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Public display of affection

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that boys, who have less practice than their female counterparts with PDA (by virtue of their peer group experiences), must make a larger developmental leap as they move into the heterosexual arena. For example, examining the messages students write one another in high-school yearbooks, there were marked differences between boys' discourse directed towards friends (e.g., "you're a lousy wrestler…") and that directed towards romantic partners (e.g., "you are very beautiful in so many ways, it would take me a lifetime to express them in words…"). In contrast, young girls' use of language in messages to close friends and boyfriends is more similar in form and content. To the degree that the romantic context provides their only opportunity to express themselves and, more broadly, to relate in this intimate fashion, young males are more dependent on these relations than female adolescents, who have close friends for intimate talk and social support. This uniqueness figures into the
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same race. Differences exist between these two groups on holding hands in public, whereby interracial couples are less likely to do so, yet these differences do not maintain significance in the context of private displays of intimate affection. Therefore, the fear of being negatively judged in public inhibits interracial couples from displaying physical affection in comparison to couples of the same race. Interracial couples have also been found to engage in other strategies to deter potential judgement, including ignoring public harassment to avoid confrontation, staying at home or filtering their social group to increase acceptance, attending social gatherings attended only by other interracial couples, and publicly surrounding themselves with members of their social support network.
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religiosity limits the level of expression of affection in general. Also, religion is related to more conservative values that may have a global effect on all levels of PDA by younger participants. Seemingly religiosity may work in two different ways where religious communities are in general quite racially segregated around the world, and people with strong religious beliefs may be very unlikely to engage in sexual activity or even to date someone due to the morals advised by their religion. In many regions of the world, religion drives the cultural view on PDA and this sometimes culminates into proscription based on religious rules, for example
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explored the more general terrain of gender relations, although several of the key studies focus on preadolescence and early adolescence. Their work highlights the degree to which features of these early relations, and even intense personal feelings such as being in love, are socially constructed. Adolescents' conceptions about and conduct within these relationships are heavily influenced by interaction and communication with others. Specific rules emerge (e.g., one should always be in love, it is wrong to date more than one person) and gossip or other social sanctions serve as important sources of informal social control around these rules.
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males whereas women tend to be more accepting overall of homosexuals and their role in society. In the contemporary Western society, attitudes towards same-sex public displays of affection vary across cities much like they vary across countries. In populations where the majority of individuals have high cultural values and are more accommodating, same-sex or same-gender public displays of affection are more likely to occur. This is understandable because same-sex individuals feel less persecuted by others in society and are less likely to feel as though they are being categorized as odd, abnormal, or deviant like those in Portugal.
2162:), LGBT people still refrain from public displays of affection for the most part. This detail may suggest that Portugal's acceptance of same-sex marriage is due to the fact that the LGBT individuals do not broadcast their sexuality, not that the public of Portugal is more accepting of these acts. Although it may appear that homosexual individuals are ambivalent about being limited in only displaying affection privately, it seems to happen out of fear of resentment or being perceived as odd rather than out of respect for their societies’ political beliefs and attitudes. 2037:, which states that interpersonal interactions between group members of each race will decrease prejudice and foster amicable connections between races. Beyond the conditions of equal group status, common goals, group cooperation, and social approval, some studies have found other stipulations important for fostering positive relations. For instance, it is important for the interracial contact to be intimate instead of superficial, for it to happen in many different settings, and for it to happen repeatedly with more than one individual from the other race. 129: 1796: 1558: 1550: 2247: 801: 2098: 1975: 32: 153: 1445: 2214:. Frequent and recent communication with a romantic partner through different forms of social media is an indicator of relational escalation, whereas limited communication has shown to be an indicator of alienation or relational de-escalation. Another study has shown that when someone focuses on relationship status and public displays of affection such as posting about activities with the 1636:
coordinating outfits in urbanized cities. "Simply observing the sheer mass availability of condoms and hyper-sexualized advertisements and may attest to China’s increasing acceptance of Public Displays of Affection." However, traditional ideals still have a strong influence on social norms of relatively remote regions.
