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practice computer exercises at their own pace, and during the supervised class time could also complete chapter quizzes. A weighted average of the times at which each chapter quiz was finished formed the measure of observed procrastination, whilst observed irrationality was quantified with the number of practice exercises that were left uncompleted. Researchers found that there was only a moderate correlation between observed and self-reported procrastination (r = 0.35). There was a very strong inverse relationship between the number of exercises completed and the measure of postponement (r = −0.78). Observed procrastination was very strongly negatively correlated with course grade (r = −0.87), as was self-reported procrastination (though less so, r = −0.36). As such, self-reported measures of procrastination, on which the majority of the literature is based, may not be the most appropriate measure to use in all cases. It was also found that procrastination itself may not have contributed significantly to poorer grades. Steel et al. noted that those students who completed all of the practice exercises "tended to perform well on the final exam no matter how much they delayed."
594:. Results from a 2002 study indicate that many students are aware of procrastination and accordingly set binding deadlines long before the date for which a task is due. These self-imposed binding deadlines are correlated with a better performance than without binding deadlines though performance is best for evenly spaced external binding deadlines. Finally, students have difficulties optimally setting self-imposed deadlines, with results suggesting a lack of spacing before the date at which results are due. In one experiment, participation in online exercises was found to be five times higher in the final week before a deadline than in the summed total of the first three weeks for which the exercises were available. Procrastinators end up being the ones doing most of the work in the final week before a deadline. Additionally, students can delay making important decisions such as "I'll get my degree out of the way first then worry about jobs and careers when I finish University".
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passive, and active procrastination where the person finds enjoyment of a goal-oriented activity only under pressure. The study calls this active procrastination positive procrastination, as it is a functioning state in a self-handicapping environment. In addition, it was observed that active procrastinators have more realistic perceptions of time and perceive more control over their time than passive procrastinators, which is considered a major differentiator between the two types. Due to this observation, active procrastinators are much more similar to non-procrastinators as they have a better sense of purpose in their time use and possess efficient time-structuring behaviors. But surprisingly, active and passive procrastinators showed similar levels of academic performance. The population of the study was college students and the majority of the sample size were women and Asian in origin. Comparisons with chronic pathological procrastination traits were avoided.
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153:, published in 1984, 46% of the subjects reported that they "always" or "nearly always" procrastinated writing papers, while approximately 30% reported procrastinating studying for exams and reading weekly assignments (by 28% and 30% respectively). Nearly a quarter of the subjects reported that procrastination was a problem for them regarding the same tasks. However, as many as 65% indicated that they would like to reduce their procrastination when writing papers, and approximately 62% indicated the same for studying for exams and 55% for reading weekly assignments.
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procrastination increases the frequency of seven different forms of academic misconduct, i.e., using fraudulent excuses, plagiarism, copying from someone else in exams, using forbidden means in exams, carrying forbidden means into exams, copying parts of homework from others, fabrication or falsification of data and the variety of academic misconduct. This study argues that academic misconduct can be seen as a means to cope with the negative consequences of academic procrastination such as performance impairment.
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procrastination is "to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay." Sabini and Silver argued that postponement and irrationality are the two key features of procrastination. Delaying a task is not deemed as procrastination, they argue, if there are rational reasons behind the delay. Further, in a study conducted by
Pogorskiy and Beckmann, learners' procrastination is characterised by stable sequential patterns in learners' web navigation behaviour.
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societies revealed that students from
Western cultures tend to be motivated more by "mastery-approach orientation" because the degree of incentive value for individual achievement is strongly reflective of the values of Western culture. By contrast, most students from Eastern cultures have been found to be "performance-avoidance orientated". They often make efforts to maintain a positive image of their abilities, which they display while in front of their peers. In addition, Hazel Rose Markus and
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consistent. The students in the study not only received poor academic grades, but they also reported high levels of stress and poor self-health. Howell et al. (2006) found that, though scores on two widely used procrastination scales were not significantly associated with the grade received for an assignment, self-report measures of procrastination on the assessment itself were negatively associated with grade.
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433:= 1.0), meaning no unique genetic influences of either trait alone was found. The authors confirmed three constructs developed from the evolutionary hypothesis that procrastination arose as a by-product of impulsivity: "(a) Procrastination is heritable, (b) the two traits share considerable genetic variation, and (c) goal-management ability is an important component of this shared variation."
31:
648:, commitment therapy and acceptance therapy. Cognitive behavioural therapy approaches on average have the largest effects on average substantial reduction in procrastination is possible.Cognitive behavioural therapy identifies thoughts surrounding activities, labels some of them as dysfunctional, and corrects them, and then seeks to associate these corrected thoughts with actions.
655:, which does not normally address emotional issues related to procrastination so interventions are often combined with other approaches. Coherence therapy seeks to understand an underlying emotional truth behind procrastination, acceptance therapy focuses on viewing emotional responses as to be expected and transitory. Strength-based approaches aims to foster
313:. Andrew Elliot and Judith Harackiewicz (1996) showed that students with performance-avoidance orientations tended to be concerned about comparisons with their peers. These students procrastinated as a result of not wanting to look incompetent, or to avoid demonstrating a lack of ability and adopt a facade of competence for a task in front of their peers.
414:. The prefrontal cortex also acts as a filter, decreasing distracting stimuli from other brain regions. Damage or low activation in this area can reduce one's ability to avert diversions, which results in poorer organization, a loss of attention, and increased procrastination. This is similar to the prefrontal lobe's role in
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productive", suggesting that dedicating leisure activities as motivation can increase one's efficiency at handling tasks. Procrastination is not a lifelong trait. Those likely to worry can learn to let go, those who procrastinate can find different methods and strategies to help focus and avoid impulses.
