:
2004:
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1173:. This allows resistance bred crops to remain effective for a longer period of time.
1166:
1153:
881:
876:
861:
473:
336:
290:
2929:
Staples, Richard (2000). "Research on the Rust Fungi During the
Twentieth Century".
857:); primary host is soybean and various legumes. Unknown alternate host. Heteroecious
359:
Rusts get their name because they are most commonly observed as deposits of powdery
3007:
2999:
2972:
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2888:
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1742:
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349:
238:
197:
192:
3163:"How Rust went from a side project to the world's most-loved programming language"
2948:
3280:
3148:
3072:
3053:
2986:
Dracatos, Peter M.; Lu, Jing; Sánchez-MartĂn, Javier; Wulff, Brande B.H. (2023).
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2560:
2364:
2224:
2114:
1910:
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and other sources of rust resistance – with reduced delay before deployment – if
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839:(coffee rust); primary host is coffee plant; unknown alternate host. Heteroecious
711:
707:
135:
99:
3397:
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3238:
2020:
1114:
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987:
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Efforts to control rusts began to be scientifically based in the 20th century.
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363:-coloured or brown spores on plant surfaces. The Roman agricultural festival
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and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus
228:
202:
141:
89:
2699:
Scott, K.J, & Chakravorty, A.K., (1982), The Rust fungi. Academic Press.
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located in the tip of the hypha, which produce electric currents and alter
703:
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on the leaf surface, and growing directionally until it encounters a stoma.
640:
609:
601:
597:
491:
455:
297:
187:
129:
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2746:
2690:
Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press
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3247:
2725:) infection on photosynthesis and volatile emissions in the primary host
2135:
1833:
1721:
1595:
1483:
1194:
770:
580:
567:
549:
519:
313:
1205:, or leaving infected vegetation on the ground will spread the disease.
2012:
1826:
1700:
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1665:
1602:
1553:
1525:
1385:
1371:
1202:
1132:
1073: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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991:
924:
812:
762:
742:
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605:
571:
524:
405: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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A variety of preventative methods can be employed for rust diseases:
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321:
69:
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1048:
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2399:"A higher-rank classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera"
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1973:
1952:
1938:
1924:
1854:
1847:
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1770:
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1735:
1539:
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1162:
894:
750:
746:
652:
635:
629:
541:
500:
451:
285:
994:'s extensive discoveries of rust genetics. In order to study rust
647:. This rust-plant gene-for-gene interaction differs somewhat from
300:
in different stages of its life cycle, and may produce up to five
2821:
2057:
1819:
1756:
1490:
1476:
1198:
1121:
disease does not occur on white pines but on the alternate host,
504:
329:
3293:
3046:
2497:. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. p. 148.
3198:
2333:
2182:
2074:
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2041:
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1812:
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1693:
1623:
1581:
1560:
1511:
1497:
1455:
1378:
1260:
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828:
608:) (i.e., the aecial and telial states on the same plant host).
593:
537:
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325:
280:
79:
2562:
Utopia
Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
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2474:
2472:
865:(crown rust of oats and ryegrass); oats are the primary host;
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2173:
2156:
2129:
2106:
1966:
1945:
1882:
1875:
1679:
1413:
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1123:
816:
790:
699:
676:
317:
309:
1234:
Use of disease-free seed can reduce incidence for some rusts
2469:
1805:
1588:
1110:
872:(Buckthorn) is alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
820:
738:
717:
Once the fungus has invaded the plant, it grows into plant
553:
from Telia. These dikaryotic spores are often the survival/
360:
353:
2518:
Kolmer, James A; Ordonez, Maria E; Groth, James V (2001).
600:) (i.e., the aecial stage is on one kind of plant but the
2191:
1998:
2278:
Diagram representing the infection process of rust fungi
367:(April 25) has ancient origins in combating wheat rust.
527:, asexual spores, and go on to infect the primary host.
