81:. Common Basque is their reconstructed common ancestor. Proto-Basque is based on the comparison also of words that precede Common Basque, such as Latin words in Basque, and toponyms. Common Basque is dated to the 5th and 6th centuries, while Proto-Basque stage can be roughly dated to the last centuries BCE, before the
516:
Studying the behaviour of Latin and early
Romance loanwords in Basque, Mitxelena discovered that Proto-Basque *n was lost between vowels and that Proto-Basque had no *m. Both are relatively unusual cross-linguistically, but /n/ was also partially deleted between vowels during the history of the
411:
Evidence for the Proto-Basque consonant system comes from sound correspondences between modern dialects, the distribution of sounds in native (i.e. non-borrowed) vocabulary, and from the phonological adaptation of early Latin/Romance borrowings. E.g., the positional restrictions of Proto-Basque
139:, Alfonso Irigoien, Henri Gavel and most recently Joseba Lakarra, JoaquĂn Gorrotxategi and Ricardo GĂłmez, have made further contributions to the field. Some of them, such as Lakarra, have focused their attention on even older layers of the language, called
170:, which is only known from the names of places, persons and deities in inscriptions from the first centuries CE, closely match the reconstructed form of Proto-Basque. For instance, Aquitanian names contain elements such as
863:
One of the puzzles of Basque is the large number of words that begin with vowels in which the initial and second vowels are the same. Joseba
Lakarra proposes that in Pre-Proto-Basque there was extensive
1631:
Gorrochategui, JoaquĂn (2022). "The
Relationship between Aquitanian and Basque: Achievements and Challenges of the Comparative Method in a Context of Poor Documentation". In Thiago Costa Chacon (ed.).
1747:
393:
This consonant system differed in many ways from the consonant system in Modern Basque dialects: most notable is the lack of /m/, /p/, the semivowels /w/ and /j/, and the entire
124:
loanwords had undergone, he deduced the ancestral forms and the rules for historical sound changes. His groundbreaking work, which culminated with the publication of his book
1328:
Known in
Spanish as Luis Michelena, which is the name that predominates in linguistic writing by him and other linguists. He did his development during the mid-20th century.
1651:(2021). "On the Comparative Method, Internal Reconstruction, and Other Analytical Tools for the Reconstruction of the Evolution of the Basque Language: An Assessment".
408:, but only in auxiliary verbs), while only fortes were allowed in final position. The fortis–lenis contrast was therefore restricted to word-internal position.
1770:
1788:
Joseba
Lakarra (2006), "Protovasco, munda y otros: ReconstrucciĂłn interna y tipologĂa holĂstica diacrĂłnica", in "Oihenart. Cuadernos de Lengua y Literatura".
1444:
1709:. Obras completas de Luis Michelena I (in Spanish) (secunda, electronica de la ed. impresa ed.). Donostia San Sebastian: Diputacion Foral de Gipuzkoa.
397:
series in Proto-Basque, and on the other hand the distinction between fortis and lenis nasals and laterals which is not found in the modern language.
112:. His work on Proto-Basque focused mainly on between the 5th century BCE and the 1st century CE, just before and after initial contact with the
108:
The first linguist who scientifically approached the question of the historical changes that Basque had undergone over the centuries was
1790:
1291:
473:'king'), but not in word-initial position due to the lack of the fortis-lenis contrast in this position; thus for instance, both
82:
1394:
1343:
1830:
1726:
354:
than their lenis counterparts; for sonorants, this was the main contrast, rhotics were additionally distinguished as
441:). Further, the voicing contrast of stops in Latin/Romance borrowings was only preserved in medial position (e.g.
1352:
for the lenis consonants and capital letters for the fortes, while Trask does not capitalize the fortes but uses
1803:
Ricardo GĂłmez, "De re etymologica: vasc. -(r)antz 'hacia'", UPV/EHU / "Julio Urkixo" Euskal
Filologia Mintegia
1682:
Lakarra, Joseba A. (2018). "Basque and the
Reconstruction of Isolated Languages". In Lyle Campbell (ed.).
