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1289:(completion of a BA degree), compared to a system-wide recidivism rate between 40 and 43 percent.10 One report, sponsored by the Correctional Education Association, focused on recidivism in three states, concluding that education prevented crime. More recently, a 2013 Department of Justice funded study from the RAND Corporation found that incarcerated individuals who participated in correctional education were 43% less likely to return to prison within 3 years than prisoners who did not participate in such programmes. The research implies that education has the potential to impact recidivism rates positively by lowering them.
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adapted to prison life he termed "prisonization", which he defined as the "taking on, in a greater or lesser degree, the folkways, mores, customs and general culture of the penitentiary". However, while
Clemmer argued that all prisoners experienced some degree of "prisonization" this was not a uniform process and factors such as the extent to which a prisoner involved himself in primary group relations in the prison and the degree to which he identified with the external society all had a considerable impact.
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code referred to the behaviour of inmates in antagonising staff members and to the mutual solidarity between inmates as well as the tendency to the non-disclosure to prison authorities of prisoner activities and to resistance to rehabilitation programmer. Thus, it was seen as providing an expression and form of communal resistance and allowed for the psychological survival of the individual under extremely repressive and regimented systems of carceral control.
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1131:"Prisonization" as the inculcation of a convict culture was defined by identification with primary groups in prison, the use of prison slang and argot, the adoption of specified rituals and a hostility to prison authority in contrast to inmate solidarity and was asserted by Clemmer to create individuals who were acculturated into a criminal and deviant way of life that stymied all attempts to reform their behaviour.
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The convict code was theorized as a set of tacit behavioural norms which exercised a pervasive impact on the conduct of prisoners. Competency in following the routines demanded by the code partly determined the inmate's identity as a convict. As a set of values and behavioural guidelines, the convict
1127:
In this world, for
Clemmer, these values, formalized as the "inmate code", provided behavioural precepts that unified prisoners and fostered antagonism to prison officers and the prison institution as a whole. The process whereby inmates acquired this set of values and behavioural guidelines as they
1017:
A psychopathological condition identified as "SHU syndrome" has been observed among such prisoners. Symptoms are characterized as problems with concentration and memory, distortions of perception, and hallucinations. Most convicts suffering from SHU syndrome exhibit extreme generalized anxiety and
1065:
Long durations may lead to depression and changes in brain physiology. In the absence of a social context that is needed to validate perceptions of their environment, prisoners become highly malleable, abnormally sensitive, and exhibit increased vulnerability to the influence of those controlling
1024:(STAI) was developed to understand the mechanisms behind anxiety. State anxiety describes anxiety that takes place in a stressful situation while trait anxiety is the tendency of feeling anxious in many situations because of a set of beliefs that an individual has that threatens their well-being
1283:
Growing research associates education with a number of positive outcomes for prisoners, the institution, and society. Although at the time of the ban's enactment there was limited knowledge about the relationship between education and recidivism, there is growing merit to idea that education in
1069:
Prisoners exhibit the paradoxical effect of social withdrawal after long periods of solitary confinement. A shift takes place from a craving for greater social contact to a fear of it. They may grow lethargic and apathetic, and no longer be able to control their own conduct when released from
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reduced the likelihood of re-incarceration by 29 percent. In 2000, the Texas
Department of Education conducted a longitudinal study of 883 men and women who earned college degrees while incarcerated, finding recidivism rates between 27.2 percent (completion of an AA degree) and 7.8 percent
1030:
SHU syndrome is a term that was created by
Psychiatrist Stuart Grassian to describe the six basic mechanisms that happen in a cognitive matter in prisoners that are in solitary confinements or supermax level cell prison. The six basic mechanisms that occur together are:
1134:
Opposed to these theories, several
European sociologists have shown that inmates were often fragmented and the links they have with society are often stronger than those forged in prison, particularly through the action of work on time perception
1089:
describes a paradoxical phenomenon where, over time, hostages develop positive feelings towards their captors. The victim's ego develops a series of defense mechanisms to achieve survival and cope with stress in a traumatic situation.
