92:. Common Basque is their reconstructed common ancestor. Proto-Basque is based on the comparison also of words that precede Common Basque, such as Latin words in Basque, and toponyms. Common Basque is dated to the 5th and 6th centuries, while Proto-Basque stage can be roughly dated to the last centuries BCE, before the
527:
Studying the behaviour of Latin and early
Romance loanwords in Basque, Mitxelena discovered that Proto-Basque *n was lost between vowels and that Proto-Basque had no *m. Both are relatively unusual cross-linguistically, but /n/ was also partially deleted between vowels during the history of the
422:
Evidence for the Proto-Basque consonant system comes from sound correspondences between modern dialects, the distribution of sounds in native (i.e. non-borrowed) vocabulary, and from the phonological adaptation of early Latin/Romance borrowings. E.g., the positional restrictions of Proto-Basque
150:, Alfonso Irigoien, Henri Gavel and most recently Joseba Lakarra, JoaquĂn Gorrotxategi and Ricardo GĂłmez, have made further contributions to the field. Some of them, such as Lakarra, have focused their attention on even older layers of the language, called
181:, which is only known from the names of places, persons and deities in inscriptions from the first centuries CE, closely match the reconstructed form of Proto-Basque. For instance, Aquitanian names contain elements such as
874:
One of the puzzles of Basque is the large number of words that begin with vowels in which the initial and second vowels are the same. Joseba
Lakarra proposes that in Pre-Proto-Basque there was extensive
1642:
Gorrochategui, JoaquĂn (2022). "The
Relationship between Aquitanian and Basque: Achievements and Challenges of the Comparative Method in a Context of Poor Documentation". In Thiago Costa Chacon (ed.).
1758:
404:
This consonant system differed in many ways from the consonant system in Modern Basque dialects: most notable is the lack of /m/, /p/, the semivowels /w/ and /j/, and the entire
135:
loanwords had undergone, he deduced the ancestral forms and the rules for historical sound changes. His groundbreaking work, which culminated with the publication of his book
1339:
Known in
Spanish as Luis Michelena, which is the name that predominates in linguistic writing by him and other linguists. He did his development during the mid-20th century.
1662:(2021). "On the Comparative Method, Internal Reconstruction, and Other Analytical Tools for the Reconstruction of the Evolution of the Basque Language: An Assessment".
419:, but only in auxiliary verbs), while only fortes were allowed in final position. The fortis–lenis contrast was therefore restricted to word-internal position.
1781:
1799:
Joseba
Lakarra (2006), "Protovasco, munda y otros: ReconstrucciĂłn interna y tipologĂa holĂstica diacrĂłnica", in "Oihenart. Cuadernos de Lengua y Literatura".
1455:
1720:. Obras completas de Luis Michelena I (in Spanish) (secunda, electronica de la ed. impresa ed.). Donostia San Sebastian: Diputacion Foral de Gipuzkoa.
408:
series in Proto-Basque, and on the other hand the distinction between fortis and lenis nasals and laterals which is not found in the modern language.
123:. His work on Proto-Basque focused mainly on between the 5th century BCE and the 1st century CE, just before and after initial contact with the
119:
The first linguist who scientifically approached the question of the historical changes that Basque had undergone over the centuries was
1801:
1302:
484:'king'), but not in word-initial position due to the lack of the fortis-lenis contrast in this position; thus for instance, both
93:
1405:
1354:
1841:
1737:
365:
than their lenis counterparts; for sonorants, this was the main contrast, rhotics were additionally distinguished as
452:). Further, the voicing contrast of stops in Latin/Romance borrowings was only preserved in medial position (e.g.
1363:
for the lenis consonants and capital letters for the fortes, while Trask does not capitalize the fortes but uses
1814:
Ricardo GĂłmez, "De re etymologica: vasc. -(r)antz 'hacia'", UPV/EHU / "Julio Urkixo" Euskal
Filologia Mintegia
17:
1693:
Lakarra, Joseba A. (2018). "Basque and the
Reconstruction of Isolated Languages". In Lyle Campbell (ed.).
