328:
which increasing the fidelity of different aspects of a computer-generated photorealistic image, may each have a different effect on the degree to which the image is perceived to be a real photograph (Longhurst, Ledda & Chalmers, 2003; Rademacher, Lengyel, Cutrell, & Whitted, 2001). For example, increasing the fidelity of the textures in the image may typically be more important than increasing the fidelity of the shadows. It cannot therefore be assumed that increasing the fidelity of any aspect of a PA model will automatically strengthen the PA model illusion, and similarly it cannot be assumed that decreasing the fidelity of any aspect will automatically weaken it. Therefore, given that no previous research has investigated this illusion, it is difficult to determine the success of the technology that aims to enhance it, and difficult to make informed decisions when developing new technology. The capabilities of the human perceptual system should guide the development of any advanced interface (Stanney et al., 2004), hence this issue needs to be addressed.
260:(VR), which immerses a user in a computer-generated environment, augmented reality (AR) joins together physical and virtual spaces by creating the illusion that computer-generated objects are actually real objects in a user's environment (Figure 1). Furthermore, head-mounted-display based AR and VR systems can directly incorporate physical objects. Thus, as a user reaches out to a computer-generated object that they can see, they touch an equivalent physical model that is placed at the same spatial location. Such systems enable the computer-generated visual appearance of the object to be dynamically altered, while the physical model provides haptic feedback for the object's underlying form. However, head-mounted-display based systems require users to wear equipment, which limits the number of people who can simultaneously use the display.
304:. PA models combine the high level of intuitiveness of physical models with the flexibility and functionality of computer graphics, such as the ability to be quickly altered, animated, saved and updated (Jacucci, Oulasvirta, Psik, Salovaara & Wagner, 2005). Thus, a PA model essentially gives a physical form to a computer-generated object, which a user can touch and grasp with their bare hands. It is therefore unsurprising that user studies, which compared PA models to other Virtual and Augmented Reality displays, found PA models to be a natural and intuitive type of display (Nam & Lee, 2003; Stevens et al., 2002).
121:
22:
312:
image. This supports multiple projectors, which enables a PA model to be illuminated from every direction. Furthermore, powerful projectors (2000-3000 lumens) can be used to allow a PA model to be located in a well-lit room (Nam, 2005; Umemoro, Keller & Stappers, 2003). However, whilst this technology enables a PA model to be a viable and useful type of display, it does not address its main aim.
63:
320:
PA model in Figure 3 to be real bricks, flower pots, and pieces of wood, as opposed to white models with an image projected onto them. However, the essence of this illusion does not involve deceiving the user. A user can perceive a PA model to be the object that it depicts, whilst knowing that it is actually a white model and a projected image.
316:& Edelenbos, 2006; Keller & Stappers, 2001). Similarly, when used for a museum display application to create a replica of an artefact, a PA model aims to create the illusion of being the real artefact (Hirooka & Satio, 2006; Senckenberg Museum, 2006; Bimber, Gatesy, Witmer, Raskar & Encarnacao, 2002; Museum of London, 1999).
642:
302:âThe human interface to a physical model is the essence of âintuitiveâ. There are no widgets to manipulate, no sliders to move, and no displays to look through (or wear). Instead, we walk around objects, moving in and out to zoom, gazing and focusing on interesting components, all at very high visual, spatial, and temporal fidelityâ
217:. Instead, with the use of spatial displays, wide field of view and possibly high-resolution images of virtual objects can be integrated directly into the environment. For example, the virtual objects can be realized by using digital light projectors to paint 2D/3D imagery onto real surfaces, or by using built-in flat panel displays.
230:. However, computer-generated objects have a key advantage; they provide a level of flexibility that cannot be matched by physical objects. Therefore, a display is needed that somehow joins the real physical world and computer-generated objects together, thus enabling them to be experienced simultaneously.