622:
604:
on a different and unrelated plant), or single-host (
38:
Example of wheat leaf from a disease differential of
3041:
3039:
2707:
2705:
2315:
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reaching the plant's cells. The haustorium contains
2979:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2639:
1109:(rarely termed the "repeating stage") occur on the
884:
is the alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
776:
2517:
3036:
2702:
789:(white pine blister rust); the primary hosts are
523:from Aecia. These serve mainly as non-repeating,
3471:
2677:
694:Rust hypha attacking stoma (1600x magnification)
3135:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2254:Rust fungus on a leaf, under low magnification.
899:is alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
683:. This involves orienting to ridges created by
2780:Dickinson, M. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2003.
702:tip produces an infection structure called an
2396:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
721:cells, producing specialized hyphae known as
645:gene-for-gene relationships with their plants
2909:
2552:
1017:. When detected they help prevent crowding.
797:the secondary. Heterocyclic and macrocyclic
2816:Cornell University. (2010). Daylily rust:
2377:
2214:
356:, or hypertrophy of affected plant parts.
29:
3011:
2892:
2614:
2422:
1225:The use of rust resistant plant varieties
1089:Learn how and when to remove this message
892:(daylily rust); daylily is primary host;
421:Learn how and when to remove this message
3160:
1981:Some of the better known hosts include:
1149:spp. are maintained in high risk areas.
689:
466:
2928:
2492:
1249:infects the flowering plant cocklebur (
1238:
679:by a touch responsive process known as
296:Most species of rust fungi are able to
3472:
2839:
2596:
2397:Aime, M. C.; McTaggart, A. R. (2021).
1185:Rust diseases are very hard to treat.
1117:. For example, the repeating stage in
3214:
3213:
3175:from the original on 15 February 2023
2558:
1208:
3421:afe1e8b3-76ea-434a-96cd-4dc147dee766
3161:Thompson, Clive (14 February 2023).
1449:Rust infected host genera include:
1071:adding citations to reliable sources
1042:
802:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
658:
477:, model from the late 19th century,
403:adding citations to reliable sources
374:
3485:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
2854:10.1146/annurev.py.05.090167.001115
2457:from the original on 9 October 2023
831:) host. Heteroecious and demicyclic
714:, inducing appressorium formation.
623:Host plant–rust fungus relationship
13:
1027:can provide a much wider range of
982:initiated the scientific study of
14:
3501:
3191:
1127:spp. During August and September
1111:economically important host plant
1033:regulation of genetic engineering
1008:. The cyclone separator uses the
3197:
2447:"Species Fungorum - Search Page"
2403:Fungal Systematics and Evolution
2318:
2299:
2283:
2271:
2266:Urediniospores of a rust fungus.
2259:
2247:
1169:is decreased because of reduced
1047:
777:Common rust fungi in agriculture
663:The spores of rust fungi may be
379:
298:infect two different plant hosts
56:
3154:
3124:from the original on 2019-12-16
3106:
3095:from the original on 2018-06-12
3077:
3058:
2932:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2860:
2833:
2810:
2801:
2792:
2783:
2774:
2761:
2714:
2693:
2666:from the original on 2010-09-17
2579:from the original on 2023-10-09
2294:on the surface of a nettle leaf
1180:
1058:needs additional citations for
390:needs additional citations for
2822:http://plantclinic.cornell.edu
2735:Journal of Experimental Botany
2648:
2599:"Rust fungi and global change"
2597:Helfer, Stephan (2013-10-30).
2590:
2528:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021264
2522:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2511:
2439:
675:. This germ tube may locate a
649:other gene-for-gene situations
1:
3047:http://pubs.nmsu.edu/_a/A415/
2949:10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.49
2370:
2346:(named after the Rust fungus)
968:
471:Germinating urediniospore of
445:
2873:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
2227:fungi, species of the genus
958:(bean rust) in common bean (
950:(brown wheat rust) in grains
312:-producing structures viz.,
291:grown easily in pure culture
7:
2992:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2344:Rust (programming language)
2311:
973:
651:and has its own quirks and
479:Botanical Museum Greifswald
244:mitosporic Pucciniales and
10:
3508:
2240:
1038:
990:. Stakman was followed by
907:(orange rust of sugarcane)
725:. The haustoria penetrate
370:
3222:
3151:(retrieved December 2015)
1015:signal population density
915:(brown rust of sugarcane)
120:
115:
53:Scientific classification
51:
37:
28:
23:
2565:. Taylor & Francis.
