830:
1034:; only if the premier were "trying to subvert democracy" could Onley have refused the advice and, as Onley put it, "something that's politically controversial doesn't fit that category. Doesn't even come close... It's up to the politicians to work out the political process, the political decision-making that is behind prorogation—and the fallout after prorogation." On the subject of the lack of a date on which the legislature would be summoned to return, the Lieutenant Governor said he had no guide; the legislature's standing orders outline that a specific date must be set, but the Legislative Assembly Act does not, and precedents are inconsistent.
1058:
826:
unnecessary; Members of
Parliament may contact their home ridings whenever they want and can visit their home ridings during adjournments. Today, sessions of parliament still last about one year each, but the prorogation in between sessions is often only a few days and new sessions are started more for organizational or political reasons than for the purpose of giving members of parliament time away. Between 1867 and 2010 the average period of prorogation was 151 days. However, in the 30 year period between 1980 and 2010, the average was just 22 days.
644:
877:
32:
656:
1109:, following ten days written notice and debate. Ignatieff brushed off questions about the constitutionality of the proposed changes, saying if new rules are established, governors general "will respect those constitutional conventions" as they always have, adding: "The problem is not with the governor general. The problem is with the Prime Minister of Canada." These proposals echoed the arrangements within the
946:. The Governor General, however, did not grant her prime minister's request until after two hours of consultation with various constitutional experts. Upon the end of her tenure as vicereine, Jean revealed to the Canadian Press that the delay was partly to "send a message—and for people to understand that this warranted reflection". It was also at the same time said by
860:. While the Governor General did reluctantly accept advice to prorogue parliament, he insisted that the prorogation be limited to a period of ten weeks, and that a commission be appointed to continue the hearings, which would report to parliament when it reconvened. When parliament returned and the commission presented their findings, Macdonald was
955:
said, set a precedent that would prevent future prime ministers from advising the prorogation of parliament "for any length of time for any reason". Nelson
Wiseman, a political science professor at the University of Toronto, wrote of Harper that "no Prime Minister has so abused the power to prorogue".
954:
the
Governor General's decision to accept Harper's advice concerning prorogation; Russell disclosed that Jean granted the prorogation on two conditions: parliament would reconvene soon and, when it did, the Cabinet would present a proposed budget, a vote on which is a confidence matter. This, Russell
872:
and the prime minister began an evolution; "MacDonald himself became one of the inventors of the 'party machine'—the party as a disciplined, centralized, loyal team that would not dare to turn on him as it had in 1873." By the mid-20th century, parliamentary caucuses were being told by their leaders
803:
Prorogation is a routine action, including in "situations where governments need to stop and refocus." At the same time, arbitrary use of the power of prorogation can " the very fragile balance of power that exists between the different parts of government." What is paramount is that the legislature
825:
did parliament begin to sit for longer sessions. This was followed by an expansion of the government's role in
Canadian life through the 1950s and 1960s, requiring even shorter prorogations. Additionally, the advent of modern communication tools and air travel rendered long prorogations even more
1129:, and NDP MPs used their majority in the Commons committee in charge of MPs' privilege and rules to approve an official review of the convention of prorogation, which could require a prime minister to seek approval from the House before asking the governor general to end a parliamentary session.
1124:
to the House of
Commons requesting the prime minister not advise the governor general to prorogue parliament for more than seven days unless approved by a majority vote by the lower house. The motion passed on March 17, 2010, by a vote of 139 to 135, but motions are not binding. Five days later,
816:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, prorogations in Canada lasted at least half of any given year. Parliament would typically be in session from
February until June, give or take a few months, and would be prorogued for the remainder of the year, giving Members of Parliament the opportunity to
799:
lasts until a prorogation, after which, without ceremony in recent years, one or both chambers of the legislature cease all legislative business until the governor general or lieutenant governor issues a proclamation calling for a new session to begin. For the federal parliament, except for the
1136:, a meeting of constitutional scholars, historians, and government officials from various countries in the hopes of finding a consensus on how the royal prerogative should be used in future scenarios similar to that which took place at the end of 2008. Following the prorogation of the
1007:
later stated that prorogation was necessary because an impasse was reached with labour leaders and the opposition over plans to freeze all public sector wages. The opposition charged that it was done to dodge negative publicity over the investigation and criminal probe into the
1144:, opined that there may be a need for new procedures "to discipline power", limiting in all of Canada's jurisdictions the royal prerogative to prorogue parliament, among other legislative procedures. At the same time, some journalists, such as
1187:] grow tired of them. If our premiers and prime ministers knew that legislatures would rebuke them for abusing parliament (as did the backbenchers in the legislature of 1873), we would not have to worry about rogue prorogations."