1073:
Long-term stays in solitary confinement can cause prisoners to develop clinical depression, and long-term impulse control disorder. Those with pre-existing mental illnesses are at a higher risk for developing psychiatric
1098:
The founding of ethnographic prison sociology as a discipline, from which most of the meaningful knowledge of prison life and culture stems, is commonly credited to the publication of two key texts: Donald
Clemmer's
1111:
where he worked as a clinical sociologist, propagated the notion of the existence of a distinct inmate culture and society with values and norms antithetical to both the prison authority and the wider society.
1363:
are historically defined as prisoners held as security for the fulfillment of an agreement, or as a deterrent against an act of war. In modern times, it refers to someone who is seized by a criminal abductor.
1397:
are prisoners that are illegally held captive for their use as illegal laborers. Various methods have been used throughout history to deprive slaves of their liberty, including forcible restraint., which is
1284:
prison is a preventative to re-incarceration. Several studies help illustrate the point. For example, one study in 1997 that focused on 3,200 prisoners in
Maryland, Minnesota, and Ohio, showed that
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is a frequent term used by certain governments to refer to individuals who are held in custody and are not liable to be classified and treated under the law as either
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their environment. Social connection and the support provided by social interaction are prerequisites to long-term social adjustment as a prisoner.
2187:
51:
1704:
Bruce A. Arrigo, Jennifer Leslie
Bullock (November 2007). "The Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement on Prisoners in Supermax Units".
1335:, who is then incarcerated at a federal prison that exclusively houses similar criminals. The term most often applies to those convicted of a
1280:. However, the mass incarcerations in the United States prisons raise concerns about the 8th Amendment being overridden by these conditions.
953:
Glanville
Williams described as "invidious" the practice of using the term "prisoner" in reference to a person who had not been convicted.
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describe those imprisoned for participation or connection to political activity. Such inmates challenge the legitimacy of the detention.
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Both federal and state laws govern the rights of prisoners. Prisoners in the United States do not have full rights under the
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1981:
1749:"Separate Roles for State and Trait Anxiety in the Formation of SHU Syndrome: Testing a Moderated Mediation Hypothesis"
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Sykes outlined some of the most salient points of this code as it applied in the post-war period in the United States:
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1107:, which was also published in 1958. Clemmer's text, based on his study of 2,400 convicts over three years at the
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solitary confinement. They can come to depend upon the prison structure to control and limit their conduct.
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1513:
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1868:"Stockholm Syndrome - Law Enforcement Policy and Ego Defenses of the Hostage | Office of Justice Programs"
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The earliest evidence of the existence of the prisoner dates back to 8,000 BC from prehistoric graves in
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2148:, T. (1965) The Defences of the Weak: a Study of Norwegian Correctional Institution, London: Tavistock
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1920:
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639:
474:
280:
218:
28:
2456:
Victorian
Prisoners' Photograph Albums from Wandsworth prison on The National Archives' website.
2455:
1918:
Crewe, Ben (2006). "Male prisoners' orientations towards female officers in an English prison".
1891:
Simon, Jonathan (1 August 2000). "The 'Society of Captives' in the Era of Hyper-Incarceration".
4765:
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Prison overcrowding and the eighth amendments' prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment
1401:
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Stuart Grassian proposed that the symptoms are unique and are not found in any other situation.
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1103:, which was first published in 1940 and republished in 1958; and Gresham Sykes classic study
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who is deprived of liberty against their will. This can be by confinement or captivity in a
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The Powers that Punish : Prison and Politics in the Era of the "Big House," 1920-2009
1014:
and lack of social contact that can have a severe negative impact on their mental health.
8:
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1813:
Pratt, John; Brown, David; Brown, Mark; Hallsworth, Simon; Morrison, Wayne (2013-06-17).
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for long durations. When held in "Special Housing Units" (SHU), prisoners are subject to
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2020:
1937:
1908:
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946:. The abolition of the distinction between felony and misdemeanour by section 1 of the
882:
767:
742:
399:
349:
305:
213:
1006:
Some of the most extreme adverse effects suffered by prisoners appear to be caused by
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as a result of any requirement imposed by a court or otherwise that he be detained in
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4345:
4082:
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3802:
3542:
3519:
3308:
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2964:
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2309:
2157:
Guilbaud, Fabrice (2010) "Working in Prison: Time as Experienced by Inmate-Workers",
2126:
2099:
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1977:
1941:
1912:
1847:
1820:
1721:
1643:
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659:
577:
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300:
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cases. It is generally defined with the broad definition: "someone held in custody".
