Common good - Knowledge

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vary, depending upon peoples' occupations, virtue-levels, etc. However, noting that only citizens have the salvation (common good) of the city at heart, Aristotle argues that, regardless of form of government, those who have more of a rational understanding of the needs of the state's salvation, are entitled to a greater share in administering and determining justice, within the light of its common good, than those who have less, or no such understanding or concern for it, such as selfish despots and political factions, as well as uneducated artisans and freedmen, women and children, slaves, etc. More than this, Aristotle argues that rational discourse itself is what the state's Common Good relies upon, identifying those who lack it as "slaves by nature", while those who excel in it are nearly divine, possessing in themselves the whole purpose for which states exist, namely, the perfectly complete good/blessed life. In his

1854:, Rawls defends two particular principles of justice by arguing that these are the positions reasonable persons would choose were they to choose principles from behind a veil of ignorance. Such a "veil" is one that essentially blinds people to all facts about themselves so they cannot tailor principles to their own advantage. According to Rawls, ignorance of these details about oneself will lead to principles that are fair to all. If an individual does not know how he will end up in his own conceived society, he is likely not going to privilege any one class of people, but rather develop a scheme of justice that treats all fairly. In particular, Rawls claims that those in the original position would all adopt a 3692: 2204: 2140:(sometimes called "positive political theory") applies microeconomic methodology to the study of political science in order to explain how private interests inform political activities. Whereas welfare economics, in line with classical political economy, typically assumes a public-interest perspective on policymaking, public choice analysis adopts a private-interest perspective in order to identify how the objectives of policymakers affect policy outcomes. Public choice analysis thus diagnoses deviations from the common good resulting from activities such as 2223:, the common good is taken to be a regulative ideal. In other words, participants in democratic deliberation aim at the realization of the common good. This feature distinguishes deliberative democracy from aggregative conceptions of democracy, which focus solely on the aggregation of preferences. In contrast to aggregative conceptions, deliberative democracy emphasizes the processes by which agents justify political claims on the basis of judgments about the common good. 3270: 1388: 2260: 2112:

that no such thing as the 'public interest' exists, aside from the subjective (and hence dubious) claims of self-proclaimed saviors." Thus, Riker defends a "liberal" conception of democracy, which centers on the role of constitutional checks on government. Public choice theorists have tended to share this approach. Buchanan and Tullock pursued this program in developing the field of "constitutional political economy" in their book

1828:, composed in the mid-18th century, Rousseau argues that society can function only to the extent that individuals have interests in common, and that the end goal of any state is the realization of the common good. He further posits that the common good can be identified and implemented only by heeding the general will of a political community, specifically as expressed by that community's sovereign. Rousseau maintains that the 2101:, an important result in social choice theory, states that no aggregative mechanism of collective choice (restricted to ordinal inputs) can consistently transform individual preferences into a collective preference-ordering, across the universal domain of possible preference profiles, while also satisfying a set of minimal normative criteria of rationality and fairness. The 3564:

on public or common goods and large social externalities with clear economic foundation for health interventions based on market failures. The common goods for health must produce enormous health benefits to communities and not financed through market forces. Examples of common goods for health are risk surveillance, disease control policies and strategies,

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desires, the former is the "one will which is directed towards their common preservation and general well-being." Political authority, to Rousseau, should be understood as legitimate only if it exists according to the general will and toward the common good. The pursuit of the common good, then, enables the state to act as a moral community.

3341:. Book XIX of this, the main locus of Augustine's normative political thought, is focused on the question, 'Is the good life social?' In other words, 'Is human wellbeing found in the good of the whole society, the common good?' Chapters 5–17 of Book XIX address this question. Augustine's emphatic answer is yes (see start of chap. 5). 1584:

a given community: particular substantive conceptions will specify precisely what factors or values are beneficial and shared. According to procedural formulations, by contrast, the common good consists of the outcome that is achieved through collective participation in the formation of a shared will. It is when one another

1730:) as the basis for his distinction between his three "right" constitutions, which are in the common interest, and "wrong" constitutions, which are in the interest of rulers. To Aristotle, Plato is wrong about the desire to simply impose top-down unity; for Aristotle, a common good is synthesized upwardly/ 3522:

left to describe their values. Jonathan Dolhenty argues that one should distinguish in American politics between the common good, which may "be shared wholly by each individual in the family without its becoming a private good for any individual family member", and the collective good, which, "though

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to illustrate how cooperation can result in superior welfare outcomes. Moreover, a cooperative equilibrium is stable in an iterated Prisoner's dilemma that is played for an indefinite period of time. Under these conditions, an individual does best by pursuing the course of action that is also optimal

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studies social well-being. The approach begins with the specification of a social welfare function. The choice of a social welfare function is rooted in an ethical theory. A utilitarian social welfare function weights the well-being of each individual equally, while a Rawlsian social welfare function

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always tends toward the common good, though he concedes that democratic deliberations of individuals will not always express the general will. Furthermore, Rousseau distinguished between the general will and the will of all, stressing that while the latter is simply the sum total of each individual's

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Machiavelli argues that an impressive level of common good can be achieved by sufficiently autocratic rulers. Nevertheless, Machiavelli's common good can be viewed as acting for the good of the majority, even if that means to oppress others through the endeavor. Machiavelli's common good is viewed by

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Common goods for health (CGH) can be defined as population-related interventions or activities that require cumulative finances from either donors or government on the basis of two conditions. The first condition is contribution in economic progress and health. The second condition includes emphasis

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strategy which would maximize the prospects of the least well-off individual or group. In this sense, Rawls's understanding of the common good is intimately tied with the well-being of the least advantaged. Rawls claims that the parties in the original position would adopt two governing principles,

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has been used in many disparate ways and escapes a single definition. Most philosophical conceptions of the common good fall into one of two families: substantive and procedural. According to substantive conceptions, the common good is that which is shared by and beneficial to all or most members of

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freedom, safety and dignity are explicitly stated to be elements of the common good and some form of property and family life are also implied. Furthermore, the common good brought by freedom includes wealth, economic prosperity, security, enjoyment and good life. However, though Machiavelli speaks

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Though these thinkers differed significantly in their views of what the common good consists in, as well as over what the state should do to promote it, they nonetheless agreed that the common good is the end of government, that it is a good of all the citizens, and that no government should become

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articulates the standard public choice interpretation of social choice theory, arguing that Arrow's Impossibility Theorem "forces us to doubt that the content of 'social welfare' or the 'public interest' can ever be discovered by amalgamating individual value judgments. It even leads us to suspect

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then, Aristotle ties up the Common Good of the state, with that of friendship, implying by this, that friendly, rational discourse is the primary activity by which citizens and rulers bring about the Common Good, both amongst themselves, and so far as it involves their inferiors. According to one

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from the lesser goods of individuals, and their various kinds of larger-and-larger partnerships: marital couple, or parent-over-child, or master-over-slave; household; then village; then state. In this teleological view, the good stems from objective facts about human life and purpose, which may

2082:), "a shorthand signal for shared benefit at a societal level". In a non-economic sense, the term is often used to describe something that is useful for the public generally, such as education, although this is not a "public good" in the economic sense. However, services like education exhibit 1748:

During the 15th and 16th centuries, the common good was one of several important themes of political thought in Renaissance Florence. The thought goes back to Thomas Aquinas theory of common good being widespread in whole premodern Europe. In a later work, Niccolò Machiavelli speaks of the

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in an increasingly interdependent world, education and knowledge should thus be considered global common goods. This means that the creation of knowledge, its control, acquisition, validation, and use, are common to all people as a collective social endeavour.

