248:
outstrips that of the dog or cat. This evidence is all the more impressive when one considers that most children do not receive reliable corrections for grammatical errors. Indeed, even children who for medical reasons cannot produce speech, and therefore have no possibility of producing an error in the first place, have been found to master both the lexicon and the grammar of their community's language perfectly. The fact that children succeed at language acquisition even when their linguistic input is severely impoverished, as it is when no corrective feedback is available, is related to the argument from the
2519:
2545:
2532:
205:
typical five-year-old can already use most, if not all, of the grammatical structures that are found in the language of the surrounding community. Yet, the knowledge of grammar is tacit: Neither the five-year-old nor the adults in the community can easily articulate the principles of the grammar they are following. Experimental evidence shows that infants come equipped with presuppositions that allow them to acquire the rules of their language.
212:(or UG) is used for the purported innate biological properties of the human brain, whatever exactly they turn out to be, that are responsible for children's successful acquisition of a native language during the first few years of life. The person most strongly associated with the hypothesising of UG is
276:
Scientists ran tests on the neuronal circuits of several rats and ascertained that if the neuronal circuits had only been formed based on an individual's experience, the tests would bring about very different characteristics for each rat. However, the rats all displayed similar characteristics which
247:
The hypothesis that UG plays an essential role in normal child language acquisition arises from species differences: for example, children and household pets may be exposed to quite similar linguistic input, but by the age of three years, the child's ability to comprehend multi-word utterances vastly
352:
Paul
Griffiths, in "What is Innateness?", argues that innateness is too confusing a concept to be fruitfully employed as it confuses "empirically dissociated" concepts. In a previous paper, Griffiths argued that innateness specifically confuses these three distinct biological concepts: developmental
272:
are made when the experience of an individual is imprinted in the brain, making memories. Researchers at Blue Brain discovered a network of about fifty neurons which they believed were building blocks of more complex knowledge but contained basic innate knowledge that could be combined in different
324:
and behaviorist models of the era to easily account for how something as complex and sophisticated as a full-blown language could ever be learned. Indeed, several nativist arguments were inspired by
Chomsky's assertion that children could not learn complicated grammar based on the linguistic input
243:
is a tightly constrained point of variation. In the early 1980s parameters were often conceptualized as switches in a switchbox (an idea attributed to James
Higginbotham). In more recent research on syntax, parameters are often conceptualized as options for the formal features of functional heads.
319:
Some researchers argue that the premises of linguistic nativism were motivated by outdated considerations and need reconsidering. For example, nativism was at least partially motivated by the perception that statistical inferences made from experience were insufficient to account for the complex
204:
Research on the human capacity for language aims to provide support for a nativist view. Language is a species characteristic of humans: No human society has ever been discovered that does not employ a language, and all medically able children acquire at least one language in early childhood. The
195:
A number of other theorists have disagreed with these claims. Instead, they have outlined alternative theories of how modularization might emerge over the course of development, as a result of a system gradually refining and fine-tuning its responses to environmental stimuli.
353:
fixity, species nature, and intended outcome. Developmental fixity refers to how insensitive a trait is to environmental input, species nature reflects what it is to be an organism of a certain kind, and the intended outcome is how an organism is meant to develop.
54:
only to the extent that the algorithms that translate experience into information may be more complex and specialized in nativist theories than in empiricist theories. However, empiricists largely remain open to the nature of
277:
suggest that their neuronal circuits must have been established previously to their experiences. The Blue Brain
Project research suggests that some of the "building blocks" of knowledge are genetic and present at birth.
315:
remarked that "Chomsky was and is a rationalist; he had no uses for experimental analyses or data of any sort that pertained to language, and even experimental psycholinguistics was and is of little interest to him".