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Due to perceptions of others’ attitudes towards interracial relationships, many interracial couples engage in certain behavioral strategies to reduce stigma and ostracism. Research shows that adolescent interracial couples tend to participate in fewer public and private activities than couples of the
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are growing, with 1.7 billion users on Facebook and over half a billion Twitter users. Studies on relationships through Facebook found that, when two individuals who are interested in one another both use Facebook regularly, their relationship progresses in different increments than it would without
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Relationships outside the family become increasingly important during adolescence. Although several studies of basic social processes have been conducted by sociologists, much of the research and theorizing about adolescent relationships has been carried out by developmental psychologists. Much more
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are predominantly Muslim cultures. Although public displays of affection generally do not fit the local culture and customs, it varies even among these countries. Decency laws do not allow public displays of affection. Penalties can be severe based on the action in different countries. Travellers to
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with these other races. Furthermore, the presence of more individuals from each of these racial groups in these social settings correlates to more interracial friendships. Therefore, it appears that reducing the socially imposed distance between one's in-group and out-group can result in developing
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across many different factors. One study found that heterosexual people had higher negative attitudes towards homosexuals of their own sex, especially if they felt that they were being targets of sexual advances. They also found that men have less negative attitudes towards homosexual females than
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strongly affect interpretations of public displays of affection within this context. These attitudes are influenced by many factors, including social contact. For example, personal involvement and extended contact (media representations) with interracial and Black-White relationships are linked to
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have been given jail sentences for kissing in public. In 2009 a British couple caught publicly kissing in Dubai were deported following a three-month prison sentence. An unmarried Indian couple, who were in a taxi, were sentenced to one year in prison for hugging and kissing. The taxi driver drove
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Experimental research on communication processes observed in same- and mixed-gender groups to support this idea. Although behavior observed in cross-gender task groups is relevant, intimate dyadic relationships and task groups are not equivalent social contexts. Thus, an alternative hypothesis is
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television programs are less likely to demonstrate physical affection if they had a larger body type than thinner female characters. Thus, even television producers act in a way as to intentionally limit public displays of affection based on the appearance of their actors, and that might affect
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and is useful in actually characterizing the nature of these relationships. These liaisons are described as highly superficial and based on unrealistic idealised expectations. Furthermore, the desire of adolescents to put on a good "front" inhibits the development of intimacy. Going steady is a
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Affection or intimacy references a pattern of conduct within relationships that includes subjective assessments of attachment. This pattern of conduct is a part of a larger constellation of factors that contributes to an adolescent's development of a non-parental relationship. Sociologists have
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is an important factor that influences how romantic relationships develop. Higher levels of religiosity are not directly related to the number of partners reported by the respondents. However, religious respondents report lower levels of intimate contact with their partners. It is apparent that
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individuals only act in ways that contend contemporary ideals and political/economic agendas. Homosexual individuals are less likely to partake in public displays of affection because their society is extremely critical of the act. They believe that by behaving according to what society deems
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Boys and girls begin the process of relating to one another, the transition is much easier for adolescent males, who essentially transport their dominant interaction styles (derived from peer interactions) into this new relationship form with the opposite sex. Public displays of affection may
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and is still widely used until this day. Younger generations in more developed parts of China are less afraid of displaying their affections towards their partners in public (partially affected by the emergence of Western culture). It is common to see males and females holding hands or wear
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Some organizations have rules limiting or prohibiting public displays of affection. Displays of affection in a public place, such as the street, are more likely to be objected to, than similar practices in a private place with only people from a similar cultural background present.
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Studies have found physical affection to be associated with positive outcomes in romantic relationships. For instance, it has been related to the formation of attachment bonds and psychological intimacy. Physical affection has been categorized into seven different types including
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appropriate, (e.g., only opposite-sex couples should partake in acts of public displays of affection), they are protecting themselves from being categorized as abnormal, odd, or deviant. Although same-sex marriage has been legal in Portugal since June 2010 (see
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more favorable attitudes towards romantic relationships between races. The problem still exists though that many people who have negative attitudes towards other races will avoid social settings where they may be exposed to other races due to ingrained
1665:'to show off love and affection') for public display of affection. The neologism quickly popularized and gained the connotation of "being lovey-dovey to piss off single people." According to a 2004 research by Weiyi Zhang, a researcher from 2226:
viewership based on social disapproval. Regardless of television portrayals, the frequency and intensity of PDA has a tendency to depend upon the cultural context as well as perceived public perceptions of the couple, including their
2053:, is likely to be exposed to another race under these exact conditions; this lack of exposure to racial diversity will further perpetuate the internal cycle of unsubstantiated prejudice. In the United States, the larger presence of 2181:
Gay and Lesbian Anti-Violence Project declared in 2007 that "people are still verbally harassed and physically attacked daily for engaging in simple displays of affection in public. Everything changes the minute we kiss".
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more positive perspectives regarding interracial relationships. Thus, personal experience and mere exposure to interracial couples tends to be related to more favorable attitudes. This finding supports the
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de Oliveira, J. M.; Costa, C. G.; Nogueira, C. (2013). "The Workings of Homonormativity: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Queer Discourses on Discrimination and Public Displays of Affections in Portugal".