327:
However, whether or not the PA model illusion occurs is entirely dependent on a user's subjective perceptual impression. Therefore, increasing the fidelity of different aspects of a PA model may each have a different effect on the strength of the illusion. This is essentially the same as the way in
240:
both aim to address this issue. TUI systems use real physical objects to both represent and also interact with computer-generated information (Figure 1). However, while TUIs create a physical link between real and computer-generated objects, they do not create the illusion that the computer-generated
323:
Technology has been developed to enhance this illusion by increasing the physical similarity between the PA model and the object that it depicts, or in other words, increasing the fidelity of the PA model. For example, the way in which the specular highlights on an object move as the viewer changes
319:
However, no previous research has specifically considered this illusion. Therefore, this thesis defines the âProjection
Augmented model illusionâ as the situation in which a PA model is perceived to actually be the object that it depicts. For example, this illusion occurs when a user perceives the
307:
However, the PA model concept is not new. In fact, one of the first PA model type displays was created over twenty years ago when
Naimark built the âDisplacementsâ art installation (Naimark, 1984) and more recently in the âHaunted Mansionâ attraction in Disney World (Liljegren & Foster, 1990).
315:
A PA model aims to create the illusion of actually being the object that it depicts. For example, when used for a product design application, it is important that a PA model provides a convincing perceptual impression of actually being the final product (Nam, 2006; Saakes, 2006; Verlinden, HorvĂĄth
263:
A variant of the AR paradigm that does not suffer from these limitations is spatially augmented reality (Figure 1). Spatially augmented reality displays project computer-generated information directly into the user's environment. Although there are several possible display configurations, the most
284:
A projection augmented model (PA model) consists of a physical three-dimensional model, onto which a computer image is projected to create a realistic looking object (Figure 2). Importantly, the physical model is the same geometric shape as the object that the PA model depicts. For example, the
311:
The growth in PA model technology has been marked by the recent recreation of
Naimark's âDisplacementsâ installation at SIGGRAPH (Displacements, 2005). Specifically, new technology has been developed that semi-automates the process of both creating and aligning the physical model and projected
752:
Stanney, K., Samman, S., Reeves, L., Hale, K., Buff, W., Bowers, C., Goldiez, B., Nicholson, D., & Lackey, S. (2004). A paradigm shift in interactive computing: Deriving multimodal design principles from behavioural and neurological foundations. International
Journal of Human-Computer
603:
Jacucci, G., Oulasvirta, A., Psik, T., Salovaara, A., & Wagner, I. (2005). Augmented reality painting and collage: Evaluating tangible interaction in a field study. In
Proceedings of Tenth IFIP-TC13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction INTERACT'05 (pp. 43â56).
526:
Cruz-Neira, C., Sandin, D., & DeFanti, T. (1993). Surround-screen projection-based virtual reality: the design and implementation of the CAVE. In
Proceedings of Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques - SIGGRAPHâ93 (pp. 135â142). New York: ACM Press.
688:
Nam. T. (2006). Sketching for
Hardware Software Integrated Interactive Product Design. In Proceedings Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems - CHIâ06, Workshop on âSketching" Nurturing Creativity: Commonalities in Art, Design, Engineering and Research. New York: ACM Press.
549:
Drettakis, G., Roussou, M., Tsingos, N., Reche, A., & Gallo, E. (2004). Image-based
Techniques for the Creation and Display of Photorealistic Interactive Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of the 10th Eurographics Symposium on Virtual Environments â EGVEâ04 (pp. 157â166).
768:
499:
728:
621:
308:
At the time technology did not exist for a PA model to be much more than an artistic statement. However, given the technology available today and a little âunfettered imaginationâ, exploring novel projection displays is now âpotentially boundlessâ.
585:
Hirooka, S., & Saito, H. (2006). Calibration Free
Virtual Display System Using Video Projector onto Real Object Surface. IEICE-Transactions on Info and Systems - Special Section on Artificial Reality and Telexistence, E89-D(1), 88-97.
578:
Fischer, J., Bartz, D., & StraĂer, W. (2006). Enhanced Visual
Realism by Incorporating Camera Image Effects. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality - ISMARâ06. Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press.
204:
systems. It consists of a physical three-dimensional model onto which a computer image is projected to create a realistic looking object. Importantly, the physical model is the same geometric shape as the object that the PA model depicts.