83:
from perceptual input. The most one could hope to infer is that two events happen in succession or simultaneously. One response to this argument involves positing that concepts not supplied by experience, such as
344:
marks another avenue of recent research, which suggests that children may be able to rapidly learn how to use new words by generalizing about the usage of similar words that they already know (see also the
178:
that confers a somewhat universal understanding of syntax that all neurologically healthy humans are born with, which is fine-tuned by an individual's experience with their native language. In
31:
view, which states that the brain has inborn capabilities for learning from the environment but does not contain content such as innate beliefs. This factor contributes to the ongoing
184:(2002), Pinker similarly cites the linguistic capabilities of children, relative to the amount of direct instruction they receive, as evidence that humans have an inborn facility for
311:
predictions, and has been compared by some empiricists to a pseudoscience or nefarious brand of "psychological creationism". As influential psychologist
1043:
46:
Some nativists believe that specific beliefs or preferences are "hard-wired". For example, one might argue that some moral intuitions are innate or that
1390:
1247:
216:, although the idea of Universal Grammar has clear historical antecedents at least as far back as the 1300s, in the form of the Speculative Grammar of
1215:
337:
303:
the supposedly innate information might actually be coded for in the genes.) Further, modern nativist theory makes little in the way of specific
50:
are innate. A less established argument is that nature supplies the human mind with specialized learning devices. This latter view differs from
1109:
McDonald, S. & Ramscar, M. (2001). "Testing the distributional hypothesis: The influence of context on judgements of semantic similarity".
27:
is the view that certain skills or abilities are "native" or hard-wired into the brain at birth. This is in contrast to the "blank slate" or
2577:
1139:
Lewis, J. D. & Elman, J. (2001). "Learnability and the statistical structure of language: Poverty of stimulus arguments revisited".
703:
Fourcin, A.J. (1975), "Language development in the absence of expressive speech", in
Lenneberg, Eric H.; Lenneberg, Elizabeth (eds.),
2091:
2379:
1981:
602:
1951:
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1605:
1208:
578:
547:
2071:
1279:
1851:
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1703:
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162:(specialised genetically inherited psychological abilities) that allow them to learn and acquire certain skills, such as
2511:
2463:
2096:
1482:
1235:
1165:
1044:"Linguistic self-correction in the absence of feedback: A new approach to the logical problem of language acquisition"
603:"What infants know about syntax but couldn't have learned: experimental evidence for syntactic structure at 18 months"
1891:
170:
demonstrate a facility for acquiring spoken language but require intensive training to learn to read and write. This
2524:
2131:
1916:
1708:
1201:
423:
Karmiloff-Smith, Annette (October 1998). "Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders".
2582:
2126:
2106:
1819:
1564:
1272:
1267:
1240:
466:
Quartz, S. R.; Sejnowski, T. J. (1997). "The neural basis of cognitive development: a constructivist manifesto".
232:
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2384:
2344:
2299:
2006:
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observation became a principal component of
Chomsky's argument for a "language organ"—a genetically inherited
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2141:
2121:
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1509:
1378:
1319:
763:
71:
Nativism has a history in philosophy, particularly as a reaction to the straightforward empiricist views of
2304:
2076:
1896:
1519:
1487:
1395:
688:
Brown, Roger; Hanlon, Camille (1970), "Derivational complexity and order of acquisition in child speech",
2550:
2116:
1351:
373:
326:
2011:
1881:
1861:
1640:
1385:
747:
Elman, J. L.; Bates, E. A.; Karmiloff-Smith, A.; Johnson, M. H.; Parisi, D. & Plunkett, K. (1996).