1593:, it is very common to see people holding hands, hugging and sometimes kissing in public. It is not usually socially acceptable to be overly explicit, such as engaging in sexual activities. 2634:
The author's researches were made at Aigun in northern Manchuria where the Manchu element is preserved in a purer form and less influenced by Chinese than in southern Manchuria and Peking.
2283:, and kissing on the lips. Five of these behaviors, with the exception of caressing/stroking and holding hands, have been positively associated with relationship and partner satisfaction. 1804:
research has been done in the area of specific adolescent behaviors, which has shown that these behaviors are predicted well by relationship variables to include the display of affection.
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high school, two yearbook staff resigned after they were informed that they could not print the relationship page because it had a photo of two females holding hands. A spokesman for the
1627:), a Confucian scholar and philosopher, states "It is the etiquette that males and females shall not allow their hands to touch in giving or receiving anything." The exact quote writes 1708:, causing annoyance to others through "obscene acts" is a criminal offence with a punishment of imprisonment up to three months or a fine, or both. For example, in 2007, when actor 3447:
Djamba, Y. K.; Kimuna, S. R. (2014). "Are Americans really in favor of interracial marriage? A closer look at when they are asked about Black-White marriage for their relatives".
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of more negative and sometimes gendered relational dynamics that also emerge in connection with romantic involvements stalking, intrusive control efforts, violence, and the like.
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personally believed the Manchu element were "purer" than those of Southern Manchuria and Peking (now Beijing), used to show affection for their children by performing
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Diamond, L. M. (2000). "Are friends as good as lovers? Attachment, physical affection, and effects on cardiovascular arousal in young women's closest relationships".
2207:, pictures, and interests. Once a relationship begins, some couples broadcast their relationship with posts, such as pictures and changing the relationship status. 3645: 3749:
Fox, J.; Warber, K. M.; Makstaller, D. C. (2013). "The role of Facebook in romantic relationship development: An exploration of Knapp's Relational Stage Model".
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Lienemann, B. A.; Stopp, H. T. (2013). "The association between media exposure of interracial relationships and attitudes towards interracial relationships".
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Public displays of affection between individuals of the same sex may or may not suggest homosexuality depending on the cultural context. For example, in many
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social media. After two people meet and form an interest, one or both individuals will go on to the other person's Facebook page and get information such as
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Giordano, P. C.; Cernkovich, S. A.; Holland, D. (2003). "Changes in friendship relationships over the life course: Implications for desistance from crime".
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is a phrase that is usually said when one feels a sense of disapproval after seeing what they consider to be an excessive public display of affection.
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Expression of a person's feelings towards someone else had previously been limited to written letters, phone calls, or in person. In the modern world,
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in an AIDS awareness event in New Delhi, a warrant for his arrest was issued by an Indian court, which was overturned by a higher court. However, the
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Historically, the Chinese have regarded most to all physical contact between opposite sex as unacceptable. The earliest iconic record of such view is
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Mackey, R. A.; Diemer, M. A.; O'Brien, B. A. (2000). "Psychological intimacy in the lasting relationships of heterosexual and same-gender couples".
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Sosik, V. S.; Bazarova, N. N. (2014). "Relational maintenance on social network sites: How Facebook communication predicts relational escalation".
2712:"Shilpa Shetty: Richard Gere kissing incident, love affair with Akshay Kumar, Raj Kundra pornography case: 5 times Shilpa Shetty made headlines" 1985: 1669:, the dissemination of PDA culture in China is largely ascribed to an ultramodern desire to gain public recognition and reality confirmation. 2786: 767: 2142:
it is socially acceptable for people of the same sex to participate in public displays of affection, whereas in other countries such as the
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Perry, S. L. (2013). "Racial composition of social settings, interracial friendship, and whites' attitudes toward interracial marriage".
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Powers, D. A.; Ellison, C. J. (1995). "Interracial contact and black racial attitudes: The contact hypothesis and selectivity bias".
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Intolerance for homosexual PDA is commonplace in large swathes of society in many different cultures. For instance, in Portugal,
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Simon, R. W.; Eder, D.; Evans, C. (1992). "The development of feeling norms underlying romantic love among adolescent females".
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Vaquera, E.; Kao, G. (2005). "Private and public displays of affection among interracial and intra-racial adolescent couples".
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Jackman, M. R.; Crane, M. (1986). "Some of my best friends are black...: Interracial friendship and whites' racial attitudes".
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Vaquera, E.; Kao, G. (2005). "Private and Public Displays of Affection Among Interracial and Intra-Racial Adolescent Couples".
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on their male babies, placing the penis in their mouths and stimulating it, while they regarded public kissing with revulsion.