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With a distant deadline, procrastinators report significantly less stress and physical illness than do non-procrastinators. However, as the deadline approaches, this relationship is reversed. Procrastinators report more stress, more symptoms of physical illness, and more medical visits, to the extent
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Different findings emerge when observed and self-reported procrastination are compared. Steel et al. constructed their own scales based on Silver and Sabini's "irrational" and "postponement" criteria. They also sought to measure this behavior objectively. During a course, students could complete exam
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intended to understand task performance among procrastinators with the definition of procrastination as the absence of self-regulated performance, from the 1977 work of Ellis & Knaus. In their study they identified two types of procrastination: the traditional procrastination which they denote as
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Procrastinators have been found to receive worse grades than non-procrastinators. Tice et al. (1997) report that more than one-third of the variation in final exam scores could be attributed to procrastination. The negative association between procrastination and academic performance is recurring and
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Making a plan to complete tasks in a rigid schedule format might not work for everyone. There is no hard-and-fast rule to follow such a process if it turns out to be counter-productive. Instead of scheduling, it may be better to execute tasks in a flexible, unstructured schedule which has time slots
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to procrastinate and it can be regarded as a useful way to prioritize between tasks, due to a lower tendency of procrastination on truly valued tasks. However, excessive procrastination can become a problem and impede normal functioning. When this happens, procrastination has been found to result in
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Research by
Sushila Niles (1998) with Australian students and Sri Lankan students confirmed these differences, revealing that Australian students often pursued more individual goals, whereas Sri Lankan students usually desired more collaborative and social goals. Multiple studies by Kuo-Shu Yang and
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Gregory Arief Liem and Youyan Nie (2008) found that cultural characteristics are shown to have a direct influence on achievement orientation because it is closely aligned with most students' cultural values and beliefs. Sonja Dekker and Ronald
Fischer's (2008) meta-analysis across thirteen different
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may be responsible for procrastination; one may prefer to avoid negative emotions by delaying stressful tasks. In 2019, a research conducted by
Rinaldi et al. indicated that measurable cognitive impairments may play a role in procrastination. As the deadline for their target of procrastination grows
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can impact procrastination. For example, in cultures that have a multi-active view of time, people tend to place a higher value on making sure a job is done accurately before finishing. In cultures with a linear view of time, people tend to designate a certain amount of time on a task and stop once
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is the act of unnecessarily delaying or postponing something despite knowing that there could be negative consequences for doing so. It is a common human experience involving delays in everyday chores or even putting off tasks such as attending an appointment, submitting a job report or academic
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are very strong motivators for achievement in many non-Western cultures because of their emphasis on cooperation in the family unit and community. Guided by these cultural values, it is believed that the individual intuitively senses the degree of pressure that differentiates his or her factor of
234:) associated with delaying intended and important personal goals. This option provides immediate pleasure and is consequently very attractive to impulsive procrastinators, at the point of discovery of the achievable goals at hand. There are several emotion-oriented strategies, similar to Freudian
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that are best suited for the most challenging and productive work. Steel states that it is essential to have realistic goals, to tackle one problem at a time and to cherish the "small successes". Brian O'Leary supports that "finding a work-life balance...may actually help us find ways to be more
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Gregory Schraw, Theresa
Wadkins, and Lori Olafson in 2007 proposed three criteria for a behavior to be classified as academic procrastination: it must be counterproductive, needless, and delaying. Steel reviewed all previous attempts to define procrastination, and concluded in a 2007 study that
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was observed where individuals who had later sleeping and waking patterns were more likely to procrastinate. Smartphone addiction is an important factor that interferes with sleep, and it is characterized by compulsive behavior patterns that cause people to malfunction. When smartphone use is
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procrastination, but for different reasons. Students from
Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid doing worse than they have done before or failing to learn as much as they should have, whereas students from non-Western cultures tend to procrastinate in order to avoid looking
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journal "The Impact of
Organizational and Personal Factors on Procrastination in Employees of a Modern Russian Industrial Enterprise published in the Psychology in Russia", helped to identify the many factors that affected employees' procrastination habits. Some of which include intensity of
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skills in using the
Internet. Also, Odaci notes that most colleges provide free and fast twenty-four-hour Internet service which some students are not usually accustomed to, and as a result of irresponsible use or lack of firewalls these students become engulfed in distractions, and thus in
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that, overall, procrastinators experience more stress and health problems. This can cause quality of life to decrease significantly along with overall happiness. Procrastination also has the ability to increase perfectionism and neuroticism, while decreasing conscientiousness and optimism.
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Task- or problem-solving measures are taxing from a procrastinator's outlook. If such measures are pursued, it is less likely the procrastinator would remain a procrastinator. However, pursuing such measures requires actively changing one's behavior or situation to prevent and minimize the
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perfectionism—had high levels of procrastination and anxiety. In a regression analysis study from 2007, it was found that mild to moderate perfectionists typically procrastinate slightly less than others, with "the exception being perfectionists who were also seeking clinical counseling".
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Procrastination is considerably more widespread in students than in the general population, with over 70 percent of students reporting procrastination for assignments at some point. A 2014 panel study from
Germany among several thousand university students found that increasing academic
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suggests that procrastination is not unique to humans but can also be observed in some other animals. There are experiments finding clear evidence for "procrastination" among pigeons, which show that pigeons tend to choose a complex but delayed task rather than an easy but hurry-up one.
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that "The procrastinators—people who scored above the median on the survey—were 1.5 to 3 times more likely to have symptoms of insomnia, like severe difficulty falling asleep, than those who scored lower on the test." Insomnia can even add more problems as a severe and negative impact.
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Traditionally, procrastination has been associated with perfectionism: a tendency to negatively evaluate outcomes and one's own performance, intense fear and avoidance of evaluation of one's abilities by others, heightened social self-consciousness and anxiety, recurrent low mood, and
325:
An-Bang Yu (1987, 1988, 1990) have indicated that individual achievement among most Chinese and Japanese students were measured by a fulfillment of their obligation and responsibility to their family network, not to individual accomplishments. Yang and Yu (1987) have also shown that
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and lead to self-repudiation, self-contempt, and widespread unhappiness. To overcome procrastination, it is essential to recognize and accept the power of failure without condemning, to stop focusing on faults and flaws and to set goals that are easier to achieve.
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According to Holly McGregor and Andrew Elliot (2002); Christopher Wolters (2003), academic procrastination among portions of undergraduate students has been correlated to "performance-avoidance orientation" which is one factor of the four factor model of
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In a study performed on university students, procrastination was shown to be greater with tasks that were perceived as unpleasant or as impositions than with tasks for which the student believed they lacked the required skills for accomplishing the task.