2125:, for instance, argues that a range of social choice mechanisms emerge unscathed given certain reasonable restrictions on the domain of admissible preference profiles. In particular, requiring that preferences are single-peaked on a single dimension ensures a 1891:, which on most interpretations stresses the importance of the subordination of individual interests to group or collective interests, or at the very least, the mutual dependence between the flourishing of the individual and the flourishing of the group. In 2046:

Neoclassical economic theory provides two conflicting lenses for thinking about the genesis of the common good, two distinct sets of microfoundations. On one view, the common good arises due to social gains from cooperation. Such a view might appeal to the

1708:, rather than one of Plato's four lesser goods: honor-seeking, money-making, pleasure-seeking, or empassioned addiction. For Plato, the best political order is one in which the entire society submits to the dictates of the leaders' faculty of Reason, even 2086:, i.e. the situation in which the cost of supplying a good to many users is the same, or nearly the same, as supplying it to one user. Public goods also exhibit jointness of supply, albeit with no diminishment of the benefits with increased consumption. 4608:

Konstantin Langmaier, Dem Land Ere und Nucz, Frid und Gemach: Das Land als Ehr-, Nutz- und Friedensgemeinschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um den Gemeinen Nutzen. In: . In: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Band 103, 2016, S.

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holding possessions, wives, and children in common, creating a "cohesion and unity" that "result from the common feelings of pleasure and pain which you get when all members of a society are glad or sorry for the same successes and failures."

3547:, among others, have identified the common good as a salient political message for progressive candidates. In addition, non-partisan advocacy groups like Common Good are championing political reform efforts to support the common good. 1670:

the "perverted servant of special interests", whether these special interests be understood as Aristotle's "interest of the rulers", Locke's "private good", Hume's and Madison's "interested factions", or Rousseau's "particular wills".

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After the 1950s, the government increasingly began to see the concept of addressing mutual issues for the benefit of the citizens, but it has yet to be completely adopted and will be much more compatible with appropriate expenditure.

1850:, Rawls argues for a principled reconciliation of liberty and equality, applied to the basic structure of a well-ordered society, which will specify exactly such general conditions. Starting with an artificial device he calls the 3576:

In the mid-20th century, the elites displayed a motivation for the common goods that was intended for health, and decisions were based on the elite rather than the public, since there was no public interest in the issue.

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possessed by all as a group, is not really participated in by the members of a group. It is actually divided up into several private goods when apportioned to the different individual members." First described by

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provides that social and economic inequalities are to be arranged such that "(a) they are to be of the greatest benefit to the least-advantaged members of society, consistent with the just savings principle"

1917:), especially as it relates to modern Islamic conceptions of tolerance, equality, and citizenship: according to some, for instance, universal principles carry greater weight than specific injunctions of the 3425:

later gives statements that communicate what can be seen as a partly different, more classical, sense of the concept – as not only "social conditions" that enable persons to reach fulfilment, but as the

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whereby rational individuals prefer to abstain from voting, because the marginal cost exceeds the private marginal benefit. Downs argues further that voters generally prefer to remain uninformed due to

1461:, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service. The concept of the common good differs significantly among 5274: 3437:

he common good the good of all people and of the whole person... The human person cannot find fulfilment in himself, that is, apart from the fact that he exists "with" others and "for" others

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common contemporary usage, rooted in Aristotle's philosophy, common good then refers to "a good proper to, and attainable, only by the community, yet individually shared in, by its members."

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declared that "the peace, safety, and public good of the people" are the goals of political society, and further argued that "the well being of the people shall be the supreme law";

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remains in common usage today, referring to what one contemporary scholar calls the "good proper to, and attainable only by, the community, yet individually shared by its members."

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contends repeatedly that a particular common goal exists in politics and society, and that that goal is the same as the goal for a flourishing human being, namely, to be a

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Satterthwaite, Mark Allen (1975). "Strategy-proofness and Arrow's conditions: Existence and correspondence theorems for voting procedures and social welfare functions".

3497:(as described in paragraph 98 to 100), given that truth extends from honesty, good faith, and sincerity in general, to agreement with fact or reality in particular. In 5242: 1619:) as the basis for his distinction between "right" constitutions, which are in the common interest, and "wrong" constitutions, which are in the interest of rulers; 5332: 1895:, many modern thinkers have identified conceptions of the common good while endeavoring to ascertain the fundamental or universal principles underlying divine 1781:), which refers to the general well-being of a community as a whole; however, he mentions this term only 19 times throughout his works. In key passages of the 5292: 3325:: "Do not live entirely isolated, having retreated into yourselves, as if you were already justified, but gather instead to seek together the common good." 4938:

Public Administration and the Public Interest' in G.L. Wamsley and J.F.Wolf (eds), Refounding Public Administration: Modern Paradoxes. Postmodern Challenges

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of an instrumental relationship between freedom and common good, the general well-being is not precisely identical with political freedom: elsewhere in the

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Under one name or another, the common good has been a recurring theme throughout the history of political philosophy. As one contemporary scholar observes,

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indicates 'the sum total of social conditions which allow people, either as groups or as individuals, to reach their fulfilment more fully and more easily

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wrote of the "public", "common", or "general" good as closely tied with justice and declared that justice is the end of government and civil society; and

1911:, in modern terminology). A notion of the common good arises in contemporary Islamic discussions of the distinction between the fixed and the flexible ( 2055:

On the other hand, economic theory typically points to social gains from competition as a rationale for the use of markets. Thus, Smith described the "

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More recent work in social choice theory, however, has demonstrated that Arrow's impossibility result can be obviated at little or no normative cost.

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Morrell K, Harrington-Buhay N (2012). "What is governance in the public interest? The case of the 1995 property forum in post-conflict Nicaragua".

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which would then regulate the assignment of rights and duties and regulate the distribution of social and economic advantages across society. The

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states that "First: each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar liberty for others". The

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contended that "social conventions" are adopted and given moral support in virtue of the fact that they serve the "public" or "common" interest;

1416: 2059:," whereby the mechanism of the market converts individuals' self-interested activity into gains for society. This insight is formalized in the 5537: 3700: 3501:, Pope Francis links the "common good" to the "integral ecology" which is a core element of his appeal for greater care for "our common home". 2848: 3373:, issued in 1891. This addressed the crisis of the conditions of industrial workers in Europe and argued for a position different from both 4004: 4762: 4535: 4472: 4447: 4422: 4378: 4353: 4328: 4303: 4278: 4250: 4200: 4147: 4104: 4079: 6327: 5968: 7438: 2655: 6512: 4585: 4560: 4497: 4175: 1484:

The concept of common good developed through the work of political theorists, moral philosophers, and public economists, including

7120: 6422: 2570: 973: 6541: 3074: 2715: 2176:'s study of schemes for the regulation of common property resources resulted in the discovery of mechanisms for overcoming the 117: 5393: 6529: 5459: 3300: 1124: 1064: 3443: 1197: 5305: 1114: 7230: 7140: 1409: 1267: 893: 584: 7255: 5329: 2067:, including the underprovision of public goods by markets and the failure of self-interested individuals to internalize 1955:. A common good is simply non-excludable. A simple typology illustrates the differences between various kinds of goods: 5530: 2818: 2105:

further demonstrates that non-dictatorial voting systems are inevitably subject to strategic manipulation of outcomes.