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Gulledge, A. K.; Gulledge, M. H.; Stahmann, R. F. (2003). "Romantic physical affection types and relationship satisfaction".
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This table below shows the quality and context of displays of affection in American adolescence among intra-racial couples:
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Sigelman, L.; Welch, S. (1993). "The contact hypothesis revisited: Black-white interaction and positive racial attitudes".
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Physical affection has been defined as "any touch intended to arouse feelings of love in the giver and/or the recipient."
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How people show their public displays of affection on social media sites can be indicative of relationship security and
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Whitley, B. E. (1988). "Sex Differences in Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Homosexuals: It Depends Upon What You Ask".
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on various occasions have said that kissing or hugging between adults in public is legal. In 2009, the far-right group
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Of course, there are negative attitudes towards same-sex or same-gender public displays of affection as well. In a
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or their feelings towards them, that person tends to be more possessive or territorial over their partner.
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facilitate the demonstration of this dominant interaction style transference in a socially acceptable way.
753: 1309: 89: 1781:, holding hands has become increasingly popular especially in big cities and among younger generations. 2314: 1384: 1279: 952: 892: 800: 356: 306: 157: 2396:
Bearman, P. S.; Bruckner, H. (2001). "Promising the Future: Virginity Pledges and First Intercourse".
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Bowe, G. (2010). "Reading romance: The impact Facebook rituals can have on a romantic relationship".
2552: 2029: 1993: 1737: 1471: 1363: 734: 3856: 3137: 2527: 1608: 3589:"Cultural Value Orientations, Internalized Homophobia, and Accommodation in Romantic Relationships" 1784: 1289: 887: 684: 163: 2794: 1523: 1358: 1353: 1331: 500: 42: 2669: 4010: 3851: 3132: 1774:
the couple directly to a police station. Kissing is considered "an offence to public decency".
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Research moves into the early adolescent period when youths are old enough to say they are
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in neighborhoods and religious congregations significantly predicts higher support from
19:"Public affection" redirects here. For the band formerly known as Public Affection, see 3933: 3874: 3839: 3801: 3766: 3627: 3534: 3464: 3429: 3394: 3278: 3150: 3001: 2963: 2899: 2865: 2764: 2716: 2696: 2625: 2413: 2378: 2231: 2034: 1725: 1704:
if it disturbs others or creates nuisance. Same-sex physical contact is allowed. Under
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Thorne, B.; Luria, Z. (1986). ". Sexuality and gender in children's daily worlds".
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The Adolescent Society: The Social Life of the Teenager and its Impact on Education
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Greenberg, B. S.; Eastin, M.; Hofschire, L.; Lachlan, K.; Brownell, K. D. (2003).
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Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). "Generalized intergroup contact effects on prejudice".
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Merten, D. E. (1996). "Going-with: the role of a social form in early romance".
3086: 2959: 2066: 1570: 1299: 1074: 957: 907: 510: 387: 299: 3968: 3929: 3797: 3565: 2662:"Criminal Law - Indian Penal Code,1860 - Section 294 - Obscene acts and songs" 2374: 3989: 3762: 3460: 3264: 2339: 2334: 2264: 2178: 2143: 2121: 1713: 1673: 1590: 1586: 1566: 1557: 1146: 942: 917: 838: 823: 784: 662: 612: 515: 473: 268: 3899:
Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B the Sciences and Engineering
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Hagan, J.; Foster, H. (2001). "Youth violence and the end of adolescence".
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Social Organization of the Manchus: A Study of the Manchu Clan Organization
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Public display of affection might be regarded as socially unacceptable in
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Maccoby, E. (1990). "Gender and relationships: a developmental account".
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in the view of others. What is considered to be an acceptable display of
1304: 1294: 1284: 880: 724: 709: 647: 505: 436: 373: 221: 20: 2258:, who are married, kiss and hug each other publicly while dancing, 2010. 1561:
A male swimmer with his hands on a female swimmer's waist, United States
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Twins in African and Diaspora Cultures: Double Trouble, Twice Blessed
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Datzman, J.; Gardner, C. B. (2008). "In My Mind, We Are All Humans".