488:. In Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Graphics & Virtual Reality â CGVRâ06 â part of 2006 World Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, and Applied Computing - WORLDCOMP'06. World Academy of Science.
589:
Hoffman, H., Garcia-Palacios, A., Carlin, C., Furness, T., Botella-Arbona, C. (2003). Interfaces that heal: Coupling real and virtual objects to cure spider phobia. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 16, 283-300.
756:
Stevens, B., Jerrams-Smith, J., Heathcote, D., & Callear, D. (2002). Putting the Virtual into Reality: Assessing Object-Presence with Projection-Augmented Models. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 11(1), 79-92.
649:
761:
596:
Ishii, H., & Ullmer, B. (1997). Tangible Bits: Towards Seamless Interfaces between People, Bits and Atoms. In Proceedings Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems â CHI-97 (pp. 234â241). New York: ACM Press.
505:
Bimber, O., & Raskar, R. (2005). Spatial Augmented Reality: A Modern Approach to Augmented Reality. In Proceedings of Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques - SIGGRAPHâ05. New York: ACM Press.
225:
devices enable some aspects of computer-generated objects to be touched, they can not match this level of functionality. It is, therefore, unsurprising that physical objects are still used for many applications, such as
517:
735:
433:
Whitton, Lok, Insko & Brooks, 2005; Billingshurst, Grasset & Looser, 2005; Borst & Volz, 2005; Lee, Chen, Kim, Han & Pan, 2004; Hoffman, Garcia-Palacios, Carlin, Furness & Botella-Arbona,
220:
Real objects can be physically handled and naturally manipulated to be viewed from any direction, which is essential for ergonomic evaluation and provides a strong sense of palpability. Although simulated
645:, In Proceedings of Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Virtual Reality, Visualisation and Interaction in Africa - AFRIGRAPH '03 (pp. 123â132). New York: ACM Press.
778:
324:
position can be dynamically simulated. This enables a PA model to appear to be made from a wide range of materials. For example, a dull clay vase can appear to be made from a shiny plastic material.
246:
593:
Ichida, H., Itoh, Y., Kitamura, Y., & Kishino, F. (2004). ActiveCube and its 3D Applications. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference â VRâ04. Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press.
582:
Gibson, I., Gao, Z., & Campbell, I. (2004). A Comparative Study of Virtual prototyping and Physical Prototyping. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, 6(6), 503-522.
600:
Ishii, H., & Ullmer, B. (2001). Emerging Framework for Tangible User Interfaces. In J. Carroll (Eds.), Human-Computer Interaction in the New Millennium (pp. 579â601). Addison-Wesley.
290:
274:
610:
Khoudja M., Hafez M., & Kheddar A. (2004). Tactile Interfaces. A State of the Art Survey. In Proceedings of 35th International Symposium on Robotics (pp. 721â726).
532:"Michael Naimark: Interactive and Immersive Film Environments, 1977â1997. An Exhibition at Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques â SIGGRAPH'05"
793:. Journal of Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, special edition of the best papers from the International Presence Conference, 15(4), 419-437, MIT Press.
213:
Spatially augmented reality (SAR) renders virtual objects directly within or on the user's physical space. A key benefit of SAR is that the user does not need to wear a
556:
Evans, M., Wallace, D., Cheshire, D., & Sener, B. (2005). An evaluation of haptic feedback modelling during industrial design practice. Design Studies, 26,487-508.
553:
Dutson, A., & Wood, K. (2005). Using rapid prototypes for functional evaluation of evolutionary product designs. Rapid Prototyping Journal, 11 (3), 125-11.
685:. In Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization at SIGGRAPH â APGVâ05 (pp. 1689â1692). New York: ACM Press.
714:
614:
531:
607:
Keller, I., & Stappers, P. (2001). TRI: Inspiration Support for a design studio environment. International Journal of Design Computing, 3, 1-17.
285:
image projected onto the objects shown in Figure 3 provides colour and visual texture, which makes them appear to be made from different materials.
1495:
707:
495:. In Proceedings of Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques â SIGGRAPHâ05 (pp. 17â22). New York: ACM Press.
300:
PA models use a unique combination of physical objects and computer-generated information, and hence they inherit advantages from both.