241:
50:
deal primarily with the United States and the United Kingdom and do not represent a
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2012:
1929:
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425:
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Psychopathological effects of solitary confinement. American Journal of Psychiatry
59:
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Effects of sensory deprivation in psychiatric seclusion and solitary confinement.
1971:
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404:
344:
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1585:
Johan Knutsonin kivipiirros moninkertaisesta murhamiehestÀ Juhani Aataminpojasta
1143:
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Some common behaviours are self-mutilation, suicidal tendencies, and psychosis.
850:
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for security reasons. They can either be friendly, neutral, or enemy nationals.
1120:
905:
886:
854:
846:
521:
148:
2065:
Faine, John R. (Autumn 1973). "A self-consistency approach to prisonization".
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4000:
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2350:
Gillen, S. & Nebraska Legislature Legislative Research Division. (1989).
1933:
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SpearIt, Restoring Pell Grants for Prisoners- Growing Momentum for Reform
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2511:
2159:
1782:"Subjects Without a World? A Husserlian Analysis of Solitary Confinement"
1565:"Prisoner - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
1296:
Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population, 2017.
982:
943:
717:
504:
409:
356:
223:
178:
101:
2461:
A Voice From Prison, NGO reporting from within the Federal prison system
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2024:
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538:
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2795:
1706:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
1342:
1310:
376:
312:
2443:
2378:"Unsentenced detainees as a proportion of overall prison population"
2365:
2249:
2016:
1443:
1369:, also known as a POWs, are individuals incarcerated in relation to
1240:
1115:
4512:
4470:
4337:
4303:
4261:
4246:
4206:
3951:
2518:
2460:
2421:"Infamous punishment": The psychological consequences of isolation.
1374:
1354:
1323:
are prisoners that are incarcerated under the legal system. In the
1320:
1264:
1912 illustration of an inmate being punished in an American prison
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113:
105:
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2234:
Language and Social Reality: The Case of Telling the Convict Code
1488:
1360:
1350:
1151:
990:
901:
547:
2465:
2098:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. pp. 95â96.
1691:
Simon and Schuster; Rockefeller Centre; New York, New York; 1997
4480:
4293:
4226:
4166:
4161:
3968:
3635:
2619:
1417:
1394:
1336:
1249:
939:
927:, the word "prisoner" means any person for the time being in a
878:
874:
494:
128:
3216:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
2232:
Brannigan, Augustine (May 1976). "Review: D. Lawrence Wieder,
897:
4288:
4216:
3767:
3533:
2566:
2354:. Nebraska Legislative Council Legislative Research Division.
1973:
The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison
1253:
489:
270:
2330:"Prisoners' rights | LII / Legal Information Institute"
2308:. Ontario: Jones & Bartlett Publishers Inc. p. 94.
4298:
3840:
1370:
908:, also known as "Kerpeikkari", in the 1849 lithography by
1812:
1314:
2044:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, CT: Praeger. p. 23.
938:"Prisoner" was a legal term for a person prosecuted for
1001:
2125:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 6.
1236:
Human rights in the United States § Prison system
1439:
16:
Person who is deprived of liberty against their will
2271:Colvin, Mark (February 2010). "Review: David Ward.
2177:"Conversational actions and organizational actions"
1843:
Six Days in August: The Story of Stockholm Syndrome
1155:
US Marshals and prisoners on board a Con Air flight
942:. It was not applicable to a person prosecuted for
2416:International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 8(1).
1662:. Eleventh Edition. Stevens. 1982. Page 3, note 3.
1416:Other types of prisoners can include those under
4920:
3556:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
1381:, or combatants acting within the bounds of the
1331:or a felon, is a person convicted of violating
2041:Living Inside Prison Walls: Adjustment Behavior
916:"Prisoner" is a legal term for a person who is
2174:
2165:-Annual English Selection-Supplement, p. 41-68
1018:panic disorder, with some suffering amnesia.