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For some people, procrastination can be persistent and tremendously disruptive to everyday life. For these individuals, procrastination may reveal psychiatric disorders. Procrastination has been linked to a number of negative associations, such as
296:. In 1982, it had been suggested that irrationality was an inherent feature of procrastination. "Putting things off even until the last moment isn't procrastination if there is a reason to believe that they will take only that moment". Steel
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A study done in 2004 showed that 70% of university students categorized themselves as procrastinators while a 1984 study showed that 50% of the students would procrastinate consistently and considered it a major problem in their lives.
2254:"Association between impulsivity and cognitive capacity decrease is mediated by smartphone addiction, academic procrastination, bedtime procrastination, sleep insufficiency and daytime fatigue among medical students: a path analysis"
321:(1991) showed that in non-Western cultures, rather than standing out through their achievements, people tend to be motivated to become part of various interpersonal relationships and to fit in with those that are relevant to them.
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associated with starting or completing any task or decision. Piers Steel indicated in 2010 that anxiety is just as likely to induce people to start working early as late, and that the focus of studies on procrastination should be
469:. A real judge is accredited as the inspiration for the character. He is often referred to and his famous saying, "Ej, ráérünk arra még!" (from old Hungarian, meaning "Oh, we've got time for that!") is used as a catchphrase.
262:: Pretending that procrastinatory behavior is not actually procrastinating, but rather a task which is more important than the avoided one, or that the essential task that should be done is not of immediate importance.
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Other reasons cited on why students procrastinate include fear of failure and success, perfectionist expectations, as well as legitimate activities that may take precedence over school work, such as a job.
58:, guilt, and feelings of inadequacy. However, it can also be considered a wise response to certain demands that could present risky or negative outcomes or require waiting for new information to arrive.
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Patrzek, J.; Sattler, S.; van Veen, F.; Grunschel, C.; Fries, S. (2014). "Investigating the Effect of Academic Procrastination on the Frequency and Variety of Academic Misconduct: A Panel Study".
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is a key to overcoming procrastination, including being aware of and using one's "power hours" (being a "morning person" or "night owl"). A good approach is to creatively utilize one's internal
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Modification of one's environment for that newly gained perspective: the elimination or minimization of noise or distraction; investing effort into relevant matters; and ceasing day-dreaming.
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and social disapproval for not meeting responsibilities or commitments. Together these feelings may promote further procrastination and for some individuals procrastination becomes almost
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is the phenomenon where a student will begin to fully apply themselves to a task only immediately before a deadline. This negates the usefulness of any buffers built into individual task
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According to an Educational Science Professor, Hatice Odaci, academic procrastination is a significant problem during college years in part because many college students lack efficient
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responses of procrastination tend to be avoidant or emotional rather than task-oriented or focused on problem-solving. Emotional and avoidant coping is employed to reduce stress (and
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William J. Knaus estimated that more than 90% of college students procrastinate. Of these students, 25% are chronic procrastinators and typically abandon higher education.
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Perfectionism is a common cause for procrastination because pursuing unattainable goals (perfection) usually results in failure. Unrealistic expectations destroy
508:. A study found that procrastinators were less future-oriented than their non-procrastinator counterparts. This result was hypothesized to be in association with
1965:
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Lee, Dong-gwi; Kelly, Kevin R.; Edwards, Jodie K. (2006). "A Closer Look at the Relationships Among Trait Procrastination, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness".
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Hsin Chun Chu, Angela; Nam Choi, Jin (2005). "Rethinking Procrastination: Positive Effects of "Active" Procrastination Behavior on Attitudes and Performance".
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authored an essay entitled "Structured Procrastination", wherein he proposes a "cheat" method as a safer approach for tackling procrastination: using a
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Duffy, JF; Czeisler, CA (2002). "Age-Related Change in the Relationship Between Circadian Period, Circadian Phase, and Diurnal Preference in Humans".
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and stress. Therefore, it is important for people whose procrastination has become chronic and is perceived to be debilitating to seek out a trained
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Seeking help for self-defeating problems such as fear, anxiety, difficulty in concentrating, poor time management, indecisiveness, and perfectionism.
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Blaming: Delusional attributions to external factors, such as rationalizing that the procrastination is due to external forces beyond one's control.
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performance evaluations, importance of their duty within a company, and their perception and opinions on management and/or upper level decisions.
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2124:"Genetic Relations Among Procrastination, Impulsivity, and Goal-Management Ability Implications for the Evolutionary Origin of Procrastination"
1992:
Tice, DM; Baumeister, RF (1997). "Longitudinal Study of Procrastination, Performance, Stress, and Health: The Costs and Benefits of Dawdling".
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perspectives on the present; instead it was found procrastination was better predicted by a fatalistic and hopeless attitude towards life.
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assignment, or broaching a stressful issue with a partner. It is often perceived as a negative trait due to its hindering effect on one's
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where tasks are deliberately delayed and the individual positively acknowledges that the benefit of delay exceed the long term benefits.
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1836:"Understanding academic procrastination: A Longitudinal analysis of procrastination and emotions in undergraduate and graduate students"
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Howell, AJ; Watson, DC; Powell, RA; Buro, K (2006). "Academic Procrastination: The Pattern and Correlates of Behavioral Postponement".
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To prevent relapse, reinforce pre-set goals based on needs and allow yourself to be rewarded in a balanced way for accomplished tasks.
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1588:"Learners' web navigation behaviour beyond learning management systems: A way into addressing procrastination in online learning?"
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Schraw, Gregory; Wadkins, Theresa; Olafson, Lori (2007). "Doing the Things We Do: A Grounded Theory of Academic Procrastination".
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A 1992 study showed that "52% of surveyed students indicated having a moderate to high need for help concerning procrastination."
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In 2006, it was suggested that neuroticism has no direct links to procrastination and that any relationship is fully mediated by
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Eerde, Wendelien van; Klingsieck, Katrin B. Klingsieck. "Overcoming Procrastination? A Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies".
659:(an individual's knowledge of and therefore application of their capabilities) by making individuals aware of their strengths.
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explained in 2001, "actions must be postponed and this postponement must represent poor, inadequate, or inefficient planning".
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1437:"The Impact of Organizational and Personal Factors on Procrastination in Employees of a Modern Russian Industrial Enterprise"
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likely to procrastinate than non-perfectionists, while maladaptive perfectionists, who saw their perfectionism as a problem—
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Valorisation: Pointing in satisfaction to what one achieved in the meantime while one should have been doing something else.