35:
824:
798:
The âDetection, Perception and Object-Presence frameworkâ: A unified structure for investigating illusory representations of reality
771:. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering â TMCEâ06. Rotterdam: Millpress.
1380:
1042:
791:
The effect that the visual and haptic problems associated with touching a Projection Augmented model have on object-presence
703:. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference â VRâ06 (pp. 223â236). Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press.
131:
1094:
624:. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Conference â VRâ04 (pp. 207â216). Washington: IEEE Computer Society Press.
1583:
1068:
485:
696:. In Proceedings of Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems CHIâ03 (pp. 956â957). New York: ACM Press.
364:
179:
102:
49:
1004:
397:
Evans, Wallace, Cheshire & Sener, 2005; Baradaran & Stuerzlinger, 2005; Khoudja, Hafez & Kheddar, 2004
73:
41:
817:
560:
535:
365:"Scientific Commons: Spatially Augmented Reality (1998), 1998 [Ramesh Raskar, Greg Welch, Henry Fuchs]"
1551:
1510:
523:
Burdea, G., & Coffet, P. (2003). Virtual Reality Technology, 2nd Edition. Washington: Wiley-IEEE Press.
1546:
982:
939:
652:. IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems Special Issue on Networked Reality (E77D), 12, 1321-1329.
1252:
884:
710:. In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques (pp. 235â248). Springer.
717:. In Proceedings of the 12th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering Techniques (pp. 89â102). Springer.
628:
1588:
510:
1541:
1120:
1089:
1058:
894:
879:
874:
810:
694:
Integrating hardware and software: augmented reality based on prototyping method for digital products
138:
1536:
944:
682:
80:
693:
643:
Psychophysically based artistic techniques for increased perceived realism of virtual environments
1011:
999:
790:
659:. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, Special Issue on Projection, 14(5), 597-506.
233:
721:
492:
1578:
1531:
924:
1282:
919:
683:
Sketch-Based Rapid Prototyping Platform for Hardware-Software Integrated Interactive Products
1500:
1400:
1145:
977:
477:
Azuma, R., Baillot, Y., Behringer, R., Feiner, S., Julier, S., & MacIntyre, B. (2001).
214:
638:. US Patent # 4,978.216, Walt Disney Company, Burbank California, USA, December 18, 1990.
8:
656:
511:
Evaluation of a Haptic Mixed Reality System for Interactions with a Virtual Control Panel
252:
Figure 1 Continuum of advanced computer interfaces, based on Milgram and Kishino (1994).
241:
objects are actually in a user's real environment. That is the aim of augmented reality.
700:
478:
1240:
1063:
629:
Augmented Foam: Touchable and Graspable Augmented Reality for Product Design Simulation
344:
296:
Figure 3 An example of a Projection Augmented model (inset - with the projection off).
142:
1125:
929:
845:
664:
237:
222:
701:
A Survey of Large High-Resolution Display Technologies, Techniques, and Applications
1468:
1313:
1203:
1160:
1084:
899:
833:
800:. In Proceedings of SIGGRAPH's Computer Graphics and Applied Perception Symposium.
561:"CAVE: The Most Widely Installed Fully Immersive Visualization System in the World"
245:
762:
More light on your table: Table-sized Sketchy VR in support of fluid collaboration
635:
1475:
1463:
1395:
1365:
1348:
1318:
1267:
1032:
989:
851:
699:
Ni, T., Schmidt, G., Staadt, O., Livingston, M., Ball, R., & May, R. (2006).
257:
201:
79:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
1490:
1360:
1228:
1099:
289:
273:
227:
84:
1572:
1385:
1353:
1037:
949:
857:
797:
498:
Bimber, O., Gatesy, S., Witmer, L., Raskar, R., & Encarnacao, L. (2002).
779:
Integrating Real and Virtual Objects in Virtual Environments â Invited Paper
1421:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1308:
1235:
1180:
1170:
1155:
1027:
994:
934:
774:
368:
332:
1390:
1343:
1272:
1175:
1165:
1150:
1115:
802:
486:
A Comparison of Real and Virtual 3D Construction Tools with Novice Users
1375:
1245:
1218:
914:
1458:
1370:
1333:
909:
889:
631:. Bulletin of Japanese Society for the Design Science, 52(6), 17-26.