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to the study of political science in order to explain how private interests affect political activities and outcomes.

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aims to understand processes by which the common good may or may not be realized in societies through the study of

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some scholars as not as "common", as he frequently states that the end of republics is to crush their neighbors.

2828: 2595: 1899:. These fundamentals or universal principles have been largely identified with the "objectives" of the shari‘a ( 7357: 7210: 6096: 1720:, considered by many to be the father of the idea of a common good, uses the concept of "the common interest" ( 1402: 248: 17: 5420: 1169: 7397: 7270: 6492: 5523: 3515: 3254: 2833: 2580: 2213: 2208: 2102: 1844:

defines the common good as "certain general conditions that are ... equally to everyone's advantage". In his

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Liberalism Against Populism: A Confrontation Between the Theory of Democracy and the Theory of Social Choice

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One of the earliest references in Christian literature to the concept of the common good is found in the

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drew attention to these two partly different understandings of the common good in its 2009 publication,

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There is an important conceptual difference between the sense of "a" public good, or public "goods" in

1202: 903: 574: 6292: 3756:"An Alternative View of the European Idea of the Common Good: Bentham's Mathematical Model of Utility" 2903: 2853: 2078:, and the more generalized idea of "the public good" (in the sense of common good, public benefit, or 6339: 6282: 5867: 3293: 2720: 1892: 1212: 1179: 1079: 1074: 744: 361: 5044: 4802: 7418: 7180: 3374: 3356: 3314: 3233: 3019: 2959: 2918: 2740: 2301: 2188: 1683: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1129: 704: 107: 2873: 2695: 2071:. Because of these factors, purely self-interested behaviour often detracts from the common good. 1548:. Such a social welfare function, in turn, would be rooted in a moral theory of the good (such as 484: 7428: 7160: 7080: 6497: 6086: 5997: 3638: 3551: 3518:, language of the common good (or public wealth) is sometimes adopted by political actors on the 3089: 2984: 2908: 2610: 2395: 2184: 2114: 2020: 1942: 1936: 1873: 1545: 1262: 1252: 1217: 933: 579: 170: 82: 6894: 4833:

Bulliet, R. & Bowering, G. & Cook, D. & Crone, P. & Kadi, W. & Euben, R. L..

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Against that background, the common good became a central concept in the modern tradition of

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argues that public goods will tend to be underprovided due to individuals' incentives to

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Elster, Jon (2002). "The Market and the Forum: Three Varieties of Political Theory".

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Contemporary Catholic social teaching on the common good is summarised in the 2004

3382: 3366: 3198: 2913: 2808: 2793: 2685: 2675: 2605: 2326: 2296: 2126: 2108: 1701: 1686:(one's city, or state). The phrase "common good" then, does not appear in texts of 1513: 1352: 1312: 1029: 863: 769: 669: 654: 564: 494: 401: 396: 371: 278: 258: 243: 102: 6924: 684: 594: 7377: 7050: 6969: 6929: 6899: 6884: 6849: 6844: 6814: 6789: 6774: 6749: 6734: 6669: 6646: 6631: 6616: 6601: 6472: 6427: 6412: 6402: 6224: 6219: 6076: 6071: 6051: 6039: 5397: 5336: 5278: 5250: 4705: 3653: 3643: 3524: 3402: 3274: 3101: 3027: 2966: 2952: 2898: 2868: 2803: 2770: 2755: 2680: 2640: 2585: 2510: 2281: 2172:

Public choice scholarship can have more constructive applications. For instance,

2079: 1659: 1478: 1392: 1084: 1069: 709: 589: 549: 524: 504: 451: 436: 288: 283: 152: 147: 137: 92: 67: 3180: 489: 316: 7367: 7275: 7265: 6994: 6869: 6854: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6764: 6739: 6694: 6674: 6536: 6507: 6482: 6437: 6417: 6379: 6334: 6214: 6204: 6061: 5892: 5705: 5309: 4383:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book III.4-5. (1277a19-33, 1277b34-1278a14) 3668: 3565: 3473: 3349: 3249: 2946: 2923: 2775: 2600: 2555: 2487: 2410: 2372: 2276: 2192: 2160:

provided an application of this logic to the theory of voting, identifying the

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Democratic Reason: Politics, Collective Intelligence, and the Rule of the Many

4540:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book III.6, 9. (1278b24, 1280a32, 1280b33) 4048: 3797: 3729: 614: 7412: 7300: 7130: 7040: 6989: 6959: 6949: 6879: 6874: 6864: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6679: 6546: 6524: 6442: 6349: 6322: 6307: 6249: 5932: 3960:

Diggs, B. J. (1973-01-01). "The Common Good as Reason for Political Action".

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Diggs, B. J. (1973-01-01). "The Common Good as Reason for Political Action".

3678: 3519: 3370: 3361: 3012: 3005: 2813: 2660: 2357: 2173: 2157: 2068: 1991: 1969: 1948: 1645: 1533: 1501: 1457:) is either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given 1159: 993: 963: 873: 779: 774: 749: 729: 569: 441: 416: 391: 376: 366: 351: 306: 72: 48: 5370: 4520:

Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics . The Internet Classics Archive; available at

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Gibbard, Allan (1973). "Manipulation of voting schemes: A general result".

4056: 4033:"The Concepts of Common Good and Public Interest: From Plato to Biobanking" 3696: 3596: 3468: 3226: 2893: 2798: 2725: 2705: 2670: 2615: 2575: 2565: 2522: 2440: 2353: 2337: 2291: 2286: 2149: 2141: 1985: 1888: 1829: 1663: 829: 809: 794: 754: 739: 699: 634: 619: 509: 411: 77: 5511:

The common good in Catholic Social Teaching: exposition at VPlater project

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Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action

3481:, Pope John Paul describes the characteristics and virtues that political 27:

What is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community

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Dupré, Louis (5 August 2009). "The Common Good and the Open Society".

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Machiavelli's New Modes and Orders: A Study of the Discourses on Livy

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Sen, Amartya (1966). "A Possibility Theorem on Majority Decisions".

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while insisting on the role of collective bargaining to establish a

7335: 6914: 6651: 6244: 6209: 6183: 6163: 6116: 5927: 5882: 5766: 5670: 5660: 5625: 5595: 4403: 4333:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book VII.8-9. (1328b33-1329a40) 3973: 3835: 3591: 3344:

Augustine's understanding was taken up and, under the influence of

1697: 664: 421: 185: 122: 5424: 7372: 7285: 6173: 6141: 6131: 5902: 5862: 5695: 5620: 5605: 5585: 3673: 3663: 3486: 3463:, issued in 1993 to combat the relaxation of moral norms and the 3219: 3169: 1589: 1585: 5350:"Reclaiming the Common Good | Center for American Progress" 4590:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book VIII.11-12. (1160a8-30) 2129:. Moreover, many of Riker's empirical claims have been refuted. 1960:

Goods § Goods classified by exclusivity and competitiveness

1595: 6121: 5922: 5710: 5685: 5675: 5645: 5630: 4230:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book I.2. (1252a24-1253a38) 2843: 2331: 2259: 1896: 1705: 341: 4180:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book VIII.10. (1160a31-35) 6151: 5640: 5575: 5268:

In Search of a Universal Ethic: A New Look at the Natural Law

4283:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book III.13. (1284b25-35) 3448:

In Search of a Universal Ethic: A New Look at the Natural Law

3427: 2362: 2043:

only considers the welfare of the least well-off individual.