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An approach that integrates several core theories of motivation as well as meta-analytic research on procrastination is the
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We're Sorry This Is Late ... We Really Meant To Post It Sooner: Research Into Procrastination Shows Surprising Findings
188:. It summarizes key predictors of procrastination (expectancy, value, and impulsiveness) into a mathematical equation.
2514:"Procrastinating on your graduate job search? | Careers Perspectives from the University of Bath Careers Service"
2396:"Academic self-efficacy and academic procrastination as predictors of problematic internet use in university students"
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Hamvai, Csaba; Kiss, Hedvig; Vörös, Henrietta; Fitzpatrick, Kevin M.; Vargha, András; Pikó, Bettina F. (2023-07-27).
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pairs, both traits were found to be "moderately heritable". The two traits were not separable at the genetic level (r
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The 7 Secrets of the Prolific: The Definitive Guide to Overcoming Procrastination, Perfectionism, and Writer's Block
3176:(2012). The Art of Procrastination: A Guide to Effective Dawdling, Lollygagging and Postponing. New York: Workman.
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Psychological interventions for procrastination include self-regulation approaches, cognitive behavioural therapy,
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Approaching issues in small blocks of time, instead of attempting whole problems at once and risking intimidation.
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and planning. This is consistent with the notion that procrastination is strongly related to such functions, or a
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1506:"The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure"
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From a cultural and social perspective, students from both Western and non-Western cultures are found to exhibit
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3055:"Five Days of Emotion: An Experience Sampling Study of Undergraduate Student Procrastination (special issue)"
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2207:"College Students Who Have an Eveningness Preference Report Lower Self-Control and Greater Procrastination"
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incompetent or demonstrating a lack of ability in front of their peers. Different cultural perspectives of
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Norman A. Milgram; Barry Sroloff; Michael Rosenbaum (June 1988). "The Procrastination of Everyday Life".
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closer, they are more stressed and may, thus, decide to procrastinate more to avoid this stress. Some
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Steel, P.; Brothen, T.; Wambach, C. (2001). "Procrastination and Personality, Performance and Mood".
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371:. Such procrastinators may have difficulties seeking support due to procrastination itself, but also
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Tuckman, Bruce W. (1991). "The Development and Concurrent Validity of the Procrastination Scale".
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976:"Procrastination, Self-Esteem, Academic Performance, and Well-Being: A Moderated Mediation Model"
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Realistic goals and personal positive links between the tasks and the concrete, meaningful goals.
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of procrastination, portrayed as a pipe-smoking gentleman. The character appears in the poem of
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Strub, RL (1989). "Frontal Lobe Syndrome in a Patient with Bilateral Globus Pallidus Lesions".
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or low ambition. In some cases, problematic procrastination might be a sign of some underlying
268:: Engaging or immersing oneself in other behaviors or actions to prevent awareness of the task.
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The Now Habit: A Strategic Program for Overcoming Procrastination and Enjoying Guilt-Free Play
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suspended, withdrawal reactions may occur, seriously affecting sleep. It has been shown that
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632:. Kuhl distinguished conscious and subconscious regulation. It is often distinguished from
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The procrastination equation: how to stop putting things off and start getting stuff done
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275:: Comparing consequences of one's procrastinatory behavior with others' worse situations.
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to reinforce the unpleasant tasks needed to be completed in a quasi-prioritized order.
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Another point of relevance is that of procrastination in industry. A study from the
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Procrastination has been studied by philosophers, psychologists and, more recently,
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Soon: An Overdue History of Procrastination, from Leonardo and Darwin to You and Me
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Statue of Paul Pato, the personification of procrastination, made by János Nagy in
2775:"Behavioral Interventions for Reducing Procrastination Among University Students."
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Barabanshchikova, Valentina V.; Ivanova, Svetlana A.; Klimova, Oxana A. (2018).
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372:
27:
Avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished by a certain deadline
2476:
2458:"Procrastination, Deadlines, and Performance: Self-Control by Precommitment"
992:
2671:
2484:
2359:
2332:
2297:
2230:
2157:
1662:
1542:
1453:
1436:
939:
687:
Motivation with enjoyable activities, socializing and constructive hobbies.
605:
In 2005, a study conducted by Angela Chu and Jin Nam Choi and published in
578:
477:
364:
330:
202:
47:
2105:
1309:"Academic Procrastination: Frequency and Cognitive-Behavioural Correlates"
1278:
Empowerment Series: Generalist Practice with Organizations and Communities
1223:
1166:
218:. That is, anxiety will cause people to delay only if they are impulsive.
944:
884:
839:
791:
787:
762:
to investigate whether an underlying mental health issue may be present.
735:
672:
Fair evaluation of personal goals, strengths, weaknesses, and priorities.
560:
265:
215:
55:
2859:
Macan, Therese Hoff (1994). "Time management: Test of a process model".
2023:
1274:
2824:"How I Miraculously Overcame Procrastination By Applying These 6 Steps"
2774:
2453:
759:
540:
446:
75:
2786:
2122:
Gustavson, Daniel E; Miyake A; Hewitt JK; Friedman NP (4 April 2014).
1918:
Sabini, J. & Silver, M. (1982) Moralities of everyday life, p. 128
1133:"Procrastination by Pigeons with Fixed-Interval Response Requirements"
3169:
Why We Procrastinate And How To Stop; ScienceDaily.com; Jan. 12, 2009
2121:
1334:"The Personal, Career, and Learning Skills Needs of College Students"
407:
975:
421:
In a 2014 U.S. study surveying procrastination and impulsiveness in
35:
2781:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 91–103,
879:
509:
497:
472:
The character has become very popular over the years, and also the
376:
62:
524:
increases across lifespan and procrastination decreases with age.
394:
roots of procrastination have been concerned with the role of the
175:
1627:
Rinaldi, Anthony Robert; Roper, Carrie Lurie; Mehm, John (2019).
804:
769:
Procrastination can also lead to insomnia, Alisa Hrustic said in
739:
501:
352:
210:
713:
After contemplating his own procrastination habits, philosopher
252:: Avoiding the location or situation where the task takes place.
3089:"Trait procrastination, time management, and academic behavior"
2713:
473:
360:
255:
206:
2173:"Procrastination and Perceptions of Past, Present, and Future"
1434:
1332:
Gallagher, Robert P.; Golin, Anne; Kelleher, Kathleen (1992).