706:
Rademacher, P., Lengyel, J., Cutrell, E., & Whitted, T. (2001).
564:
513:. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 14(6), 677-696.
1505:
1213:
1208:
764:. In Proceedings of the 6th Asian Design International Conference.
715:
Shader Lamps: Animating Real Objects With Image-Based Illuminations
665:"'Displacements'. An exhibit at San Francisco Museum of Modern Art"
1426:
1223:
1485:
1480:
1453:
1303:
1257:
972:
713:
Raskar, R., Welch, G., Low K., & Bandyopadhyay, D. (2001).
615:
Multimodal interaction with a wearable augmented reality system
331:
Note: Projection Augmented models are sometimes referred to as
769:
Treatise of technologies for interactive augmented prototyping
1515:
1298:
1277:
1262:
500:
Merging Fossil Specimens with Computer-Generated Information
335:(Raskar, Welch, Low & Bandyopadhyay, 2001, p. 89).
1405:
620:
Lee, S., Chen, T., Kim, J., Han, S., & Pan, Z. (2004).
613:
Kölsch, M., Bane, R., Höllerer, T., & Turk, M. (2006).
415:
Gibson, Gao & Campbell, 2004; Ishii & Ullmer, 1997.
154:
617:. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 26(3), 62 -71.
146:
491:
Billingshurst, M., Grasset, R., & Looser, J. (2005).
481:. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 21(6), 34-47.
767:
Verlinden, J., HorvĂĄth, I., & Edelenbos, E. (2006).
622:
Affective Property Evaluation of Virtual Product Designs
150:
520:
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(6), 16-27.
208:
760:
Umemoro, H., Keller, I., & Stappers, P. (2003).
641:
Longhurst, P., Ledda, P., & Chalmers, A. (2003).
708:
Measuring the perception of visual realism in images
636:
Figure with Back Projected Image Using Fibre Optics
781:. In Proceedings of HCI International Conference.
461:Raskar, Welch, Low & Bandyopadhyay, 2001, p.89
724:. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 10(2), 144-147.
1570:
264:natural type is the projection augmented model.
777:, Lok, B., Insko, B., & Brooks, F. (2005).
280:Figure 2 The Projection Augmented model concept
784:
722:Material light: exploring expressive materials
484:Baradaran, H., & Stuerzlinger, W. (2005).
267:
818:
662:
650:A taxonomy of mixed reality visual displays
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
825:
811:
734:. Senckenberg Museum. 2006. Archived from
832:
180:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
634:Liljegren, G., & Foster, E. (1990).
796:Bennett, E., & Stevens, B. (2006).
789:Bennett, E., & Stevens, B. (2006).
648:Milgram, P., & Kishino, F. (1994).
132:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1571:
1196:
493:Designing Augmented Reality Interfaces
200:) is an element sometimes employed in
1496:Software related to augmented reality
1043:Simultaneous localization and mapping
806:
479:Recent Advances in Augmented Reality
209:Uniting physical and virtual objects
114:
56:
15:
1095:Omnidirectional (360-degree) camera
141:so that it is more encyclopedic or
13:
1069:Image-based modeling and rendering
518:What's real about virtual reality?
509:Borst, C., & Volz, R. (2005).
14:
1600:
563:. FakeSpace. 2006. Archived from
31:This article has multiple issues.
288:
272:
244:
119:
61:
20:
692:Nam, T., & Lee, W. (2003).
627:Lee, W., & Park, J. (2006)
502:. IEEE Computer, 35(9), 25-30.
464:
455:
39:or discuss these issues on the
446:
437:
427:
418:
409:
400:
391:
382:
357:
1:
1511:Vuforia Augmented Reality SDK
753:Interaction, 17(2), 229-257.
657:Two Unusual Projection Spaces
350:
1547:List of PlayStation VR games
940:Virtual reality applications
7:
785:Other relevant publications
443:Raskar, Welch, Fuchs, 1998.