3651:
2481:
1673:Historical survey > Slave-owning societies
1432:, and peoples restricted to a specific area.
827:
48:The examples and perspective in this article
27:"Inmate" redirects here. For other uses, see
4555:
4335:
1999:"Leadership Phenomena in a Prison Community"
885:. The term usually applies to one serving a
3658:
3644:
3238:International Network of Prison Ministries
2488:
2474:
985:. This evidence suggests that people from
834:
820:
2412:Grassian, S., & Friedman, N. (1986).
2231:
1976:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1959:. New York: Holt, Rhineheart and Winston.
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
4543:
3064:Mentally ill people in the United States
1779:
1291:
1259:
1239:
1150:
1142:
1114:
996:
960:
950:has rendered this distinction obsolete.
896:
845:
2301:
2091:
2037:
2004:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
1996:
1954:
1746:
1519:List of countries by incarceration rate
1484:History of United States Prison Systems
1404:are anyone imprisoned because of their
4921:
3317:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
2423:National Prison Project Journal, 8(1).
2349:
2270:
2118:
1168:Don't interfere with inmate interests.
4542:
3899:
3639:
2469:
2064:
1969:
1917:
1890:
1272:, however, they are protected by the
1080:
1035:Hyperresponsivity to External Stimuli
3619:
2332:. Topics.law.cornell.edu. 2012-03-02
1839:
1699:
1697:
1085:The psychological syndrome known as
1002:Special Housing Units (SHU) syndrome
34:
2175:Watson, Rod; Sharrock, Wes (1990).
1806:
13:
3901:
3900:
2399:
2079:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1973.tb01392.x
14:
4955:
2495:
2427:
2366:https://ssrn.com/abstract=2814358
1694:
1646:. Fourth Edition. 1960. Page 151.
1313:who are detained by a party to a
1093:
1022:The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
853:'s image of the exercise yard at
4903:
4902:
3665:
3618:
3607:
3606:
1997:Clemmer, Donald (MarâApr 1938).
1442:
1229:
189:Risk & actuarial criminology
112:
39:
3388:Countries by incarceration rate
3301:Prison Fellowship International
2434:Human Rights Watch on Detainees
2370:
2358:
2343:
2322:
2295:
2264:
2225:
2168:
2151:
2139:
2112:
2085:
2058:
2031:
1990:
1963:
1948:
1884:
1860:
1833:
1773:
1740:
1412:, religion, or political views.
1138:
4544:
2277:The American Historical Review
1681:
1665:
1649:
1629:
1613:
1589:
1578:
1557:
1459:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1053:Intrusive Obsessional Thoughts
892:
1:
2302:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2092:Pollack, Joycelyn M. (2006).
2038:DeRosia, Victoria R. (1998).
1846:. National Geographic Books.
1550:
1204:Be wary, and try to be a man.
1041:Illusions, and Hallucinations
972:
3280:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2273:Alcatraz: The Gangster Years
1514:Judicial corporal punishment
1278:cruel and unusual punishment
1180:Don't put a guy on the spot.
7:
2305:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
2095:Prisons: Today and Tomorrow
1905:10.1177/1362480600004003003
1640:A First Book of English Law
1509:Independent custody visitor
1435:
62:, discuss the issue on the
10:
4960:
4939:Imprisonment and detention
3750:Weberian (three-component)
3612:Imprisonment and detention
2540:Stanford prison experiment
1970:Sykes, Gresham M. (1958).
1840:King, David (2020-08-04).
1233:
1222:
1109:Menard Correctional Center
1047:Difficulties with Thinking
956:
169:Expressive function of law
18:
4898:
4839:
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4456:
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4192:
4152:
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4054:
4009:
3912:
3908:
3895:
3758:
3712:
3708:
3679:
3601:
3411:
3379:
3354:
3273:Prison abolition movement
3231:Florida Justice Institute
3207:
3011:
2926:
2886:
2805:
2752:
2627:
2618:
2549:
2503:
1800:10.1007/s10746-011-9182-0
1767:10.1177/00328855211069142
1244:A police bus used by the
1218:
22:Prisoner (disambiguation)
4872:Pre-industrial East Asia
3324:The Prison Phoenix Trust
2768:Administrative detention
2444:Prisoner Search in U.S.A
2119:Bright, Charles (1996).