942:(yellow rust) of cereals
503:. These serve mainly as
337:obligate plant pathogens
3089:www.stopsoybeanrust.com
2818:Puccinia hemerocallidis
2729:and the alternate host
2451:www.speciesfungorum.org
2415:10.3114/fuse.2021.07.02
2215:Hyperparasites of rusts
2086:(Juniper apple disease)
1119:white pine blister rust
955:Uromyces appendiculatus
735:extra-haustorial matrix
450:All rusts are obligate
2842:Annu. Rev. Phytopathol
2767:Craigie, J.H. (1931).
2660:www.backyardnature.net
1267:. Rust fungi include:
749:, thus preventing the
695:
481:
279:An estimated 168 rust
262:fungal plant pathogens
3168:MIT Technology Review
3085:"Stopsoybeanrust.com"
2885:10.1534/g3.116.036061
1171:genetic recombination
1023:and other methods of
1002:, 1951 developed the
934:(common rust of corn)
693:
470:
274:plant fungal diseases
268:(previously known as
3206:at Wikimedia Commons
2495:Rust Fungi of Kerala
2493:Mohanan, C. (2010).
2080:Juniperus virginiana
1991:, Jack-in-the-pulpit
1239:Host plants affected
1197:. High standards of
1067:improve this article
844:Phakopsora meibomiae
808:Juniperus virginiana
805:(cedar-apple rust);
708:calcium ion channels
399:improve this article
2747:10.1093/jxb/erad001
2099:Allium ampeloprasum
1988:Arisaema triphyllum
1138:Cronartium ribicola
1025:genetic engineering
1010:cyclonic separation
786:Cronartium ribicola
765:which are used for
461:Cronartium quercuum
218:Sphaerophragmiaceae
208:Rogerpetersoniaceae
124:Araucariomycetaceae
3147:2016-03-03 at the
3114:"Common Corn Rust"
3071:2021-01-07 at the
3052:2022-11-27 at the
2827:2010-08-18 at the
2559:Evans, R. (2007).
2339:Leaf rust (barley)
2206:Xanthium canadense
2091:Juniperus communis
2050:Euphorbia maculata
2029:Crataegus monogyna
1209:Commercial control
1131:spp. give rise to
961:Phaseolus vulgaris
836:Hemileia vastatrix
827:is the secondary (
698:Over the stoma, a
696:
482:
153:Gymnosporangiaceae
41:Puccinia recondita
3467:
3466:
3429:Open Tree of Life
3216:Taxon identifiers
3202:Media related to
3004:10.1111/pbi.14106
2998:(10): 1938–1951.
2820:. Retrieved from
2723:Puccinia coronata
2616:10.1111/nph.12570
2572:978-1-134-48787-5
2504:978-81-85041-72-8
2292:Puccinia urticata
2201:-Common groundsel
2008:, Common barberry
2005:Berberis vulgaris
1323:Hapalophragmidium
1167:rate of evolution
1157:is a macrocyclic
1154:Puccinia graminis
1099:
1098:
1091:
1005:Cyclone Separator
889:P. hemerocallidis
862:Puccinia coronata
761:transporters and
659:Infection process
474:Puccinia graminis
431:
430:
423:
255:
254:
3497:
3460:
3459:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3424:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3401:
3400:
3398:NHMSYS0020536006
3388:
3387:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3335:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3297:
3296:
3284:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3211:
3210:
3201:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3158:
3152:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3062:
3056:
3043:
3034:
3033:
3015:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2926:
2907:
2906:
2896:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2837:
2831:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2741:(6): 2029–2046.
