331:, with no length distinction. In a number of daughter languages, successive sequences of vowels came together to produce long vowels and diphthongs, and in some languages these sounds later became phonemic.
141:. This same method has also been used to support the archaeological and ethnographic evidence which indicates that the ancestral homeland of the people who spoke Proto-Polynesian was in the vicinity of
1642:
1635:
1498:
1515:
1593:
1628:
1456:
130:
81:
17:
1674:
91:
1867:
2044:
1733:
134:
1402:
1365:
1328:
1291:
1254:
1218:
1183:
1147:
1110:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1019:
997:
992:
987:
982:
970:
965:
960:
948:
943:
938:
933:
921:
916:
911:
906:
894:
889:
877:
872:
860:
855:
850:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
700:
695:
683:
678:
666:
661:
656:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
590:
585:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
506:
501:
496:
484:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
328:
308:
292:
274:
260:
253:
248:
234:
229:
224:
212:
207:
202:
197:
1872:
1451:
122:
76:
1651:
1461:
1535:
2049:
1093:
955:
928:
1777:
1679:
1490:
1446:
126:
86:
1988:
1815:
138:
1482:
1088:
845:
491:
1757:
1724:
118:
46:
8:
1941:
1916:
1598:
1951:
1931:
1911:
1877:
1862:
1842:
1837:
1810:
1787:
1714:
867:
841:
175:
170:
157:
Proto-Polynesian has a small phonological inventory, with 13 consonants and 5 vowels.
1895:
1847:
1832:
1762:
1752:
1747:
1704:
1547:
1494:
1483:
1098:
1078:
1073:
977:
901:
774:
285:
185:
1882:
1083:
884:
1970:
1946:
1921:
1887:
1852:
1797:
1782:
1772:
1669:
1103:
690:
673:
1983:
1978:
1805:
1699:
1068:
1063:
1058:
580:
479:
412:
267:
180:
2022:
1936:
1767:
1709:
114:
2038:
1956:
1857:
1551:
1620:
1926:
1565:
Hockett, C.F. (May 1976), "The
Reconstruction of Proto-Central Pacific",
1011:
1010:
The following is a table of some sample vocabulary as it is represented
219:
303:
243:
1601:. However, the cognate remains in the second-person dual pronoun
1485:
Hawaiki, Ancestral
Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology
651:
192:
146:
142:
60:
56:
1523:. Pacific Linguistics 504. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
1517:Topics in Polynesian languages and culture history
2036:
1480:
1650:
1636:
1540:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics (TWPL)
1536:"The Phonetic Nature of Niuean Vowel Length"
1038:in all cases represents voiced alveolar tap
1481:Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Roger Green (2001).
27:Common ancestor of the Polynesian languages
1643:
1629:
129:have reconstructed the language using the
121:descend. It is a daughter language of the
334:
1564:
1489:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1014:in various languages. All instances of
14:
2037:
1583:Archaic: the modern Tahitian word for
1624:
1533:
1513:
964:
947:
833:
643:
461:
577:
771:
24:
2018:? indicates classification dispute
327:Proto-Polynesian had five vowels,
133:, in much the same manner as with
25:
2061:
1616:
1457:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language
1577:
1558:
1527:
1507:
1474:
1018:represent a glottal stop, IPA
13:
1:
1030:represent the single phoneme
1005:
160:
2015:* indicates proposed status
152:
7:
1927:Futuna-Aniwa (West Futunan)
1597:among Tahitians, a form of
1567:Anthropological Linguistics
1452:Proto-Austronesian language
1440:
123:Proto-Austronesian language
10:
2066:
117:from which all the modern
2010:
1969:
1904:
1825:
1796:
1743:
1732:
1723:
1695:
1688:
1662:
1658:
1652:Central Pacific languages
1591:, due to the practice of
1462:Proto-Philippine language
996:
959:
915:
876:
849:
828:
813:
808:
803:
798:
788:
783:
778:
764:
707:Proto-Eastern-Polynesian
706:
699:
689:
682:
677:
672:
660:
655:
650:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
584:
579:
570:
513:Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian
512:
490:
478:
471:
466:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
426:
421:
416:
411:
341:
322:
67:
52:
42:
37:
32:
1534:Rolle, Nicholas (2009).
1467:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
82:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
1922:Futunan (East Futunan)
1912:Wallisian (East Uvean)
1675:Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua
1447:Proto-Oceanic language
1050:Polynesian vocabulary
149:, and nearby islands.
