31:
346:
43:
396:
and
Lutheran princes. This treaty gave Roman Catholic and Lutheran princes the freedom to decide the religion which their respective state would be under, but gave no such protection to Calvinist princes. In 1608, Protestant princes formed the alliance known as Protestant Union. The next year, the
379:
The union shall not affect our disagreement on several points of religion, but that notwithstanding these, we have agreed to support each other. No member is to allow an attack on any other in books or through the pulpit, nor give cause for any breach of the peace, while at the same time leaving
324:
in
February and formally protested Ferdinand's actions. He ignored this complaint and ordered the Protestant Union to disband its army. The members of the union complied with Ferdinand's demand under the Mainz accord in May, and on 14 May 1621 it was formally dissolved.
375:
The wish of the union in matters concerning the liberties and high jurisdictions of the German
Electors and Estates should be presented and pressed at subsequent Imperial and Imperial Circle assemblies, and not merely left to secret correspondence with each
368:
Each member of the union should keep a secret correspondence effectively to inform each other of all dangerous and offensive affairs which may threaten each other's heirs, land and people, and to this purpose each will keep in good contact with one
409:. Frederick V, Elector Palatine, accepted the crown of Bohemia the following year. The Union declared its neutrality in the conflict between Frederick and the Catholic League in the 1620 Treaty of Ulm. The Union dissolved the next year.
337:. It allied some Protestant states in western, central and southern Germany, and fought against the Holy Roman Emperor under the guidance of Sweden and France, which were at the same time parties to that league.
372:
Whenever important matters arise that concern the well-being of the union, the members of the union will help each other with faithful advice in order to uphold each and every one as much as possible.
689:
Odložilík, Otakar. Church
History, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Dec., 1939), pp. 342–355. Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the American Society of Church History. Article Stable URL:
710:
705:
383:
If one of the members of the union is attacked, the remaining members of the union shall immediately come to his aid with all the resources of the union.
720:
280:
However, the
Protestant Union was weakened from the start by the non-participation of several powerful German Protestant rulers, notably the
760:
715:
598:
Antichrist, Weltheilsgeschehen und Gottes
Werkzeug. Römische Kirche, Reformation, und Luther im Spiegel des Reformationsjubiläums 1617
770:
365:
Each member shall keep in good faith with the order and their heirs, land and people, and no one shall enter into any other alliance.
750:
730:
765:
755:
661:
565:
745:
725:
20:
24:
640:
606:
140:
should be conditional upon the restoration of all church land appropriated since 1552. The
Protestant princes met in
133:
46:
Many
Protestant rulers were not members of the Union, most notably the Elector of Saxony. Religious fragmentation in
144:, and formed a coalition of Protestant states under the leadership of Frederick IV on 14 May 1608. In response, the
301:
121:
213:
398:
91:
735:
30:
740:
393:
361:, Protestants formed the union in 1608. Its leaders created guidelines and agreements to live by as follows:
293:
114:
683:
Helfferich, Tryntje. The Thirty Years' War: A Documentary
History. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 2009. Print.
316:
upon
Frederick V and moved his right to elect an emperor to Maximilian. Electoral Palatinate also lost the
193:
440:(1633-1648), a league of western and southern Protestant German states under Swedish and French guidance
312:), declaring neutrality and declining to support Frederick V. In January 1621, Ferdinand II imposed an
197:
205:
217:
177:
145:
576:
173:
229:
185:
165:
557:
On the Verge of War: International Relations and the Jülich-Kleve Succession Crises (1609–1614)
349:
Document establishing the Protestant Union signed 14 May 1608, now in Bavarian State Archive (
678:
402:
157:
51:
284:. The Union was also beset by internal strife between its Lutheran and Calvinist members.
8:
431:
189:
201:
161:
111:
237:
657:
636:
602:
561:
358:
281:
137:
35:
333:
A new separate union without connection to this one emerged twelve years later, the
437:
425:
421:
334:
317:
118:
651:
630:
617:
596:
555:
406:
305:
181:
125:
63:
345:
94:
in order to defend the rights, land and safety of each member. It included both
620:. In Ward, Adolphus William; Prothero, George Walter; Leathes, Stanley (eds.).
257:
47:
699:
221:
169:
424:(1526-1531), the earliest league of Protestant princes against the Catholic
233:
129:
380:
untouched the theologian's rights of disputation to affirm the word of God.
313:
434:(1531-1546), a league of Protestant princes against the Holy Roman Emperor
225:
690:
209:
87:
42:
321:
245:
241:
95:
141:
99:
397:
Catholic League was created. In 1610, the Union intervened in the
297:
269:
249:
496:
304:. On 3 July 1620 the Protestant Union signed the Treaty of Ulm (
261:
253:
622:
The Cambridge Modern History, Volume III: The Wars of Religion
677:
Rickard, J. (17 November 2000), Thirty Years' War (1618–48),
265:
484:
679:
http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/wars_thirtyyears.html
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508:
148:
organized the following year, headed by Duke Maximilian.
110:
The union was formed following two events. Firstly, the
287:
328:
532:
357:
Intending to strengthen the security provided by the
340:
34:
Member states of the Protestant Union (blue) in the
520:
697:
686:Bohemian Protestants and the Calvinist Churches.