2731:Rhamnus frangula
2718:
2712:
2709:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2618:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2490:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2394:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2303:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2221:Sphaeropsidaceae
2198:Senecio vulgaris
2150:Primula vulgaris
2053:, Spotted Spurge
1246:Puccinia xanthii
1094:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1051:
1043:
1007:
1006:
988:breeding process
980:Elvin C. Stakman
912:P. melanocephala
811:is the primary (
767:active transport
426:
419:
415:
412:
406:
383:
375:
239:Mikronegeriaceae
223:Tranzscheliaceae
198:Pucciniastraceae
193:Pucciniosiraceae
61:
60:
33:
21:
20:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3383:
3378:
3370:
3365:
3357:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3266:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3218:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3159:
3155:
3149:Wayback Machine
3142:faculty.ucr.edu
3140:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3118:www.channel.com
3112:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3073:Wayback Machine
3063:
3059:
3054:Wayback Machine
3044:
3037:
2984:
2980:
2927:
2910:
2865:
2861:
2838:
2834:
2829:Wayback Machine
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2762:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2603:New Phytologist
2595:
2591:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2538:
2516:
2512:
2505:
2491:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2395:
2378:
2373:
2365:Wheat leaf rust
2324:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2243:
2225:Sphaeropsidales
2217:
2212:
2115:Mentha piperita
2071:Hordeum vulgare
1979:
1911:Tabernaemontana
1447:
1241:
1211:
1183:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1052:
1041:
1004:
1003:
984:host resistance
976:
971:
882:Common barberry
779:
712:gene expression
685:epidermal cells
667:wind, water or
661:
625:
448:
441:
437:
427:
416:
410:
407:
396:
384:
373:
352:, stem canker,
346:intracellularly
335:Rust fungi are
302:morphologically
237:(incorporating
148:Crossopsoraceae
136:Coleosporiaceae
100:Pucciniomycetes
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3505:
3504:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3448:
3438:
3425:
3415:
3402:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3350:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3298:
3285:
3272:
3259:
3244:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3208:
3207:
3193:
3192:External links
3190:
3187:
3186:
3153:
3134:
3105:
3076:
3057:
3035:
2978:
2941:Annual Reviews
2908:
2879:(2): 557–569.
2859:
2848:(1): 163–178.
2832:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2769:Phytopathology
2760:
2713:
2701:
2692:
2676:
2647:
2638:
2609:(3): 770–780.
2589:
2571:
2551:
2536:
2510:
2503:
2468:
2438:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2306:Rust on onions
2305:
2298:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2235:hyperparasites
2219:In the family
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2188:Secale cereale
2185:
2176:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2077:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2025:
2021:Coffea arabica
2017:
2009:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1638:Dipterocanthus
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1309:Didymopsorella
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1210:
1207:
1182:
1179:
1115:alternate host
1107:urediniospores
1097:
1096:
1055:
1053:
1046:
1040:
1037:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
965:
951:
943:
939:P. striiformis
935:
927:
916:
908:
900:
885:
873:
858:
840:
832:
798:
778:
775:
731:cell membranes
669:insect vectors
660:
657:
624:
621:
616:Puccinia porri
576:
575:
558:
545:
533:Urediniospores
528:
515:
447:
444:
439:
435:
429:
428:
387:
385:
378:
372:
369:
253:
252:
251:
250:
247:incertae sedis
242:
235:Zaghouaniaceae
232:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
183:Pileolariaceae
180:
178:Phragmidiaceae
175:
173:Phakopsoraceae
170:
168:Ochropsoraceae
165:
160:
158:Melampsoraceae
155:
150:
145:
138:
133:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
16:Order of fungi
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3503:
3502:
3491:
3490:Basidiomycota
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2804:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2706:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2537:9780470015902
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2506:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Smut (fungus)
2348:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2316:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2290:Rust fungus,
2286:
2281:
2274:
2269:
2262:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2170:Triticum spp.