1955:Clemmer, Donald (1940).
1934:10.1177/1462474506067565
1921:Punishment & Society
1718:10.1177/0306624X07309720
1677:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica.
1621:Prison Security Act 1992
1426:psychiatric institutions
1300:
1147:Inmates in a prison yard
1050:Concentration and Memory
925:Prison Security Act 1992
159:Differential association
3920:Administrative detainee
3402:Films featuring prisons
3259:Mount Tamalpais College
2913:Prisoner-of-war escapes
2643:Corrective labor colony
2186:(2): 26. Archived from
1893:Theoretical Criminology
1747:Walters, G. D. (2022).
1383:laws and customs of war
1183:Be loyal to your class.
1105:The Society of Captives
966:To Visit the Imprisoned
912:while he was imprisoned
219:Symbolic interactionism
29:Inmate (disambiguation)
4336:
3036:Contemplative programs
2743:Youth detention center
2595:Prisoner of conscience
2238:Contemporary Sociology
2213:Cite journal requires
2067:Sociological Quarterly
1402:Prisoner of conscience
1297:
1265:
1257:
1207:Never talk to a screw.
1195:Don't exploit inmates.
1177:Keep off a man's back.
1156:
1148:
1124:
1038:Perceptual Distortions
978:
913:
858:
199:Social disorganization
4877:Pre-industrial Europe
3287:Prison-Ashram Project
2405:Grassian, S. (1983).
2289:10.1086/ahr.115.1.246
1780:Guenther, L. (2011).
1567:. Merriam-webster.com
1474:Detention of suspects
1373:. They can be either
1295:
1263:
1243:
1234:Further information:
1154:
1146:
1118:
997:Psychological effects
964:
948:Criminal Law Act 1967
900:
849:
708:Biosocial criminology
415:Uniform Crime Reports
134:Biosocial criminology
4734: or countries
4545:By country or region
3783:Class discrimination
3471:Ireland, Republic of
3161:Solitary confinement
2722:Prisoner-of-war camp
1957:The Prison Community
1816:The New Punitiveness
1101:The Prison Community
1008:solitary confinement
923:In section 1 of the
583:Solitary confinement
68:create a new article
60:improve this article
20:For other uses, see
4944:Criminals by status
4266:Vanniar (Chieftain)
3338:Prison Reform Trust
1389:Political prisoners
1171:Never rat on a con.
1012:sensory deprivation
773:Radical criminology
144:Collective efficacy
4847:18th-century Spain
4701:Standard of living
4405:Upper middle class
4400:Lower middle class
3991:Political prisoner
3773:Chattering classes
3745:Spoon class theory
3345:WriteAPrisoner.com
3108:Protective custody
2657:Extermination camp
2588:Political prisoner
2449:2020-08-12 at the
2419:Haney, C. (1993).
1656:Glanville Williams
1602:. 1636. Page 202.
1534:Prisoner's dilemma
1410:sexual orientation
1307:Civilian internees
1298:
1266:
1258:
1246:Maharashtra Police
1210:Have a connection.
1157:
1149:
1125:
1087:Stockholm syndrome
1081:Stockholm syndrome
979:
968:by Flemish artist
914:
883:physical restraint
865:(also known as an
859:
4916:
4915:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4727:
4726:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4428:Lumpenproletariat
3930:illegal immigrant
3891:
3890:
3803:Classless society
3633:
3632:
3569:England and Wales
3309:Prison Legal News
3294:Prison Fellowship
3252:Justice Defenders
2922:
2921:
2526:Prison healthcare
2439:ACLU on Detainees
2382:Our World in Data
2315:978-0-7637-2904-2
2132:978-0-472-10732-2
2105:978-0-7637-2904-2
2051:978-0-275-95895-4
1853:978-0-393-63508-9
1826:978-1-134-01855-0
1644:Sweet and Maxwell
1539:Prisoners' rights
1225:Prisoners' rights
1192:Don't bring heat.
1189:Do your own time.
844:
843:
590:
589:
527:Prisoners' rights
431:Positivist school
96:
95:
88:
70:, as appropriate.