338:
268:Projection augmented models
10:
1605:
905:Projection augmented model
452:Bimber & Raskar, 2005.
194:projection augmented model
1584:User interface techniques
1542:List of Oculus Rift games
1524:
1446:
1439:
1414:
1291:
1189:
1138:
1121:Omnidirectional treadmill
1108:
1090:Free viewpoint television
1077:
1059:Asynchronous reprojection
1051:
1020:
965:
958:
895:On-set virtual production
880:Computer-mediated reality
875:Cinematic virtual reality
867:
841:
729:"Dinosaur Fossil Exhibit"
388:Ishii & Ullmer, 1997.
1537:List of Meta Quest games
945:Virtual reality sickness
406:Dutson & Wood, 2005.
234:Tangible user interfaces
1012:Virtual retinal display
1000:Virtual reality headset
1532:List of HTC Vive games
925:Six degrees of freedom
534:. 2005. Archived from
1381:The Sword of Damocles
1283:Windows Mixed Reality
920:Simulation hypothesis
1501:Virtual reality game
1146:Cyberith Virtualizer
978:Head-mounted display
663:Naimark, M. (1984).
655:Naimark, M. (2005).
470:Naimark, 2005, p.605
215:head-mounted display
720:Saakes, D. (2006).
516:Brooks, F. (1999).
139:rewrite the content
1241:Microsoft HoloLens
1064:Foveated rendering
424:Azuma et al., 2001
345:Projection mapping
1589:Industrial design
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1435:
1434:
1209:Golden-i headsets
1134:
1133:
1126:Wearable computer
930:Spatial computing
846:Augmented reality
238:augmented reality
190:
189:
182:
172:
171:
113:
112:
105:
54:
1596:
1469:virtual graffiti
1444:
1443:
1314:Google Cardboard
1204:Apple Vision Pro
1194:
1193:
1161:PlayStation Move
1085:360-degree video
963:
962:
900:Persistent world
834:Extended reality
827:
820:
813:
804:
803:
749:
747:
746:
740:
733:
681:Nam, T. (2005).
678:
676:
675:
575:
573:
572:
546:
544:
543:
471:
468:
462:
459:
453:
450:
444:
441:
435:
431:
425:
422:
416:
413:
407:
404:
398:
395:
389:
386:
380:
379:
377:
376:
367:. Archived from
361:
292:
276:
248:
185:
178:
167:
164:
158:
123:
122:
115:
108:
101:
97:
94:
88:
65:
64:
57:
46:
24:
23:
16:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1520:
1476:Meta Horizon OS
1464:Interactive art
1431:
1410:
1396:Virtual fixture
1366:Samsung Gear VR
1319:Google Daydream
1287:
1268:PlayStation VR2
1185:
1130:
1104:
1073:
1047:
1033:Finger tracking
1016:
990:Head-up display
954:
863:
852:Virtual reality
837:
831:
787:
744:
742:
738:
731:
727:
673:
671:
669:www.naimark.net
570:
568:
559:
541:
539:
530:
475:
474:
469:
465:
460:
456:
451:
447:
442:
438:
432:
428:
423:
419:
414:
410:
405:
401:
396:
392:
387:
383:
374:
372:
363:
362:
358:
353:
341:
270:
258:virtual reality
223:haptic feedback
211:
202:virtual reality
186:
175:
174:
173:
168:
162:
159:
136:
124:
120:
109:
98:
92:
89:
78:
72:has an unclear
66:
62:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1491:Pervasive game
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:PlayStation VR
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1100:VR photography
1097:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1021:3D interaction
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
975:
969:
967:
960:
956:
955:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
871:
869:
865:
864:
862:
861:
855:
849:
842:
839:
838:
830:
829:
822:
815:
807:
786:
783:
473:
472:
463:
454:
445:
436:
426:
417:
408:
399:
390:
381:
355:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
340:
337:
333:'Shader Lamps'
269:
266:
228:product design
210:
207:
188:
187:
170:
169:
127:
125:
118:
111:
110:
74:citation style
69:
67:
60:
55:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1601:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1579:Mixed reality
1577:
1576:
1574:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:VFX1 Headgear
