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175:(GUI). A GUI exists only in the digital world, whereas a TUI connects the digital with the physical world. For example, a screen displays the digital information, whereas a mouse allows us to directly interact with this digital information. A tangible user interface represents the input directly in the physical world, and makes the digital information directly graspable.
189:: Building your own landscape with sand). Another advantage is usability, because the user knows intuitively how to use the interface by knowing the function of the physical object. So, the user does not need to learn the functionality. That is why the Tangible User interface is often used to make technology more accessible for elderly people.
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almost everyone. A standard PC, webcam, and some handicraft work allows individuals to set up tangible systems with a minimal programming and material effort. This opens doors to novel ways of perceiving human-computer interaction and allows for new forms of creativity for the public to experiment with.
71:. The initial name was Graspable User Interface, which is no longer used. The purpose of TUI development is to empower collaboration, learning, and design by giving physical forms to digital information, thus taking advantage of the human ability to grasp and manipulate physical objects and materials.
392:
tracking of fingers, the platform supports the recognition of physical objects by their footprints. Several applications, mainly for the use in commercial space, have been presented. Examples range from designing an own individual graphical layout for a snowboard or skateboard to studying the details
423:
Another example of the many reacTIVision-based tabletops is ImpulsBauhaus-Interactive Table and was on exhibition at the
Bauhaus-University in Weimar marking the 90th anniversary of the establishment of Bauhaus. Visitors could browse and explore the biographies, complex relations and social networks
380:
The
Tangible Disaster allows the user to analyze disaster measures and simulate different kinds of disasters (fire, flood, tsunami,.) and evacuation scenarios during collaborative planning sessions. Physical objects allow positioning disasters by placing them on the interactive map and additionally
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InfrActables is a back projection collaborative table that allows interaction by using TUIs that incorporate state recognition. Adding different buttons to the TUIs enables additional functions associated to the TUIs. Newer versions of the technology can even be integrated into LC-displays by using
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It is difficult to keep track and overlook the rapidly growing number of all these systems and tools, but while many of them seem only to utilize the available technologies and are limited to initial experiments and tests with some basic ideas or just reproduce existing systems, a few of them open
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The commercial potential of TUIs has been identified recently. The repeatedly awarded
Reactable, an interactive tangible tabletop instrument, is now distributed commercially by Reactable Systems, a spinoff company of the Pompeu Fabra University, where it was developed. With the Reactable users can
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In the last few years, many amateur and semi-professional projects outside of academia and commerce have been started. Due to open source tracking technologies (reacTIVision) and the ever-increasing computational power available to end-consumers, the required infrastructure is now accessible to
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Newer developments go even one step further and incorporate the third dimension by allowing a user to form landscapes with clay (Illuminating Clay) or sand (Sand Scape). Again different simulations allow the analysis of shadows, height maps, slopes and other characteristics of the interactively
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Another notable interactive installation is instant city that combines gaming, music, architecture and collaborative aspects. It allows the user to build three-dimensional structures and set up a city with rectangular building blocks, which simultaneously results in the interactive assembly of
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For collaboration support, TUIs have to allow the spatial distribution, asynchronous activities, and the dynamic modification of the TUI infrastructure, to name the most prominent ones. This approach presents a framework based on the LINDA tuple space concept to meet these requirements. The
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Implementations which allow the user to sketch a picture on the system's table top with a real tangible pen. Using hand gestures, the user can clone the image and stretch it in the X and Y axes just as one would in a paint program. This system would integrate a video camera with a
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Embodied facilitation: the configuration of material objects and space affects how multiple users interact jointly with the tangible user interface. Examples include multiple access points: can all users in the space see what is going on and interact with central elements of the
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A simple example of tangible UI is the computer mouse: Dragging the mouse over a flat surface moves a pointer on the screen accordingly. There is a very clear relationship about the behaviors shown by a system with the movements of a mouse. Other examples include:
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of a wine in a restaurant by placing it on the table and navigating through menus via touch input. Interactions such as the collaborative browsing of photographs from a handycam or cell phone that connects seamlessly once placed on the table are also supported.
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A tangible user interface is usually built for one specific target group, because of the low range of possible application areas. Therefore, the design of the interface must be developed together with the target group to ensure a good user experience.