4951:
4906:
4905:
4733:
4634:Mexican-American
4562:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4540:
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4341:
4284:Business magnate
4174:Knowledge worker
4059:
4058:
3947:dual or multiple
3910:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3851:Social exclusion
3846:Social cleansing
3760:
3710:
3709:
3699:Economic classes
3660:
3653:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3594:
3585:
3578:
3576:Northern Ireland
3571:
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2872:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2798:
2791:
2784:
2782:Maximum security
2777:
2770:
2763:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2680:
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2172:
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2155:
2149:
2146:Thomas Mathiesen
2143:
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2116:
2110:
2109:
2089:
2083:
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2056:
2055:
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1994:
1988:
1987:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
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1777:
1771:
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1744:
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1737:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1660:Learning the Law
1653:
1647:
1636:O. Hood Phillips
1633:
1627:
1617:
1611:
1600:Termes de la Ley
1593:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1529:Prisoner support
1452:
1447:
1446:
1430:internment camps
1377:affiliated with
1367:Prisoners of war
1347:prisoners of war
1286:prison education
1276:which prohibits
1274:Eighth Amendment
977:
974:
970:Cornelis de Wael
836:
829:
822:
469:
468:
426:Crime statistics
352:
116:
98:
97:
91:
84:
80:
77:
71:
43:
42:
35:
32:
25:
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4835:
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4695:
4662:
4646:Underprivileged
4588:
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4522:
4452:
4409:
4369:
4351:
4270:
4188:
4148:
4050:
4005:
3904:
3903:
3887:
3866:Social position
3856:Social mobility
3754:
3704:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3634:
3629:
3617:
3605:
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3189:Women in prison
3187:
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3173:
3166:
3159:
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3145:
3136:
3129:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3092:Private prisons
3090:
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2787:
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2759:
2753:Security levels
2748:
2741:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2713:
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2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
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2607:
2602:Prisoner of war
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2499:
2494:
2451:Wayback Machine
2430:
2402:
2400:Further reading
2397:
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2375:
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2250:10.2307/2064132
2230:
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2203:
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2196:
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2117:
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2106:
2090:
2086:
2063:
2059:
2052:
2036:
2032:
2017:10.2307/1136755
1995:
1991:
1984:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1866:
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1861:
1854:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1811:
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1778:
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1689:The Slave Trade
1686:
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1666:
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1650:
1634:
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1614:
1594:
1590:
1583:
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1563:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1524:Older prisoners
1464:Civil liberties
1448:
1441:
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1303:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1141:
1096:
1083:
1004:
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975:
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840:
811:
810:
786:
778:
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703:Anthropological
693:
685:
684:
600:
592:
591:
466:
456:
455:
405:Critical theory
390:
382:
381:
362:State-corporate
350:
273:
262:
261:
257:Archibald Reiss
252:Cesare Lombroso
237:
236:Major theorists
229:
228:
204:Social learning
184:Rational choice
174:Labeling theory
154:Criminalization
124:
92:
81:
75:
72:
57:
44:
40:
33:
26:
19:
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11:
5:
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4852:Ancient Greece
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4719:Home-ownership
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4576:
4574:American Dream
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3998:
3993:
3988:
3986:Migrant worker
3983:
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3966:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3905:
3902:By demographic
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3882:Status Anxiety
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Ranked society
3833:
3828:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:Class conflict
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3761: topics
3756:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3735:Mudsill theory
3732:
3727:
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3373:
3366:
3363:Rehabilitation
3358:
3356:
3355:Leaving prison
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
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3255:
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3245:Justice Action
3241:
3234:
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3224:Black and Pink
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3209:
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2897:Prison escapes
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2428:External links
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2244:(3): 349â350.
2224:
2215:|journal=
2167:
2150:
2138:
2131:
2111:
2104:
2084:
2057:
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2030:
2011:(6): 861â872.
1989:
1983:978-0691130644
1982:
1962:
1947:
1928:(4): 395â421.
1883:
1859:
1852:
1832:
1825:
1805:
1794:(3): 257â276.