711:1621 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
90:German states. It was formed on 14 May 1608 by
132:in 1607. Secondly, by 1608, a majority of the
392:In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was signed by
156:Members of the Protestant Union included the
706:1608 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
16:Alliance in the Holy Roman Empire (1608–21)
594:
478:
136:had decided that the renewal of the 1555
628:
553:
538:
514:
502:
490:
458:
344:
320:to Bavaria. The Protestant Union met in
296:of the Palatinate accepted the crown of
41:
29:
574:
526:
276:Strife between Lutherans and Calvinists
698:
649:
462:
428:, succeeded by the Schmalkaldic League
721:Organizations disestablished in 1621
691:https://www.jstor.org/stable/3160169
615:
474:
300:in opposition to Holy Roman Emperor
288:Disbandment by order of Ferdinand II
761:History of Protestantism in Germany
656:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
329:Replacement by the Heilbronn League
21:Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij
19:For the Dutch political party, see
13:
671:
653:The Thirty Years War: A Sourcebook
629:Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica (1938).
341:Guidelines of the Protestant Union
14:
782:
716:Organizations established in 1608
624:. New York and London: Macmillan.
601:(in German). Wiesbaden: Steiner.
771:Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
595:Schönstädt, Hans-Jürgen (1978).
751:Early modern history of Germany
731:17th-century military alliances
616:Ward, Adolphus William (1905).
405:began with the outbreak of the
102:states, and dissolved in 1621.
468:
452:
92:Frederick IV, Elector Palatine
1:
766:Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
756:Frederick V of the Palatinate
547:
151:
618:"The Empire Under Rudolf II"
577:"The Protestant Union, 1608"
560:. Boston: Humanities Press.
554:Anderson, Alison D. (1999).
399:War of the Jülich Succession
351:Bayerische Hauptstaatsarchiv
105:
7:
746:Anti-Catholicism in Germany
412:
387:
10:
787:
726:17th-century Protestantism
418:Other Protestant leagues:
18:
650:Wilson, Peter H. (2010).
635:. London: Jonathan Cape.
581:The Crown & The Cross
505:, pp. 98–99, 110–11.
446:
84:Protestant Action Party
575:Hofmann, H.H. (n.d.).
354:
309:
67:
55:
39:
23:. For other uses, see
348:
86:, was a coalition of
70:), also known as the
68:Protestantische Union
45:
33:
741:Electoral Palatinate
632:The Thirty Years War
493:, pp. 135, 215.
432:Schmalkaldic League
517:, pp. 133–34.
461:, pp. 14–15;
355:
112:Holy Roman Emperor
56:
50:on the eve of the
40:
736:Thirty Years' War
663:978-0-230-24205-0
567:978-0-391-04092-2
403:Thirty Years' War
359:Peace of Augsburg
282:Elector of Saxony
138:Peace of Augsburg
76:Union of Auhausen
72:Evangelical Union
52:Thirty Years' War
36:Holy Roman Empire
25:Protestant League
778:
667:
646:
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571:
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536:
530:
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488:
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438:Heilbronn League
426:League of Dessau
422:League of Torgau
335:Heilbronn League
318:Upper Palatinate
60:Protestant Union
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672:Further reading
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479:Schönstädt 1978
477:, p. 725;
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457:
453:
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415:
407:Bohemian Revolt
401:. In 1618, the
390:
343:
331:
290:
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238:Schwäbisch Hall
154:
146:Catholic League
108:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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483:
481:, p. 305.
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342:
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289:
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277:
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153:
150:
124:reestablished
107:
104:
48:Central Europe
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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772:
769:
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642:9781590171462
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608:9783515027472
604:
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569:
563:
559:
558:
552:
551:
541:, p. 82.
540:
539:Anderson 1999
535:
528:
523:
516:
515:Wedgwood 1938
511:
504:
503:Wedgwood 1938
499:
492:
491:Anderson 1999
487:
480:
476:
471:
465:, p. 12.
464:
460:
459:Anderson 1999
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310:Ulmer Vertrag
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170:Baden-Durlach
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134:Imperial Diet
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119:Bavarian Duke
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32:
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22:
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631:
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584:. Retrieved
580:
556:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
470:
454:
391:
356:
350:
332:
314:imperial ban
302:Ferdinand II
291:
279:
194:Hesse-Kassel
155:
122:Maximilian I
109:
83:
80:German Union
79:
75:
71:
59:
57:
527:Hofmann n.d
463:Wilson 2010
294:Frederick V
230:Weissenburg
226:Schweinfurt
202:free cities
198:Brandenburg
186:Zweibrücken
166:Württemberg
126:Catholicism
700:Categories
586:25 October
548:References
234:Nördlingen
218:Rothenburg
210:Strasbourg
200:, and the
158:Palatinate
152:Membership
130:Donauwörth
88:Protestant
475:Ward 1905
394:Charles V
322:Heilbronn
292:In 1619,
246:Memmingen
242:Heilbronn
222:Windsheim
214:Nuremberg
190:Oettingen
115:Rudolf II
106:Formation
96:Calvinist
38:, c. 1610
413:See also
388:Timeline
369:another.
178:Bayreuth
142:Auhausen
100:Lutheran
54:in 1618.
298:Bohemia
270:Giengen
250:Kempten
174:Ansbach
162:Neuburg
82:or the
660:
639:
605:
564:
376:other.
306:German
262:Speyer
254:Landau
182:Anhalt
64:German
447:Notes
266:Aalen
258:Worms
658:ISBN
637:ISBN
603:ISBN
588:2012
562:ISBN
268:and
117:and
98:and
58:The
206:Ulm
204:of
128:in
702::
579:.
308::
272:.
264:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
244:,
240:,
236:,
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228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
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208:,
196:,
192:,
188:,
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176:,
172:,
168:,
164:,
160:,
78:,
74:,
66::
666:.
645:.
611:.
590:.
570:.
529:.
353:)
62:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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