1918: 1905:), including concepts of the common good or public interest ( 1882: 1721: 1687: 1633: 1610: 1474: 4565:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book VIII.9. (1160a8-30) 4255:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book III.4. (1276b28-31) 4205:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book II.1-2. (1261a4-23) 1947:

have technical definitions. A public good is a good that is

1524:, and many other thinkers. In contemporary economic theory, 6146: 5570: 4630:

Waldemar, Hanasz (2010). "The common good in Machiavelli".

4152:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book IV.2. (1289a27-37) 3706:

Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?

3608: 4502:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book X.7. (1177b15-35) 4308:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book III.9. (1281a2-8) 3450:. It referred to them as "two levels" of the common good. 5715: 5610: 4427:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book I.2. (1253a7-17) 4169: 4167: 4141: 4139: 3568:

and public health emergency operation response services.

3467:(see paragraph 98) that affects millions of persons, and 4835:

The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought.

4742:

Rawls, p.53 revised edition; p.60 old 1971 first edition

4477:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book I.13. (1260a13) 4950: 4452:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book I.5. (1254b20) 1465:. Early conceptions of the common good were set out by 4164: 4136: 1021: 4751:

Rawls, 1971, p. 302; revised edition, p. 53

4109:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book V. 462b-465b 4907:

Morrell K (2009). "Governance and the public good".

1540:

common good, by contrast, arises in the subfield of

5448:

Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?