1748:"Advances in Proto-Basque Reconstruction with Evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian Hypothesis"
400:
This relatively small consonant system was further subject to positional restrictions: only the lenes
1825:
1820:
1693:
Basque and Proto-Basque
Language: Internal and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Reconstruction
1624:
Basque and Proto-Basque
Language: Internal and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Reconstruction
868:
and that later, certain initial consonants were deleted, leaving the VCV pattern of Proto-Basque:
1648:
128:(1961) (a revised version of his doctoral thesis of 1959), was carried out mostly before the
1802:
1787:
178:
that fully correspond to the reconstructed Proto-Basque words *seni 'boy' and *sembe 'son'.
380:
376:
132:
inscriptions were found, but they fully backed up
Mitxelena's proposed Proto-Basque forms.
181:
A small sample of what is thought to be a form of Proto-Basque has been discovered on the
8:
522:
273:
185:, an inscribed bronze artifact in the shape of a right hand dated to the 1st century BC.
167:
129:
427:) at the beginning of a word, whereas the simple fricative at the end of the Latin word
77:. It preceded another reconstructed stage, Common Basque, which is derived by comparing
1286:
351:
1589:
1445:"Hand of Irulegi: ancient bronze artefact could help trace origins of Basque language"
1722:
1452:
394:
386:
355:
263:
253:
152:
1704:
1622:
Egurtzegi, Ander (2013). "Phonetics and Phonology". In Martinez-Areta, Mikel (ed.).
1743:
1668:
1660:
1636:
885:
539:
343:
268:
248:
238:
233:
58:
1695:. Mikroglottika Minority Language Studies Volume 5. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
1626:. Mikroglottika Minority Language Studies Volume 5. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
1794:
1700:
880:
534:
518:
258:
243:
209:
182:
117:
109:
93:
78:
74:
66:
50:
30:
198:
The consonant system of Proto-Basque was reconstructed by Mitxelena as follows:
92:
The foundation for the study of both stages was laid out by the Basque linguist
913:
1691:
Martinez-Areta, Mikel (2013). "Introduction". In Martinez-Areta, Mikel (ed.).
1640:
1243:
1814:
1456:
1186:
865:
362:
1633:
Language Change and Linguistic Diversity: Studies in Honour of Lyle Campbell
680:
113:
870:
527:
1765:
1714:
375:, their lenis counterparts only partially so; fortis sibilants thus were
136:
1673:
1664:
794:
813:
372:
224:
219:
214:
163:
1158:
86:
775:
1130:
718:
699:
632:
996:
850:
651:
577:
148:
121:
1653:
Anuario Del Seminario De FilologĂa Vasca "Julio De Urquijo"
1493:
1491:
1424:
1272:
1214:
942:
737:
596:
558:
135:
Since then, a number of other prominent linguists, such as
1337:
The notation of reconstructed sounds in the table follows
1102:
756:
1566:
1542:
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1506:
1488:
96:. The topic was launched by him in the first edition of
1518:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1412:
158:
1503:
1554:
1530:
1469:
1769:
371:Occlusion: fortis stops and sibilants were fully
1812:
1635:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 105–129.
1590:"Aitzineuskara berreraikiaz: zergatik ezkerra?"
1393:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMichelena1990 (
1690:
1376:
434:'body' was adopted as an affricate in Basque (
1630:
1430:
412:explain why the Common Romance affricate in /
1342:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLakarra2017 (
1265:
1235:
1207:
1179:
1151:
1123:
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1069:
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1017:
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963:
934:
906:
843:
826:
806:
787:
768:
749:
730:
711:
692:
673:
667:
644:
625:
608:
589:
570:
551:
350:Duration: fortis consonants were pronounced
116:. By comparing variants of the same word in
404:occurred at the beginning of a word (also
389:, while fortis stops were always unvoiced.