1904:
1096:
called on
January 20 and 23, 2010, for limits to prorogation, stating his party would put forward proposed legislative changes that would require a majority vote of MPs for the prorogation of parliament. Five days later,
1180:
procedure is needed to rein in the abuse of prime ministerial powers. Other parliaments around the world regularly see party leaders and prime ministers dumped when their own backbenchers and prime ministers
903:
at the time. After parliament was again summoned, investigations into the scandal continued, Chrétien stepped down as Prime
Minister in December of the following year, and the Liberal party was reduced to a
1069:
The prorogations of the federal parliament in 2008 and 2009, and the speculation that such use of the royal prerogative had been advised by the sitting prime minister for political purposes, triggered
1935:
853:
834:
1912:
755:, in a province, summons parliamentarians. From 2008 to present, prorogation has been the subject of discussion among academics, the Canadian public, and their political representatives.
1030:
that, though he and McGuinty discussed the matter, among others, before he granted the prorogation, he ultimately could only follow the constitution and adhere to the principles of
1156:, in a 2009 ruling, found that tampering with the Crown's prerogatives could not be done via normal legislation, requiring instead an amendment to the constitution pursuant to
1669:
519:
298:
800:
election of a speaker for the House of
Commons and his or her claiming of that house's privileges, the same procedures for the opening of parliament are again followed.
269:
1477:
1224:
1799:
1978:
1948:
1572:
1448:
532:
171:
829:
1418:
974:, in February 2010. The move, however, was suspected by opposition Members of Parliament to be a way for Harper to avoid ongoing investigations into
1702:
1024:
for withholding from the legislature information related to halting the projects. In early 2013, Onley explained in an interview conducted by the
323:
247:
1728:
1625:
1255:
242:
895:'s advice to prorogue parliament, allowing Chrétien to avoid tabling a report to the House of Commons public accounts committee regarding the
788:. Like all such actions of the sovereign and governors, this is exclusively done on the advice of the relevant prime minister who holds the
1105:
also called for limits to the ability of the prime minister to advise the prorogation of parliament, his plan requiring the consent of the
943:
696:
393:
49:
289:
999:, with McGuinty announcing, at the same time, he would, after a new party leader was selected, resign both as premier and leader of the
403:
339:
284:
1673:
1392:
780:
to prorogue the legislatures, though this is usually done for the federal parliament by the sovereign's federal representative, the
1993:
264:
1852:
496:
415:
410:
371:
1549:
743:
In the
Canadian parliamentary system, the legislature is typically prorogued upon the completion of the agenda set forth in the
1365:
1163:
1132:
In October 2010, Peter Russell said to the press that he had organized for February 2011, with the support of Governor General
959:
865:
1750:
669:
2008:
1070:
478:
474:
544:
460:
225:
1698:
1157:
617:
514:
176:
89:
1507:
509:
134:
100:
1724:
1621:
1133:
366:
144:
1481:
804:
be recalled so the opposition can hold the cabinet to account for its actions, a task central to the functioning of
1121:
962:
on December 30, 2009. The Prime Minister stated that this was to keep parliament in recess for the duration of the
689:
1647:
1137:
237:
982:
975:
939:
909:
435:
349:
1152:, lamented the abuse of the power of prorogation and its negative effect on democracy in Canada. However, the
344:
2003:
1998:
1597:
1328:
1089:
1017:
931:
856:
to prorogue parliament in order to stop the work of a committee investigating Macdonald's involvement in the
181:
729:
1084:
had gathered the signatures of 132 political scientists to a letter condemning the move and advocating for
785:
752:
559:
279:
105:
818:
682:
612:
592:
448:
160:
1106:
924:
781:
748:
428:
361:
259:
193:
84:
1944:
733:
622:
398:
252:
73:
1963:
1281:
845:
607:
486:
186:
139:
740:
federal parliament and the singular legislative chamber of the unicameral provincial parliaments.