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1911:
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228:
107:
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156:
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2001:
1991:
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368:
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171:
97:
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939:
845:
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1941:
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383:
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ways. Kant claimed that humans, from birth, must experience all objects as being successive (
32:
289:, as there is no fixed definition of when an ability is supposed to be judged "innate". (As
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1946:
1814:
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1610:
1574:
1468:
1438:
1257:
1020:
882:
185:
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transmit signals despite an individual's experience. It had been previously assumed that
8:
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2258:
2043:
1961:
1502:
1446:
1373:
746:
388:
128:
124:
36:
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1996:
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1331:
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1304:
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they typically receive, and must therefore have an innate language-learning module, or
261:
224:
175:
621:
436:
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2314:
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633:
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574:
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493:
440:
403:
209:
47:
961:
830:
790:"From Exemplar to Grammar: A Probabilistic Analogy-Based Model of Language Learning"
645:
452:
1743:
1684:
1473:
1416:
1180:
1141:
Proceedings of the 26th Annual Boston
University Conference on Language Development
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1068:
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617:
505:
485:
432:
398:
217:
56:
1615:
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2030:
1986:
1966:
1839:
1555:
1534:
1289:
564:
378:
180:
131:(1788–1860) agreed with Kant, but reduced the number of innate categories to one—
120:
231:(P&P) framework was the dominant formulation of UG before Chomsky's current
1976:
1956:
1866:
1559:
1451:
1326:
286:
269:
252:, and is another claim for a central role of UG in child language acquisition.
1072:
977:"Indirect Evidence and the Poverty of the Stimulus: The Case of Anaphoric One"
975:
Foraker, S.; Regier, T.; Khetarpal, N.; Perfors, A.; Tenenbaum, J. B. (2009).
859:
489:
59:
and are by no means restricted to the historical associationist mechanisms of
2566:
2478:
2421:
2411:
1971:
1791:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1581:
1550:
1539:
1529:
1456:
1358:
1252:
677:, Current Studies in Linguistics Series, vol. 45, 2008, pp. 133–166
629:
340:
and techniques to the question of language acquisition, with marked success.
290:
152:
92:
953:
239:
is a grammatical requirement that is meant to apply to all languages, and a
2268:
1569:
1546:
1184:
1080:
1005:
867:
815:
705:
Foundations of
Language Development: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Volume 2
637:
497:
444:
213:
148:
1193:
1111:
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual
Conference of the Cognitive Science Society
901:
320:
languages humans develop. In part, this was a reaction to the failure of
2407:
2319:
2263:
2101:
1886:
1585:
1404:
321:
304:
144:
60:
40:
28:
79:. Hume had given persuasive logical arguments that people cannot infer
2354:
2349:
2066:
1801:
1341:
159:
76:
72:
51:
20:
2016:
132:
85:
80:
2468:
2228:
1933:
540:
Beyond
Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science
308:
189:
167:
163:
273:
more complex ways to give way to acquired knowledge, like memory.
2369:
749:
Rethinking Innateness: Connectionism in a Developmental Framework
265:
88:, must exist prior to any experience and hence must be innate.
974:
566:
An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition
116:
519:
Bates, E. A.; Elman, J. L. (1997). "Learning rediscovered".
112:
102:
1018:
601:
Lidz, Jeffrey; Waxman, Sandra; Freedman, Jennifer (2003).
1126:
Language Learning Through Similarity-Based Generalization
155:(b. 1954), who argue that humans from birth have certain
39:
the subconscious operations of the brain, especially the
925:"Searching for arguments to support linguistic nativism"
1108:
1041:
285:
Nativism is sometimes perceived as being too vague to
127:
that the mind can attribute to any object in general.
1138:
716:
714:
336:
Many empiricists are now also trying to apply modern
883:"Empirical assessment of stimulus poverty arguments"
143:
Modern nativism is most associated with the work of
1143:. Vol. 1. Cascadilla Press. pp. 359–370.
661:
Knowledge of Language: Its nature, origins, and use
828:
711:
600:
35:dispute, one borne from the current difficulty of
562:
2564:
783:
781:
537:
465:
422:
333:argument is controversial within linguistics.
1209:
658:
922:
880:
778:
761:
1223:
1123:
687:
255:
1216:
1202:
1032:Contemporary debates in cognitive science.
1019:Scholz, B. C. & Pullum, G. K. (2006).
663:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 146.
518:
1163:
1148:
1062:
1028:Contemporary debates in cognitive science
995:
943:
849:
805:
690:Cognition and the development of language
479:
2380:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1102:
829:Christiansen, M. H.; Chater, N. (2008).
755:
1117:
1035:
702:
2565:
1042:Ramscar, M. & Yarlett, D. (2007).