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2143:Primula veris
2140:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:Chrysanthemum
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2016:- Broad beans
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1960:Xanthophyllum
1957:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:Trichosanthes
1929:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1897:Strobilanthes
1894:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1869:Protasparagus
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1617:Dendrocalamus
1614:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Western Ghats
1254:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1056:This section
1054:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
963:
962:
957:
956:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
940:
936:
933:
932:
928:
926:
923:(leek rust);
922:
921:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
905:
901:
898:
896:
891:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
874:
871:
869:
864:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
850:P. pachyrhizi
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:
804:
803:
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:
783:
782:
781:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:hexose sugar-
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
701:
692:
688:
686:
682:
681:thigmotropism
678:
674:
670:
666:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:
632:
631:
620:
618:
617:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
573:
569:
565:
564:
563:Basidiospores
559:
556:
555:overwintering
552:
551:
546:
543:
539:
535:
534:
529:
526:
522:
521:
516:
513:
512:heterothallic
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
493:
488:
487:
486:
480:
476:
475:
469:
465:
463:
462:
457:
453:
443:
425:
422:
414:
404:
400:
394:
393:
388:This section
386:
382:
377:
376:
368:
366:
362:
357:
355:
351:
350:witch's broom
347:
343:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:cytologically
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
287:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
264:of the order
263:
259:
249:
248:
243:
240:
236:
233:
230:
229:Uropyxidaceae
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:Raveneliaceae
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
143:
142:Cronartiaceae
139:
137:
134:
131:
127:
125:
122:
121:
119:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:Basidiomycota
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3223:
3177:. Retrieved
3166:
3156:
3137:
3126:. Retrieved
3117:
3108:
3097:. Retrieved
3088:
3079:
3060:
2995:
2991:
2981:
2936:
2930:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2817:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2785:
2776:
2768:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2727:Avena sativa
2726:
2722:
2716:
2695:
2668:. Retrieved
2659:
2656:"Rust Fungi"
2650:
2641:
2606:
2602:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2561:
2554:
2519:
2513:
2494:
2459:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2406:
2402:
2355:Soybean rust
2326:Fungi portal
2291:
2228:
2218:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2121:
2118:- Peppermint
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2079:
2070:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:Avena sativa
1994:
1986:
1980:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1841:Plectranthus
1839:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1750:Loesneriella
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1652:Elephantopus
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1575:Clerodendron
1573:
1568:Cleistanthus
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1337:Kernkampella
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1295:Coleosporium
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1216:
1212:
1184:
1181:Home control
1175:
1159:heteroecious
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1104:
1100:
1085:
1079:October 2023
1076:
1065:Please help
1060:verification
1057:
1021:Gene cloning
1019:
999:
977:
959:
953:
947:P. triticina
945:
937:
929:
918:
910:
902:
893:
887:
875:
866:
860:
855:soybean rust
848:
842:
834:
806:
800:
785:
780:
771:spore growth
734:
716:
704:appressorium
697:
665:dispersed by
662:
641:heteroecious
634:
628:
626:
614:
610:Heteroecious
602:telial stage
598:heteroecious
589:
585:
579:
577:
561:
548:
531:
518:
492:Pycniospores
490:
483:
472:
459:
456:Cereal crops
449:
432:
417:
411:October 2023
408:
397:Please help
392:verification
389:
358:
334:
295:
284:
278:
269:
265:
257:
256:
245:
188:Pucciniaceae
163:Milesinaceae
130:Chaconiaceae
109:
44:
40:
18:
3480:Pucciniales
3444:pucciniales
3341:iNaturalist
3254:Pucciniales
3248:Wikispecies
3224:Pucciniales
3204:Pucciniales
3179:15 February
2179:Oxalis spp.
2136:Pelargonium
1834:Phyllanthus
1722:Ichnocarpus
1596:Cosmostigma
1547:Catunaragam
1484:Arundinaria
1421:Uredopeltis
1302:Crossopsora
1195:germination
1133:teliospores
877:P. graminis
815:) host and
795:white pines
755:amino acid-
590:microcyclic
581:macrocyclic
568:Teliospores
550:Teliospores
520:Aeciospores
464:often die.