73:) is a reconstructed ancient stage of the
1699:
1672:
1621:
1572:
1548:
1497:
1388:
1742:
1681:
1587:
1512:
1338:
1813:
1647:
1560:
1536:
1524:
1418:
1764:
1713:
1482:
1442:
1407:
1316:
346:contrast was realized in three ways:
1401:
385:Voicing: lenis stops were generally
1370:
858:
159:Direct attestations of Proto-Basque
16:Reconstructed predecessor of Basque
13:
1776:, Falmer, UK: University of Sussex
1736:
1259:
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1229:
1220:
1201:
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1173:
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1063:
1054:
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1002:
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948:
928:
919:
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724:
705:
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638:
619:
602:
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14:
1842:
1781:
1772:Etymological Dictionary of Basque
1264:
1234:
1206:
1178:
1150:
1122:
1094:
1068:
1042:
1016:
988:
962:
933:
905:
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805:
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767:
748:
729:
710:
691:
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624:
607:
588:
569:
550:
416:elu/ 'sky' (< Classical Latin
188:
1271:
1241:
1213:
1185:
1157:
1129:
1101:
1075:
1049:
1023:
995:
969:
940:
912:
849:
832:
812:
793:
774:
755:
736:
717:
698:
679:
650:
631:
614:
595:
576:
557:
420:) became a fricative in Basque (
402:⟨b, g, z, s, n, l⟩
1768:(2008), Wheeler, Max W. (ed.),
1615:
1578:
1331:
1436:
1382:
1322:
1305:
1:
1363:
103:
1686:. Routledge. pp. 59–99.
193:
7:
1831:Pre-Indo-European languages
1280:
10:
1847:
1752:Routledge & CRC Press
1641:10.1515/9781474488143-010
1443:Jones, Sam (2022-11-15).
1292:Proto-Basque Swadesh list
306:
218:
213:
208:
79:dialects of modern Basque
36:
26:
21:
1706:Fonética histórica vasca
1588:Lakarra, Joseba (2009).
1298:
126:Fonética histórica vasca
98:Fonética histórica vasca
63:protoeuskera, protovasco
1354:⟨b, d, g⟩
1350:⟨p, t, k⟩
1348:. Mitxelena uses small
379:, lenis sibilants were
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552:
70:
62:
54:
27:Reconstruction of
1721:. London: Routledge.
1719:The History of Basque
147:), that preceded the
120:and the changes that
1649:Hualde, José Ignacio
166:attestations of the
1377:Martinez-Areta 2013
523:Galician-Portuguese
368:as in Modern Basque
342:The characteristic
203:
168:Aquitanian language
1793:2007-09-29 at the
1665:10.1387/asju.23021
1431:Gorrochategui 2022
1287:Vasconic languages
201:
1744:Blevins, Juliette
1684:Language Isolates
1278:
1277:
874:Pre-Proto-Basque
856:
855:
406:⟨d⟩
395:palatal consonant
366:⟨r⟩
359:⟨R⟩
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339:
44:
43:
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1807:
1799:
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1761:
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1732:
1710:
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1644:
1627:
1609:
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1604:
1594:
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1576:
1573:Egurtzegi (2013)
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:Egurtzegi (2013)
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1527:, p. 27–32.
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1516:
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1498:Egurtzegi (2013)
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141:Pre-Proto-Basque
40:500 BCE – 100 CE
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183:Hand of Irulegi
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118:modern dialects
110:Koldo Mitxelena
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94:Koldo Mitxelena
85:in the Western
83:Roman conquests
75:Basque language
31:Basque dialects
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1659:(1–2): 19–52.
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1575:, p. 149.
1565:
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1513:Lakarra (2018)
1502:
1500:, p. 123.
1487:
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1468:
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1423:
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1389:Michelena 1990
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1339:Lakarra (2017)
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1562:
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1766:Trask, R. L.