1759:"Advances in Proto-Basque Reconstruction with Evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian Hypothesis"
411:
This relatively small consonant system was further subject to positional restrictions: only the lenes
1836:
1831:
1704:
Basque and Proto-Basque
Language: Internal and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Reconstruction
1635:
Basque and Proto-Basque
Language: Internal and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Reconstruction
879:
and that later, certain initial consonants were deleted, leaving the VCV pattern of Proto-Basque:
1659:
139:(1961) (a revised version of his doctoral thesis of 1959), was carried out mostly before the
1813:
1798:
189:
that fully correspond to the reconstructed Proto-Basque words *seni 'boy' and *sembe 'son'.
391:
387:
143:
inscriptions were found, but they fully backed up
Mitxelena's proposed Proto-Basque forms.
192:
A small sample of what is thought to be a form of Proto-Basque has been discovered on the
8:
533:
284:
196:, an inscribed bronze artifact in the shape of a right hand dated to the 1st century BC.
178:
140:
438:) at the beginning of a word, whereas the simple fricative at the end of the Latin word
88:. It preceded another reconstructed stage, Common Basque, which is derived by comparing
1297:
362:
1600:
1456:"Hand of Irulegi: ancient bronze artefact could help trace origins of Basque language"
1733:
1463:
405:
397:
366:
274:
264:
163:
1715:
1633:
Egurtzegi, Ander (2013). "Phonetics and Phonology". In Martinez-Areta, Mikel (ed.).
1754:
1679:
1671:
1647:
896:
550:
354:
279:
259:
249:
244:
69:
1706:. Mikroglottika Minority Language Studies Volume 5. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
1637:. Mikroglottika Minority Language Studies Volume 5. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
1805:
1711:
891:
545:
529:
269:
254:
220:
193:
128:
120:
104:
89:
85:
77:
61:
41:
209:
The consonant system of Proto-Basque was reconstructed by Mitxelena as follows:
103:
The foundation for the study of both stages was laid out by the Basque linguist
924:
1702:
Martinez-Areta, Mikel (2013). "Introduction". In Martinez-Areta, Mikel (ed.).
1651:
1254:
1825:
1467:
1197:
876:
373:
1644:
Language Change and Linguistic Diversity: Studies in Honour of Lyle Campbell
691:
124:
881:
538:
1776:
1725:
386:, their lenis counterparts only partially so; fortis sibilants thus were
147:
1684:
1675:
805:
824:
383:
235:
230:
225:
174:
1169:
97:
786:
1141:
729:
710:
643:
1007:
861:
662:
588:
159:
132:
1664:
Anuario Del Seminario De FilologĂa Vasca "Julio De Urquijo"
1504:
1502:
1435:
1283:
1225:
953:
748:
607:
569:
146:
Since then, a number of other prominent linguists, such as
1348:
The notation of reconstructed sounds in the table follows
1113:
767:
1577:
1553:
1519:
1517:
1499:
107:. The topic was launched by him in the first edition of
1529:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1423:
169:
1514:
1565:
1541:
1480:
1780:
382:Occlusion: fortis stops and sibilants were fully
1823:
1646:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 105–129.
1601:"Aitzineuskara berreraikiaz: zergatik ezkerra?"
1404:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMichelena1990 (
1701:
1387:
445:'body' was adopted as an affricate in Basque (
1641:
1441:
423:explain why the Common Romance affricate in /
1353:harvp error: no target: CITEREFLakarra2017 (
1276:
1246:
1218:
1190:
1162:
1134:
1106:
1080:
1054:
1028:
1000:
974:
945:
917:
854:
837:
817:
798:
779:
760:
741:
722:
703:
684:
678:
655:
636:
619:
600:
581:
562:
361:Duration: fortis consonants were pronounced
127:. By comparing variants of the same word in
415:occurred at the beginning of a word (also
400:, while fortis stops were always unvoiced.