1196:
1153:
1098:
951:
927:
900:
841:
725:
627:
554:
539:
330:
318:
274:
1057:
764:
1031:
1021:
805:
770:
744:
587:
356:
334:
311:
166:
127:
1905:"McGuinty prorogation shows Canada's parliamentary democracy becoming increasingly ceremonial"
1773:
1013:
1000:
950:, one of those from whom Jean sought advice, that Canadians ought not regard as an automatic
789:
784:, and always for the provincial parliaments by the monarch's provincial representatives, the
713:
501:
455:
114:
1875:
1825:
963:
717:
602:
220:
44:
1530:
1117:, between 1640 and 1648, which could only be dissolved with the agreement of its members.
8:
1310:
1168:
1126:
996:
935:
905:
896:
796:
597:
386:
1598:"Trudeau prorogues Parliament — what exactly does that mean? - National | Globalnews.ca"
1046:
989:
774:
732:, which ends both the session and the entire parliament, requiring an election for the
68:
22:
1876:"Opposition parties push for a showdown over Afghan documents, PM's power to prorogue"
1336:
1201:
1141:
1102:
1020:
and the subsequent threats by the opposition to vote on finding Cabinet ministers in
888:
849:
777:
491:
155:
1829:
920:
881:
1085:
1081:
971:
947:
821:. Only when vast amounts of legislation needed to be debated and passed during the
232:
198:
1256:"How Michaëlle Jean's decision to prorogue Parliament in 2008 influenced McGuinty"
892:
1110:
992:
876:
857:
721:
660:
549:
915:
A prorogation of parliament took place on December 4, 2008, when Prime Minister
464:
1145:
1038:
916:
569:
150:
1987:
1444:
1361:
1340:
1042:
648:
1900:
1177:
1149:
1077:
1026:
822:
737:
1173:
1093:
1004:
985:
869:
720:
and the parliaments of its provinces and territories. It differs from a
213:
79:
861:
655:
95:
31:
1062:
967:
61:
1670:"132 political scientists call for action on the democratic deficit"
1045:
to prorogue parliament until September 23 amid the aftermath of the
1012:, as well as the controversial decision to halt construction of two
1831:
Act against Dissolving the Long Parliament without its own Consent
564:
1225:"Silent parliaments, muted outrage: The problem with prorogation"
1114:
1366:"There's no hint whether prorogation came with strings attached"
873:
that they had "no right to question what a leader did or said".
1009:
1573:"McGuinty's exit plan drawn up in shadow of rising scandal"
938:
party and threatened to vote non-confidence in the sitting
1449:"Stephen Harper pondered appeal to Queen over prorogation"
1393:"Only In Canada: Harper's Prorogation is a Canadian thing"
728:, which do not end a session; and differs from a complete
1945:
The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options
1419:"Michaëlle Jean had hidden message in prorogation crisis"
1183:
1140:
in October 2012, Daniel Weinstock, a professor of law at
1073:
in various cities across the country through early 2010.
960:
again advised the Governor General to prorogue parliament
1774:"Opposition seeks to limit Harper's prorogation powers"
1966: (Federal Court of Canada 17 September 2009).
1937:
The Crown and the Constitution: Sustaining Democracy?
1753:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. January 25, 2010
1065:
against the second prorogation of the 40th Parliament
868:, it was at this point that the relationship between
1751:"Liberals unveil prorogation proposal of their own"
1672:. Fair Vote Canada. January 5, 2010. Archived from
934:parties formed a coalition with the support of the
995:, who headed a minority government, prorogued the
817:spend a substantial amount of time in their home
1985:
1800:"Opposition pushes for new rules on prorogation"
1076:Within a week after the latter prorogation, the
1853:"Motion to limit PM's prorogation power passes"
1699:"Layton calls for limits on powers to prorogue"
1550:"Ontario prorogation halts key hearings, bills"
1218:
1216:
520:Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands
1547:
1308:Moore, Christopher. "A (pro)rogue's gallery".