3381:. In this letter, Pope Leo guarantees the right to 1690:, but instead the phrase "the good of a city". In 4552: 4522:http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/nicomachaen.html 4272: 4270: 1801:)" but is not identical with it. Elsewhere in the 4764:Confucian Political Philosophy – Oxford Handbooks 4710:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–194. 1836: 1477:. One understanding of the common good rooted in 7410: 4084:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book V. 473d 4009:. Perseus Digital Library. pp. Book V. 462a 5243:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 4267: 3817: 3815: 3394:Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church 2212:, "The common good is the supreme law", in the 1930: 5071:. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. p. 137. 4935: 2234: 5531: 5029: 3294: 1796: 1789: 1766: 1750: 1596:In the history of moral and political thought 1410: 6037: 4940:(paperback ed.). Sage. pp. 96–113. 4837:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. 4524:. I.2.1094b7–10 (last accessed 30 Jan 2011). 3812: 3723: 3721: 3695: This article incorporates text from a 3359:, beginning with the foundational document, 1922: 1912: 1906: 1900: 1653: 5973: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 3504: 1666:and the highest end pursued by government. 1625: 5538: 5524: 5495:"Common Goods for Health: a brief history" 5295:, paragraph 156, accessed 20 February 2024 4761:Wong, David (2011). Klosko, George (ed.). 4733:, Book IV, Chapter 1, Paragraphs 1 & 2 3558: 3301: 3287: 2063:. However, economic theory also points to 1887:The idea of a common good plays a role in 1883:In non-Western moral and political thought 1795:) . . . is drawn from a free way of life ( 1417: 1403: 5241:Pontifical Council of Justice and Peace, 5212: 5043: 4906: 4703: 4132:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 462a–b. 3753: 3718: 5545: 5493:Savedoff, William (September 30, 2019). 5492: 5217:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 5174:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5129:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4676: 4629: 4612: 4037:Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 3699:work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( 2202: 1814: 1636:) to be the goal of law and government; 1609:used the idea of "the common interest" ( 7121:Reflections on the Revolution in France 4994: 4861: 4773:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.001.0001 4395: 4026: 4024: 3779: 3777: 2198: 2132: 2089: 1743: 974:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 14: 7411: 5444: 5423:. Commongood-forum.org. Archived from 5262:International Theological Commission, 5197: 5169: 5144:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 5124: 4851:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 4846: 4819:. New York: Columbia University Press. 3075:Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action 1787:, he indicates that "the common good ( 1600: 5519: 5154: 5139: 5066: 4979: 4891: 4876: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4583: 4558: 4533: 4495: 4470: 4445: 4420: 4376: 4351: 4326: 4301: 4276: 4248: 4223: 4198: 4173: 4145: 4127: 3959: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3864: 3821: 3783: 2191:must demonstrate that they provide a 2016:eg. cinemas, software, private parks 1125:1946 Italian institutional referendum 1065:Spanish American wars of independence 5308:. Radicalacademy.com. Archived from 4760: 4030: 4021: 3939: 3774: 3444:International Theological Commission 7231:The End of History and the Last Man 7141:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 5081: 4982:Social Choice and Individual Values 4704:Mansfield, Harvey C. (2001-04-15). 4408:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4401: 3924: 3879: 3328:The concept is strongly present in 2097:studies collective decision rules. 894:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 24: 5438: 5352:. Americanprogress.org. 2006-06-05 5202:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4984:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 4822: 3948: 3396:, chapter 4, part II. Quoting the 2258: 2061:First Theorem of Welfare Economics 1927:) if this serves the common good. 1662:) to be the object of a society's 25: 7450: 5504: 4102: 4077: 4002: 3894: 3768:10.4000/etudes-benthamiennes.8227 1673: 1528:common good is any good which is 7439:Concepts in political philosophy 7201:The Open Society and Its Enemies 4967:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01977.x 4923:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01756.x 4849:Theories of Distributive Justice 3909: 3690: 3533:magazine and John Halpin at the 3509: 3268: 1386: 914:Discourses Concerning Government 6008:Family as a model for the state 5486: 5468: 5413: 5403: 5384: 5363: 5342: 5323: 5298: 5285: 5256: 5235: 5221: 5206: 5191: 5178: 5163: 5157:An Economic Theory of Democracy 5148: 5133: 5118: 5075: 5060: 5023: 4988: 4973: 4944: 4929: 4900: 4885: 4870: 4855: 4840: 4809: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4724: 4697: 4670: 4654: 4642: 4602: 4577: 4527: 4514: 4489: 4464: 4439: 4414: 4370: 4345: 4320: 4295: 4242: 4217: 4192: 4121: 4096: 4071: 3996: 3933: 3727: 1544:and refers to the outcome of a 1180:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 7358:Separation of church and state 7256:Collectivism and individualism 7211:The Origins of Totalitarianism 5142:The Logic of Collective Action 4917:(3): 538–56 (quote at p 543). 4815:Bloom, Irene (2009) (trans.). 4031:Simm, Kadri (16 August 2011). 3918: 3903: 3888: 3873: 3858: 3747: 3550:Given the central concern for 2209:Salus publica suprema lex esto 2146:The Logic of Collective Action 1889:Confucian political philosophy 1837:John Rawls's Theory of Justice 1652:understood "the common good" ( 1115:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 1095:German Revolution of 1918–1919 13: 1: 7398:Category:Political philosophy 7271:Critique of political economy 5186:Public Benefit in Charity Law 4677:Hulliung, Mark (2017-07-05). 3897:Second Treatise of Government 3884:. pp. 1, 2. 90. 2 and 4. 3712: 3453:Other relevant documents are 3255:Common good constitutionalism 2103:Gibbard-Satterthwaite theorem 2099:Arrow's Impossibility Theorem 1704:, ruled by the highest good, 1574: 7296:Institutional discrimination 7291:History of political thought 6023:Negative and positive rights 5054:10.1016/0022-0531(75)90050-2 4864:The Evolution of Cooperation 4632:History of Political Thought 3760:Revue d'études benthamiennes 3709:, 80–81, UNESCO. UNESCO. 3701:license statement/permission 3535:Center for American Progress 3119:Popular Representation Party 3080:Brazilian Integralist Action 2231:account of the common good. 1931:In political economic theory 1722: 1611: 1365:Republic without republicans 1110:11 September 1922 Revolution 1105:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 7: 7306:Justification for the state 7091:Two Treatises of Government 5253:(2004). Chapter 4, part II. 5159:. New York: Harper and Row. 4896:. London: Macmillan and Co. 3634:Public benefit organization 3619:Mutualism (economic theory) 3603:Economy for the Common Good 3584: 3085:Brazilian Integralist Front 2235:In Catholic social teaching 1923: 1913: 1907: 1901: 1865:Second Principle of Justice 1100:Turkish War of Independence 1022: 10: 7455: 5976:Bellum omnium contra omnes 5454:. UNESCO. pp. 80–81. 5213:Landemore, Hélène (2012). 5032:Journal of Economic Theory 3685: 3571: 3485:should require, which are 3418:, #26; italics original). 3312: 2483:Traditionalist Catholicism 2349:Doctrine of the two swords 1957: 1914:al-thābit wa-l-mutaghayyir 1861:First Principle of Justice 1155:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 904:The Commonwealth of Oceana 29: 7393: 7243: 7012: 6660: 6393: 6273: 6192: 6104: 6095: 5961: 5795: 5724: 5553: 5480:World Health Organization 5476:"Common goods for health" 4049:10.1017/S0963180111000296 3798:10.1017/S0034670500018052 3754:Tarantino, Piero (2020). 3114:Palmarian Catholic Church 2183:In many countries of the 1893:Islamic political thought 1558:collective decision rules 1328:The Emperor's New Clothes 1080:5 October 1910 revolution 1075:French Revolution of 1848 98:Liberty as non-domination 7181:The Revolt of the Masses 5200:Philosophy and Democracy 5184:Jonathan Garton (2013), 4866:. New York: Basic Books. 4862:Axelrod, Robert (1984). 4847:Roemer, John E. (1996). 