84:) is a reconstructed ancient stage of the
1710:
1683:
1632:
1583:
1559:
1508:
1399:
1753:
1692:
1598:
1523:
1349:
14:
1824:
1658:
1571:
1547:
1535:
1429:
1775:
1724:
1493:
1453:
1418:
1327:
357:contrast was realized in three ways:
1412:
396:Voicing: lenis stops were generally
1381:
869:
170:Direct attestations of Proto-Basque
27:Reconstructed predecessor of Basque
24:
1787:, Falmer, UK: University of Sussex
1747:
1270:
1261:
1240:
1231:
1212:
1203:
1184:
1175:
1156:
1147:
1128:
1119:
1100:
1091:
1074:
1065:
1048:
1039:
1022:
1013:
994:
985:
968:
959:
939:
930:
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848:
831:
811:
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716:
697:
668:
649:
630:
613:
594:
575:
556:
25:
1853:
1792:
1783:Etymological Dictionary of Basque
1275:
1245:
1217:
1189:
1161:
1133:
1105:
1079:
1053:
1027:
999:
973:
944:
916:
853:
836:
816:
797:
778:
759:
740:
721:
702:
677:
654:
635:
618:
599:
580:
561:
427:elu/ 'sky' (< Classical Latin
199:
1282:
1252:
1224:
1196:
1168:
1140:
1112:
1086:
1060:
1034:
1006:
980:
951:
923:
860:
843:
823:
804:
785:
766:
747:
728:
709:
690:
661:
642:
625:
606:
587:
568:
431:) became a fricative in Basque (
413:⟨b, g, z, s, n, l⟩
1779:(2008), Wheeler, Max W. (ed.),
1626:
1589:
1342:
1447:
1393:
1333:
1316:
13:
1:
1374:
114:
1697:. Routledge. pp. 59–99.
204:
7:
1842:Pre-Indo-European languages
1291:
10:
1858:
1763:Routledge & CRC Press
1652:10.1515/9781474488143-010
1454:Jones, Sam (2022-11-15).
1303:Proto-Basque Swadesh list
317:
229:
224:
219:
90:dialects of modern Basque
47:
37:
32:
1717:Fonética histórica vasca
1599:Lakarra, Joseba (2009).
1309:
137:Fonética histórica vasca
109:Fonética histórica vasca
74:protoeuskera, protovasco
1365:⟨b, d, g⟩
1361:⟨p, t, k⟩
1359:. Mitxelena uses small
390:, lenis sibilants were
1277:
1253:
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1219:
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1163:
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1055:
1029:
1001:
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818:
799:
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761:
742:
723:
704:
685:
679:
656:
637:
620:
601:
582:
563:
81:
73:
65:
38:Reconstruction of
1732:. London: Routledge.
1730:The History of Basque
158:), that preceded the
131:and the changes that
1660:Hualde, José Ignacio
177:attestations of the
1388:Martinez-Areta 2013
534:Galician-Portuguese
379:as in Modern Basque
353:The characteristic
214:
179:Aquitanian language
1804:2007-09-29 at the
1676:10.1387/asju.23021
1442:Gorrochategui 2022
1298:Vasconic languages
212:
1755:Blevins, Juliette
1695:Language Isolates
1289:
1288:
885:Pre-Proto-Basque
867:
866:
417:⟨d⟩
406:palatal consonant
377:⟨r⟩
370:⟨R⟩
351:
350:
55:
54:
16:(Redirected from
1849:
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1810:
1788:
1786:
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1769:
1743:
1721:
1707:
1698:
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1638:
1620:
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1605:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:Egurtzegi (2013)
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1560:Egurtzegi (2013)
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1538:, p. 27–32.
1533:
1527:
1521:
1512:
1509:Egurtzegi (2013)
1506:
1497:
1491:
1478:
1477:
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1474:
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1432:, p. 32–35.
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1061:can, to be able
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870:Old Proto-Basque
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156:Old Proto-Basque
152:Pre-Proto-Basque
51:500 BCE – 100 CE
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1806:Wayback Machine
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1748:Further reading
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129:modern dialects
121:Koldo Mitxelena
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105:Koldo Mitxelena
96:in the Western
94:Roman conquests
86:Basque language
42:Basque dialects
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1670:(1–2): 19–52.
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1588:
1586:, p. 149.
1576:
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1562:, p. 155.
1552:
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1524:Lakarra (2018)
1513:
1511:, p. 123.
1498:
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1479:
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1434:
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1400:Michelena 1990
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1574:, p. 27.
1573:
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1777:Trask, R. L.