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Pose tracking
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
980:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
961:
957:
951:
950:Virtual world
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
870:
866:
859:
858:Mixed reality
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
840:
835:
828:
823:
821:
816:
814:
809:
808:
805:
801:
799:
794:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
754:
750:
741:on 2006-05-17
737:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
686:
684:
679:
670:
666:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
580:
576:
567:on 2008-01-08
566:
562:
557:
554:
551:
547:
538:on 2015-11-05
537:
533:
528:
524:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
503:
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
467:
458:
449:
440:
430:
421:
412:
403:
394:
385:
371:on 2012-10-23
370:
366:
360:
356:
346:
343:
342:
336:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
303:
298:
297:
293:
291:
286:
282:
281:
277:
275:
265:
261:
259:
254:
253:
249:
247:
242:
239:
235:
231:
229:
224:
218:
216:
206:
203:
199:
195:
184:
181:
166:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
134:
133:
128:This article
126:
117:
116:
107:
104:
96:
86:
82:
76:
75:
70:This article
68:
59:
58:
53:
51:
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
27:
18:
17:
1422:Project Iris
1339:Oculus Quest
1329:Liquid Image
1324:Google Glass
1236:Meta Quest 3
1224:Meta Quest 2
1181:Wizdish ROVR
1171:Virtuix Omni
1156:Oculus Touch
1028:Eye tracking
995:Smartglasses
959:Technologies
935:Telepresence
904:
795:
788:
773:
766:
759:
755:
751:
743:. Retrieved
736:the original
726:
719:
712:
705:
698:
691:
687:
680:
672:. Retrieved
668:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
612:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
592:
588:
584:
581:
577:
569:. Retrieved
565:the original
558:
555:
552:
548:
540:. Retrieved
536:the original
529:
525:
522:
515:
508:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
466:
457:
448:
439:
429:
420:
411:
402:
393:
384:
373:. Retrieved
369:the original
359:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
299:
295:
294:
287:
283:
279:
278:
271:
262:
255:
251:
250:
243:
232:
219:
212:
197:
193:
191:
176:
163:January 2021
160:
137:Please help
129:
99:
93:January 2021
90:
71:
47:
40:
34:
33:Please help
30:
1391:Virtual Boy
1344:Oculus Rift
1278:Vuzix Blade
1273:Valve Index
1176:Wired glove
1166:Razer Hydra
1151:Leap Motion
1139:Peripherals
1116:Haptic suit
1078:Photography
775:Whitton, M.
147:Wikiversity
1573:Categories
1415:Unreleased
1401:Virtuality
1376:SixthSense
1219:Magic Leap
915:Room-scale
745:2006-09-20
674:2006-09-20
571:2006-09-20
542:2024-03-05
375:2010-12-27
351:References
236:(TUI) and
155:Wikivoyage
85:footnoting
36:improve it
1459:ARToolKit
1371:Sensorama
1334:Oculus Go
910:Real life
890:Metaverse
885:Immersion
151:Wikibooks
130:contains
42:talk page
1506:visionOS
1440:Software
1309:EyePhone
1214:HTC Vive
1052:Software
868:Concepts
339:See also
198:PA model
81:citation
1447:General
1427:Sega VR
1197:Current
1190:Devices
983:optical
966:Display
256:Unlike
1486:OpenXR
1481:OpenVR
1454:ARCore
1354:Rift S
1304:castAR
1292:Former
1258:PICO 4
973:EyeTap
145:it to
1525:Games
1516:WebXR
1299:AntVR
1263:Pimax
1109:Other
739:(PDF)
732:(PDF)
434:2003.
153:, or
1406:VR-1
1253:OSVR
1005:list
860:(MR)
854:(VR)
848:(AR)
836:(XR)
143:move
83:and
1552:VR2
1349:CV1
1229:Pro
1575::
667:.
192:A
149:,
45:.
1246:2
826:e
819:t
812:v
748:.
677:.
574:.
545:.
378:.
196:(
183:)
177:(
165:)
161:(
157:.
135:.
106:)
100:(
95:)
91:(
87:.
77:.
52:)
48:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