782:
666:
Awareness of habits and thoughts that lead to procrastinating.
488:
Procrastination has been linked to the complex arrangement of
123:, 'tomorrow'. The word originated from the Latin word
3093:
Trait Procrastination, Time Management, and Academic Behavior
2048:
Handbook of Neurofeedback: Dynamics and Clinical Applications
476:
of the Paul Pato Party, who advocate for idleness as a basic
1834:
Rahimi, Sonia; Hall, Nathan C.; Sticca, Fabio (2023-03-27).
500:
relationships from task desirability to low self esteem and
1792:
Gendler, Tamar Szabó (2007). "Self-Deception As Pretense".
445:
Portrait of Pató Péter Pál (1795 jun. 7 - 1855 ápr. 28), a
441:
245:
Coping responses of procrastinators include the following:
30:
2251:
2170:
973:
2818:
2816:
2171:
Jackson, T.; Fritch, A.; Nagasaka, T.; Pope, L. (2003).
3052:
2915:
Procrastination: Why You Do It, What to Do About It Now
284:
Mocking: Using humor to validate one's procrastination.
2612:
1697:"The real reasons you procrastinate — and how to stop"
1331:
3213:
Look Before You Leap: New Study Examines Self-Control
3123:"How Procrastination Literally Keeps You Up At Night"
2813:
2639:
662:
Behaviors and practices that reduce procrastination:
3053:
Pychyl, TA; Lee, JM; Thibodeau, R; Blunt, A (2000).
1912:
1467:
449:
judge from Muzsla, who inspired the personification.
3161:; Gregory Harris; ScienceDaily.com; Jan. 10, 2007 (
2779:
Counseling the procrastinator in academic settings.
2772:
1932:
1306:
1275:Karen K. Kirst-Ashman; Grafton H. Hull Jr. (2016).
2773:Tuckman, Bruce W.; Schouwenburg, Henri C. (2004),
2353:
1628:
2452:
1585:
678:Structuring and organization of daily activities.
3284:
3022:"How to Procrastinate and Still Get Things Done"
1833:
1626:
1592:Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence
1186:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
1137:Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
398:, the area of the brain that is responsible for
149:In a study of academic procrastination from the
3086:
1891:
1073:"Academic Procrastination: Time to Take Action"
980:International Journal of Educational Psychology
628:Procrastination has been framed as an error in
375:and the belief that task-aversion is caused by
176:Behavioral criteria of academic procrastination
2565:
2563:
1991:
1023:Against the Gods: The remarkable story of risk
2310:
1586:Pogorskiy, Eduard; Beckmann, Jens F. (2022).
1302:
1300:
1298:
724:
2960:"Work-Life: Is Productivity in the Balance?"
2205:Digdon, Nancy; Howell, Andrew (2008-12-01).
2204:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1570:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
191:
2755:
2560:
2164:
1987:
1985:
1983:
136:
130:
124:
118:
112:
106:
3225:
3059:Journal of Social Behavior and Personality
3046:
2606:
1962:"How to Fall in Love with Procrastination"
1694:
1368:
1295:
1236:
974:Duru, Erdinç; Balkis, Murat (June 2017) .
515:A correlation between procrastination and
3246:
3226:Steel, Piers; König, Cornelius J (2006).
2911:
2872:
2653:
2572:Educational and Psychological Measurement
2545:. The Writing Center at UNC-Chapel Hill.
2304:
2287:
2269:
2147:
2117:
2115:
2038:
2005:
1921:
1750:
1603:
1524:
1488:
1452:
1213:
1156:
1018:
991:
3186:
2989:"5 Ways to Finally Stop Procrastinating"
2347:
1980:
1103:"How Different Cultures Understand Time"
781:
440:
418:, where it is commonly under-activated.
29:
3120:
2569:
1959:
1818:
1791:
750:. Others have found relationships with
684:Disciplining oneself to set priorities.
623:
303:
129:, which itself evolved from the prefix
14:
3285:
3034:from the original on February 18, 2017
2615:Personality and Individual Differences
2112:
1935:Personality and Individual Differences
1894:Personality and Individual Differences
1441:Psychology in Russia: State of the Art
1369:Klingsieck, Katrin B. (January 2013).
1364:
1362:
1338:Journal of College Student Development
74:A study of the behavioral patterns of
3016:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2393:
2083:
2077:
2044:
1756:
1725:
1503:
1179:
1130:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
337:
3228:"Integrating Theories of Motivation"
2098:10.1001/archneur.1989.00520450096027
798:is depicted literally shaving a yak.
543:". However, adaptive perfectionists—
2694:"Getting Around to Procrastination"
1732:. New York: Penguin Group. p.
1707:from the original on 24 August 2023
1359:
742:and neurological disorders such as
221:
24:
3206:
3152:
3147:
3087:Lay, CH; Schouwenburg, HC (1993).
2949:The Procrastination Equation, 2012
2845:
2742:
2016:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00460.x
1968:from the original on 19 April 2013
1410:Journal of Research in Personality
1045:
1027:. John Wiley & Sons. pp.
289:re-occurrence of procrastination.
25:
3329:
3271:
3027:The Chronicle of Higher Education
2578:(2). SAGE Publications: 473–480.
2051:. Psychology Press. p. 293.
2045:Evans, James R. (8 August 2007).
1470:Journal of Educational Psychology
1100:
1000:from the original on 2 April 2019
701:Piers Steel suggests that better
3215:; ScienceDaily.com; June 2, 2008
2642:The Journal of Social Psychology
2502:from the original on 2010-02-15.
2065:from the original on 1 June 2012
1806:10.1111/j.1520-8583.2007.00127.x
1321:from the original on 2016-07-29.
1281:. Cengage Learning. p. 67.
1237:Surowiecki, James (2010-10-04).
608:The Journal of Social Psychology
527:
117:, 'until next day' from
3133:from the original on 2020-06-04
3114:
3103:from the original on 2024-02-24
3080:
3069:from the original on 2023-02-13
3010:
2999:from the original on 2024-02-24
2981:
2970:from the original on 2017-12-12
2952:
2943:
2932:from the original on 2024-02-24
2905:
2803:from the original on 2024-02-24
2766:
2707:
2686:
2633:
2549:from the original on 2012-03-18
2531:
2520:from the original on 2021-06-09
2506:
2446:
2437:
2426:from the original on 2018-11-03
2387:
2378:
2366:
2356:"The Almost Perfect Definition"
2245:
2198:
2187:from the original on 2023-04-17
2177:Individual Differences Research
1953:
1885:
1874:from the original on 2023-09-19
1827:
1812:
1785:
1719:
1695:Pychyl, T. (20 February 2012).