1772:
1754:Prison Journal
1739:
1693:
1687:Thomas, Hugh:
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1544:Prison uniform
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1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1437:
1434:
1418:police custody
1414:
1413:
1399:
1392:
1386:
1364:
1358:
1340:
1329:federal inmate
1318:
1302:
1299:
1231:
1228:
1223:Main article:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1198:Don't cop out.
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1174:Don't be nosy.
1172:
1169:
1165:
1140:
1137:
1121:Newgate Prison
1095:
1094:Inmate culture
1092:
1082:
1079:
1058:
1057:
1056:Overt Paranoia
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
958:
955:
906:Johan Adamsson
904:serial killer
894:
891:
855:Newgate Prison
842:
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
798:
793:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
770:
765:
760:
758:Organizational
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
681:
680:
675:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
601:
598:
597:
594:
593:
588:
587:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
568:Transformative
565:
560:
552:
551:
544:
543:
542:
541:
536:
534:Rehabilitation
531:
530:
529:
524:
522:Prisoner abuse
514:
513:
512:
507:
502:
492:
487:
485:Incapacitation
482:
477:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
391:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
321:
320:
310:
309:
308:
303:
295:
294:
293:
288:
283:
274:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:
254:
249:
244:
242:Ămile Durkheim
238:
235:
234:
231:
230:
227:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Social control
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
149:Crime analysis
146:
141:
139:Broken windows
136:
131:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
109:
108:
94:
93:
54:of the subject
52:worldwide view
47:
45:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4956:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4831:United States
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:Other regions
4730:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4692:
4689:
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4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
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4673:
4671:
4669:
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4640:
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4627:
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4610:
4608:
4605:
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4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
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4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:United States
4554:
4550:
4541:
4537:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
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4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
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4418:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Socioeconomic
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:Social stigma
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Social orphan
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3819:Nouveau riche
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3793:Class traitor
3791:
3789:
3788:Class society
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3725:Gilbert model
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3625:
3616:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3593:
3592:United States
3589:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:Organizations
3206:
3197:
3196:United States
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3138:United States
3135:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3122:United States
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3099:United States
3096:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:Mobile phones
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3027:United States
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:Social issues
3010:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2956:United States
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:Trusty system
2867:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
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2755:
2751:
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2737:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:Incarceration
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2353:
2346:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2207:
2193:on 2015-09-24
2189:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1819:. Routledge.
1818:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:Human Studies
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:(6): 622â40.
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1645:
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1626:
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1597:
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1566:
1560:
1556:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
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1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:Incarceration
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Foot whipping
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:United States
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1230:United States
1226:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:Panic Attacks
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
994:
993:-like tribe.
992:
988:
984:
971:
967:
963:
954:
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
933:legal custody
930:
926:
921:
919:
911:
910:Johan Knutson
907:
903:
899:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
856:
852:
848:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
815:
814:
807:
804:
802:
801:Organizations
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
782:
781:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
748:Environmental
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
689:
688:
679:
676:
674:
671:
670:
668:
666:
665:Postmodernist
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:Neo-classical
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:Environmental
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
602:
596:
595:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
558:Participatory
556:
555:
554:
553:
549:
546:
545:
540:
537:
535:
532:
528:
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
465:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
421:
420:Crime mapping
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
386:
385:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
367:Transnational
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
335:International
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
319:
316:
315:
314:
311:
307:
304:
302:
299:
298:
296:
292:
289:
287:
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2715:Penal colony
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1615:
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1604:Digital copy
1596:John Rastell
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247:Hans Eysenck
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4518:Untouchable
4443:Proletariat
4433:Pea-pickers
4383:Bourgeoisie
4071:Aristocracy
3957:naturalized
3952:native-born
3499:North Korea
3492:New Zealand
3085:Pay-to-stay
2512:Criminology
1872:www.ojp.gov
1424:, those in
1333:federal law
1119:A scene in
989:enslaved a
983:Lower Egypt
976: 1640
893:English law
889:in prison.