113:) is the hypothetical
43:Reconstruction of
1605:, roughly translated
335:Sound correspondences
92:Proto-Central Pacific
2045:Polynesian languages
1514:Marck, Jeff (2000).
127:Historical linguists
119:Polynesian languages
63:, and nearby islands
47:Polynesian languages
1051:
1022:. All instances of
135:Proto-Indo-European
1873:Rakahanga-Manihiki
1868:Cook Islands Māori
1089:Cook Islands Māori
1049:
1024:⟨ng⟩
846:Cook Islands Māori
131:comparative method
77:Proto-Austronesian
2032:
2031:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1965:
1964:
1500:978-0-521-78309-5
1438:
1437:
1055:Proto-Polynesian
1036:⟨r⟩
1028:⟨g⟩
1016:⟨ʻ⟩
1003:
1002:
342:Proto-Polynesian
320:
319:
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
2057:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1692:
1660:
1659:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1610:
1599:linguistic taboo
1581:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1488:
1478:
1404:
1367:
1330:
1293:
1256:
1220:
1185:
1149:
1112:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:orthographically
999:
994:
989:
984:
972:
967:
962:
950:
945:
940:
935:
923:
918:
913:
908:
896:
891:
879:
874:
862:
857:
852:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
702:
697:
685:
680:
668:
663:
658:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
592:
587:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
508:
503:
498:
486:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
339:
338:
330:
310:
294:
276:
262:
255:
250:
236:
231:
226:
214:
209:
204:
199:
165:
164:
107:Proto-Polynesian
33:Proto-Polynesian
30:
29:
21:
18:Proto-Polynesian
2065:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2050:Proto-languages
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2027:
1994:
1961:
1900:
1821:
1792:
1735:
1719:
1684:
1654:
1649:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1582:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1443:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1008:
337:
329:/a//e//i//o//u/
325:
163:
155:
100:
72:
70:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:extinct status
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1778:Kapingamarangi
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1680:Western Fijian
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1617:External links
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227:
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215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
162:
159:
154:
151:
115:proto-language
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
75:
73:
68:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2062:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
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1448:
1445:
1444:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:metua, matua
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1034:. The letter
1013:
991:
986:
981:
979:
976:
975:
969:
957:
954:
953:
942:
937:
932:
930:
927:
926:
920:
910:
905:
903:
900:
899:
893:
888:
886:
883:
882:
871:
869:
866:
865:
859:
854:
847:
843:
840:
839:
823:
818:
793:
776:
773:
770:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
705:
694:
692:
688:
675:
671:
665:
653:
649:
603:
598:
589:
582:
576:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
511:
505:
500:
495:
493:
489:
483:
481:
477:
431:
414:
410:
340:
332:
316:
314:
312:
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:
296:
291:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
278:
273:
271:
269:
266:
265:
259:
257:
252:
247:
245:
242:
241:
238:
233:
228:
223:
221:
218:
217:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
166:
158:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:(abbreviated
108:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:Proto-Oceanic
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
74:
69:Reconstructed
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2021:† indicates
1816:Niuatoputapu
1606:
1602:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1573:(5): 187–235
1570:
1566:
1560:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1516:
1509:
1484:
1476:
1305:vi'e/vahine
1178:grey-haired
1094:S. Marquesan
1009:
956:S. Marquesan
929:N. Marquesan
652:East Futunan
326:
156:
139:Proto-Uralic
110:
106:
105:
1758:Ontong Java
1026:and Samoan
2039:Categories
1942:Rennellese
1917:West Uvean
1843:Mangarevan
1736:Polynesian
1725:Polynesian
1006:Vocabulary
161:Consonants
1989:Niuafo'ou
1952:Mele-Fila
1932:Pukapukan
1878:Tongareva
1863:Tuamotuan
1838:Marquesan
1811:Tokelauan
1788:Pukapukan
1715:Lomaiviti
1552:1718-3510
1164:hinahina
868:Tuamotuan
691:Nukuoroan
492:Niuafoʻou
244:Fricative
153:Phonology
71:ancestors
1896:Rapa Nui
1848:Tahitian
1833:Hawaiian
1763:Nukumanu
1753:Sikaiana
1748:Tuvaluan
1705:Gone Dau
1441:See also
1133:tangata
1130:tangata
1124:tangata
1118:tangata
1115:tangata
1099:Hawaiian
1079:Tahitian
1074:Rapa Nui
978:Hawaiian
902:Tahitian
775:Rapa Nui
674:Tikopian
176:Alveolar
171:Bilabial
1991: ?