314:spermogonia
266:Pucciniales
213:Skierkaceae
110:Pucciniales
3474:Categories
3128:2019-12-16
3099:2010-08-06
2670:2010-08-06
2583:2018-01-12
2461:27 October
2371:References
2237:on rusts.
2032:- Hawthorn
2013:Vicia faba
1918:Terminalia
1827:Persicaria
1708:Holoptelia
1701:Holarrhena
1687:Flacourtia
1666:Eragrostis
1603:Crotalaria
1554:Cinnamomum
1526:Callicarpa
1442:Zaghouania
1386:Physopella
1372:Melampsora
1351:Kweilingia
1281:Cerotelium
1203:Composting
1189:, such as
1187:Fungicides
996:metabolics
992:H. H. Flor
969:Management
925:Autoecious
904:P. kuehnii
743:phosphorus
727:cell walls
606:autoecious
586:demicyclic
572:laboratory
525:dikaryotic
446:Life cycle
272:) causing
270:Uredinales
86:Division:
3030:260201756
2957:0066-4286
2943:: 49–69.
2771:, 21,1001
2625:0028-646X
2409:: 21–47.
2360:Stem rust
2209:Cocklebur
2094:- Juniper
2084:Red Cedar
1904:Strychnos
1792:Neolitzea
1729:Ischaemum
1715:Hypericum
1673:Euphorbia
1659:Elettaria
1645:Elaeagnus
1631:Diospyros
1610:Dalbergia
1505:Blepharis
1470:Ageratina
1435:Xenostele
1400:Ravenelia
1365:Maravalia
1344:Kuehneola
1222:severity.
1035:permits.
998:, Tervet
931:P. sorghi
763:H-ATPases
751:nutrients
723:haustoria
719:mesophyll
673:germ tube
653:agronomic
497:Spermatia
452:parasites
365:Robigalia
342:chlorotic
308:distinct
116:Families
76:Kingdom:
70:Eukaryota
3380:MycoBank
3315:Fungorum
3268:60013246
3263:AusFungi
3239:Q1130524
3233:Wikidata
3173:Archived
3145:Archived
3122:Archived
3093:Archived
3069:Archived
3050:Archived
3022:37494504
3013:10502761
2965:11701836
2903:28031244
2825:Archived
2755:36610799
2664:Archived
2633:24558651
2577:Archived
2455:Archived
2433:34124616
2312:See also
2164:Rosa spp
2126:- Medlar
2123:Mespilus
2045:- Quince
2024:- Coffee
1974:Ziziphus
1953:Wrightia
1939:Vernonia
1925:Toddalia
1855:Pongamia
1848:Plumeria
1778:Mimusops
1771:Meliosma
1764:Meiogyne
1743:Justicia
1736:Jasminum
1540:Canthium
1533:Canarium
1519:Bridelia
1463:Acalypha
1428:Uromyces
1407:Uraecium
1393:Puccinia
1358:Macabuna
1330:Hemileia
1316:Hamspora
1288:Chaconia
1274:Aecidium
1252:Xanthium
1191:Mancozeb
1163:barberry
974:Research
920:P. porri
895:Patrinia
825:hawthorn
791:currants
747:apoplast
729:but not
636:Uromyces
630:Puccinia
542:Uredinia
501:Pycnidia
322:uredinia
286:Puccinia
66:Domain:
3294:6877107
2973:4861612
2894:5295601
2546:1434349
2424:8165960
2241:Gallery
2230:Darluca
2166:, Roses
2110:– Apple
2058:Fuchsia
2042:Cydonia
1890:Spondia
1820:Pavetta
1757:Luvunga
1491:Bambusa
1477:Albizia
1199:hygiene
1113:or the
1039:Control
1029:R genes
868:Rhamnus
594:pycnial
508:gametes
505:haploid
499:) from
371:Impacts
330:basidia
106:Order:
96:Class:
45:tritici
3457:988595
3434:234865
3418:NZOR:
3385:501535
3372:936406
3320:501535
3307:1UREDO
3028:
3020:
3010:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2901:
2891:
2753:
2631:
2623:
2569:
2544:
2534:
2501:
2431:
2421:
2334:Fungus
2183:Oxalis
2160:- Pear
2102:- Leek
2075:Barley
2066:Garlic
1862:Premna
1813:Oxalis
1799:Ocimum
1694:Grewia
1624:Derris
1582:Coffea
1561:Cissus
1512:Bombax
1498:Bidens
1456:Acacia
1379:Olivea
1261:Kerala
1000:et al.