3940:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 3505:In contemporary politics 3459:, a papal encyclical by 3375:laissez-faire capitalism 3357:Catholic social teaching 3315:Catholic social teaching 3020:Pascendi Dominici Gregis 2974:El liberalismo es pecado 2960:De regno, ad regem Cypri 2451:Political traditionalism 2302:Catholic social teaching 2189:charitable organizations 2002:eg. fish stocks, timber 1935:In economics, the terms 1870:the difference principle 1623:held "the common good" ( 1469:philosophers, including 1170:1987 Fijian coups d'état 1130:1952 Egyptian revolution 108:Political representation 7161:The Communist Manifesto 6087:Tyranny of the majority 5998:Consent of the governed 5277:March 11, 2013, at the 5249:August 1, 2016, at the 5170:Ostrom, Elinor (1990). 5155:Downs, Anthony (1957). 5067:Riker, William (1982). 4980:Arrow, Kenneth (1951). 4936:Goodsell, C.T. (1990). 3734:Encyclopædia Britannica 3559:Common goods for health 3552:sustainable development 3090:Catholic and Royal Army 2985:Famuli vestrae pietatis 2115:The Calculus of Consent 1874:equality of opportunity 1821:Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 1546:social welfare function 1463:philosophical doctrines 1150:1969 Libyan coup d'état 934:Discourse on Inequality 83:Consent of the governed 6038: 5988:Clash of civilizations 5974: 5396:June 11, 2007, at the 5335:June 15, 2006, at the 5140:Olson, Mancur (1965). 5125:Mackie, Gerry (2004). 4892:Pigou, Arthur (1920). 4731:Of the Social Contract 3869:. pp. 3, 6–7, 12. 3786:The Review of Politics 3398:Second Vatican Council 3042:O que é o Integralismo 2457:Res publica Christiana 2263: 2221:deliberative democracy 2216: 2178:tragedy of the commons 2027:free-to-air television 1797: 1790: 1767: 1751: 1654: 1626: 1479:Aristotle's philosophy 6003:Divine right of kings 5291:Pope Francis (2015), 4954:Public Administration 4910:Public Administration 4879:The Wealth of Nations 4404:"Aristotle: Politics" 3530:The American Prospect 3489:, honesty, fairness, 3240:Person Dignity Theory 2463:Sun and Moon allegory 2369:Divine right of kings 2262: 2206: 1998:Common-pool resources 1815:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1650:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1498:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1318:Criticism of monarchy 1140:North Yemen civil war 954:The Federalist Papers 249:Federal parliamentary 7151:Democracy in America 6530:political philosophy 6513:political philosophy 6328:political philosophy 6157:political philosophy 6067:Separation of powers 6028:Night-watchman state 6013:Monopoly on violence 5547:Political philosophy 4894:Economics of Welfare 4877:Smith, Adam (1776). 3899:. pp. 131, 158. 3624:Mutualism (movement) 3465:political corruption 3035:Mes idées politiques 2478:Traditional monarchy 2431:National syndicalism 2426:National Catholicism 2406:Integral nationalism 2379:Ecclesiastical court 2199:In democratic theory 2138:Public choice theory 2133:Public choice theory 2095:Social choice theory 2090:Social choice theory 1990:eg. food, clothing, 1744:Renaissance Florence 1696:, Plato's character 1621:Saint Thomas Aquinas 1562:Public choice theory 1554:Social choice theory 1303:Classical radicalism 1045:Republic of Florence 984:Democracy in America 143:Separation of powers 118:Public participation 30:For other uses, see 7341:Right-wing politics 7221:A Theory of Justice 7191:The Road to Serfdom 7111:The Social Contract 5818:Christian democracy 5421:"Common Good Forum" 5229:Epistle of Barnabas 4680:Citizen Machiavelli 3703:). Text taken from 3545:Rockridge Institute 3471:' 2015 encyclical, 3442:The Roman Catholic 3322:Epistle of Barnabas 3275:Politics portal 3194:Clerico-nationalism 2385:Error has no rights 2225:Epistemic democracy 2084:jointness of supply 1825:The Social Contract 1723:to koinei sympheron 1612:to koinei sympheron 1601:Historical overview 1518:John Maynard Keynes 1490:Niccolò Machiavelli 1393:Politics portal 1198:Antigua and Barbuda 1145:Zanzibar Revolution 1055:American Revolution 944:The Social Contract 113:Popular sovereignty 7424:Concepts in ethics 7353:Political violence 7348:Political theology 7331:Left-wing politics 7326:Political spectrum 5127:Democracy Defended 4587:Nicomachean Ethics 4562:Nicomachean Ethics 4499:Nicomachean Ethics 4177:Nicomachean Ethics 3929:. pp. 10, 51. 3479:Veritatis Splendor 3456:Veritatis Splendor 3330:Augustine of Hippo 2571:Barbey d'Aurevilly 2401:Integral Education 2322:Counter-revolution 2264: 2217: 2167:rational ignorance 2049:Prisoner's dilemma 1902:maqāṣid al-sharī‘a 1784:Discourses on Livy 1737:Nicomachean Ethics 1359:Primus inter pares 1175:Nepalese Civil War 1165:Iranian Revolution 1135:14 July Revolution 1090:Russian Revolution 1085:Chinese Revolution 1035:Republic of Venice 884:Discourses on Livy 7406: 7405: 7316:Philosophy of law 7261:Conflict theories 7101:The Spirit of Law 7008: 7007: 6057:Original position 5461:978-92-3-100088-1 5306:"Radical Academy" 4402:Clayton, Edward. 3880:Aquinas, Thomas. 3659:Social safety net 3629:Open-source model 3516:American politics 3461:Pope John Paul II 3414:" (#164, quoting 3311: 3310: 3245:Orthodox Peronism 3188:Sodalitium Pianum 2162:paradox of voting 2040:welfare economics 2036: 2035: 1852:original position 1847:Theory of Justice 1542:welfare economics 1439:political science 1427: 1426: 1370:Republican empire 1343:List of republics 1192:National variants 1120:Spanish Civil War 1060:French Revolution 1040:Republic of Genoa 924:The Spirit of Law 857:Theoretical works 201:Neo-republicanism 16:(Redirected from 7446: 7321:Political ethics 7311:Machiavellianism 7251:Authoritarianism 7236: 7226: 7216: 7206: 7196: 7186: 7176: 7166: 7156: 7146: 7136: 7126: 7116: 7106: 7096: 7086: 7076: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7036: 7026: 6102: 6101: 6043: 5979: 5969:Balance of power 5943:Social democracy 5938:Social Darwinism 5913:Multiculturalism 5858:Environmentalism 5833:Communitarianism 5540: 5533: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5499: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5453: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5432: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5378: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5346: 5340: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5260: 5254: 5239: 5233: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5195: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5027: 5021: 5020: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4844: 4838: 4831: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4674: 4668: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4627: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4274: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4171: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4028: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3957: 3946: 3945: 3944:. pp. 2. 1. 3937: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3882:Summa Theologiae 3877: 3871: 3870: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3781: 3772: 3771: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3725: 3694: 3514:In contemporary 3435:of human life. " 3413: 3383:private property 3367:papal encyclical 3303: 3296: 3289: 3273: 3272: 3199:Clerical fascism 3108:Milícia Catalana 3062:Action Française 2396:Gelasian Diarchy 2327:Decentralization 2297:Authoritarianism 2239: 2238: 2214:Swiss Parliament 2127:Condorcet winner 2109:William H. Riker 2031:national defense 1964: 1963: 1926: 1916: 1910: 1904: 1878: 1800: 1793: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1725: 1716:Plato's student 1702:philosopher king 1657: 1629: 1614: 1514:John Stuart Mill 1419: 1412: 1405: 1391: 1390: 1375:Republican Party 1353:Peasant republic 1313:Communitarianism 1030:Classical Athens 1025: 999: 989: 979: 969: 959: 949: 939: 929: 919: 909: 899: 889: 879: 869: 103:Mixed government 37: 36: 21: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7419:Social concepts 7409: 7408: 7407: 7402: 7389: 7378:Totalitarianism 7239: 7234: 7224: 7214: 7204: 7194: 7184: 7174: 7164: 7154: 7144: 7134: 7124: 7114: 7104: 7094: 7084: 7074: 7064: 7054: 7051:Treatise on Law 7044: 7034: 7024: 7004: 6662: 6656: 6395: 6389: 6275: 6269: 6188: 6091: 6077:State of nature 6072:Social contract 6052:Ordered liberty 6040:Noblesse oblige 5957: 5791: 5720: 5549: 5544: 5507: 5502: 5491: 5487: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5451: 5445:UNESCO (2015). 