1037:On August 18, 2020, Prime Minister of Canada
690:
194:Provincial and territorial executive councils
1947:. Ottawa: Queen's University. Archived from
1693:
1691:
1508:"PM gave Jean pledges in prorogation crisis"
1478:"PM gave Jean pledges in prorogation crisis"
1335:. London: Economist Group. January 7, 2010.
1213:
1979:Canadian House of Commons: Procedure Online
1725:"Thousands protest Parliament's suspension"
1622:"Thousands protest Parliament's suspension"
1531:"The use, misuse, and abuse of prorogation"
747:and remains in recess until the monarch or
1501:
1499:
1472:
1470:
697:
683:
1824:
1771:
1688:
1417:Panetta, Alexander (September 28, 2010).
1303:
1301:
1299:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1443:
1323:
1321:
1222:
1158:Section 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982
1056:
875:
828:
1873:
1797:
1570:
1505:
1496:
1467:
1416:
340:Courts of the Provinces and Territories
1986:
1648:"PM shuts down Parliament until March"
1480:. CBC. October 2, 2010. Archived from
1296:
1242:
299:Provincial and territorial parliaments
1933:
1899:
1772:Greenaway, Norma (January 25, 2010).
1731:from the original on January 25, 2010
1705:from the original on January 23, 2010
1628:from the original on January 25, 2010
1360:
1318:
1279:
1798:Leblanc, Daniel (January 28, 2010).
1717:
1437:
1390:
1253:
1959:Conacher v. Canada (Prime Minister)
1571:Howlett, Karen (October 16, 2012).
1548:Canadian Press (October 16, 2012).
1528:
1506:Elliott, Louise (October 2, 2010).
1280:Scott, Cameron (October 17, 2010).
1223:Ibbitson, John (October 17, 2012).
1052:
13:
1391:Foot, Richard (January 18, 2010).
14:
2020:
1972:
1934:Smith, David E. (June 10, 2010).
1307:
367:Peace, order, and good government
1254:Cobb, Chris (October 16, 2012).
864:and had to resign. According to
765:Parliament of Canada § Term
654:
642:
30:
1994:Political terminology in Canada
1927:
1893:
1874:Naumetz, Tim (March 22, 2010).
1867:
1845:
1818:
1791:
1765:
1743:
1662:
1640:
1614:
1590:
1564:
1541:
1522:
1138:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
515:Canada–European Union relations
248:Opposition Leader in the Senate
243:Government Leader in the Senate
1410:
1384:
1354:
1273:
983:Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
510:Canada–Latin America relations
411:Provincial electoral districts
372:Charter of Rights and Freedoms
280:His Majesty's Loyal Opposition
275:Opposition Leader in the house
270:Government Leader in the house
172:President of the Privy Council
1:
1834:, Westminster: King's Printer
1207:
2009:Westminster system in Canada
758:
751:, in the federal sphere, or
560:Indigenous Peoples in Canada
533:Crown and Indigenous peoples
7:
1190:
976:the Afghan detainees affair
394:Federal electoral districts
161:List of Canadian ministries
10:
2025:
1172:that "no great web of new
1107:House of Commons of Canada
887:In 2002, Governor General
811:
782:Governor General of Canada
762:
545:Aboriginal self-government
177:Clerk of the Privy Council
1727:. CBC. January 23, 2010.
1701:. CBC. January 20, 2010.
1624:. CBC. January 23, 2010.
919:advised Governor General
852:advised Governor General
792:of the House of Commons.
730:dissolution of parliament
618:Provinces and territories
416:Politics of the provinces
404:List of federal elections
101:Monarchy in the provinces
1650:. CBC. December 31, 2009
1314:(April–May 2010): 45–46.
964:XXI Olympic Winter Games
891:accepted Prime Minister
769:It is, according to the
399:Federal electoral system
285:Leader of the Opposition
1197:Parliamentary procedure
1154:Federal Court of Canada
1099:Liberal Party of Canada
1041:asked Governor General
1003:. Liberal House Leader
944:a parliamentary dispute
842:2nd Canadian Parliament
540:Canadian Aboriginal law
331:Chief Justice of Canada
145:List of prime ministers
1447:(September 30, 2010).