1766:. Retrieved
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1726:Trask, Larry
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1627:Bibliography
1612:. Retrieved
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1494:Trask (1997)
1471:. Retrieved
1460:The Guardian
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1402:, p. 11
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1328:Trask (1997)
1323:
1322:Also called
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82:proto-basque
58:Proto-Basque
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33:Proto-Basque
18:Proto-Basque
1685:10810/59003
1610:(54, 1): 52
1596:(in Basque)
1572:Hualde 2021
1548:Hualde 2021
1536:Hualde 2021
1430:Hualde 2021
1390:, p. 9
626:thin, slim
496:in Basque:
213:Consonants
148:Larry Trask
1826:Categories
1768:2024-03-27
1473:2023-06-18
1419:Trask 1997
1375:References
1324:Pre-Basque
1087:to forget
981:beautiful
806:son-in-law
651:*egu-gaitz
392:fricatives
388:affricates
141:Aquitanian
115:Background
1468:0261-3077
524:'peace'.
510:'bless',
384:occlusive
285:Laryngeal
236:Fricative
231:Sonorants
226:Sibilants
205:Phonology
175:Onomastic
111:in 1961.
1802:Archived
1757:(2018).
1728:(1997).
1714:(1990).
1614:22 April
1292:See also
1170:hazelnut
1102:*inin-tz
1076:*anan-tz
936:*da-dats
699:*gaztana
501:enedica-
98:Pyrenees
1608:Euskera
1267:*ra-ran
1237:*te-ten
1209:*ze-zen
1181:*za-zal
1153:*nu-nur
1125:*no-nol
1097:*ni-nin
1071:*na-nan
1045:*na-nal
1019:*go-gor
991:*do-dol
965:*de-der
908:*da-dar
897:English
856:zii, zi
827:, baby
787:servant
756:*sen-be
737:*organa
596:*arrani
558:*ardano
551:English
528:nearby
508:eindika
492:became
291:fortis
275:Lateral
265:Laminal
70:Spanish
1736:
1466:
1214:*zezen
1108:ihintz
1082:ahantz
1024:*gogoR
941:*adats
844:guard
813:*un-be
711:cheese
674:*eNala
670:*eLana
657:ekaitz
644:tongue
602:arrain
577:*(h)ur
530:Gascon
429:caelum
398:voiced
363:longer
323:lenis
280:Rhotic
260:Apical
250:Dental
245:Labial
187:Sembe-
164:Iberia
160:Celtic
125:Romans
78:French
62:Basque
1604:(PDF)
1310:Notes
1272:*aran
1255:break
1242:*eten
1220:zezen
1186:*azal
1158:*unuR
1142:board
1130:*onoL
1050:*anaL
1035:hard
1030:gogor
1008:blood
996:*odoL
970:*edeR
952:long
947:adats
932:*dats
913:*adaR
862:acorn
850:*zini
833:*zani
825:young
794:*suni
775:*seni
705:gazta
686:enara
663:storm
632:*bini
615:*bene
589:water
517:>
503:>
476:>
460:>
447:gorpu
440:corpu
367:trill
270:Nasal
255:Velar
221:Stops
183:Seni-
133:Latin
1734:ISBN
1616:2016
1464:ISSN
1406:help
1355:help
1284:plum
1278:aran
1263:*ran
1248:eten
1233:*ten
1226:bull
1205:*zen
1198:bark
1192:azal
1177:*zal
1149:*nur
1136:ohol
1121:*nol
1093:*nin
1067:*nan
1056:ahal
1041:*nal
1015:*gor
1002:odol
987:*dol
976:eder
961:*der
954:hair
919:adar
904:*dar
839:zain
800:suhi
781:sehi
762:seme
749:cart
743:orga
718:*ini
680:elai
638:mihi
621:mehe
608:fish
570:wine
564:ardo
532:and
515:acem
488:and
478:erre
372:vs.
154:(or
1680:hdl
1672:doi
1648:doi
1326:by
1164:hur
1114:dew
819:ume
768:son
724:ihi
522:ake
436:eru
374:tap
185:or
48:Era
1828::
1761:.
1678:.
1668:54
1666:.
1606:.
1516:^
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1482:^
1462:.
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683:~
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583:ur
536:.
494:b-
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486:p-
474:em
470:re
462:la
458:um
454:la
449:tz
425:ts
347:r
318:h
315:R
306:TS
303:TZ
166:.
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520:b
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456:c
442:s
434:z
344:l
341:n
338:s
335:z
332:g
329:d
326:b
312:L
309:N
300:K
297:T
294:–
60:(
20:)
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