2272: 2235: 2227: 1952: 1729: 1681: 1574: 1416: 1101: 1004: 962: 902: 848: 818: 669: 602: 552: 478: 441: 417: 331: 282: 3146: 2997: 2861: 1178: 31: 3237: 2409: 2319: 2268: 2195: 2174: 2147: 1689: 1538: 739: 597: 431: 402: 287: 277: 241: 185: 2503:"Mengzi : Li Lou I - 淳于髡曰:「男女授受不親,禮與? - Chinese Text Project" 1458:, speculative material, or accounts of events that might not occur 152: 2280: 2199: 2058: 1640: 1616: 1245: 1030: 575: 557: 538: 520: 256: 226: 194: 1639:
Following the rise of social media in the 21st century, Chinese
3837: 2062: 2050: 1761: 1733: 1732:, stating that it goes against Indian culture. In the state of 1650: 1582: 1537:, etc. The conservative Islamic schools of thought, especially 1534: 1208: 1169: 1137: 1110: 483: 251: 231: 214: 209: 204: 199: 2447:"Public Displays of Affection Abroad (PDA) - Expat Guide Asia" 3821:
Journal of Comparative Research in Anthropology and Sociology
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1770: 1765: 1701: 1677: 1222: 1144: 1135: 1126: 1117: 1108: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1072: 1065: 1063: 702: 657: 652: 562: 2760:"'Kiss of love' movement: They came, dared the mob, did it" 2477:"Kiss & Tell: A couple's guide to PDA around the world" 2154: 2120:
Two topless women hug and kiss each other in public during
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Not everyone, especially those with learned biases and/or
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minority ethnic group, as only researched in the 1900s in
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The Michigan Journal - Volume 25, Issue 18 - Page 7, 1996
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Giordano, P. C.; Longmore, M. A.; Manning, W. D. (2001).
2885: 2238:, and relationship centralized activity on social media. 3508: 2733:"Hindu extremists 'will attack Valentine's Day couples'" 2360: 3915: 3107: 3721:"STATS | Twitter Company Statistics – Statistic Brain" 1541:-oriented ones, forbid public displays of affection. 2848:
Waller, W. (1937). "The rating and dating complex".
2241: 3748: 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3196: 1816:limiting factor on the adolescent social ritual. 3987: 2165:There have been many in-depth studies regarding 1553:A couple hugging at a beach in the United States 1243: 3691:"Facebook Company Statistics – Statistic Brain" 2927: 2395: 16:Acts of physical intimacy in the view of others 3376: 3167: 2983: 2915:Peer Power: Preadolescent Culture and Identity 1176: 1167: 1158: 3783: 3322: 3295: 2941: 2939: 2881: 2879: 2650:. Royal Asiatic Society. p. i, 1–6, 122. 1982:The examples and perspective in this section 1740:was held in November 2014 in protest against 1644: 1385: 1028: 1019: 761: 3751:Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 3446: 3223: 2645: 2356: 2354: 1921:Touched under clothing or with no clothes on 1419:varies with respect to culture and context. 1206: 1190: 1042: 3122: 3112:. New York, NY: Elsevier. pp. 111–139. 3018: 2928:Eder, D.; Evans, C. C.; Parker, S. (1995). 1660: 1229: 1220: 3349: 3253:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 3110:Sociological Studies of Children and Youth 3045: 2936: 2930:School Talk: Gender and Adolescent Culture 2912: 2876: 2646:Shirokogorov, Sergeĭ Mikhaĭlovich (1924). 2000:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1799:A young couple indulging in public in Rome 1474:by removing unsourced speculative content. 1392: 1378: 768: 754: 3873: 3855: 3488:. Indiana University Press. p. 221. 3272: 3250: 3136: 2619: 2351: 2016:Learn how and when to remove this message 1490:Learn how and when to remove this message 144:kiss each other after their wedding, 2013 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 2932:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University. 2917:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University. 2578:"影像传播与亲密关系:社交网络秀恩爱仪式研究--《复旦大学》2014年硕士论文" 2245: 2167:societal attitudes towards homosexuality 1794: 1724:physically attacked couples celebrating 1556: 1548: 127: 3896: 3551: 3194: 3072: 2979: 2977: 2832: 2809:"Iran Safety and Security For Tourists" 2430: 2088:Societal attitudes toward homosexuality 1787:prohibits public display of affection. 3988: 3670: 3586: 2945: 2847: 2787:"Going to Dubai? Better Know the LAWS" 2730: 2601: 2363:The American Journal of Family Therapy 1905:They thought of themselves as a couple 3411: 2751: 2553:"China's Public Display of Affection" 3818: 3481: 3170:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2974: 2279:, kissing the face and cheek, close 1968: 1706:section 294 of the Indian Penal Code 1438: 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 2948:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 2221:A study found female characters on 2128:, a visibility march for lesbians. 13: 3646:"Colorado High School Controversy" 2900:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00989.x 799: 14: 4022: 3844:American Journal of Public Health 2242:Effects on romantic relationships 1897:Partner said that they loved them 1889:Told partner that they loved them 1841:Said to others they were a couple 1752:Middle Eastern countries such as 1736:, a public kissing display named 3727:. September 2016. Archived from 3671:Trebay, Guy (18 February 2007). 