1329:"Halted in mid-debate"
1282:"What is Prorogation?"
1066:
1032:responsible government
1022:Contempt of Parliament
1014:gas-fired power plants
884:
837:
806:responsible government
771:constitution of Canada
745:Speech from the Throne
475:Diplomatic missions of
167:29th Canadian Ministry
1855:. CBC. March 17, 2010
1060:
1001:Ontario Liberal Party
879:
832:
797:parliamentary session
763:Further information:
714:parliamentary session
456:Global Affairs Canada
238:Speaker of the Senate
2004:Government of Canada
1999:Parliament of Canada
1954:on October 17, 2013.
1903:(October 19, 2012).
1364:(December 5, 2008).
1120:The NDP presented a
1090:New Democratic Party
854:the Earl of Dufferin
840:In 1873, during the
835:the Earl of Dufferin
786:lieutenant governors
718:Parliament of Canada
436:Municipal government
265:Speaker of the house
182:Privy Council Office
135:King’s Privy Council
106:Lieutenant governors
1915:on October 21, 2012
1676:on February 3, 2010
997:Ontario Legislature
988:, on the advice of
940:minority government
923:to do so after the
910:subsequent election
906:minority government
897:sponsorship scandal
753:lieutenant governor
661:Politics portal
550:First Nations bands
226:List of parliaments
1804:The Globe and Mail
1484:on October 8, 2010
1453:The Globe and Mail
1423:The Globe and Mail
1370:The Globe and Mail
1229:The Globe and Mail
1067:
1047:WE Charity scandal
885:
838:
775:Canadian monarch's
593:Constitutional law
221:Federal parliament
23:Politics of Canada
1529:Wiseman, Nelson.
1202:Royal prerogative
1164:Christopher Moore
1142:McGill University
1103:Michael Ignatieff
1018:previous election
981:In October 2012,
889:Adrienne Clarkson
880:Governor General
866:Christopher Moore
850:John A. Macdonald
833:Governor General
778:royal prerogative
707:
706:
649:Canada portal
613:Political culture
497:Visa requirements
449:Foreign relations
362:Constitution Acts
115:Royal prerogative
2016:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1828:(May 11, 1641),
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1795:
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1403:
1397:Montreal Gazette
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1358:
1352:
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1325:
1316:
1315:
1311:Canada's History
1305:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1251:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1220:
1169:Canada's History
1086:electoral reform
1082:Fair Vote Canada
1053:Calls for reform
1010:Ornge Air affair
972:British Columbia
948:Peter H. Russell
942:, precipitating
901:Chrétien's party
899:that surrounded
823:Second World War
749:governor general
734:House of Commons
712:is the end of a
699:
692:
685:
659:
658:
647:
646:
645:
429:Local government
407:
327:
324:List of justices
260:House of Commons
253:Senate divisions
229:
164:
148:
93:
85:Governor General
77:
53:
34:
18:
17:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1957:
1956:, referencing
1951:
1940:
1932:
1928:
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1359:
1355:
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1306:
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1278:
1274:
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1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1193:
1111:Long Parliament
1055:
993:Dalton McGuinty
858:Pacific Scandal
814:
767:
761:
703:
674:
670:Other countries
665:
653:
643:
641:
633:
632:
583:
575:
574:
535:
525:
524:
506:
487:Nationality law
483:
471:
451:
441:
440:
431:
421:
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401:
389:
379:
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350:Military courts
321:
314:
304:
303:
223:
216:
206:
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158:
142:
130:
120:
119:
87:
71:
64:
54:
47:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2006:
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1552:. CBC News
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603:Liberalism
598:Federalism
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45:Government
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1826:Charles I
1806:. Toronto
1455:. Toronto
1425:. Toronto
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1063:Vancouver
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759:Mechanism
738:bicameral
479:in Canada
387:Elections
128:Executive
62:The Crown
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1191:See also
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862:censured
492:Passport
461:Minister
312:Judicial
199:Premiers
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