720:
569:. Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics.
1872:Psychological effects of Internet use
1197:
923:Scholz, B. C.; Pullum, G. K. (2002).
881:Pullum, G. K.; Scholz, B. C. (2002).
740:
774:(3). American Psychological Society.
563:Crain, S.; Lillo-Martin, D. (1999).
1852:Digital media use and mental health
787:
723:"New evidence for innate knowledge"
13:
2578:Linguistic theories and hypotheses
1483:Automatic and controlled processes
1157:
1128:(PhD Thesis). Stanford University.
707:, Academic Press, pp. 263–268
16:View in psychology about the brain
14:
2594:
1892:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
838:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
831:"Language as shaped by the brain"
538:Karmiloff-Smith, Annette (1996).
2543:
2530:
2518:
2517:
1917:Mobile phones and driving safety
1021:"Irrational nativist exuberance"
997:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01014.x
807:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01031.x
721:Pousaz, Lionel (15 March 2011).
66:
1820:Computer-mediated communication
1132:
1012:
968:
916:
874:
822:
696:
342:Similarity-based generalization
260:Neuroscientists working on the
135:—which presupposes the others.
2097:Empathising–systemising theory
1400:female intrasexual competition
1337:Evolutionarily stable strategy
764:"What happened to Behaviorism"
681:
667:
652:
594:
556:
531:
512:
459:
416:
293:and colleagues pointed out in
235:. In the P&P framework, a
1:
2457:Standard social science model
1510:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
622:10.1016/s0010-0277(03)00116-1
468:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
437:10.1016/s1364-6613(98)01230-3
410:
138:
2305:Missing heritability problem
1897:Social aspects of television
1520:Evolution of nervous systems
1488:Computational theory of mind
542:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
425:Trends in Cognitive Sciences
280:
7:
2551:Evolutionary biology portal
1026:. In R. J. Stainton (ed.).
751:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
616:(3). Elsevier BV: 295–303.
374:Genetic memory (psychology)
356:
327:language acquisition device
199:
10:
2599:
2512:Evolutionary psychologists
2385:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
2300:Human–animal communication
2012:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
1862:Imprinted brain hypothesis
1830:Human–computer interaction
313:Henry L. Roediger III
95:(1724–1804) argued in his
2506:
2432:Environmental determinism
2403:Cultural selection theory
2395:
2290:Evolutionary epistemology
2277:
2204:evolutionary neuroscience
2166:
2159:
2057:
1932:
1877:Rank theory of depression
1800:
1724:
1626:
1432:
1425:
1379:Parent–offspring conflict
1288:
1231:
1073:10.1080/03640210701703576
860:10.1017/S0140525X08004998
490:10.1017/s0140525x97001581
347:distributional hypothesis
229:principles and parameters
105:knows objects in innate,
2325:Cultural group selection
2209:Biocultural anthropology
1902:Societal impacts of cars
1835:Media naturalness theory
1525:Fight-or-flight response
1164:Griffiths, Paul (2002).
299:, it is unclear exactly
256:Relation to neuroscience
2525:Evolutionary psychology
2489:Sociocultural evolution
2330:Dual inheritance theory
1787:Personality development
1248:Theoretical foundations
1225:Evolutionary psychology
954:10.1515/tlir.19.1-2.185
369:Evolutionary psychology
331:poverty of the stimulus
250:poverty of the stimulus
172:poverty of the stimulus
119:). His list of inborn
98:Critique of Pure Reason
2583:Psychological theories
2447:Social constructionism
2442:Psychological nativism
2417:Biological determinism
2365:Recent human evolution
2360:Punctuated equilibrium
2183:Behavioral epigenetics
2178:evolutionary economics
2147:Variability hypothesis
2092:Emotional intelligence
1825:Engineering psychology
1515:Evolution of the brain
1185:10.5840/monist20028518
659:Chomsky, Noam (1986).