1688:
1677:from the original on 2022-04-08
1620:
1579:
1571:Sabini, J.; Silver, M. (1982).
1564:
1461:
1428:
1401:
1348:from the original on 2022-02-14
1325:
1257:from the original on 2023-07-22
1113:from the original on 2014-06-03
698:for only necessary activities.
651:One form of self-regulation is
71:the allotted time has expired.
2912:Burka, J.; Yuen, L.M. (2007).
1635:Applied Neuropsychology: Adult
1307:Solomon, LJ; Rothblum (1984).
1268:
1230:
1173:
1124:
1094:
1012:
967:
13:
1:
3219:
3121:Hrustic, Alisa (2016-07-13).
2861:Journal of Applied Psychology
2456:; Wertenbroch, Klaus (2002).
2412:10.1016/j.compedu.2011.01.005
2406:(1). Elsevier BV: 1109–1113.
2325:10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02427-2
1960:Pavlina, Steve (2010-06-10).
1947:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00013-1
1647:10.1080/23279095.2019.1684293
961:
825:Avoidant personality disorder
639:
483:
465:, one of the most well known
436:
144:
3235:Academy of Management Review
2728:10.1080/03075079.2013.854765
1422:10.1016/0092-6566(88)90015-3
1071:Iqbal, Rehman (March 2023).
363:as well as loss of personal
93:
7:
2759:Educational Research Review
2716:Studies in Higher Education
2354:McGarvey, Jason A. (1996).
2211:Chronobiology International
1763:. New York: HarperCollins.
1605:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100094
1573:Moralities of everyday life
1180:Mazur, J E (January 1996).
890:Passive-aggressive behavior
855:Egosyntonic and egodystonic
777:
734:, irrational behavior, low
567:
10:
3334:
2883:10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.381
2664:10.3200/socp.145.3.245-264
2627:10.1016/j.paid.2005.11.023
2271:10.1186/s12909-023-04522-8
1906:10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.010
1852:10.1007/s11031-023-10010-9
1794:Philosophical Perspectives
1535:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65
925:Temporal motivation theory
725:Severe and negative impact
534:Perfectionism (psychology)
531:
342:To a certain degree it is
186:temporal motivation theory
111:, 'forward', with
3278:CalPoly – Procrastination
3257:10.5465/amr.2006.22527462
3187:Santella, Andrew (2018).
2400:Computers & Education
2241:– via ResearchGate.
2223:10.1080/07420520802553671
1482:10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.12
1387:10.1027/1016-9040/a000138
1019:Bernstein, Peter (1996).
860:Emotional self-regulation
400:executive brain functions
334:achievement orientation.
192:Psychological perspective
141:, 'of tomorrow'.
135:, 'forward', and
2584:10.1177/0013164491512022
2140:10.1177/0956797614526260
1198:10.1901/jeab.1996.65-159
1149:10.1901/jeab.1998.69-185
205:cite such behavior as a
2477:10.1111/1467-9280.00441
2372:Hillary Rettig (2011).
993:10.17583/ijep.2017.2584
910:Resistance (creativity)
830:Bedtime procrastination
311:achievement orientation
2828:Dating Reporter's Blog
2394:Odaci, Hatice (2011).
1840:Motivation and Emotion
1823:. New York: Routledge.
1726:Fiore, Neil A (2006).
1513:Psychological Bulletin
1454:10.11621/pir.2018.0305
895:Postponement of affect
870:Hyperbolic discounting
799:
450:
385:psychological disorder
137:
131:
125:
119:
113:
107:
102:
39:
3020:(February 23, 1996).
2964:HBS Working Knowledge
2543:writingcenter.unc.edu
2465:Psychological Science
2443:Ellis and Knaus, 1977
2384:James Prochaska, 1995
2258:BMC Medical Education
2128:Psychological Science
2086:Archives of Neurology
1994:Psychological Science
1757:Steel, Piers (2011).
1504:Steel, Piers (2007).
1375:European Psychologist
1131:Mazur, James (1998).
850:Dunning–Kruger effect
785:
444:
151:University of Vermont
88:behavioral economists
80:delayed gratification
33:
3308:Psychological stress
3191:. Dey Street Books.
2313:Neuroscience Letters
1821:Weakness of the Will
1819:Gosling, J. (1990).
845:Distributed practice
815:Attention management
624:Theoretical framings
304:Cultural perspective
238:, coping styles and
232:cognitive dissonance
207:mechanism for coping
1701:The Washington Post
1008:– via ed.gov.
547:perfectionism—were
457:is known to be the
50:, associated with
3318:Waste of resources
2918:. Hachette Books.
800:
451:
338:Health perspective
236:defense mechanisms
198:pleasure principle
40:
2925:978-0-7382-1130-5
2787:10.1037/10808-007
2539:"Procrastination"
2058:978-0-7890-3360-4
1770:978-0-06-170362-1
1743:978-1-58542-552-5
1371:"Procrastination"
1288:978-1-305-94329-2
875:Law of triviality
810:Attention economy
746:or perfectionism
707:circadian rhythms
646:coherence therapy
577:procrastination.
396:prefrontal cortex
347:health problems,
294:conscientiousness
273:counterfactuality
240:self-handicapping
16:(Redirected from
3325:
3267:
3265:
3259:. Archived from
3250:
3232:
3202:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2993:Psychology Today
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2876:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2830:. Archived from
2820:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2753:
2740:
2739:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2657:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2567:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2358:. Archived from
2351:
2345:
2344:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2151:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2009:
1989:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1607:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1553:. Archived from
1528:
1510:
1501:
1486:
1485:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1217:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1107:Business Insider
1101:Lewis, Richard.