3364:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00314.x 3060:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00314.x 2913:Adler, P. A.; Adler, P. (1998). 2107: 2096: 2044: 1973: 1544: 1443: 938:Passionate and companionate love 151: 30: 3953: 3944: 3909: 3890: 3831: 3812: 3777: 3742: 3713: 3683: 3664: 3638: 3580: 3545: 3502: 3475: 3440: 3405: 3370: 3343: 3316: 3289: 3244: 3217: 3188: 3161: 3116: 3101: 3066: 3039: 3012: 2921: 2906: 2841: 2826: 2801: 2779: 2731:Farmer, Ben (3 February 2009). 2724: 2704: 2684: 2654: 2639: 2595: 2185: 41:needs additional citations for 3961:"the definition of get a room" 2570: 2545: 2520: 2495: 2469: 2439: 2424: 2389: 1958: 1747: 1655: 1434: 1: 3033:10.1525/sp.1986.33.3.03a00020 2757: 2621:10.1525/aa.1924.26.4.02a00100 2398:American Journal of Sociology 2345: 2286: 2271:/holding, backrubs/massages, 2160:Same-sex marriage in Portugal 1929:Touched each other's genitals 1881:Received present from partner 1790: 65:"Public display of affection" 3697:. 9 May 2017. Archived from 3523:10.1080/00918369.2013.819221 3426:10.1016/j.soscij.2012.09.001 3379:Marriage & Family Review 3125:American Sociological Review 2850:American Sociological Review 1857:Went out together in a group 1454:possibly contains unsourced 1429: 1405:Public displays of affection 7: 3786:Computers in Human Behavior 3203:. Reading: Addison-Wesley. 2986:Social Psychology Quarterly 2298: 2132:Two gay men kiss in public. 2081: 1996:, discuss the issue on the 1510:, Catholic and Evangelical 10: 4027: 3414:The Social Science Journal 3087:10.1037/0003-066x.45.4.513 2960:10.1177/089124196024004004 2837:. Westport, CT: Greenwood. 2315:Interpersonal relationship 2085: 1962: 1466:reliable published sources 1280:Color wheel theory of love 953:Queerplatonic relationship 893:Interpersonal relationship 18: 3798:10.1016/j.chb.2014.02.044 3566:10.1080/00224498809551426 2375:10.1080/01926180390201936 2030:interracial relationships 1645: 1632: 1624: 1364:Triangular theory of love 3996:Interpersonal attraction 3763:10.1177/0265407512468370 3596:Journal of Homosexuality 3511:Journal of Homosexuality 3482:Peek, Philip M. (2011). 3461:10.1177/0021934714541840 3449:Journal of Black Studies 3352:Social Science Quarterly 3265:10.1177/0146167297232006 3226:Public Opinion Quarterly 3048:Social Science Quarterly 2431:Etzioni, Amitai (2012). 1785:Islamic religious police 1695: 1596: 1290:Biology of romantic love 888:Interpersonal attraction 3930:10.1023/A:1007028930658 3554:Journal of Sex Research 3199:The nature of prejudice 3195:Allport, G. W. (1954). 2833:Coleman, J. S. (1961). 2608:American Anthropologist 1849:Went out together alone 1524:testimony of simplicity 1359:Physical attractiveness 1145: 1136: 1127: 1118: 1109: 1100: 1091: 1082: 1073: 1064: 4001:Intimate relationships 3866:10.2105/ajph.93.8.1342 3725:www.statisticbrain.com 3695:www.statisticbrain.com 3587:Gaines, S. O. (2005). 2528:"孟子/離婁上 - 維基文庫,自由的圖書館" 2291:In the United States, 2259: 1937:Had sexual intercourse 1873:Gave partner a present 1800: 1718:Supreme Court of India 1643:coined the expression 1562: 1554: 1460:. Information must be 1244: 1230: 1221: 1207: 1191: 1177: 1168: 1159: 1043: 1029: 1020: 805: 804:Red-outline heart icon 145: 3608:10.1300/j082v50n01_05 3391:10.1300/J002v30n01_02 3075:American Psychologist 2325:Intimate relationship 2249: 2071:interracial marriages 1865:Met partner's parents 1798: 1684:where the researcher 1613:Warring States Period 1560: 1552: 803: 576:Emotions and feelings 131: 1994:improve this section 1965:Interracial marriage 1344:Mere-exposure effect 50:improve this article 3337:10.1093/sf/71.3.781 3310:10.1093/sf/74.1.205 2602:Laufer, B. (1924). 2205:relationship status 2061:(White latins) and 1686:S. M. Shirokogoroff 913:Love at first sight 730:Narcissistic parent 142:Christopher O'Neill 3677:The New York Times 3182:10.1111/jasp.12037 2765:The Times of India 2717:The Times of India 2697:The Times of India 2557:china.davidson.edu 2260: 2232:racial composition 2035:contact hypothesis 2028:Attitudes towards 1801: 1563: 1555: 977:Unconditional love 834:Compassionate love 806: 548:marital separation 146: 138:Princess Madeleine 3971:on April 30, 2017 3701:on 25 August 2018 3673:"A Kiss Too Far?" 3652:on 6 October 2014 3517:(10): 1475–1493. 2791:Thrifty Traveling 2672:on 5 January 2018 2532:zh.wikisource.org 2310:Indecent exposure 2250:Brazilian actors 2216:significant other 2055:African-Americans 2026: 2025: 2018: 1944: 1943: 1672:Mothers from the 1663: 1611:, written in the 1604:Mencius: Li Lou I 1512:virginity pledges 1500: 1499: 1492: 1413:physical intimacy 1402: 1401: 778: 777: 735:Power and control 459: 458: 455: 454: 327:Significant other 307:Mixed-orientation 167: 126: 125: 118: 100: 4018: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3967:. Archived from 3957: 3951: 3948: 3942: 3941: 3924:(3/4): 201–227. 3913: 3907: 3906: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3859: 3850:(8): 1342–1348. 