329:. However, Chomsky's
2573:Linguistic universals
2474:Multilineal evolution
2437:Nature versus nurture
2396:Theoretical positions
2244:Functional psychology
2239:Evolutionary medicine
2214:Biological psychiatry
1922:Texting while driving
1912:Lead–crime hypothesis
1772:Cognitive development
1757:Caregiver deprivation
1268:Gene selection theory
1166:"What is Innateness?"
902:10.1515/tlir.19.1-2.9
890:The Linguistic Review
762:Roediger, R. (2004).
384:Innateness hypothesis
296:Rethinking Innateness
33:nature versus nurture
2427:Cultural determinism
2234:Evolutionary biology
2219:Cognitive psychology
2167:Academic disciplines
1815:Cognitive ergonomics
1782:Language acquisition
1762:Childhood attachment
1575:Wason selection task
1469:Behavioral modernity
1258:Cognitive revolution
1241:Evolutionary thought
1124:Yarlett, D. (2008).
2494:Unilineal evolution
2259:Population genetics
2044:Sexy son hypothesis
1982:Hormonal motivation
1962:Concealed ovulation
1503:Dual process theory
1374:Parental investment
1113:. pp. 611–616.
389:Neuroconstructivism
176:neurological module
129:Arthur Schopenhauer
57:learning algorithms
37:reverse engineering
2452:Social determinism
2335:Fisher's principle
2295:Great ape language
2285:Cultural evolution
2254:Philosophy of mind
2087:Division of labour
2049:Westermarck effect
1997:Mating preferences
1907:Distracted driving
1641:Literary criticism
1498:Domain specificity
1478:modularity of mind
692:, Wiley, p. 8
394:Origin of language
364:Domain specificity
262:Blue Brain Project
233:Minimalist Program
225:generative grammar
186:speech acquisition
115:) and juxtaposed (
2560:
2559:
2538:Psychology portal
2502:
2501:
2345:Hologenome theory
2315:Unit of selection
2310:Primate cognition
2224:Cognitive science
2155:
2154:
2026:Sexual attraction
2002:Mating strategies
1767:Cinderella effect
1697:Moral foundations
1601:Visual perception
1493:Domain generality
1462:Facial expression
1410:Sexual dimorphism
1369:Natural selection
1315:Hamiltonian spite
1051:Cognitive Science
984:Cognitive Science
932:Linguistic Review
794:Cognitive Science
580:978-0-631-19536-8
549:978-0-262-61114-5
404:Psycholinguistics
270:neuronal circuits
210:universal grammar
48:color preferences
2590:
2547:
2534:
2521:
2520:
2164:
2163:
2160:Related subjects
1947:Adult attachment
1474:Cognitive module
1430:
1429:
1417:Social selection
1391:Costly signaling
1386:Sexual selection
1273:Modern synthesis
1218:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1098:on 12 July 2010.
1097:
1091:. Archived from
1066:
1048:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
981:
972:
966:
965:
947:
938:(1–2): 185–223.
929:
920:
914:
913:
887:
878:
872:
871:
853:
835:
826:
820:
819:
809:
785:
776:
775:
759:
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738:
737:
735:
733:
718:
709:
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700:
694:
693:
685:
679:
678:
671:
665:
664:
656:
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649:
607:
598:
592:
591:
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587:
560:
554:
553:
535:
529:
528:
516:
510:
509:
483:
463:
457:
456:
420:
399:Origin of speech
264:discovered that
218:Thomas of Erfurt
91:The philosopher
19:In the field of
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2498:
2484:Neoevolutionism
2391:
2375:Species complex
2340:Group selection
2278:Research topics
2273:
2249:Neuropsychology
2151:
2137:Substance abuse
2059:Sex differences
2053:
1967:Coolidge effect
1928:
1840:Neuroergonomics
1805:
1796:
1720:
1622:
1556:Folk psychology
1437:
1421:
1291:
1284:
1227:
1222:
1192:
1168:
1162:
1158:
1137:
1133:
1122:
1118:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1064:10.1.1.501.4207
1046:
1040:
1036:
1023:
1017:
1013:
979:
973:
969:
945:10.1.1.562.7362
927:
921:
917:
885:
879:
875:
851:10.1.1.379.3136
833:
827:
823:
788:Bod, R (2009).