743:Development
718:Criminology
640:Integrative
578:Utilitarian
573:Retributive
563:Restorative
550:in penology
436:Qualitative
410:Ethnography
395:Comparative
301:Blue-collar
224:Victimology
179:Psychopathy
102:Criminology
4923:Categories
4791:Luxembourg
4681:Inequality
4346:Superclass
4137:Hereditary
4113:Post-Roman
4104:Patrician
3974:adolescent
3798:Classicide
3413:By country
3050:Informants
2965:Literature
2904:Helicopter
2863:Sally port
2828:Commissary
2806:Components
2699:Chain gang
2685:Labor camp
2671:Internment
2636:Black site
2533:Punishment
2409:, 140(11).
2336:2012-04-19
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2197:2011-04-09
2073:(4): 576.
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1877:2023-11-14
1571:2012-04-19
1551:References
1450:Law portal
1379:combatants
918:imprisoned
738:Demography
660:Positivist
539:Recidivism
480:Deterrence
372:Victimless
214:Subculture
4816:Sri Lanka
4709:Education
4676:Household
4569:Affluence
4504:Rat tribe
4466:Ant tribe
4438:Precariat
4423:Lazzaroni
4365:Bohemians
4326:Overclass
4321:Old money
4257:Spartiate
4232:Kshatriya
4222:Hashashin
4179:Professor
4120:Political
4093:Oligarchy
4083:Hanseaten
4001:Stateless
3981:Convicted
3913:By status
3876:Subaltern
3808:Euthenics
3740:New class
3422:Australia
3154:Sexuality
3043:Education
3002:Tattooing
2796:Death row
2692:Battalion
2551:Prisoners
1942:145696051
1913:145534095
1469:Detention
1375:civilians
1343:Detainees
1311:civilians
1213:Be sharp.
1201:Be tough.
1074:symptoms.
763:Political
692:Subfields
615:Classical
605:Anarchist
500:abolition
400:Profiling
345:Political
340:Organized
325:Corporate
313:Cold case
269:Types of
64:talk page
4934:Penology
4908:Category
4840:Historic
4761:Colombia
4751:Cambodia
4686:Personal
4584:Mobility
4513:Freedman
4499:Plebeian
4485:Prisoner
4471:Commoner
4357:Creative
4338:Seigneur
4304:Nobility
4262:Vanniyar
4247:Pendekar
4207:Cossacks
3841:Snobbery
3713:Theories
3583:Scotland
3218:(Brazil)
3182:Violence
3131:Religion
2972:American
2821:Cemetery
2789:Supermax
2708:Military
2650:Debtors'
2574:Detainee
2567:Criminal
2519:Penology
2447:Archived
1734:10433547
1726:18025074
1436:See also
1398:illegal.
1361:Hostages
1355:criminal
1351:suspects
1321:Convicts
1186:Be cool.
1123:, London
887:sentence
871:detainee
863:prisoner
796:Journals
723:Critical
713:Conflict
698:American
669:Realism
635:Feminist
625:Critical
620:Conflict
517:Prisoner
464:Penology
330:Juvenile
281:Humanity
277:Against
164:Deviance
106:penology
76:May 2021
58:You may
4811:Romania
4806:Nigeria
4691:Poverty
4594:Classes
4579:History
4490:Peasant
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4415:Working
4395:Burgher
4252:Samurai
4242:OcÄlĆtl
4202:Chhetri
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3831:Poverty
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3759:Related
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3624:Commons
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3550:Ukraine
3478:Jamaica
3457:Iceland
3450:Germany
3443:Estonia
3395:Prisons
3175:Suicide
3168:Strikes
2927:Culture
2856:Officer
2849:Nursery
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2729:Private
2620:Prisons
2581:Hostage
2560:Convict
2504:Science
2387:6 March
2258:2064132
2025:1136755
1489:Hostage
957:History
902:Finnish
873:) is a
728:Culture
650:Marxist
645:Italian
610:Chicago
599:Schools
548:Justice
389:Methods
318:Perfect
4766:France
4746:Belize
4741:Africa
4668:Income
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4388:Petite
4375:Middle
4309:Landed
4294:Gentry
4227:Knight
4167:Priest
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875:person
867:inmate
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785:Browse
768:Public
510:reform
495:Prison
297:Class
286:Person
209:Strain
129:Anomie
123:Theory
4862:Aztec
4821:Tibet
4796:Nepal
4786:Italy
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2628:Types
2609:Slave
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