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1079:. Archived from
1068:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
995:
971:
955:Zeigarnik effect
920:Tardiness (vice)
820:Avoidance coping
794:. The character
790:of the metaphor
786:Illustration by
585:Student syndrome
390:Research on the
319:Shinobu Kitayama
222:Coping responses
169:State of the Art
140:
134:
128:
122:
116:
110:
21:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3313:Time management
3283:
3282:
3274:
3263:
3248:10.1.1.196.3227
3230:
3222:
3209:
3207:Impulse control
3199:
3155:
3153:Procrastination
3150:
3148:Further reading
3145:
3136:
3134:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3085:
3081:
3072:
3070:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2973:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2926:
2910:
2906:
2874:10.1.1.455.4283
2857:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2804:
2797:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2743:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2655:10.1.1.502.2444
2638:
2634:
2611:
2607:
2568:
2561:
2552:
2550:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2460:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2427:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2348:
2309:
2305:
2250:
2246:
2203:
2199:
2190:
2188:
2169:
2165:
2120:
2113:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2043:
2039:
2007:10.1.1.461.1149
1990:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1931:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1832:
1828:
1817:
1813:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1625:
1621:
1584:
1580:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1526:10.1.1.335.2796
1508:
1502:
1489:
1466:
1462:
1433:
1429:
1406:
1402:
1367:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1235:
1231:
1178:
1174:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1069:
1046:
1039:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
972:
968:
964:
959:
935:Time perception
930:Time management
905:Refusal of work
900:Precrastination
835:Decision making
780:
727:
703:time management
653:time management
642:
634:strategic delay
630:self-regulation
626:
574:time management
570:
536:
530:
486:
467:Hungarian poets
459:personification
439:
432:
404:impulse control
340:
306:
224:
194:
178:
147:
96:
68:time management
43:Procrastination
28:
23:
22:
18:Procrastinating
15:
12:
11:
5:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3281:
3280:
3273:
3272:External links
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:on 2012-04-17.
3241:(4): 889–913.
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:978-0062491596
3197:
3184:
3182:978-0761171676
3171:
3166:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3113:
3079:
3045:
3009:
2980:
2966:. 2004-07-05.
2951:
2942:
2924:
2904:
2867:(3): 381–391.
2844:
2812:
2795:
2765:
2741:
2706:
2685:
2632:
2621:(8): 1519–30.
2605:
2559:
2530:
2505:
2471:(3): 219–224.
2445:
2436:
2386:
2377:
2365:
2362:on 2006-03-13.
2346:
2319:(3): 117–120.
2303:
2244:
2217:(6): 1029–46.
2197:
2163:
2134:(6): 1178–88.
2111:
2092:(9): 1024–27.
2076:
2057:
2037:
1979:
1952:
1920:
1911:
1884:
1846:(4): 554–574.
1826:
1811:
1784:
1769:
1749:
1742:
1718:
1687:
1641:(6): 697–706.
1619:
1578:
1575:. p. 128.
1563:
1560:on 2013-04-01.
1487:
1460:
1427:
1416:(2): 197–212.
1400:
1358:
1324:
1294:
1287:
1267:
1243:The New Yorker
1229:
1192:(1): 159–171.
1172:
1143:(2): 185–197.
1123:
1093:
1044:
1037:
1011:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:
952:
950:Writer's block
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Restraint bias
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
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877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
779:
776:
726:
723:
719:pyramid scheme
695:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
641:
638:
625:
622:
569:
566:
532:Main article:
529:
526:
485:
482:
438:
435:
430:
427:identical twin
373:social stigmas
339:
336:
305:
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286:
285:
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279:
276:
269:
263:
260:trivialization
253:
223:
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190:
177:
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146:
143:
126:procrastinatus
95:
92:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3330:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
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3290:
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3279:
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3175:
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3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3102:
3099:(4): 647–62.
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
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2998:
2994:
2990:
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2969:
2965:
2961:
2955:
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2927:
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2917:
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2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2834:on 2021-03-01
2833:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2802:
2798:
2796:1-59147-107-9
2792:
2788:
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2710:
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2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2648:(3): 245–64.
2647:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2624:
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2616:
2609:
2601:
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2060:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
2000:(6): 454–58.
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1940:
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1929:
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1388:
1384:
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1344:(4): 301–10.
1343:
1339:
1335:
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1301:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1280:
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1154:
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1146:
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1134:
1127:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1083:on 2023-03-21
1082:
1078:
1074:
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1055:
1053:
1051:
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1025:
1024:
1015:
999:
994:
989:
986:(2): 97–119.
985:
981:
977:
970:
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956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
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868:
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856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
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818:
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813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
802:
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720:
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692:
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683:
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668:
665:
664:
663:
660:
658:
657:self-efficacy
654:
649:
647:
637:
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617:
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610:
609:
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595:
593:
590:
586:
582:
580:
575:
565:
562:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
535:
528:Perfectionism
525:
523:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
463:Sándor Petőfi
460:
456:
448:
443:
434:
428:
424:
419:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:physiological
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
355:, a sense of
354:
350:
345:
335:
332:
328:
322:
320:
314:
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301:
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295:
290:
283:
280:
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257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
219:
217:
216:impulsiveness
212:
208:
204:
203:psychologists
199:
189:
187:
182:
173:
170:
165:
161:
157:
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152:
142:
139:
133:
127:
121:
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103:procrastinare
100:
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77:
72:
69:
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57:
53:
49:
44:
38:(now: Svodín)
37:
32:
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3261:the original
3238:
3234:
3188:
3163:their source
3135:. Retrieved
3127:Men's Health
3126:
3116:
3105:. Retrieved
3096:
3092:
3082:
3071:. Retrieved
3062:
3058:
3048:
3038:February 18,
3036:. Retrieved
3025:
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2992:
2983:
2972:. Retrieved
2963:
2954:
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2914:
2907:
2864:
2860:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:the original
2827:
2805:, retrieved
2778:
2768:
2757:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2688:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2618:
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2571:
2551:. Retrieved
2542:
2533:
2522:. Retrieved
2508:
2468:
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2448:
2439:
2428:. Retrieved
2403:
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2380:
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2368:
2360:the original
2349:
2316:
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2306:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2180:
2176:
2166:
2131:
2127:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2047:
2040:
1997:
1993:
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1938:
1934:
1914:
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1893:
1887:
1876:. Retrieved
1843:
1839:
1829:
1820:
1814:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1759:
1752:
1728:
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1709:. Retrieved
1700:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1638:
1634:
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1595:
1591:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1555:the original
1519:(1): 65–94.
1516:
1512:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1447:(3): 69–85.