5443: 5439: 5430: 5428: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5404: 5398:Wayback Machine 5389: 5385: 5376: 5374: 5371:"July 17, 2006" 5369: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5337:Wayback Machine 5328: 5324: 5315: 5313: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5279:Wayback Machine 5261: 5257: 5251:Wayback Machine 5240: 5236: 5226: 5222: 5211: 5207: 5196: 5192: 5183: 5179: 5168: 5164: 5153: 5149: 5138: 5134: 5123: 5119: 5096:10.2307/1909947 5080: 5076: 5065: 5061: 5045:10.1.1.471.9842 5028: 5024: 5009:10.2307/1914083 4993: 4989: 4978: 4974: 4949: 4945: 4934: 4930: 4905: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4875: 4871: 4860: 4856: 4845: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4767:. Vol. 1. 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4628: 4613: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4515: 4505: 4503: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4296: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4172: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4144: 4137: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4029: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4001: 3997: 3958: 3949: 3942:Social Contract 3938: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3912:Teatise 3, 2. 2 3908: 3904: 3893: 3889: 3878: 3874: 3863: 3859: 3820: 3813: 3782: 3775: 3752: 3748: 3738: 3736: 3726: 3719: 3715: 3688: 3683: 3654:Social contract 3644:Public interest 3587: 3574: 3561: 3525:Michael Tomasky 3512: 3507: 3416:Gaudium et spes 3411: 3408:the common good 3403:Gaudium et spes 3348:, developed by 3317: 3307: 3267: 3260: 3259: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3102:Integrist Party 3069:Acción Española 3056: 3048: 3047: 3028:El Siglo Futuro 2980:Papal documents 2967:Treatise on Law 2953:The City of God 2942: 2934: 2933: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2551: 2543: 2542: 2528:Israeli/Zionist 2501: 2493: 2492: 2468:Social Kingship 2312:Confessionalism 2282:Anti-liberalism 2272: 2237: 2201: 2135: 2092: 2080:public interest 2065:market failures 2024: 2015: 2001: 1989: 1974:Non-excludable 1962: 1933: 1885: 1876: 1839: 1817: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1746: 1710:communistically 1676: 1603: 1598: 1577: 1451:general welfare 1423: 1385: 1380: 1379: 1298: 1290: 1289: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1070:Trienio Liberal 1011: 1003: 1002: 997: 987: 977: 967: 957: 947: 937: 927: 917: 907: 897: 887: 877: 867: 858: 850: 849: 585:Flynn (Stephen) 470: 462: 461: 302: 294: 293: 219: 211: 210: 166: 158: 157: 153:Social equality 148:Social contract 138:Self-governance 93:Democratization 68:Anti-corruption 63:Anti-monarchism 58: 42:Politics series 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7452: 7442: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7429:Public commons 7426: 7421: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7368:Social justice 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7276:Egalitarianism 7273: 7268: 7266:Contractualism 7263: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7227: 7217: 7207: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7167: 7157: 7147: 7137: 7127: 7117: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7077: 7067: 7057: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6533: 6532: 6522: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6279: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6196: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6166: 6161: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6108: 6106: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6062:Overton window 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5971: 5965: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5893:Libertarianism 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5528: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5506: 5505:External links 5503: 5501: 5500: 5485: 5467: 5460: 5437: 5412: 5402: 5383: 5362: 5341: 5322: 5297: 5284: 5282:. (2009), #85. 5255: 5234: 5220: 5205: 5190: 5177: 5162: 5147: 5132: 5117: 5090:(2): 491–499. 5074: 5059: 5038:(2): 187–217. 5022: 5003:(4): 587–601. 4987: 4972: 4943: 4928: 4899: 4884: 4869: 4854: 4839: 4821: 4808: 4799:|journal= 4781: 4753: 4744: 4735: 4723: 4716: 4696: 4689: 4669: 4653: 4641: 4611: 4601: 4576: 4551: 4526: 4513: 4488: 4463: 4438: 4413: 4394: 4369: 4344: 4319: 4294: 4266: 4241: 4216: 4191: 4163: 4135: 4128:Plato (2003). 4120: 4095: 4070: 4020: 3995: 3974:10.1086/291887 3968:(4): 283–284. 3947: 3932: 3917: 3902: 3887: 3872: 3857: 3836:10.1086/291887 3830:(4): 283–293. 3811: 3792:(4): 687–712. 3773: 3746: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3669:Utilitarianism 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3573: 3570: 3566:vector control 3560: 3557: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3350:Thomas Aquinas 3313:Main article: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3250:Third Position 3247: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3196: 3191: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3153:Traditionalism 3149: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3121: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3038: 3031: 3024: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2995: 2988: 2977: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2949: 2947:Catholic Bible 2943: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2854:Lamamié (Juan) 2851: 2849:Lamamié (José) 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488:Ultramontanism 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2411:Integral state 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2373:Deposing power 2366: 2360: 2351: 2346: 2340: 2335: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2277:Anti-communism 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2255: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2236: 2233: 2200: 2197: 2193:public benefit 2134: 2131: 2091: 2088: 2057:invisible hand 2034: 2033: 2017: 2008: 2007:Non-rivalrous 2004: 2003: 1994: 1992:parking spaces 1982: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1958:Main article: 1953:non-excludable 1932: 1929: 1884: 1881: 1838: 1835: 1816: 1813: 1791:comune utilità 1776:common utility 1768:comune utilità 1745: 1742: 1732:teleologically 1680:Ancient Greeks 1675: 1674:Ancient Greeks 1672: 1655:le bien commun 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1576: 1573: 1550:utilitarianism 1534:non-excludable 1486:Thomas Aquinas 1455:public benefit 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1323:Egalitarianism 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1299: 1297:Related topics 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1268:United Kingdom 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1050:Dutch Republic 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1018: 1016:Roman Republic 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1000: 990: 980: 970: 960: 950: 940: 930: 920: 910: 900: 890: 880: 870: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 848: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 457:Wollstonecraft 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 59: 56: 55: 52: 51: 45: 44: 26: 18:Public benefit 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7451: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7434:Republicanism 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7301:Jurisprudence 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7153: 7152: 7148: 7143: 7142: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7131:Rights of Man 7128: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7042: 7041:De re publica 7038: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6661:20th and 21st 6659: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394:18th and 19th 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6250:Nizam al-Mulk 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5933:Republicanism 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5449: 5441: 5427:on 2013-10-04 5426: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5372: 5366: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5312:on 2011-07-17 5311: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5216: 5209: 5201: 5194: 5188:, OUP Oxford. 5187: 5181: 5173: 5166: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5078: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4961:(2): 412–28. 