786:
779:
760:
756:
745:
741:
731:
729:
719:
712:
701:
697:
686:
682:
673:
672:
668:
657:
653:
605:
599:
595:
585:
583:
581:
561:
557:
550:
536:
532:
517:
513:
481:10.1.1.117.8765
464:
460:
431:(10): 389–398.
421:
417:
413:
408:
379:Hereditarianism
359:
338:learning models
283:
258:
202:
181:The Blank Slate
166:. For example,
151:(b. 1928), and
141:
101:that the human
69:
17:
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5:
2596:
2586:
2585:
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2575:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2507:
2504:
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2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
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2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2460:
2459:
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2424:
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2367:
2362:
2357:
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2347:
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2332:
2327:
2322:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
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2287:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2272:
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2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2189:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2028:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1867:Mind-blindness
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1718:
1713:
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1700:
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1689:
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1650:
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1632:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1560:theory of mind
1553:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1443:
1441:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Baldwin effect
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1198:
1191:
1190:
1156:
1131:
1116:
1101:
1057:(6): 927–960.
1034:
1011:
990:(2): 287–300.
967:
915:
873:
844:(5): 458–489.
821:
800:(5): 752–793.
777:
754:
739:
710:
695:
680:
666:
651:
593:
579:
555:
548:
530:
511:
458:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
358:
355:
287:be falsifiable
282:
279:
257:
254:
201:
198:
192:acquisition).
140:
137:
68:
65:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Neo-Darwinism
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2464:Functionalism
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Connectionism
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:indeterminism
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
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2338:
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2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2132:Schizophrenia
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Mental health
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Mate guarding
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Age disparity
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1882:Schizophrenia
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1807:Mental health
1803:
1802:Human factors
1799:
1793:
1792:Socialization
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:paternal bond
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1616:NaĂŻve physics
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:Motor control
1580:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1540:Ophidiophobia
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1530:Arachnophobia
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Display rules
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:Kin selection
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1253:Adaptationism
1251:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1151:
1150:10.1.1.1.1564
1146:
1142:
1135:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
978:
971:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
941:
937:
933:
926:
919:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:(1–2): 9–50.
895:
891:
884:
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
847:
843:
839:
832:
825:
817:
813:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
784:
782:
773:
769:
765:
758:
750:
743:
728:
724:
717:
715:
706:
699:
691:
684:
676:
670:
662:
655:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
597:
582:
576:
572:
568:
567:
559:
551:
545:
541:
534:
526:
522:
515:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
477:
474:(4): 537–56.
473:
469:
462:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
415:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
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390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
354:
350:
348:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
323:
317:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
291:Jeffrey Elman
288:
278:
274:
271:
267:
263:
253:
251:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
206:
197:
193:
191:
188:(but not for
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
153:Steven Pinker
150:
147:(1935–2017),
146:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:Immanuel Kant
89:
87:
82:
78:
74:
67:In philosophy
64:
62:
58:
53:
49:
44:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
2549:
2536:
2523:
2510:
2441:
2269:Sociobiology
2127:Neuroscience
2107:Intelligence
1653:Anthropology
1606:Color vision
1591:Multitasking
1570:Flynn effect
1565:Intelligence
1547:Folk biology
1290:Evolutionary
1176:
1172:
1159:
1140:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1093:the original
1054:
1050:
1037:
1027:
1014:
987:
983:
970:
935:
931:
918:
893:
889:
876:
841:
837:
824:
797:
793:
771:
767:
757:
748:
742:
730:. Retrieved
726:
704:
698:
689:
683:
674:
669:
660:
654:
613:
609:
596:
584:. Retrieved
565:
558:
539:
533:
527:: 1849–1850.