1947:Tikopia
1905:Futunic
1888:Moriori
1853:Austral
1826:Eastern
1783:Nukuoro
1773:Nuguria
1734:Nuclear
1670:Rotuman
1607:you two
1360:parent
1342:matuʻa
1333:mātu'a
1329:*matuʔa
1320:wahine
1317:vehine
1314:vaʻine
1311:wahine
1308:vahine
1302:fafine
1299:fifine
1296:fefine
1292:*fafine
1249:flower
1213:mullet
1191:kanahe
1188:kanahe
1184:*kanahe
1142:person
1139:kanaka
1136:ʻenata
1127:ta'ata
1121:tagata
1111:*taŋata
1104:English
286:Lateral
193:Plosive
186:Glottal
1984:Niuean
1979:Tongan
1971:Tongic
1806:Samoan
1798:Samoic
1700:Fijian
1550:
1497:
1493:–119.
1434:three
1357:makua
1354:motua
1348:matua
1345:metua
1339:matua
1336:motua
1323:woman
1286:canoe
1246:kiele
1241:tiare
1238:tīare
1235:tiare
1232:tiare
1229:tiale
1226:tiale
1223:siale
1219:*tiale
1210:ʻanae
1205:kanae
1202:kanae
1199:'anae
1194:ʻanae
1069:Samoan
1064:Niuean
1059:Tongan
1042:, not
581:Samoan
480:Niuean
413:Tongan
323:Vowels
53:Region
1937:Anuta
1883:Māori
1768:Takuu
1710:Lauan
1603:ʻōrua
1521:(PDF)
1468:Notes
1431:kolu
1428:toʻu
1425:toru
1422:toru
1419:toru
1416:toru
1413:tolu
1410:tolu
1407:tolu
1403:*tolu
1283:waʻa
1280:vaka
1277:vaka
1274:waka
1271:va'a
1268:vaka
1265:vaʻa
1262:vaka
1259:vaka
1255:*waka
1175:hina
1170:ʻina
1167:hina
1161:hina
1158:sina
1155:hina
1152:hina
1148:*sina
1084:Māori
922:f/v/h
885:Māori
873:f/h/v
304:Glide
268:Trill
220:Nasal
181:Velar
147:Samoa
143:Tonga
61:Samoa
57:Tonga
1957:Emae
1858:Rapa
1689:East
1663:West
1594:pi'i
1589:piti
1548:ISSN
1495:ISBN
1397:two
1394:lua
1391:ʻua
1388:rua
1385:rua
1382:rua
1379:rua
1376:lua
1366:*rua
726:*ʔ/Ø
137:and
1587:is
1585:two
1373:ua
1370:ua
1044:/r/
1040:/ɾ/
1032:/ŋ/
1020:/ʔ/
993:h/w
988:v/w
971:f/h
895:ɸ/h
856:ʔ/v
842:MVA
820:v/h
795:ʔ/Ø
667:ʔ/Ø
507:h/Ø
497:ʔ/Ø
473:l/Ø
111:PPn
38:PPn
2041::
1571:18
1569:,
1546:.
1544:31
1542:.
1538:.
1491:99
1046:.
844:,
766:*l
761:*Ø
756:*h
751:*f
746:*w
741:*ŋ
736:*n
731:*m
721:*k
716:*t
711:*p
572:*l
567:*Ø
562:*s
557:*f
552:*w
547:*ŋ
542:*n
537:*m
532:*ʔ
527:*k
522:*t
517:*p
406:*r
401:*l
396:*h
391:*s
386:*f
381:*w
376:*ŋ
371:*n
366:*m
361:*ʔ
356:*k
351:*t
346:*p
309:*w
293:*l
275:*r
261:*h
254:*s
249:*f
235:*ŋ
230:*n
225:*m
213:*ʔ
208:*k
203:*t
198:*p
145:,
125:.
59:,
1890:†
1818:†
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
1609:.
1554:.
1503:.
998:l
983:k
966:n
961:ʔ
949:ʔ
944:h
939:k
934:k
917:v
912:ʔ
907:ʔ
890:w
878:h
861:ʔ
851:Ø
835:ɾ
830:Ø
825:h
815:v
810:ŋ
805:n
800:m
790:k
785:t
780:p
701:l
696:h
684:ɾ
679:Ø
662:k
657:t
645:l
640:Ø
635:s
630:f
625:v
620:ŋ
615:n
610:m
605:Ø
600:ʔ
595:k
593:~
591:t
586:p
502:h
485:Ø
468:l
463:h
458:f
453:v
448:ŋ
443:n
438:m
433:ʔ
428:k
423:t
418:p
20:)
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