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Expressive representation: expressiveness and legibility of material and digital representations employed by tangible interaction systems. An example is representational significance: do physical and digital representations have the same strength and
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The Urp system and the more advanced
Augmented Urban Planning Workbench allow digital simulations of air flow, shadows, reflections, and other data based on the positions and orientations of physical models of buildings, on the table surface.
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Skulmowski, Alexander; Pradel, Simon; KĂĽhnert, Tom; Brunnett, Guido; Rey, GĂĽnter Daniel (January 2016). "Embodied learning using a tangible user interface: The effects of haptic perception and selective pointing on a spatial learning task".
419:
The
Tangible Factory Planning is a tangible table based on reacTIVision that allows to collaboratively plan and visualize production processes in combination with plans of new factory buildings and was developed within a diploma thesis.
324:: Designing landscape with TUI. This interface lets the user form a landscape out of sand on a table. The sand model represents the terrain, which is projected on the surface. In real-time the model projects the deformations of the sand.
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Tangible manipulation: material representations with distinct tactile qualities, which are typically physically manipulated. A typical example is haptic direct manipulation: can user grab, feel and move important elements in the
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TUIs have been shown to increase learning performance by offering multimodal feedback. However, these benefits for learning require forms of interaction design that leave as much cognitive capacity as possible for learning.
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Several approaches have been made to establish a generic middleware for TUIs. They target toward the independence of application domains as well as flexibility in terms of the deployed sensor technology. For example,
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blocks which can be snapped together, but can also move by themselves using motorized components. A person can push, pull, and twist these blocks, and the blocks can memorize these movements and replay
699:
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Ishii, H.; Underkoffler, J.; Chak, D.; Piper, B.; Ben-Joseph, E.; Yeung, L.; Kanji, Z. (2002). "Augmented urban planning workbench: Overlaying drawings, physical models and digital simulation".
134:
Spatial interaction: tangible interaction is embedded in real space; interaction occurs as movement in this space. An example is full body interaction: can the user make use of their whole body?
311:. The implementation of a TUI helped make this product more accessible to elderly users of the product. The 'friend' passes can also be used to activate different interactions with the product.
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set up their own instrument interactively, by physically placing different objects (representing oscillators, filters, modulators...) and parametrise them by rotating and using touch-input.
94:, is to give physical form to digital information, making bits directly manipulable and perceptible. Tangible bits pursues the seamless coupling between physical objects and virtual data.
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as a new programming language that would teach much younger children similar to Logo, but using special "keyboards" and input devices. Another pioneer in tangible user interfaces is
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484:. The metaDesk consisted of a table whose surface showed a rear-projected video image. Placing a phicon on the table triggered sensors that altered the video projection.
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In 1999, Gary
Zalewski patented a system of moveable children's blocks containing sensors and displays for teaching spelling and sentence composition.
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Fidalgo, F., Silva, P., Realinho, V.: "Ubiquitous
Computing and Organizations", page 201. Current Developments in Technology-Assisted Education, 2006
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Interest in tangible user interfaces (TUIs) has grown constantly since the 1990s, and with every year, more tangible systems are showing up. A 2017
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Human-computer
Interaction: INTERACT '01 : IFIP TC.13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 9th-13th July 2001, Tokyo, Japan
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The MIT Tangible Media Group, headed by
Hiroshi Ishi is continuously developing and experimenting with TUIs including many tabletop applications.
123:
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http://www.cs.rit.edu/~pns6910/docs/Tuple%20Space/A%20Tuple-Space%20Based%20Middleware%20for%20Collaborative%20Tangible%20User%20Interfaces.pdf
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One advantage of the TUI is the user experience, because it occurs a physical interaction between the user and the interface itself (E.g.:
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implemented TUIpist framework deploys arbitrary sensor technology for any type of application and actuators in distributed environments.
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In comparison with a TUI, a GUI has a wide range of usages in one interface. Because of that it targets a large group of possible users.
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and the subsequent release of its tracking technology reacTIVision under the GNU/GPL as well as the open specifications of the
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is a proprietary authoring application used to build object-recognition interfaces for projected-capacitive touch tables. The
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outlines the evolution of TUIs for touch table experiences and raises new possibilities for experimentation and development.
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According to Mi Jeong Kim and Mary Lou Maher, the five basic defining properties of tangible user interfaces are as follows:
83:
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provides an application platform in which small gesture sensitive displays act together to form a human-computer interface.