524:
520:
514:
471:
467:
461:
428:
424:
418:
351:
335:
318:
300:
294:
284:
275:
259:
246:
240:
236:
222:
214:Noam Chomsky
207:
203:
194:
179:
149:Noam Chomsky
142:
106:
96:
90:
70:
45:
24:
18:
2408:Determinism
2320:Coevolution
2264:Primatology
2102:Gender role
2007:Orientation
1887:Screen time
1744:Affectional
1726:Development
1405:Mate choice
1332:By-products
1300:Adaptations
1263:Cognitivism
586:15 November
322:behaviorism
305:falsifiable
145:Jerry Fodor
61:behaviorism
41:human brain
29:tabula rasa
2567:Categories
2355:Population
2350:Lamarckism
2196:behavioral
2174:Behavioral
2122:Narcissism
2067:Aggression
1857:Hypophobia
1847:Depression
1734:Attachment
1716:Universals
1680:Psychology
1658:Biological
1646:Musicology
1636:Aesthetics
1535:Basophobia
1342:Exaptation
1320:Reciprocal
732:2 December
411:References
139:Modularity
125:predicates
123:describes
121:categories
77:David Hume
73:John Locke
52:empiricism
21:psychology
2200:cognitive
2192:Affective
2077:Cognition
2031:Sexuality
2017:Pair bond
1777:Education
1434:Cognition
1352:Inclusive
1292:processes
1280:Criticism
1179:: 70–85.
1145:CiteSeerX
1059:CiteSeerX
940:CiteSeerX
910:143735248
846:CiteSeerX
675:On phases
630:0010-0277
610:Cognition
476:CiteSeerX
281:Criticism
241:parameter
237:principle
208:The term
157:cognitive
133:causality
86:causality
81:causality
2469:Memetics
2229:Ethology
2187:genetics
2022:Physical
1987:Jealousy
1942:Activity
1748:maternal
1704:Religion
1692:Morality
1670:Language
1551:taxonomy
1364:Mismatch
1310:Cheating
1305:Altruism
1081:21635323
1006:21585472
962:14589503
868:18826669
816:21585486
768:Observer
646:17321108
638:12963265
498:10097006
453:38117177
445:21227254
357:See also
309:testable
200:Language
190:literacy
168:children
164:language
108:a priori
25:nativism
2370:Species
2142:Suicide
1977:Fantasy
1957:Arousal
1739:Bonding
1628:Culture
1452:Display
1439:Emotion
1347:Fitness
1236:History
1089:2277787
521:Science
506:5818342
266:neurons
160:modules
2548:
2535:
2522:
2112:Memory
2072:Autism
2039:female
1972:Desire
1709:Origin
1685:Speech
1675:Origin
1447:Affect
1173:Monist
1147:
1087:
1079:
1061:
1004:
960:
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866:
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2082:Crime
1665:Crime
1596:Sleep
1586:skill
1426:Areas
1169:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1085:S2CID
1047:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
980:(PDF)
958:S2CID
928:(PDF)
906:S2CID
886:(PDF)
834:(PDF)
642:S2CID
606:(PDF)
571:Wiley
502:S2CID
449:S2CID
117:space
2035:male
1396:Male
1077:PMID
1002:PMID
864:PMID
812:PMID
734:2020
727:EPFL
634:PMID
626:ISSN
588:2021
575:ISBN
544:ISBN
494:PMID
441:PMID
307:and
227:the
113:time
103:mind
75:and
1934:Sex
1611:Eye
1181:doi
1069:doi
992:doi
950:doi
898:doi
856:doi
802:doi
618:doi
525:247
486:doi
433:doi
349:).
301:how
223:In
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1067:.
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1000:.
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956:.
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840:.
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796:.
792:.
780:^
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766:.
725:.
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632:.
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614:89
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484:.
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470:.
447:.
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220:.
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2198:/
2194:/
2185:/
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2033:/
2024:/
1804:/
1750:/
1746:/
1584:/
1558:/
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1436:/
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1183::
1153:.
1071::
1030:.
1008:.
994::
964:.
952::
912:.
900::
870:.
858::
818:.
804::
736:.
648:.
620::
590:.
552:.
508:.
488::
455:.
435::
429:2
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