1755:. Retrieved
1751:
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1715:Trask, Larry
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1616:Bibliography
1601:. Retrieved
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1483:Trask (1997)
1460:. Retrieved
1449:The Guardian
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1391:, p. 11
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1317:Trask (1997)
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1311:Also called
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71:proto-basque
47:Proto-Basque
46:
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22:Proto-Basque
1674:10810/59003
1599:(54, 1): 52
1585:(in Basque)
1561:Hualde 2021
1537:Hualde 2021
1525:Hualde 2021
1419:Hualde 2021
1379:, p. 9
615:thin, slim
485:in Basque:
202:Consonants
137:Larry Trask
1815:Categories
1757:2024-03-27
1462:2023-06-18
1408:Trask 1997
1364:References
1313:Pre-Basque
1076:to forget
970:beautiful
795:son-in-law
640:*egu-gaitz
381:fricatives
377:affricates
130:Aquitanian
104:Background
1457:0261-3077
513:'peace'.
499:'bless',
373:occlusive
274:Laryngeal
225:Fricative
220:Sonorants
215:Sibilants
194:Phonology
164:Onomastic
100:in 1961.
1791:Archived
1746:(2018).
1717:(1997).
1703:(1990).
1603:22 April
1281:See also
1159:hazelnut
1091:*inin-tz
1065:*anan-tz
925:*da-dats
688:*gaztana
490:enedica-
87:Pyrenees
1597:Euskera
1256:*ra-ran
1226:*te-ten
1198:*ze-zen
1170:*za-zal
1142:*nu-nur
1114:*no-nol
1086:*ni-nin
1060:*na-nan
1034:*na-nal
1008:*go-gor
980:*do-dol
954:*de-der
897:*da-dar
886:English
845:zii, zi
816:, baby
776:servant
745:*sen-be
726:*organa
585:*arrani
547:*ardano
540:English
517:nearby
497:eindika
481:became
280:fortis
264:Lateral
254:Laminal
59:Spanish
1725:
1455:
1203:*zezen
1097:ihintz
1071:ahantz
1013:*gogoR
930:*adats
833:guard
802:*un-be
700:cheese
663:*eNala
659:*eLana
646:ekaitz
633:tongue
591:arrain
566:*(h)ur
519:Gascon
418:caelum
387:voiced
352:longer
312:lenis
269:Rhotic
249:Apical
239:Dental
234:Labial
176:Sembe-
153:Iberia
149:Celtic
114:Romans
67:French
51:Basque
1593:(PDF)
1299:Notes
1261:*aran
1244:break
1231:*eten
1209:zezen
1175:*azal
1147:*unuR
1131:board
1119:*onoL
1039:*anaL
1024:hard
1019:gogor
997:blood
985:*odoL
959:*edeR
941:long
936:adats
921:*dats
902:*adaR
851:acorn
839:*zini
822:*zani
814:young
783:*suni
764:*seni
694:gazta
675:enara
652:storm
621:*bini
604:*bene
578:water
506:>
492:>
465:>
449:>
436:gorpu
429:corpu
356:trill
259:Nasal
244:Velar
210:Stops
172:Seni-
122:Latin
1723:ISBN
1605:2016
1453:ISSN
1395:help
1344:help
1273:plum
1267:aran
1252:*ran
1237:eten
1222:*ten
1215:bull
1194:*zen
1187:bark
1181:azal
1166:*zal
1138:*nur
1125:ohol
1110:*nol
1082:*nin
1056:*nan
1045:ahal
1030:*nal
1004:*gor
991:odol
976:*dol
965:eder
950:*der
943:hair
908:adar
893:*dar
828:zain
789:suhi
770:sehi
751:seme
738:cart
732:orga
707:*ini
669:elai
627:mihi
610:mehe
597:fish
559:wine
553:ardo
521:and
504:acem
477:and
467:erre
361:vs.
143:(or
1669:hdl
1661:doi
1637:doi
1315:by
1153:hur
1103:dew
808:ume
757:son
713:ihi
511:ake
425:eru
363:tap
174:or
37:Era
1817::
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1667:.
1657:54
1655:.
1595:.
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672:~
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525:.
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414:ts
336:r
307:h
304:R
295:TS
292:TZ
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330:n
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321:g
318:d
315:b
301:L
298:N
289:K
286:T
283:–
49:(
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