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems
Changing our world, changing ourselves - CHI '02
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Microsoft is distributing its novel Windows-based platform Microsoft Surface (now Microsoft PixelSense) since 2009. Beside
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http://tmg-trackr.media.mit.edu:8020/SuperContainer/RawData/Papers/485-Radical%20Atoms%20Beyond%20Tangible/Published/PDF
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Kim, Mi Jeong; Maher, Mary Lou (30 May 2008). "The Impact of Tangible User Interfaces on Designers' Spatial Cognition".
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out into novel interfaces and interactions and are deployed in public space or embedded in art installations.
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There are several frameworks describing the key characteristics of tangible user interfaces. Brygg Ullmer and
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems the CHI is the limit - CHI '99
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Physical icons were first used as tangible interfaces in the metaDesk project built in 1997 by Professor
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Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual CHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '08
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Proceedings of the 7th international conference on New interfaces for musical expression - NIME '07
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The user already knows the function of the interface by knowing how the physical objects function
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Physical representations are perceptually coupled to actively mediated digital representations.
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Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction - TEI '07
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Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction - TEI '07
617:"Getting a grip on tangible interaction: A framework on physical space and social interaction"
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Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction - TEI '08
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285:. Dropping a marble into a dish plays back the associated message or calls back the caller.
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allows users with little or no coding experience to quickly create TUI-based experiences.
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Physical representations are computationally coupled to underlying digital information.
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JordĂ , Sergi; Geiger, GĂĽnter; Alonso, Marcos; Kaltenbrunner, Martin (2007). "The reac
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protocol have triggered an enormous amount of developments based on this technology.
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Hamid Aghajan; Juan Carlos Augusto; Ramon Lopez-Cozar Delgado (25 September 2009).
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Physical state of tangibles embodies key aspects of the digital state of a system
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Usability Engineering: Scenario-based Development of Human-computer Interaction
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Ishii, Hiroshi (June 2008). "The tangible user interface and its evolution".
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Wall, Josh (2009). "Demo I Microsoft Surface and the Single View Platform".
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788:"Internet-of-Things answering machine from 1992, with marbles / Boing Boing"
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760:"Comparing Graphical and Tangible User Interfaces for a Tower Defense Game"
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Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical
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Hauert, Sibylle; Reichmuth, Daniel; Böhm, Volker (2007). "Instant city".
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25:
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2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems
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Piper, Ben; Ratti, Carlo; Ishii, Hiroshi (2002). "Illuminating clay".
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878:"Wireless I/O apparatus and method of computer-assisted instruction"
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describe six characteristics concerning representation and control:
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Proceedings. International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality
853:"The Evolution of Tangible User Interfaces on Touch Tables | Ideum"
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Physical representations embody mechanisms for interactive control.
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and Jacob Buur describe a structured framework with four themes:
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Kaltenbrunner, Martin; Bencina, Ross (2007). "ReacTIVision".
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Hofer, Ramon; Kaplan, Patrick; Kunz, Andreas (2008). "Mighty
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tuning parameters (i.e. scale) using dials attached to them.
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history of Tangible Interaction and Tangible User Interfaces
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Where the Action is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction
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Ideum - exhibit design | touch tables | interactive exhibits
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1140:"Tangible user interface for supporting disaster education"
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Concurrent access and manipulation of interface components.
1382:"Interactive Table with reacTIVision : ImpulsBauhaus"
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The Evolution of Tangible User Interfaces on Touch Tables
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TUIO open framework for tangible multitouch surfaces at
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Tangible Factory Planning, Diploma Thesis, Daniel Guse,
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A tangible user interface must be differentiated from a
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Coupling between cognitive bits and the physical output
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Based on graphical bits, such as pixels on the screen
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Campbell, John; Carandang, Xharmagne (29 July 2012).
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The user explores the functionality of the interface
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720:Ishii, Hiroshi (2007). "Tangible User Interfaces".
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917:Underkoffler, John; Ishii, Hiroshi (1999). "Urp".
576:"Emerging Frameworks for Tangible User Interfaces"
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1466:Human-Centric Interfaces for Ambient Intelligence
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90:. His particular vision for tangible UIs, called
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220:Physical objects, such as a mouse or a keyboard
1544:Mary Beth Rosson; John Millar Carroll (2002).
460:in a traditional graphical user interface, or
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806:"Topobo construction kit with kinetic memory"
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456:, is the tangible computing equivalent of an
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1363:http://www.danielguse.de/tangibletable.php
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397:musical fragments of different composers.