829:aecial
813:telial
793:, and
700:hyphal
588:, and
538:Uredia
514:rusts.
328:, and
281:genera
43:f.sp.
24:Rusts
3452:WoRMS
3441:PPE:
3359:10874
3354:IRMNG
3346:69968
3026:S2CID
2969:S2CID
2939:(1).
2542:S2CID
2174:Wheat
2157:Pyrus
2130:Onion
2107:Malus
1967:Xylia
1946:Vigna
1883:Salix
1876:Rubus
1785:Morus
1680:Ficus
1414:Uredo
1265:India
1147:Ribes
1143:Ribes
1129:Ribes
1124:Ribes
817:apple
737:. An
677:stoma
566:from
536:from
438:and O
354:galls
326:telia
318:aecia
310:spore
258:Rusts
80:Fungi
3411:5258
3406:NCBI
3367:ITIS
3333:1126
3328:GBIF
3302:EPPO
3181:2023
3018:PMID
2961:PMID
2953:ISSN
2899:PMID
2751:PMID
2629:PMID
2621:ISSN
2567:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2463:2022
2429:PMID
2233:are
1999:Oats
1806:Olea
1589:Coix
870:spp.
847:and
821:pear
757:and
741:and
739:iron
633:and
547:III-
361:rust
304:and
260:are
3393:NBN
3289:EoL
3281:3XG
3276:CoL
3008:PMC
3000:doi
2945:doi
2889:PMC
2881:doi
2850:doi
2743:doi
2733:".
2611:doi
2607:201
2524:doi
2520:eLS
2419:PMC
2411:doi
2223:of
2192:Rye
2060:spp
1069:by
823:or
560:IV-
530:II-
510:in
401:by
3476::
3454::
3431::
3408::
3395::
3382::
3369::
3356::
3343::
3330::
3317::
3304::
3291::
3278::
3265::
3250::
3235::
3171:.
3165:.
3120:.
3116:.
3091:.
3087:.
3038:^
3024:.
3016:.
3006:.
2996:21
2994:.
2990:.
2967:.
2959:.
2951:.
2937:38
2935:.
2911:^
2897:.
2887:.
2875:.
2871:.
2844:.
2749:.
2739:74
2737:.
2704:^
2679:^
2662:.
2658:.
2627:.
2619:.
2605:.
2601:.
2575:.
2540:.
2530:.
2471:^
2453:.
2449:.
2427:.
2417:.
2405:.
2401:.
2379:^
2190:,
2181:,
2172:,
2082:,
2073:,
1997:,
1263:,
1259:,
897:sp
819:,
584:,
517:I-
489:0-
324:,
320:,
316:,
293:.
276:.
3183:.
3131:.
3102:.
3032:.
3002::
2975:.
2947::
2905:.
2883::
2877:7
2856:.
2852::
2846:5
2757:.
2745::
2673:.
2635:.
2613::
2586:.
2548:.
2526::
2507:.
2465:.
2435:.
2413::
2407:7
2062:,
1092:)
1086:(
1081:)
1077:(
1063:.
964:)
853:(
574:.
540:(
495:(
440:3
436:2
424:)
418:(
413:)
409:(
395:.
241:)
231:)
227:(
144:)
140:(
132:)
128:(
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