4960: 4956: 4955: 4947: 4939: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4873: 4865: 4858: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4804: 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3710: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3680: 3679:Welfare state 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3510:United States 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3430: 3424: 3419: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3371:Pope Leo XIII 3368: 3364: 3363: 3362:Rerum novarum 3358: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3304: 3299: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 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2795: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2420:Accidentalism 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2358:Cooperativism 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2174:Elinor Ostrom 2170: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2158:Anthony Downs 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2069:externalities 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2052:for society. 2050: 2044: 2041: 2038:The field of 2032: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986:Private goods 1983: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1949:non-rivalrous 1946: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1908:maṣlaḥa ‘āmma 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1798:vivere libero 1794: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1769: 1753: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1646:James Madison 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1627:bonum commune 1622: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566:microeconomic 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1502:James Madison 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Ancient Greek 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1286: 1285:United States 1283: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160:Metapolitefsi 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1007: 1006: 996: 995: 994:On Revolution 991: 986: 985: 981: 976: 975: 971: 966: 965: 964:Rights of Man 961: 956: 955: 951: 946: 945: 941: 936: 935: 931: 926: 925: 921: 916: 915: 911: 906: 905: 901: 896: 895: 891: 886: 885: 881: 876: 875: 874:De re publica 871: 866: 865: 861: 860: 854: 853: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 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6890:Oakeshott 6835:Mansfield 6830:Luxemburg 6815:Kropotkin 6710:Bernstein 6663:centuries 6577:Nietzsche 6520:Jefferson 6448:Condorcet 6396:centuries 6375:Pufendorf 6240:Marsilius 6127:Confucius 6112:Aristotle 6105:Antiquity 6033:Noble lie 5953:Third Way 5948:Socialism 5873:Feudalism 5828:Communism 5808:Anarchism 5787:Theocracy 5772:Oligarchy 5752:Democracy 5737:Autocracy 5651:Pluralism 5636:Obedience 5601:Hierarchy 5561:Authority 5040:CiteSeerX 4801:ignored ( 4791:cite book 4609:178–200.] 3990:145088595 3925:Publius. 3852:145088595 3806:143454235 3379:socialism 3346:Aristotle 3234:El Yunque 3215:Francoism 3210:Falangism 3175:Miguelism 3164:Federales 3096:Cristeros 2824:Fernández 2819:Estévanez 2809:Clavarana 2756:Taparelli 2586:de Bonald 2561:Augustine 2506:Brazilian 2154:free-ride 2076:economics 1980:Rivalrous 1856:"maximin" 1718:Aristotle 1607:Aristotle 1579:The term 1530:rivalrous 1510:Karl Marx 1471:Aristotle 1459:community 1435:economics 1203:Australia 835:Venizelos 825:Spadolini 815:Slaughter 760:McDonnell 725:Mackenzie 670:Jefferson 625:Griffiths 605:de Gaulle 600:Garibaldi 560:Drakeford 452:Warburton 372:Jefferson 367:Honderich 347:Condorcet 234:Christian 196:Nasserism 171:Classical 88:Democracy 7336:Centrism 7031:Politics 7021:Republic 6990:Voegelin 6970:Spengler 6955:Shariati 6930:Rothbard 6885:Nussbaum 6785:Habermas 6760:Fukuyama 6750:Foucault 6675:Ambedkar 6652:Voltaire 6622:de Staël 6597:Rousseau 6478:Franklin 6453:Constant 6413:Beccaria 6245:Muhammad 6225:Gelasius 6210:Averroes 6184:Xenophon 6164:Polybius 6117:Chanakya 5962:Concepts 5928:Populism 5898:Localism 5883:Islamism 5868:Feminism 5767:Monarchy 5671:Property 5661:Progress 5626:Monopoly 5596:Hegemony 5394:Archived 5333:Archived 5275:Archived 5247:Archived 5232:, 4, 10. 5112:16238050 4594:19 April 4569:19 April 4544:19 April 4537:Politics 4506:19 April 4481:19 April 4474:Politics 4456:19 April 4449:Politics 4431:19 April 4424:Politics 4387:19 April 4380:Politics 4362:19 April 4355:Politics 4337:19 April 4330:Politics 4312:19 April 4305:Politics 4287:19 April 4280:Politics 4259:19 April 4252:Politics 4234:19 April 4227:Politics 4209:19 April 4202:Politics 4184:19 April 4156:19 April 4149:Politics 4130:Republic 4113:19 April 4106:Republic 4088:19 April 4081:Republic 4065:36435554 4057:21843386 4013:19 April 4006:Republic 3867:Politics 3592:Altruism 3585:See also 3543:and the 3147:See also 2904:Rocamora 2884:Olazábal 2864:Louis IX 2776:Veuillot 2771:Vermeule 2746:Sardinha 2656:González 2601:Delassus 2550:Thinkers 2533:Lusitano 2518:Catholic 2500:Variants 2363:Guildism 2244:a series 2242:Part of 1698:Socrates 1678:For the 1588:others' 1586:respects 1564:applies 1536:, while 1273:Scotland 1213:Barbados 864:Republic 780:Prescott 750:Naysmith 740:McKechin 700:La Malfa 695:Khomeini 655:Iorwerth 620:Griffith 595:Gambetta 590:Galloway 575:Ferguson 555:Davidson 550:Cromwell 545:Connolly 525:Campbell 442:Sunstein 427:Rousseau 422:Polybius 357:Franklin 337:Chappell 332:Cattaneo 269:People's 254:Imperial 186:Kemalism 123:Republic 57:Concepts 7373:Statism 7286:Elitism 7244:Related 7045:(51 BC) 6975:Strauss 6950:Scruton 6945:Schmitt 6935:Russell 6855:Michels 6850:Maurras 6845:Marcuse 6805:Kautsky 6775:Gramsci 6770:Gentile 6740:Dworkin 6730:Du Bois 6725:Dmowski 6720:Chomsky 6715:Burnham 6700:Benoist 6670:Agamben 6637:Thoreau 6627:Stirner 6617:Spencer 6562:Mazzini 6552:Maistre 6547:Madison 6542:Le Play 6473:Fourier 6438:Carlyle 6418:Bentham 6408:Bastiat 6403:Bakunin 6380:Spinoza 6370:Müntzer 6340:Leibniz 6313:Grotius 6293:Bossuet 6260:Plethon 6205:Aquinas 6174:Sun Tzu 6142:Mencius 6132:Han Fei 5903:Marxism 5863:Fascism 5696:Society 5621:Liberty 5606:Justice 5586:Freedom 5104:1909947 5017:1914083 4817:Mencius 4103:Plato. 4078:Plato. 4003:Plato. 3982:2379966 3844:2379966 3739:9 March 3686:Sources 3674:Welfare 3572:History 3220:Tacuara 3170:Carlism 2924:Senante 2909:Sánchez 2899:Quiroga 2879:Nocedal 2869:Maurras 2859:Larraín 2804:Barroso 2799:Ahimeir 2794:Abascal 2761:Urquiza 2736:Salvany 2731:Salgado 2716:le Play 2706:Pius IX 2681:Maurras 2671:Madiran 2611:Ezcurra 2556:Aquinas 2538:Spanish 2029:, air, 1590:dignity 1238:Morocco 1228:Jamaica 1223:Ireland 1208:Bahamas 1010:History 830:Taverne 805:Skinner 785:Ritchie 730:Madison 710:Lincoln 660:Jackson 650:Huppert 645:Hopkins 570:Fabiani 530:Chapman 515:Bolívar 505:Bennett 495:Bartley 485:Atatürk 397:Mazzini 392:Madison 322:Bentham 312:Baggini 279:Secular 259:Islamic 244:Federal 181:Federal 165:Schools 7235:(1992) 7225:(1971) 7215:(1951) 7205:(1945) 7195:(1944) 7185:(1929) 7175:(1859) 7165:(1848) 7145:(1820) 7135:(1791) 7125:(1790) 7115:(1762) 7105:(1748) 7095:(1689) 7085:(1651) 7075:(1532) 7065:(1313) 6995:Walzer 6985:Taylor 6940:Sartre 6905:Popper 6900:Pareto 6895:Ortega 6880:Nozick 6870:Mouffe 6820:Laclau 6780:Guénon 6765:Gandhi 6705:Berlin 6695:Bauman 6690:Badiou 6680:Arendt 6647:Tucker 6537:Le Bon 6498:Herder 6488:Haller 6483:Godwin 6468:Fichte 6463:Engels 6458:Cortés 6428:Bonald 6385:Suárez 6360:Milton 6350:Luther 6323:Hobbes 6308:Filmer 6298:Calvin 6283:Boétie 6276:period 6255:Ockham 6122:Cicero 5923:Nazism 5711:Utopia 5686:Rights 5676:Regime 5646:People 5631:Nation 5458: 5110: 5102: 5042: 5015: 4779: 4714: 4687: 4063: 4055: 3988: 3980: 3962:Ethics 3850: 3842: 3824:Ethics 3804: 3762:(18). 2889:du Pin 2874:Moreno 2844:Josias 2829:García 2751:Solana 2721:Raposo 2711:Pius X 2691:Ousset 2676:Maeztu 2661:Groulx 2596:Cuesta 2576:Billot 2566:Balmes 2523:French 2332:Fueros 1919:Qur'an 1706:Reason 1660:French 1445:(also 1441:, the 1437:, and 1263:Sweden 1253:Norway 1218:Canada 998:(1963) 978:(1794) 968:(1791) 948:(1762) 938:(1755) 928:(1748) 918:(1698) 908:(1656) 898:(1649) 888:(1531) 840:Wilson 810:Slater 800:Skates 755:Mannin 745:Mullin 720:Mackay 685:Juárez 640:Hébert 635:Hatton 630:Harvie 520:Burgon 437:Sidney 432:Sandel 417:Pettit 342:Cicero 307:Arendt 289:Soviet 284:Sister 176:Modern 7384:Index 7013:Works 7000:Weber 6965:Spann 6960:Sorel 6925:Röpke 6920:Rawls 6875:Negri 6865:Mosca 6860:Mises 6825:Lenin 6795:Hoppe 6790:Hayek 6755:Fromm 6745:Evola 6735:Dugin 6632:Taine 6612:Smith 6592:Renan 6587:Paine 6508:Iqbal 6493:Hegel 6443:Comte 6433:Burke 6345:Locke 6335:James 6288:Bodin 6220:Dante 6215:Bruni 6169:Shang 6152:Plato 5706:State 5656:Power 5641:Peace 5576:Elite 5554:Terms 5452:(PDF) 5108:S2CID 5100:JSTOR 5013:JSTOR 4061:S2CID 3986:S2CID 3978:JSTOR 3848:S2CID 3840:JSTOR 3802:S2CID 3477:. 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