212:Build for many kinds of application areas
86:who heads the Tangible Media Group at the
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250:User behavior when approaching the system
167:Comparison with graphical user interfaces
824:"jive - social networking for your gran"
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533:Ishii, Hiroshi (2008). "Tangible bits".
281:represents a single message left on the
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722:The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook
377:infrared sensors behind the LC matrix.
209:Build for one specific application area
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1493:Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution
574:Ullmer, Brygg; Ishii, Hiroshi (2000).
292:system. The blocks in Topobo are like
162:Spatial re-configurability of devices.
159:Spatially aware computational devices.
150:Space-multiplex both input and output.
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615:Hornecker, Eva; Buur, Jacob (2006).
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626:. Vol. CHI. pp. 437–446.
480:'s tangible bits research group at
468:object and thereby convey meaning.
464:. Phicons hold a reference to some
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206:Range of possible application areas
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1550:. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 316–.
1490:Howard Rheingold (21 March 2007).
1349:"Sourceforge TUIO User Exhibition"
97:
36:example of tangible user interface
14:
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1146:. Siggraph '07. pp. 144–es.
424:between members of the movement.
1632:Natural-language user interfaces
1469:. Academic Press. pp. 15–.
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427:Using principles derived from
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1655:Conversational user interface
1406:10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.011
1138:Alexa, Marc (5 August 2007).
519:
360:Tangible Engine Media Creator
239:How user experience is driven
34:electronic musical instrument
1442:. IOS Press. pp. 337–.
277:by Durrell Bishop (1992). A
74:This was first conceived by
49:Children's Creativity Museum
7:
1523:. MIT Press. pp. 45–.
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264:
10:
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1580:Encyclopedia entry on the
978:10.1109/ISMAR.2002.1115090
664:Human–Computer Interaction
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316:projection augmented model
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1795:User interface techniques
1769:Multimodal user interface
1759:Text-based user interface
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1675:Graphical user interfaces
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1436:Michitaka Hirose (2001).
1398:Computers & Education
1144:ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 posters
1052:Communications of the ACM
702:19 September 2012 at the
676:10.1080/07370020802016415
201:Graphical user interface
195:Interface type/attributes
18:Text-based user interface
1248:10.1109/CTS.2009.5067436
730:10.1201/9781410615862-35
514:Unconventional computing
275:Marble Answering Machine
217:How the system is driven
173:graphical user interface
156:Strong specific devices.
47:device installed in the
16:Not to be confused with
1711:Tangible user interface
1317:10.1145/1226969.1226983
1281:10.1145/1279740.1279846
1242:. pp. xxxi–xxxii.
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1152:10.1145/1280720.1280877
1099:10.1145/1357054.1357091
1064:10.1145/1349026.1349034
632:10.1145/1124772.1124838
543:10.1145/1347390.1347392
400:The development of the
198:Tangible user interface
57:tangible user interface
1764:Natural user interface
1688:Zooming user interface
764:AMCIS 2012 Proceedings
509:Organic user interface
504:Natural user interface
499:Kinetic user interface
52:
37:
1752:Other user interfaces
1698:Touch user interfaces
1650:Voice user interfaces
1517:Paul Dourish (2004).
1019:10.1145/503376.503439
927:10.1145/302979.303114
433:cognitive load theory
373:formable landmasses.
231:Unmediated connection
82:, a professor at the
43:
28:
962:. pp. 203–211.
921:. pp. 386–393.
724:. pp. 495–514.
234:Indirect connection
1743:Positional tracking
1384:. 20 February 2017.
1368:9 July 2010 at the
1351:. 20 February 2017.
828:jive.benarent.co.uk
595:10.1147/sj.393.0915
583:IBM Systems Journal
303:gesture recognition
1721:3D user interfaces
494:Hardware interface
429:embodied cognition
53:
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1800:Surface computing
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1660:Virtual assistant
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1530:978-0-262-54178-7
1503:978-0-465-00439-3
1476:978-0-08-087850-8
1449:978-1-58603-188-6
1326:978-1-59593-619-6
1257:978-1-4244-4584-4
1216:978-1-59593-619-6
1116:978-1-60558-011-1
1107:20.500.11850/9226
1028:978-1-58113-453-7
987:978-0-7695-1781-0
936:978-0-201-48559-2
896:www.media.mit.edu
739:978-0-429-16397-5
552:978-1-60558-004-3
283:answering machine
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