3835: 3829: 3828: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3648:. Archived from 3642: 3636: 3635: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3320: 3314: 3313: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3276: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3202: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2943: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2797:on 26 June 2014. 2793:. Archived from 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2668:. Archived from 2666:Indian Law Cases 2658: 2652: 2651: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2623: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2582:cdmd.cnki.com.cn 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2479:. Archived from 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2453:. Archived from 2451:Expat Guide Asia 2443: 2437: 2436: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2358: 2330:Norm (sociology) 2140:African cultures 2111: 2100: 2051:racist attitudes 2021: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1977: 1976: 1969: 1822: 1821: 1667:Fudan University 1664: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1634: 1626: 1528:Latter-day Saint 1520:outward holiness 1495: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1447: 1446: 1439: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1259:Mamihlapinatapai 1249: 1235: 1226: 1212: 1196: 1182: 1173: 1164: 1150: 1141: 1132: 1123: 1114: 1105: 1096: 1087: 1078: 1069: 1048: 1034: 1025: 780: 779: 770: 763: 756: 321: 320: 178: 177: 161: 155: 148: 147: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 4026: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4015: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3914: 3910: 3895: 3891: 3857:10.1.1.530.9981 3836: 3832: 3817: 3813: 3782: 3778: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3591: 3585: 3581: 3550: 3546: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3480: 3476: 3445: 3441: 3410: 3406: 3375: 3371: 3348: 3344: 3321: 3317: 3294: 3290: 3249: 3245: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3193: 3189: 3166: 3162: 3147:10.2307/3088877 3138:10.1.1.515.3673 3121: 3117: 3106: 3102: 3071: 3067: 3044: 3040: 3021:Social Problems 3017: 3013: 2998:10.2307/2786684 2982: 2975: 2944: 2937: 2926: 2922: 2911: 2907: 2884: 2877: 2862:10.2307/2083825 2846: 2842: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2756: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2729: 2725: 2720:. 29 July 2021. 2710: 2709: 2705: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2644: 2640: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2511: 2509: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2483:on 10 June 2023 2475: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2445: 2444: 2440: 2429: 2425: 2394: 2390: 2359: 2352: 2348: 2301: 2289: 2256:Giovanna Ewbank 2252:Bruno Gagliasso 2244: 2188: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2114: 2113: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2101: 2090: 2084: 2047: 2022: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1991: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1961: 1793: 1750: 1726:Valentine's Day 1698: 1599: 1565:In most of the 1547: 1531:Law of chastity 1496: 1485: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1448: 1444: 1437: 1432: 1398: 1369: 1368: 1332:Religious views 1322:Valentine's Day 1310:in Christianity 1275: 1267: 1266: 995: 987: 986: 982:Unrequited love 861:Falling in love 814: 774: 745: 744: 705: 695: 694: 680:Sexual activity 643: 635: 634: 578: 568: 567: 534: 526: 525: 469: 461: 460: 451: 427: 413:Mutual monogamy 294: 273: 175: 160: 156: 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4024: 4014: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3983: 3982: 3965:Dictionary.com 3952: 3943: 3908: 3889: 3830: 3811: 3776: 3757:(6): 771–794. 3741: 3712: 3682: 3663: 3637: 3579: 3560:(1): 287–291. 3544: 3501: 3495:978-0253223074 3494: 3474: 3455:(6): 528–544. 3439: 3404: 3369: 3358:(2): 484–508. 3342: 3331:(3): 781–795. 3315: 3288: 3259:(2): 173–185. 3243: 3238:10.1086/268998 3232:(4): 459–486. 3216: 3209: 3187: 3160: 3131:(6): 874–899. 3115: 3100: 3081:(4): 513–520. 3065: 3054:(2): 484–508. 3038: 3027:(3): 176–190. 3011: 2973: 2954:(4): 462–484. 2935: 2920: 2905: 2894:(2): 293–328. 2875: 2856:(5): 727–734. 2840: 2825: 2800: 2778: 2750: 2723: 2703: 2683: 2653: 2638: 2614:(4): 540–543. 2604:"Book Reviews" 2594: 2569: 2544: 2519: 2494: 2468: 2457:on 24 May 2017 2438: 2435:. p. 152. 2423: 2410:10.1086/320295 2404:(4): 859–912. 2388: 2369:(4): 233–242. 