1444:
1440:
1430:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1381:(1): 24–34.
1378:
1374:
1350:. Retrieved
1341:
1337:
1327:
1277:
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1242:
1232:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1115:. Retrieved
1106:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:the original
1076:
1022:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
983:
979:
969:
940:Trait theory
771:Men's Health
770:
768:
764:
760:psychiatrist
728:
712:
700:
696:
661:
650:
643:
633:
627:
618:
614:
606:
604:
600:
596:
583:
579:Psychologist
571:
558:
548:
537:
514:
487:
471:
454:
453:In Hungary,
452:
420:
412:lack thereof
389:
365:productivity
341:
331:Confucianism
327:collectivism
323:
315:
307:
297:
291:
287:
244:
225:
195:
183:
179:
168:
166:
162:
158:
155:
148:
97:
85:
73:
60:
48:productivity
42:
41:
3174:Perry, John
3065:: 239–254.
3018:Perry, John
2722:(6): 1–16.
2454:Ariely, Dan
1711:20 February
945:Workaholism
885:Life skills
865:Empathy gap
840:Distraction
792:yak shaving
788:David Revoy
736:self-esteem
561:self-esteem
553:egodystonic
545:egosyntonic
541:workaholism
522:morningness
517:eveningness
478:human right
271:Descending
266:Distraction
56:self-esteem
3303:Motivation
3287:Categories
3220:Motivation
3137:2020-06-04
3107:2018-09-29
3073:2013-12-05
3003:2019-02-27
2974:2018-08-24
2936:2018-03-22
2838:2021-02-27
2807:2023-06-29
2699:10 October
2553:2012-03-10
2524:2021-06-09
2430:2018-11-03
2264:(1): 537.
2191:2013-12-05
1941:: 95–106.
1878:2023-09-14
1800:: 231–58.
1681:2022-04-08
1598:: 100094.
1352:2018-11-03
1261:2023-07-22
1117:2018-12-05
1087:2023-05-11
962:References
732:depression
715:John Perry
640:Management
510:hedonistic
506:depression
498:behavioral
484:Correlates
437:In culture
379:, lack of
145:Prevalence
114:-crastinus
52:depression
3243:CiteSeerX
2891:0021-9010
2869:CiteSeerX
2736:144324180
2650:CiteSeerX
2600:145707625
2592:0013-1644
2420:0360-1315
2280:1472-6920
2183:: 17–28.
2069:8 October
2002:CiteSeerX
1900:: 27–37.
1868:257793609
1860:0146-7239
1779:754770758
1671:207897153
1655:2327-9095
1614:252131969
1521:CiteSeerX
1476:: 12–25.
1395:1016-9040
1251:0028-792X
1206:0022-5002
1077:Aww Reads
756:therapist
592:estimates
494:affective
490:cognitive
447:Hungarian
423:fraternal
408:attention
381:willpower
250:Avoidance
226:Negative
209:with the
138:crastinus
94:Etymology
3131:Archived
3101:Archived
3067:Archived
3032:Archived
2997:Archived
2968:Archived
2930:Archived
2899:15311869
2801:archived
2672:15959999
2547:Archived
2518:Archived
2497:Archived
2485:12009041
2424:Archived
2341:43152568
2333:11803113
2298:37501113
2289:10375684
2239:32980851
2231:19005903
2185:Archived
2158:24705635
2063:Archived
2032:15851848
2024:40063233
1972:18 April
1966:Archived
1872:Archived
1705:Archived
1675:Archived
1663:31679406
1543:17201571
1346:Archived
1316:Archived
1255:Archived
1111:Archived
998:Archived
880:Laziness
778:See also
589:duration
568:Academic
455:Pató Pál
402:such as
377:laziness
78:through
63:academic
3298:Anxiety
2680:2705082
2493:3025329
2149:4185275
2106:2775008
1551:1066615
1239:"Later"
1224:8583195
1215:1350069
1167:9540230
1158:1284653
805:Akrasia
740:anxiety
502:anxiety
431:genetic
369:chronic
353:anxiety
211:anxiety
76:pigeons
36:Szőgyén
3293:Habits
3245:
3195:
3180:
2922:
2897:
2889:
2871:
2793:
2734:
2678:
2670:
2652:
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2004:
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1155:
1035:
1004:16 May
796:Pepper
474:eponym
361:crisis
349:stress
344:normal
298:et al.
256:Denial
228:coping
54:, low
3264:(PDF)
3231:(PDF)
2895:S2CID
2732:S2CID
2676:S2CID
2596:S2CID
2500:(PDF)
2489:S2CID
2461:(PDF)
2337:S2CID
2235:S2CID
2028:S2CID
2020:JSTOR
1864:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1558:(PDF)
1547:S2CID
1509:(PDF)
1319:(PDF)
1312:(PDF)
752:guilt
357:guilt
99:Latin
3193:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3040:2017
2920:ISBN
2887:ISSN
2791:ISBN
2701:2014
2668:PMID
2588:ISSN
2481:PMID
2416:ISSN
2329:PMID
2294:PMID
2276:ISSN
2227:PMID
2154:PMID
2102:PMID
2071:2010
2053:ISBN
1974:2013
1856:ISSN
1775:OCLC
1765:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1713:2012
1659:PMID
1651:ISSN
1539:PMID
1391:ISSN
1283:ISBN
1247:ISSN
1220:PMID
1202:ISSN
1163:PMID
1033:ISBN
1006:2018
744:ADHD
549:less
496:and
425:and
416:ADHD
359:and
329:and
258:and
196:The
132:pro-
120:cras
108:pro-
3253:doi
2879:doi
2783:doi
2724:doi
2660:doi
2646:145
2623:doi
2580:doi
2473:doi
2408:doi
2321:doi
2317:318
2284:PMC
2266:doi
2219:doi
2144:PMC
2136:doi
2094:doi
2012:doi
1943:doi
1902:doi
1848:doi
1802:doi
1643:doi
1600:doi
1531:doi
1517:133
1478:doi
1449:doi
1418:doi
1383:doi
1210:PMC
1194:doi
1153:PMC
1145:doi
988:doi
758:or
748:OCD
504:to
3289::
3251:.
3239:31
3237:.
3233:.
3129:.
3125:.
3095:.
3091:.
3063:15
3061:.
3057:.
3030:.
3024:.
2995:.
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