2349: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2288: 2285: 2243: 2240: 2194:sites such as 2187: 2184: 2116: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2083: 2080: 2046: 2043: 2024: 2023: 2006:September 2023 1988:of the subject 1986:worldwide view 1981: 1979: 1972: 1960: 1957: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1826: 1792: 1789: 1749: 1746: 1742:moral policing 1697: 1694: 1598: 1595: 1571:Western Europe 1546: 1543: 1498: 1497: 1480:September 2023 1451: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1411:) are acts of 1400: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1300:Love of Christ 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1227: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1174: 1165: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1133: 1124: 1115: 1106: 1097: 1088: 1079: 1070: 1061: 1059:words for love 1051: 1050: 1049: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1026: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 996: 993: 992: 989: 988: 985: 984: 979: 974: 973: 972: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 908:Love addiction 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 884: 883: 878: 873: 863: 858: 857: 856: 851: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 796: 795: 789: 788: 776: 775: 773: 772: 765: 758: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 666: 665: 660: 655: 644: 641: 640: 637: 636: 633: 632: 627: 622: 621: 620: 615: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 579: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 560: 555: 550: 541: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 497: 496: 494:Bachelor's Day 486: 481: 476: 470: 467: 466: 463: 462: 457: 456: 453: 452: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 428: 426: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 394: 391: 390: 380: 379: 378: 377: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 317: 316: 312: 311: 310: 309: 304: 303: 302: 300:Group marriage 293: 292: 291: 290: 285: 274: 272: 271: 266: 265: 264: 259: 248: 245: 244: 237: 236: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 218: 217: 212: 202: 197: 189: 188: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 140:of Sweden and 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4023: 4012: 4011:Public sphere 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3731:on 2014-08-31 3730: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:(1): 97–117. 3601: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3491: 3487: 3486: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3385:(1–2): 5–24. 3384: 3380: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3325:Social Forces 3319: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3298:Social Forces 3292: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3220: 3212: 3210:9780201001754 3206: 3201: 3200: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3119: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2978: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2940: 2931: 2924: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2836: 2829: 2814: 2813:Let's Go Iran 2810: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2754: 2738: 2737:Telegraph, UK 2734: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2700:. 3 May 2018. 2699: 2698: 2693: 2687: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2657: 2649: 2642: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2558: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2392: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2350: 2341: 2340:Sex in public 2338: 2336: 2335:Platonic love 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:holding hands 2257: 2253: 2248: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2183: 2180: 2179:New York City 2176: 2171: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2144:United States 2141: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:New York City 2119: 2110: 2099: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2045:United States 2042: 2038: 2036: 2031: 2020: 2017: 2009: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1956: 1954: 1948: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1714:Shilpa Shetty 1711: 1707: 1703: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1668: 1658: 1652: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1594: 1592: 1591:Latin America 1588: 1587:United States 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Western world 1559: 1551: 1545:Western world 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514:, Anabaptist 1513: 1509: 1504: 1494: 1491: 1483: 1473: 1467: 1464:and based on 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452:This section 1450: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1372: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1188: 1186: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 998: 997: 991: 990: 983: 980: 978: 975: 971: 970: 966: 965: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 943:Platonic love 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 918:Love triangle 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 862: 859: 855: 852: 850: 847: 846: 845: 842: 840: 839:Conjugal love 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 816: 813:Types of love 810: 809: 802: 798: 797: 794: 791: 790: 786: 782: 781: 771: 766: 764: 759: 757: 752: 751: 749: 748: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 704: 699: 698: 691: 688: 686: 685:Transgression 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 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